question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 48-year-old man presents to an urgent care center with epigastric discomfort following meals and an occasional dry cough worse in the morning, both of which have increased in frequency over the past several months. He is otherwise healthy and has no additional complaints. Past medical history is significant for major... | Lifestyle modifications | {
"A": "Electrocardiogram",
"B": "Lifestyle modifications",
"C": "Begin Omeprazole therapy",
"D": "Fluoroscopic barium swallow"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"48 year old man presents",
"urgent care center",
"epigastric discomfort following meals",
"occasional dry cough worse",
"morning",
"increased",
"frequency",
"past",
"months",
"healthy",
"additional complaints",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"major depressive disease",
"anxiety"... |
A 66-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of constipation and streaks of blood in his stool. He has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss during this period. Colonoscopy shows an exophytic tumor in the sigmoid colon. A CT scan of the abdomen shows liver metastases and enlarged mesenteric and para-... | EGFR | {
"A": "ALK",
"B": "EGFR",
"C": "TNF-α",
"D": "CD52"
} | step1 | B | [
"66 year old man",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"constipation",
"streaks",
"blood",
"stool",
"a 10 kg",
"weight loss",
"period",
"Colonoscopy shows",
"exophytic tumor",
"sigmoid colon",
"CT scan",
"abdomen shows liver metastases",
"enlarged mesenteric",
"para-aortic lymph nodes",
... |
A 9-year-old girl is brought to the physician because her parents are concerned about their daughter's physical changes. She recently started wearing a bra and uses a facial scrub for oily skin. The parents have also noticed increasing body odor. The patient has a history of migraine headaches controlled with propranol... | Physiological development | {
"A": "Hamartoma of the hypothalamus",
"B": "Physiological development",
"C": "Mosaic G-protein mutation",
"D": "Functioning follicular ovarian cyst"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"concerned",
"daughter's physical changes",
"recently started",
"bra",
"uses",
"facial",
"oily",
"parents",
"increasing body odor",
"patient",
"history of migraine headaches controlled",
"propranolol",
"percentile",
"height",
"p... |
A 31-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist to be evaluated for her inability to conceive. She is G1P0 who has a 28-day cycle and no menstrual abnormalities. Her single pregnancy terminated early with an elective abortion at the patient’s request. She had several sexual partners before meeting her husband 5 years ... | Hysterosalpingography | {
"A": "Post-coital testing of cervical mucus",
"B": "Exploratory laparoscopy",
"C": "Hysterosalpingography",
"D": "Pelvic MRI"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"31 year old woman presents",
"gynecologist to",
"evaluated",
"to",
"day cycle",
"menstrual abnormalities",
"single pregnancy terminated early",
"elective",
"patients request",
"several sexual partners",
"meeting",
"husband",
"years",
"intercourse",
"use of contraception",
"tracking",
... |
A 10-day-old male infant is brought to the emergency room for abdominal distension for the past day. His mother reports that he has been refusing feeds for about 1 day and appears more lethargic than usual. While changing his diaper today, she noticed that the baby felt warm. He has about 1-2 wet diapers a day and has ... | Urinary catheterization | {
"A": "Cystoscopy",
"B": "Radionuclide scan",
"C": "Renal ultrasound",
"D": "Urinary catheterization"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"A 10 day old male infant",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"abdominal distension",
"past day",
"mother reports",
"refusing feeds",
"1 day",
"appears more lethargic",
"usual",
"changing",
"diaper today",
"baby felt warm",
"about",
"wet diapers",
"day",
"has",
"seedy stools",
"day",
... |
A 66-year-old male with a history of deep venous thrombosis is admitted to the hospital with shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is treated with an anticoagulant, but he develops significant hematochezia. His BP is now 105/60 and HR is 117; both were within normal limits on admission. The effects of the an... | Heparin | {
"A": "Warfarin",
"B": "Enoxaparin",
"C": "Heparin",
"D": "Dabigatran"
} | step1 | C | [
"66 year old male",
"history of deep venous thrombosis",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"shortness of breath",
"pleuritic chest pain",
"treated with",
"anticoagulant",
"significant hematochezia",
"BP",
"now",
"60",
"normal limits on admission",
"effects",
"anticoagulant",
"completely reversed... |
A 4-day-old boy is brought to the physician because of somnolence, poor feeding, and vomiting after his first few breast feedings. He appears lethargic. His respiratory rate is 73/min. Serum ammonia is markedly increased. Genetic analysis shows deficiency in N-acetylglutamate synthase. The activity of which of the foll... | Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I | {
"A": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I",
"B": "Ornithine translocase",
"C": "Argininosuccinase",
"D": "Arginase"
} | step1 | A | [
"4 day old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"somnolence",
"poor feeding",
"vomiting",
"first",
"breast feedings",
"appears lethargic",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"Serum ammonia",
"markedly increased",
"Genetic analysis shows deficiency",
"synthase",
"activity",
"following enzymes",
"m... |
During the selection of subjects for a study on infantile vitamin deficiencies, a child is examined by the lead investigator. She is at the 75th percentile for head circumference and the 80th percentile for length and weight. She can lift her chest and shoulders up when in a prone position, but cannot roll over from a ... | Smiles at her mother | {
"A": "Reaches out for objects",
"B": "Responds to calling of own name",
"C": "Cries when separated from her mother",
"D": "Smiles at her mother"
} | step1 | D | [
"selection of subjects",
"a study",
"infantile vitamin deficiencies",
"child",
"examined",
"lead investigator",
"percentile",
"head circumference",
"80th percentile",
"length",
"weight",
"lift",
"chest",
"shoulders",
"prone position",
"roll over",
"prone position",
"eyes follow obj... |
Two viruses, X and Y, infect the same cell and begin to reproduce within the cell. As a result of the co-infection, some viruses are produced where the genome of Y is surrounded by the nucleocapsid of X and vice versa with the genome of X and nucleocapsid of Y. When the virus containing genome X surrounded by the nucle... | Virions containing genome X and nucleocapsid X will be produced | {
"A": "Virions containing genome X and nucleocapsid Y will be produced",
"B": "Virions containing genome X and nucleocapsid X will be produced",
"C": "Virions containing genome Y and nucleocapsid Y will be produced",
"D": "No virions will be produced"
} | step1 | B | [
"Two viruses",
"infect",
"same cell",
"begin to",
"cell",
"result",
"co-infection",
"viruses",
"genome",
"surrounded",
"nucleocapsid",
"vice",
"genome",
"nucleocapsid",
"virus containing genome",
"surrounded",
"nucleocapsid",
"infects",
"cell",
"most"
] |
A 56-year-old Caucasian male presents to the clinic to establish care. He has never seen a physician and denies any known medical problems. Physical examination is notable for central obesity, but the patient has regular heart and lung sounds. He has a blood pressure of 157/95 mm Hg and heart rate of 92/min. He follows... | ACE inhibitor, ARB, CCB, or thiazide | {
"A": "ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), beta-blocker (BB), or thiazide",
"B": "ACE inhibitor, ARB, CCB, or thiazide",
"C": "ACE inhibitor, ARB, CCB or loop diuretic",
"D": "ACE inhibitor, ARB, alpha-blocker, or loop diuretic"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old Caucasian male presents",
"clinic to establish care",
"never seen",
"physician",
"denies",
"known medical problems",
"Physical examination",
"notable",
"central obesity",
"patient",
"regular heart",
"lung sounds",
"blood pressure",
"95 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"min",
"follows ... |
A 50-year-old woman returns from a family trip to the Caribbean with three days of fever, watery diarrhea, and vomiting. She states that she tried to avoid uncooked food and unpeeled fruits on her vacation. Of note, her grandson had caught a cold from daycare prior to the trip, and she had been in close contact with th... | (+) ssRNA virus | {
"A": "Linear dsRNA virus",
"B": "ssDNA virus",
"C": "(+) ssRNA virus",
"D": "(-) ssRNA virus"
} | step1 | C | [
"50 year old woman returns",
"family trip",
"Caribbean",
"three days",
"fever",
"watery diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"states",
"to",
"uncooked food",
"fruits",
"vacation",
"note",
"grandson",
"caught",
"cold",
"daycare",
"trip",
"close contact",
"infant",
"trip",
"denies rhinorrh... |
An 18-year-old high school student is brought to the emergency department after collapsing during her cheerleading practice session. She was brought to the hospital even though she regained consciousness within seconds. Her mother informs the doctor that she had a similar episode last month at a party, but they thought... | Nadolol | {
"A": "Erythromycin",
"B": "Furosemide",
"C": "Nadolol",
"D": "Quinidine"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old high school student",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"collapsing",
"cheerleading practice session",
"brought",
"hospital",
"regained consciousness",
"seconds",
"mother informs",
"doctor",
"similar episode",
"month",
"party",
"thought",
"due to stress",
"exhaustion",
"... |
A 58-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe muscle aches and fatigue for 3 days. Last week he was diagnosed with atypical pneumonia and treated with clarithromycin. He has hyperlipidemia for which he takes lovastatin. Physical examination shows generalized tenderness of the proximal muscles in the upper ... | CYP3A4 | {
"A": "CYP2E1",
"B": "CYP3A4",
"C": "CYP2C9",
"D": "CYP2C19"
} | step1 | B | [
"58 year old man",
"physician",
"severe muscle aches",
"fatigue",
"days",
"week",
"diagnosed",
"atypical pneumonia",
"treated with clarithromycin",
"hyperlipidemia",
"takes lovastatin",
"Physical examination shows generalized tenderness",
"proximal",
"upper",
"lower extremities",
"Seru... |
A 58-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has a history of dyslipidemia and chronic hypertension. Her medications include atorvastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, and lisinopril. She exercises every day and follows a healthy diet. She does not smoke. There is no family hi... | Ezetimibe | {
"A": "Ezetimibe",
"B": "Fenofibrate",
"C": "Niacin",
"D": "No additional pharmacotherapy at this time"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"58 year old woman presents",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"history",
"dyslipidemia",
"chronic hypertension",
"medications include atorvastatin",
"hydrochlorothiazide",
"lisinopril",
"exercises",
"day",
"follows",
"healthy diet",
"not smoke",
"family history of ... |
A 30-year-old woman presents to her new doctor at 27 weeks' gestation with her second pregnancy. Her blood type is B- and the father of the child is B+. Her first child had an Apgar score of 7 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes and has a B+ blood type. The fetus has a heart rate of 130/min and blood pressure of 100/58 mm H... | Can occur with an Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father. | {
"A": "Can occur with an Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father.",
"B": "Rho(D) immune globulin should be administered during the first trimester.",
"C": "The combination of an Rh-positive mother and an Rh-negative fetus will cause the condition.",
"D": "In EF, IgM crosses the placenta and causes erythrocyt... | step1 | A | [
"30 year old woman presents",
"new doctor",
"27 weeks",
"gestation",
"second",
"blood type",
"father",
"child",
"first child",
"Apgar score",
"at 1 minute",
"5 minutes",
"a B",
"blood type",
"fetus",
"heart rate",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"100 58 mm Hg",
"concern",
"fetus",
... |
Five days after undergoing right hemicolectomy for colon cancer, a 62-year-old man has fever, abdominal pain, nausea, and urinary frequency. The surgery was uncomplicated. An indwelling urinary catheter was placed intraoperatively. His temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F), pulse is 91/min, and blood pressure is 118/83 mm Hg... | Early removal of catheter | {
"A": "Early removal of catheter",
"B": "Antimicrobial prophylaxis",
"C": "Periurethral care",
"D": "Daily catheter replacement"
} | step1 | A | [
"Five days",
"right hemicolectomy",
"colon cancer",
"62 year old man",
"fever",
"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"urinary frequency",
"surgery",
"uncomplicated",
"indwelling urinary catheter",
"placed",
"temperature",
"4C",
"9F",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"83 mm Hg",
"tender... |
A previously healthy 42-year-old man comes to the emergency room with constipation and diffuse, worsening abdominal pain for 2 days. He has no history of major medical illness. His father died in a car accident at the age of 32 years, and his mother has type 2 diabetes mellitus. A diagnosis of bowel obstruction is susp... | 50% | {
"A": "25%",
"B": "75%",
"C": "50%",
"D": "0%"
} | step1 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old man",
"emergency room",
"constipation",
"diffuse",
"worsening abdominal pain",
"2 days",
"history of major medical illness",
"father died",
"car accident",
"age",
"years",
"mother",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"diagnosis",
"bowel obstruction",
"suspected",
"tak... |
A 64-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife with a 2-hour history of diarrhea and vomiting. He says that he felt fine in the morning, but noticed that he was salivating, sweating, and feeling nauseated on the way home from his work as a landscaper. The diarrhea and vomiting then started about 1... | Atropine | {
"A": "Ammonium chloride",
"B": "Atropine",
"C": "Naloxone",
"D": "Sodium bicarbonate"
} | step1 | B | [
"64 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"hour history",
"diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"felt fine",
"morning",
"salivating",
"sweating",
"feeling nauseated",
"home",
"work",
"diarrhea",
"vomiting then started",
"10 minutes",
"got home",
"past medical history",
"s... |
A 36-year-old female presents to clinic inquiring about the meaning of a previous negative test result from a new HIV screening test. The efficacy of this new screening test for HIV has been assessed by comparison against existing gold standard detection of HIV RNA via PCR. The study includes 1000 patients, with 850 HI... | Decreased prevalence of HIV in the tested population | {
"A": "Increased prevalence of HIV in the tested population",
"B": "Decreased prevalence of HIV in the tested population",
"C": "Increased number of false positive test results",
"D": "Increased number of false negative test results"
} | step1 | B | [
"36 year old female presents",
"clinic",
"meaning",
"previous negative test result",
"new HIV screening test",
"efficacy",
"new screening test",
"HIV",
"assessed",
"comparison",
"existing gold standard detection",
"HIV RNA",
"PCR",
"study includes",
"patients",
"850 HIV-negative patien... |
A 58-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room by her husband complaining, “I can’t see out of my right eye.” She was watching television last night when she covered her left eye due to an itch and discovered that she could not see. The patient denies any precipitating event, pain, swelling, flashes, floaters, or... | Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery by embolus | {
"A": "Detachment of the retina",
"B": "Inflammation of the temporal artery",
"C": "Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery by embolus",
"D": "Optic neuritis"
} | step1 | C | [
"58 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"husband",
"I cant see out",
"right eye",
"watching television",
"night",
"covered",
"left due to",
"itch",
"discovered",
"not see",
"patient denies",
"precipitating event",
"pain",
"swelling",
"flashes",
"floaters",
"headaches"... |
A 28-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with shortness of breath and chest pain, 35 minutes after he was involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision. He was the helmeted driver of a scooter hit by a truck. On arrival, he is alert and oriented with a Glasgow Coma Scale rating of 14. His temperature... | Diaphragmatic rupture | {
"A": "Diaphragmatic rupture",
"B": "Esophageal perforation",
"C": "Diaphragmatic eventration",
"D": "Phrenic nerve palsy\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"shortness of breath",
"chest pain",
"35 minutes",
"involved",
"high speed motor vehicle collision",
"helmeted driver",
"hit",
"truck",
"arrival",
"alert",
"oriented",
"Glasgow Coma Scale rating",
"14",
"temperature",
"3C",
"99",... |
A 72-year-old man has been recently diagnosed with stage 3 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. After the necessary laboratory workup, concurrent chemoradiation therapy has been planned. Radiation therapy is planned to take place over 7 weeks and he will receive radiation doses daily, Monday–Friday, in 2.0 Gy fr... | Formation of interstrand DNA cross-links | {
"A": "Inhibition of polymerization of tubulin",
"B": "Inhibition of topoisomerase 2",
"C": "Formation of interstrand DNA cross-links",
"D": "Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation"
} | step1 | C | [
"72 year old man",
"recently diagnosed",
"stage 3 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity",
"laboratory workup",
"concurrent therapy",
"planned",
"Radiation therapy",
"planned to take place",
"weeks",
"receive radiation doses daily",
"2 0 Gy fractions",
"concurrent chemotherapy",
"receive... |
A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with shortness of breath. She reports a 3-month history of difficulty breathing with exertion that has progressed to affect her at rest. She swims 45 minutes every day but has had trouble swimming recently due to her breathing difficulties. Her past medical hist... | Inhibits smooth muscle proliferation | {
"A": "Degrades proteases",
"B": "Inhibits smooth muscle proliferation",
"C": "Internalizes low-density lipoprotein",
"D": "Promotes intracellular chloride transport"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care provider",
"shortness of breath",
"reports",
"3 month history",
"difficulty breathing",
"exertion",
"progressed to affect",
"rest",
"swims 45 minutes",
"day",
"trouble swimming recently due to",
"breathing difficulties",
"past medical history",
"n... |
A 20-year-old man presents to the family medicine clinic with left knee pain. He is the star running back for his college football team with a promising future in the sport. He states he injured his knee 2 days ago during the final game of the season while making a cutting move, where his foot was planted and rotated o... | Anterior cruciate ligament | {
"A": "Anterior cruciate ligament",
"B": "Lateral meniscus",
"C": "Medial collateral ligament",
"D": "Posterior cruciate ligament"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"20 year old man presents",
"family medicine clinic",
"left",
"star running back",
"college football team",
"promising future",
"sport",
"states",
"injured",
"knee 2 days",
"final game",
"season",
"making",
"cutting move",
"foot",
"planted",
"rotated outward",
"knee buckled inward"... |
A 9-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her parents because of unremitting cough, fevers, night sweats, anorexia, and weight loss for 4 weeks. Her vaccinations are up to date. When asked about recent exposure to an ill person, the parents mention that she is frequently under the care of a middle-aged woman ... | High mycolic acid content | {
"A": "Low muramic acid content",
"B": "High mycolic acid content",
"C": "Absence of cellular wall",
"D": "Teichoic acid-rich cellular wall"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"cough",
"fevers",
"night sweats",
"anorexia",
"weight loss",
"weeks",
"vaccinations",
"date",
"recent exposure",
"ill person",
"parents",
"frequently",
"care of",
"middle aged woman",
"recently",
"small rural community",
... |
A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency room with complaints of severe substernal chest pain for the last hour. The pain started suddenly, and the patient describes the pain as “going into the shoulder”. The patient took aspirin at home and has been given multiple doses of sublingual nitroglycerin, but the pain h... | Percutaneous coronary intervention | {
"A": "Beta blockers",
"B": "Clopidogrel",
"C": "Thrombolytics",
"D": "Percutaneous coronary intervention"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"70 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"complaints",
"severe substernal chest pain",
"last hour",
"pain started",
"patient",
"pain",
"shoulder",
"patient took aspirin at home",
"given multiple doses",
"sublingual nitroglycerin",
"pain",
"not",
"blood pressure",
"84 mm Hg",
... |
A 24-year-old female comes to the physician for evaluation of a delayed menstrual period and intermittent lower abdominal pain for 2 days. Menarche occurred at the age of 12 years, and menses have occurred at regular 28-day intervals. Her last menstrual period was 7 weeks ago. Two years ago, she was treated for chlamyd... | Fertilized ovum outside the uterus | {
"A": "Benign proliferation of myometrial smooth muscle",
"B": "Fertilized ovum outside the uterus",
"C": "Endometrial infiltration by plasma cells",
"D": "Empty ovum fertilized by two sperm"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old female",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"delayed menstrual",
"intermittent lower abdominal pain",
"2 days",
"Menarche occurred",
"age",
"years",
"menses",
"occurred",
"regular",
"day intervals",
"last menstrual period",
"weeks",
"Two years",
"treated",
"chlamydia infection",
... |
A 10-year-old girl with previously diagnosed sickle cell anemia presents to the emergency room with a low-grade fever, malaise, petechiae on her arms, and a rash on her face. She regularly takes hydroxyurea and receives blood transfusions to treat her condition. Her blood tests show a hemoglobin of 4.0 g/dL, MCV of 87 ... | Aplastic crisis | {
"A": "Aplastic crisis",
"B": "Anemia of chronic disease",
"C": "Reaction to the blood transfusions",
"D": "Sequestration crisis"
} | step1 | A | [
"A 10 year old girl",
"diagnosed sickle cell anemia presents",
"emergency room",
"low-grade fever",
"malaise",
"petechiae",
"arms",
"rash on",
"face",
"takes hydroxyurea",
"receives blood transfusions to treat",
"condition",
"blood tests show a hemoglobin",
"0 g/dL",
"MCV",
"87 fl",
... |
A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive daytime sleepiness and exertional dyspnea for the past 6 months. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor and several subcutaneous purple spots on his legs. His hemoglobin concentration is 8.5 g/dL, leukocyte count is 3,000/mm3, and platelet count is... | Erythropoietin concentration | {
"A": "Haptoglobin concentration",
"B": "Transferrin concentration",
"C": "Reticulocyte count",
"D": "Erythropoietin concentration"
} | step1 | D | [
"55 year old man",
"physician",
"progressive daytime sleepiness",
"exertional dyspnea",
"past 6 months",
"Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor",
"several subcutaneous purple spots",
"legs",
"hemoglobin concentration",
"8.5 g/dL",
"leukocyte count",
"3",
"mm3",
"platelet count",
... |
A 35-year-old man is referred to a physical therapist due to limitation of movement in the wrist and fingers of his left hand. He cannot hold objects or perform daily activities with his left hand. He broke his left arm at the humerus one month ago. The break was simple and treatment involved a cast for one month. Then... | Surgical release | {
"A": "Surgical release",
"B": "Corticosteroid injections",
"C": "Collagenase injections",
"D": "Botulinum toxin injections"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"35 year old man",
"referred",
"physical therapist due to limitation",
"movement",
"wrist",
"fingers of",
"left hand",
"hold objects",
"perform daily activities",
"left hand",
"broke",
"left",
"humerus one month",
"break",
"simple",
"treatment involved",
"cast",
"one month",
"The... |
A 22-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of progressive left-sided scrotal pain for 4 hours. He describes the pain as throbbing in nature and 6 out of 10 in intensity. He has vomited once on the way to the hospital. He has had pain during urination for the past 4 days. He has been sexually activ... | Scrotal ultrasonography | {
"A": "CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis",
"B": "Surgical exploration",
"C": "Scrotal ultrasonography",
"D": "Measurement of serum mumps IgG titer"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of progressive left-sided scrotal pain",
"hours",
"pain",
"throbbing",
"nature",
"6 out",
"10",
"intensity",
"vomited",
"hospital",
"pain",
"urination",
"past",
"days",
"sexually active",
"female partners",
"past year",
"use... |
A 4-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of a lesion on his right thigh. Yesterday, he was administered all scheduled childhood immunizations. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a 2-cm sized ulcer with surrounding induration over the right anterolateral thigh. Which of the... | Immune complex deposition | {
"A": "Dermal mast cell activation",
"B": "Immune complex deposition",
"C": "Intradermal acantholysis",
"D": "Infective dermal inflammation"
} | step1 | B | [
"4 month old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"of",
"lesion",
"right thigh",
"administered",
"scheduled childhood immunizations",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows",
"2",
"sized ulcer",
"surrounding induration",
"right anterolateral thigh",
"following",
"most likely c... |
A 5-year-old boy presents to a pediatric orthopedic surgeon for evaluation of spinal curvature. His primary care physician noticed during an annual checkup that the boy's shoulders were uneven, and radiograph revealed early onset scoliosis. His past medical history is significant for multiple fractures as well as short... | Fibronectin | {
"A": "Dermatan sulfate",
"B": "Fibronectin",
"C": "Type 1 collagen",
"D": "Type 3 collagen"
} | step1 | B | [
"5 year old boy presents",
"pediatric orthopedic",
"evaluation",
"spinal curvature",
"primary care physician",
"annual checkup",
"boy's shoulders",
"radiograph revealed early onset scoliosis",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"multiple fractures",
"short stature",
"Based",
"early pre... |
An 80-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her 2 daughters for worsening memory loss. They report that their mother is increasingly forgetful about recent conversations and events. She is unable to remember her appointments and commitments she has made. 3 years ago, the patient was moved into an elder care fac... | Neurofibrillary tangles | {
"A": "Demyelination",
"B": "Intracytoplasmic vacuoles",
"C": "Lacunar infarcts",
"D": "Neurofibrillary tangles"
} | step1 | D | [
"80 year old woman",
"brought",
"physician",
"her 2 daughters",
"worsening memory loss",
"report",
"mother",
"forgetful",
"recent conversations",
"events",
"unable to remember",
"appointments",
"commitments",
"made",
"years",
"patient",
"moved",
"elder care facility",
"often gett... |
An experimental new drug (SD27C) is being studied. This novel drug delivers insulin via the intranasal route. Consent is obtained from participants who are diabetic and are taking insulin as their current treatment regimen to participate in a clinical trial. 500 patients consent and are divided into 2 groups, and a dou... | Phase III | {
"A": "Phase IV",
"B": "Phase III",
"C": "Post-market surveillance",
"D": "Phase I"
} | step1 | B | [
"experimental new drug",
"studied",
"novel drug delivers insulin",
"intranasal route",
"Consent",
"obtained",
"participants",
"diabetic",
"taking insulin",
"current to",
"clinical trial",
"500 patients consent",
"divided",
"2 groups",
"double-blind clinical trial",
"conducted",
"One ... |
A 65-year-old woman presents with progressive gait difficulty, neck pain, and bladder incontinence. She also complains of urinary urgency. Past medical history is significant for uncontrolled diabetes mellitus with a previous hemoglobin A1c of 10.8%. Physical examination reveals slightly increased muscle tone in all li... | Large-volume lumbar tap | {
"A": "Acetazolamide",
"B": "Donepezil",
"C": "Large-volume lumbar tap",
"D": "Levodopa"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"65 year old woman presents",
"progressive gait difficulty",
"neck pain",
"bladder incontinence",
"of urinary urgency",
"Past medical",
"significant",
"uncontrolled diabetes mellitus",
"a previous hemoglobin A1c",
"10.8",
"Physical examination reveals slightly increased muscle tone",
"limbs",
... |
A 48-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of increasingly severe right upper abdominal pain, fever, and non-bloody vomiting for the last 5 hours. The pain is dull, intermittent, and radiates to her right shoulder. During the past 3 months, she has had recurring abdominal discomfort after meals. T... | History of multiple past pregnancies | {
"A": "Frequent, high-pitched bowel sounds on auscultation",
"B": "History of multiple past pregnancies",
"C": "History of recent travel to Indonesia",
"D": "History of recurrent sexually transmitted infections"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"severe right upper",
"fever",
"non bloody vomiting",
"hours",
"pain",
"dull",
"intermittent",
"radiates",
"right shoulder",
"past 3 months",
"recurring abdominal discomfort",
"meals",
"patient",
"appendectomy",
"30 years",
"hyp... |
A 24-year-old man is running a marathon (42.2 km) on a hot summer day and collapses about halfway through the run. Emergency personnel are called and find him having a seizure. As the seizure subsides, the runner exhibits confusion, dry lips and decreased skin turgor. On the way to the emergency department, he denies t... | 3% NaCl | {
"A": "Indapamide",
"B": "Relcovaptan",
"C": "3% NaCl",
"D": "0.9% NaCl"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"running",
"marathon",
"km",
"hot summer day",
"collapses",
"run",
"Emergency personnel",
"called",
"find",
"seizure",
"seizure",
"exhibits confusion",
"dry lips",
"decreased skin turgor",
"emergency department",
"denies taking medication",
"history",
"seizures",
... |
A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 2-month history of chest pain and heartburn after meals. The patient reports that the pain is worse at night and especially when lying down. She has a history of Raynaud's disease treated with nifedipine. There is no family history of serious illness. She emigrated to th... | Anticentromere antibodies | {
"A": "Anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies",
"B": "Anti-U1 RNP antibodies",
"C": "Anticentromere antibodies",
"D": "Anti-Scl-70 antibodies"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"40 year old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history of chest pain",
"heartburn",
"meals",
"patient reports",
"pain",
"worse",
"night",
"lying",
"history of Raynaud's disease treated with nifedipine",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"Nigeria",
"years",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol"... |
A 55-year-old man is evaluated in the clinic for several episodes of diarrhea during the past 2 months. He denies having fever or abdominal pain and states that his diarrhea has been getting worse despite the use of over-the-counter loperamide and bismuth compounds. Upon further questioning, he recalls having multiple ... | Tryptophan | {
"A": "Phenylalanine",
"B": "Tryptophan",
"C": "Homocysteine",
"D": "Glycine"
} | step1 | B | [
"55 year old man",
"evaluated",
"clinic",
"several episodes of diarrhea",
"past",
"months",
"denies",
"fever",
"abdominal pain",
"states",
"diarrhea",
"getting worse",
"the use of over",
"counter loperamide",
"bismuth compounds",
"further questioning",
"recalls",
"multiple episodes... |
A 15-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department shortly after a 2-minute episode of rhythmic eye blinking and uncontrolled shaking of all limbs. She was unresponsive during the episode. For the past few days, the girl has had a fever and mild nasal congestion. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Her temperatur... | Discharge the patient | {
"A": "Perform a CT scan of the head",
"B": "Observe the patient for 24 hours",
"C": "Discharge the patient",
"D": "Administer lorazepam"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"month old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"2 minute episode of rhythmic eye blinking",
"uncontrolled shaking",
"limbs",
"unresponsive",
"episode",
"past",
"days",
"girl",
"fever",
"mild nasal congestion",
"immunizations",
"date",
"temperature",
"pulse",
"min",
"respira... |
A 4-year-old boy presents with involuntary jerks seen in his upper extremities. The patient’s mother says that “his eyes move in different directions every now and then”. Last winter, the patient had chickenpox but otherwise has always been healthy. His vital signs are a blood pressure of 100/90 mm Hg, temperature of 3... | MYCN | {
"A": "MYCN",
"B": "KRAS",
"C": "ALK",
"D": "RET"
} | step1 | A | [
"4 year old boy presents",
"involuntary jerks seen",
"upper extremities",
"patients mother",
"eyes move",
"different directions",
"now",
"then",
"Last winter",
"patient",
"chickenpox",
"always",
"healthy",
"vital signs",
"blood pressure",
"100/90 mm Hg",
"temperature",
"36",
"98"... |
A 36-year-old man undergoes surgical intervention due to a right upper quadrant stab wound. His gallbladder was found to be lacerated and is removed. It is sent for histological evaluation. The pathologist examines the slide shown in the exhibit and identifies several structures numbered the image. Which of the followi... | This section is taken from the site which does not adjoin liver | {
"A": "The function of the cells in area 1 is to secrete bile",
"B": "The cells in area 3 are inactivated by cholecystokinin",
"C": "This section is taken from the site which does not adjoin liver",
"D": "Normally, there should be goblet cells among the cells in area 1"
} | step1 | C | [
"36 year old man",
"surgical intervention due to",
"right upper quadrant stab wound",
"gallbladder",
"found to",
"lacerated",
"removed",
"sent",
"histological evaluation",
"pathologist",
"slide shown",
"exhibit",
"several structures numbered",
"image",
"following statements",
"correct"... |
A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department for a fever and abdominal pain. The patient states that his pain has been worsening over the past week in the setting of a fever. He has a past medical history of IV drug abuse and multiple admissions for septic shock. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood press... | Splenic abscess | {
"A": "Diverticulitis",
"B": "Hepatic abscess",
"C": "Mesenteric ischemia",
"D": "Splenic abscess"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"abdominal pain",
"patient states",
"pain",
"worsening",
"past week",
"setting",
"fever",
"past medical history of IV drug abuse",
"multiple admissions",
"septic shock",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"54 mmHg",
"pulse",
"... |
A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department from a senior-care facility after he was found with a decreased level of consciousness and fever. His personal history is relevant for colorectal cancer that was managed with surgical excision of the tumor. Upon admission, he is found to have a blood pressure of ... | Ampicillin | {
"A": "Ampicillin",
"B": "Clindamycin",
"C": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)",
"D": "Meropenem"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"62 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"senior care facility",
"found",
"decreased level of consciousness",
"fever",
"personal history",
"relevant",
"colorectal cancer",
"managed",
"surgical",
"tumor",
"admission",
"found to",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"pulse",
... |
A 13-year-old boy re-presents to his pediatrician with a new onset rash that began a few days after his initial visit. He initially presented with complaints of sore throat but was found to have a negative strep test. His mother demanded that he be placed on antibiotics, but this was refused by his pediatrician. The bo... | Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | {
"A": "Erythema Multiforme",
"B": "Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis",
"C": "Rocky Mounted Spotted Fever",
"D": "Pemphigus Vulgaris"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy re presents",
"pediatrician",
"new onset rash",
"began",
"few days",
"initial visit",
"initially presented",
"complaints",
"sore throat",
"found to",
"negative strep test",
"mother demanded",
"placed",
"antibiotics",
"refused",
"pediatrician",
"boy's father",
"neurolo... |
A 16-year-old girl who recently immigrated to the United States from Bolivia presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of inattentiveness in school. The patient's teacher describes her as occasionally "day-dreaming" for periods of time during which the patient does not respond or participate in scho... | Valproic acid | {
"A": "Carbamazepine",
"B": "Ethosuximide",
"C": "Valproic acid",
"D": "Cognitive behavioral therapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl",
"recently",
"United States",
"Bolivia presents",
"primary care physician",
"chief complaint",
"inattentiveness in school",
"patient",
"eacher ",
"ccasionally ",
"ay-dreaming\"",
"eriods ",
"ime ",
"atient ",
"ot ",
"n chool ctivities.",
"elped ",
"atient hange "... |
A 29-year-old man is brought to the emergency room 6 hours after the onset of severe epigastric pain and vomiting. His heart rate is 110/min and blood pressure is 98/72 mm Hg. He is diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, and fluid resuscitation with normal saline is initiated. Which of the following is the most likely imme... | Increase in myocardial oxygen demand | {
"A": "Increase in cardiac afterload",
"B": "Increase in volume of distribution",
"C": "Increase in myocardial oxygen demand",
"D": "Increase in glomerular filtration fraction\n\""
} | step1 | C | [
"29 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"hours",
"onset",
"severe epigastric",
"vomiting",
"heart rate",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"98 72 mm Hg",
"diagnosed",
"acute pancreatitis",
"fluid resuscitation",
"normal saline",
"initiated",
"following",
"most likely immediate effec... |
A 25-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain and discomfort for the past 3 days. She was diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) a couple of years ago, managed until recently with imipramine, psyllium, and loperamide. 5 days ago, because she had developed alternating diarrhea and constipation, bloating, and a... | Ischemic colitis | {
"A": "Pseudomembranous colitis",
"B": "Crohn’s disease",
"C": "Perforated duodenal ulcer",
"D": "Ischemic colitis"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"abdominal pain",
"discomfort",
"past 3 days",
"diagnosed",
"irritable bowel syndrome",
"couple",
"years",
"managed",
"recently",
"imipramine",
"psyllium",
"loperamide",
"days",
"alternating diarrhea",
"constipation",
"bloating",
"abdominal pain",
"medi... |
A 34-year-old patient with a history of anxiety, chronic constipation, chronic headaches, and chronic hypertension presents to the emergency room with severe right flank pain radiating to his scrotum. A urinalysis with stone analysis is performed and the results are shown in figure A. Prior to discharge, it is noted th... | Medullary thyroid cancer | {
"A": "Medullary thyroid cancer",
"B": "Papillary thyroid cancer",
"C": "Lymphoma",
"D": "Follicular thyroid cancer"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old patient",
"history",
"anxiety",
"chronic constipation",
"chronic headaches",
"chronic hypertension presents",
"emergency room",
"severe right flank pain radiating to",
"scrotum",
"urinalysis",
"stone analysis",
"performed",
"results",
"shown",
"discharge",
"noted",
"patient... |
A 10-year-old boy presents with a painful rash for 1 day. He says that the reddish, purple rash started on his forearm but has now spread to his abdomen. He says there is a burning pain in the area where the rash is located. He also says he has had a stuffy nose for several days. Past medical history is significant for... | Lamotrigine | {
"A": "Budesonide",
"B": "Lamotrigine",
"C": "Multivitamin",
"D": "Albuterol"
} | step1 | B | [
"A 10 year old boy presents",
"painful rash",
"1 day",
"purple rash started",
"forearm",
"now spread",
"abdomen",
"burning pain",
"area",
"rash",
"stuffy nose",
"days",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"asthma",
"epilepsy",
"managed",
"Current medications",
"daily",
"mult... |
A 38-year-old man presents to the endocrinologist with complaints of increased shoe size and headaches in the morning. These symptoms have developed gradually over the past year but have become especially concerning because he can no longer wear his normal-sized boots. He denies any other symptoms, including visual cha... | Liver | {
"A": "Liver",
"B": "Posterior pituitary gland",
"C": "Pancreas",
"D": "Kidney"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"endocrinologist",
"complaints",
"increased shoe",
"headaches",
"morning",
"symptoms",
"past year",
"concerning",
"longer",
"normal-sized boots",
"denies",
"symptoms",
"including visual changes",
"recently started",
"lisinopril",
"primary care physician",
"... |
A 64-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of dull lower abdominal pain for 3 hours. He has not urinated for 24 hours and has not passed stool for over 3 days. He was diagnosed with herpes zoster 4 weeks ago and continues to have pain even after his rash resolved. He has hypertension, benign prost... | Desipramine | {
"A": "Simvastatin",
"B": "Amlodipine",
"C": "Valproate",
"D": "Desipramine"
} | step1 | D | [
"64 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"dull lower abdominal pain",
"hours",
"not",
"24 hours",
"not passed stool",
"3 days",
"diagnosed",
"herpes zoster",
"weeks",
"continues to",
"pain",
"rash resolved",
"hypertension",
"benign prostatic hyperplasia",
"coronary art... |
A 12-year-old girl presents to the pediatric dermatologist with an expanding, but otherwise asymptomatic erythematous patch on her right shoulder, which she first noticed 3 days ago. The girl states the rash started as a small red bump but has gradually progressed to its current size. No similar lesions were observed e... | Lyme disease | {
"A": "Tinea corporis",
"B": "Lyme disease",
"C": "Granuloma anulare",
"D": "Hansen’s disease"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old girl presents",
"pediatric dermatologist",
"expanding",
"asymptomatic erythematous patch",
"right shoulder",
"first",
"3 days",
"girl states",
"rash started",
"small red",
"progressed",
"current size",
"similar lesions",
"observed",
"mother",
"felt ill",
"mother",
"detect... |
A 75-year-old man with a 35-pack-year history of smoking is found to be lethargic three days being admitted with a femur fracture following a motor vehicle accident. His recovery has been progressing well thus far, though pain continued to be present. On exam, the patient minimally responsive with pinpoint pupils. Vita... | Naloxone | {
"A": "Repeat catheterization",
"B": "Glucocorticoids",
"C": "Naloxone",
"D": "Emergent cardiac surgery"
} | step1 | C | [
"75 year old man",
"35 pack",
"history of smoking",
"found to",
"lethargic three days",
"admitted",
"femur fracture following",
"motor vehicle accident",
"recovery",
"progressing well",
"far",
"pain continued to",
"present",
"exam",
"patient",
"responsive",
"pinpoint pupils",
"Vita... |
A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of infertility. She has been unable to conceive for the past 2 years. Menses occur at 45 to 80-day intervals. She is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 77 kg (170 lb); BMI is 27.4 kg/m2. Physical examination shows facial acne and pigmented hair on the upper ... | Inhibition of hypothalamic estrogen receptors | {
"A": "Activation of pituitary dopamine receptors",
"B": "Inhibition of endometrial progesterone receptors",
"C": "Activation of ovarian luteinizing hormone receptors",
"D": "Inhibition of hypothalamic estrogen receptors"
} | step1 | D | [
"27 year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"infertility",
"unable to",
"past",
"years",
"Menses occur",
"80 day intervals",
"5 ft 6",
"tall",
"kg",
"BMI",
"27",
"kg/m2",
"Physical examination shows facial acne",
"pigmented hair",
"upper lip",
"Serum studies show elevated lev... |
A six-year-old male presents to the pediatrician for a well child visit. The patient’s parents report that they are struggling to manage his temper tantrums, which happen as frequently as several times per day. They usually occur in the morning before school and during mealtimes, when his parents try to limit how much ... | Hypogonadism | {
"A": "Ataxia",
"B": "Hemihyperplasia",
"C": "Hypogonadism",
"D": "Webbed neck"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"six year old male presents",
"pediatrician",
"well child visit",
"patients parents report",
"to",
"temper tantrums",
"happen",
"frequently",
"times",
"day",
"usually occur",
"morning",
"school",
"mealtimes",
"parents",
"to limit",
"eats",
"patient often returns",
"second",
"th... |
A 72-year-old and his caregiver present for a follow-up after a transthoracic needle biopsy of one of the large lesions in his chest was reported as non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. Previously, a chest CT revealed numerous nodules in the lungs bilaterally. The chest CT was ordered after the patient experienced a p... | Tumors seeded via the pulmonary arteries | {
"A": "Aspergillus infection leading to a formation of a 'fungus ball'",
"B": "Malignant transformation of neuroendocrine cells",
"C": "Proliferation of cells that contain glands that produce mucin",
"D": "Tumors seeded via the pulmonary arteries"
} | step1 | D | [
"72 year old",
"caregiver present",
"follow-up",
"transthoracic needle biopsy",
"one",
"large lesions",
"chest",
"reported",
"non-small cell carcinoma of the lung",
"chest CT revealed numerous nodules",
"lungs",
"chest CT",
"ordered",
"patient experienced",
"persistent cough",
"hemopty... |
A 21-year-old African American female presents to her primary care physician reporting a history of excess hair growth. She has to shave her face and chest on a regular basis. She is sexually active and uses condoms for protection. Her last period was two months ago and she reports having 5-6 menstrual periods per year... | Desmolase | {
"A": "Squalene epoxidase",
"B": "Desmolase",
"C": "Aromatase",
"D": "5-alpha-reductase"
} | step1 | B | [
"21-year-old African American female presents",
"primary care physician reporting",
"history of excess hair growth",
"to shave",
"face",
"chest",
"regular basis",
"sexually active",
"uses condoms",
"protection",
"last period",
"two months",
"reports",
"5-6 menstrual periods",
"year",
"... |
A previously healthy 18-year-old woman comes to the emergency department for evaluation of intractable vomiting and uterine cramping. Her last menstrual period was 7 weeks ago. Serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin concentration is 170,000 mIU/mL. A transvaginal ultrasound shows a complex intrauterine mass with numerous... | 46,XX of paternal origin only | {
"A": "46,XX of maternal origin only",
"B": "69,XXY of paternal origin only",
"C": "46,XX of paternal origin only",
"D": "69,XYY of both maternal and paternal origin"
} | step1 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"intractable vomiting",
"uterine cramping",
"last menstrual period",
"weeks",
"Serum",
"human chorionic gonadotropin concentration",
"mIU/mL",
"transvaginal ultrasound shows",
"complex intrauterine mass",
"numerous",
"spa... |
A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department for sudden pain in his foot. The patient states that when he woke up, he experienced severe pain in his right great toe. The patient’s wife immediately brought him to the emergency department. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes mellitus, obesity, an... | Lifestyle measures | {
"A": "Allopurinol",
"B": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"C": "Lifestyle measures",
"D": "Probenecid"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"sudden pain in",
"foot",
"patient states",
"woke up",
"experienced severe pain",
"right great toe",
"patients wife immediately brought",
"emergency department",
"patient",
"past medical history of diabetes mellitus",
"obesity",
"hypertensio... |
A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has had frequent falls over the past two years. During the past six months, the patient has been unable to walk or stand without assistance and she now uses a wheelchair. Her mother was diagnosed with a vestibular schwannoma at age 52. Her ... | Heart failure | {
"A": "Posterior fossa tumors",
"B": "Heart failure",
"C": "Leukemia",
"D": "Aspiration pneumonia"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"frequent falls",
"past two years",
"past six months",
"patient",
"unable to walk",
"stand",
"assistance",
"now uses",
"wheelchair",
"mother",
"diagnosed",
"vestibular schwannoma",
"age",
"vital signs",
"normal lim... |
A drug discovery team is conducting research to observe the characteristics of a novel drug under different experimental conditions. The drug is converted into the inactive metabolites by an action of an enzyme E. After multiple experiments, the team concludes that as compared to physiologic pH, the affinity of the enz... | Acidic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A, no administration of drug B | {
"A": "Physiologic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A, no administration of drug B",
"B": "Acidic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A, no administration of drug B",
"C": "Acidic pH, co-administration of antioxidant A and of drug B",
"D": "Acidic pH, co-administration of drug B, no administration of anti... | step1 | B | [
"drug discovery team",
"conducting research to observe",
"characteristics",
"novel drug",
"different experimental conditions",
"drug",
"inactive metabolites",
"action",
"enzyme",
"multiple experiments",
"team concludes",
"compared",
"physiologic pH",
"affinity",
"enzyme",
"drug decreas... |
A 35-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the onset of severe dyspnea. On arrival, she is unresponsive. Her pulse is 160/min, respirations are 32/min, and blood pressure is 60/30 mm Hg. CT angiography of the chest shows extensive pulmonary embolism in both lungs. She is given a drug th... | Unfractioned heparin | {
"A": "Ticagrelor",
"B": "Apixaban",
"C": "Unfractioned heparin",
"D": "Fondaparinux"
} | step1 | C | [
"35 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"onset",
"severe dyspnea",
"arrival",
"unresponsive",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"60 30 mm Hg",
"CT angiography of",
"chest shows extensive pulmonary embolism",
"lungs",
"given",
"drug"... |
A 58-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of confusion, weight loss, and anuria. He has chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at the age of 8 years and was treated with an allogeneic stem cell transplantation. He is ... | No absolute contraindications | {
"A": "Childhood leukemia",
"B": "Acute kidney injury",
"C": "Alcoholism",
"D": "No absolute contraindications"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"58 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"confusion",
"weight loss",
"anuria",
"chronic kidney disease",
"hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"diagnosed",
"acute lymphoblastic leukemia",
"age",
"years",
"treated with",
"allogeneic stem cell transplantation",
"HIV-po... |
A 27-year-old G1P0 presents to her obstetrician for her normal 30-week obstetric appointment. She reports that she feels well and has no complaints. Her past medical history is notable for intermittent asthma. Her only medications are prenatal vitamins. She has gained 10 pounds, more than expected given her current sta... | Days 4-8 | {
"A": "Days 4-8",
"B": "Days 9-12",
"C": "Days 13-15",
"D": "Day 16+"
} | step1 | A | [
"27 year old",
"presents",
"obstetrician",
"normal 30 week obstetric appointment",
"reports",
"feels well",
"complaints",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"intermittent asthma",
"only medications",
"prenatal vitamins",
"gained 10 pounds",
"more",
"expected given",
"current stage of p... |
A 2-month-old girl is brought to the physician by her father for a routine well-child examination. She is given a vaccine that contains polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated to a toxoid carrier. The vaccine is most likely to provide immunity against which of the following pathogens? | Haemophilus influenzae | {
"A": "Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"B": "Neisseria meningitidis",
"C": "Haemophilus influenzae",
"D": "Bordetella pertussis"
} | step1 | C | [
"2 month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"father",
"routine well",
"given",
"vaccine",
"contains polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated",
"toxoid carrier",
"vaccine",
"most likely to provide immunity",
"following pathogens"
] |
A research group designed a study to investigate the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States. The investigators examined per capita income and rates of syphilis in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston. Data on city-wide syphilis rates was provided by each city's health agency. The investigators ultima... | Ecological study | {
"A": "Case-control study",
"B": "Ecological study",
"C": "Case series",
"D": "Double-blind clinical trial"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"research group designed",
"study to investigate",
"epidemiology",
"syphilis",
"United States",
"investigators examined",
"capita income",
"rates",
"syphilis",
"New York City",
"Los Angeles",
"Chicago",
"Data",
"city wide syphilis rates",
"provided",
"city's health agency",
"investig... |
A 7-year-old girl is brought to her pediatrician complaining of painful urination over the last 5 days. She describes it as a burning and itching when she uses the bathroom and has never had a feeling like this before. She was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She is up to date on all vaccine... | Yellow mucopurulent discharge | {
"A": "Crusty weepy lesions accompanied by erythema and severe itching",
"B": "Well-demarcated erythematous plaques with silvery-white scaling and mild pruritus",
"C": "Linear pruritic rash with papules and vesicles",
"D": "Yellow mucopurulent discharge"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"painful urination",
"last",
"days",
"burning",
"itching",
"uses",
"bathroom",
"never",
"feeling",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"date",
"vaccines",
"meeting",
"developmental milestones",
"Detailed history... |
A 9-month-old girl is brought in by her father for a scheduled check-up with her pediatrician. He states that over the past 4-5 months she has had multiple ear infections. She was also hospitalized for an upper respiratory infection 2 months ago. Since then she has been well. She has started to pull herself up to walk.... | Delayed onset of normal immunoglobulins | {
"A": "Adenosine deaminase deficiency",
"B": "Defect in Bruton tyrosine kinase",
"C": "Delayed onset of normal immunoglobulins",
"D": "Failure of B-cell differentiation"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"month old girl",
"brought",
"father",
"scheduled check-up",
"pediatrician",
"states",
"past",
"months",
"multiple ear infections",
"hospitalized",
"upper respiratory infection",
"months",
"then",
"well",
"started to pull",
"up to walk",
"patients medical history",
"significant",
... |
A 23-year-old woman is admitted to the inpatient psychiatry unit after her boyfriend reported she was “acting funny and refusing to talk.” The patient’s boyfriend states that he came home from work and found the patient sitting up in bed staring at the wall. When he said her name or waved his hand in front of her, she ... | Lorazepam | {
"A": "Benztropine",
"B": "Electroconvulsive therapy",
"C": "Haloperidol",
"D": "Lorazepam"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"23 year old woman",
"admitted",
"inpatient",
"boyfriend reported",
"refusing",
"talk",
"patients boyfriend states",
"home",
"work",
"found",
"patient sitting",
"bed staring",
"wall",
"name",
"waved",
"hand",
"front of",
"not",
"to move",
"position",
"placed",
"patients tem... |
An 8-year-old girl is brought to the emergency room for a 6-hour history of fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Physical examination shows pooling of oral secretions and inspiratory stridor. Lateral x-ray of the neck shows thickening of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds. Throat culture with chocolate ag... | Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase | {
"A": "Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase",
"B": "Inhibition of the 50S ribosomal subunit",
"C": "Inhibition of prokaryotic topoisomerase II",
"D": "Inhibition of the 30S ribosomal subunit"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"6-hour history",
"fever",
"sore throat",
"difficulty swallowing",
"Physical examination shows pooling",
"oral secretions",
"inspiratory stridor",
"Lateral x-ray",
"neck shows thickening",
"epiglottis",
"aryepiglottic folds",
"Throat culture"... |
A group of medical students is studying bacteria and their pathogenesis. They have identified that a substantial number of bacteria cause human disease by producing exotoxins. Exotoxins are typically proteins, but they have different mechanisms of action and act at different sites. The following is a list of exotoxins ... | Cholera toxin - ADP-ribosylates Gs, keeping adenylate cyclase active and ↑ [cAMP] | {
"A": "Diphtheria toxin - cleaves synaptobrevin, blocking vesicle formation and the release of acetylcholine",
"B": "Cholera toxin - ADP-ribosylates Gs, keeping adenylate cyclase active and ↑ [cAMP]",
"C": "Botulinum toxin - cleaves synaptobrevin, blocking vesicle formation and the release of the inhibitory neur... | step1 | B | [
"A group",
"medical students",
"studying bacteria",
"pathogenesis",
"identified",
"number",
"bacteria cause human disease",
"exotoxins",
"proteins",
"different mechanisms of action",
"act",
"different sites",
"following",
"list",
"exotoxins together",
"mechanisms of action",
"followi... |
A previously healthy 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of chest pain on exertion. She takes no medications. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Cardiac stress ECG shows inducible ST-segment depressions in the precordial leads that coincide with the patient's report of... | ↑ ↓ ↓ ↓ | {
"A": "↓ ↓ ↓ ↑",
"B": "No change no change no change no change",
"C": "↓ ↓ no change ↑",
"D": "↑ ↓ ↓ ↓"
} | step1 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"3 month history",
"chest pain",
"exertion",
"takes",
"medications",
"Cardiopulmonary examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Cardiac stress ECG shows inducible ST-segment depressions",
"precordial leads",
"patient's report of chest pain",
"r... |
A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents who are concerned about his bizarre behavior. Over the past three months, he has become withdrawn from his friends and less interested in his classes and extracurricular activities. On several occasions, he has torn apart rooms in their home looking for “bugs... | Schizophreniform disorder | {
"A": "Brief psychotic disorder",
"B": "Schizoaffective disorder",
"C": "Schizophreniform disorder",
"D": "Schizophrenia"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"concerned",
"bizarre behavior",
"past three months",
"withdrawn",
"friends",
"less interested",
"classes",
"extracurricular activities",
"several occasions",
"torn",
"rooms",
"home looking",
"bugs",
"states",
"President",
"ali... |
A 59-year-old female presents to the emergency department after a fall. She reports severe pain in her right hip and an inability to move her right leg. Her past medical history is notable for osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and has never undergone surgery before. The patient was adopted, and her family history is ... | Ryanodine receptor antagonist | {
"A": "Ryanodine receptor antagonist",
"B": "GABA agonist",
"C": "NMDA receptor antagonist",
"D": "Acetylcholine receptor agonist"
} | step1 | A | [
"59 year old female presents",
"emergency department",
"fall",
"reports severe pain in",
"right hip",
"to move",
"right leg",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"osteoporosis",
"rheumatoid arthritis",
"never",
"surgery",
"patient",
"adopted",
"family history",
"unknown",
"never smo... |
Recently, clarithromycin was found to have an increased risk of cardiac death in a Danish study. This study analyzed patients who were previously treated with clarithromycin or another antibiotic, and then they were followed over time to ascertain if cardiac death resulted. What type of study design does this represent... | Cohort study | {
"A": "Randomized controlled trial",
"B": "Cohort study",
"C": "Cross-sectional study",
"D": "Case control study"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"Recently",
"clarithromycin",
"found to",
"increased risk",
"cardiac death",
"study",
"study analyzed patients",
"treated with clarithromycin",
"antibiotic",
"then",
"followed",
"time to",
"cardiac death resulted",
"type",
"study",
"represent"
] |
A 21-year-old male college student is brought to the emergency department by the campus police after he was found yelling at a bookshelf in the library. His roommate does not know of any prior episodes similar to this. His vital signs are within normal limits. The patient appears unkempt. On mental status examination, ... | Ziprasidone | {
"A": "Haloperidol",
"B": "Dexmedetomidine",
"C": "Valproic acid",
"D": "Ziprasidone"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"21-year-old male college student",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"police",
"found",
"library",
"roommate",
"not",
"of",
"prior episodes similar",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"patient appears unkempt",
"mental",
"talks very fast",
"occasional abrupt interruptions",
"agitated... |
A 62-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of bloody stool. She reports several episodes of bloody stools over the past two months as well as a feeling of a mass near her anus. She has one to two non-painful bowel movements per day. She has a history of alcohol abuse and hypertension. Anosc... | Superior rectal vein | {
"A": "Superior rectal vein",
"B": "Inferior rectal vein",
"C": "Middle rectal vein",
"D": "Left colic vein"
} | step1 | A | [
"62 year old female presents",
"primary care physician",
"bloody stool",
"reports several episodes of bloody stools",
"past two months",
"feeling",
"mass",
"anus",
"one",
"two non painful bowel movements per day",
"history of alcohol abuse",
"hypertension",
"Anoscopy reveals engorged vessels... |
Three weeks after delivering a healthy boy, a 28-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, comes to the physician for a postpartum check-up. Labor and delivery were uncomplicated. Two days after delivery she was diagnosed with postpartum endometritis and received intravenous clindamycin plus gentamicin for 2 days. She had pai... | Progestin-only contraceptive pills | {
"A": "Spermicide",
"B": "Basal body temperature method",
"C": "Progestin-only contraceptive pills",
"D": "Combined oral contraceptives"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Three weeks",
"delivering",
"healthy boy",
"year old woman",
"gravida 1",
"para 1",
"physician",
"postpartum check-up",
"Labor",
"delivery",
"uncomplicated",
"Two days",
"delivery",
"diagnosed",
"postpartum endometritis",
"received intravenous clindamycin plus gentamicin",
"2 days",... |
An 83-year-old man is being seen in the hospital for confusion. The patient was admitted 4 days ago for pneumonia. He has been improving on ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Then 2 nights ago he had an episode of confusion. He was unsure where he was and attempted to leave. He was calmed down by nurses with redirection. He... | Haloperidol | {
"A": "Haloperidol",
"B": "Lorazepam",
"C": "Physical restraints",
"D": "Rivastigmine"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"83 year old man",
"seen",
"hospital",
"confusion",
"patient",
"admitted 4 days",
"pneumonia",
"improving",
"ceftriaxone",
"azithromycin",
"Then",
"nights",
"episode of confusion",
"unsure",
"attempted to leave",
"calmed",
"nurses",
"chest radiograph",
"stable from admission",
... |
A 61-year-old woman presents to her physician with foot tingling, numbness, and pain. She describes her pain as constant and burning and gives it 5 out of 10 on the visual analog pain scale. She also recalls several falls due to the numbness in her feet. She was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy... | Nortriptyline | {
"A": "Morphine",
"B": "Tramadol",
"C": "Topiramate",
"D": "Nortriptyline"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"61 year old woman presents",
"physician",
"foot tingling",
"numbness",
"pain",
"pain",
"constant",
"burning",
"gives",
"5 out",
"10",
"visual analog pain scale",
"recalls several falls due to",
"numbness",
"feet",
"diagnosed",
"diabetes mellitus",
"diabetic retinopathy",
"years"... |
A 4-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician in the month of January with a one-week history of a cough and somnolence. He developed a fever and cough and stated that his legs hurt ‘really bad’ 3–4 days prior to his symptoms. He has asthma but no other significant past medical history. He takes albuterol and his mom... | Inactivated vaccine | {
"A": "Live attenuated vaccine",
"B": "Inactivated vaccine",
"C": "Conjugate vaccine",
"D": "Toxoid vaccine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"4 year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"month",
"January",
"one-week history",
"cough",
"somnolence",
"fever",
"cough",
"stated",
"legs",
"bad",
"days prior to",
"symptoms",
"asthma",
"significant past medical history",
"takes albuterol",
"mom administered acetaminophen",
... |
A 3-month-old African American infant presents to the hospital with 2 days of fever, "coke"-colored urine, and jaundice. The pregnancy was uneventful except the infant was found to have hyperbilirubinemia that was treated with phototherapy. The mother explains that she breastfeeds her child and recently was treated her... | Hemophilia A | {
"A": "Marfan syndrome",
"B": "Sickle cell anemia",
"C": "Hemophilia A",
"D": "Beta thalassemia"
} | step1 | C | [
"3 month old African American infant presents",
"hospital",
"2 days",
"fever",
"coke",
"colored urine",
"jaundice",
"pregnancy",
"infant",
"found to",
"hyperbilirubinemia",
"treated with phototherapy",
"mother",
"breastfeeds",
"child",
"recently",
"treated",
"UTI",
"trimethoprim-... |
An 83-year-old male presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, and a chest radiograph demonstrating pulmonary edema. A diagnosis of congestive heart failure is considered. The following clinical measurements are obtained: 100 bpm heart rate, 0.2 mL O2/mL systemic blood arterial oxygen content, 0.1 mL O2/mL pulmonary arterial ox... | 40 mL/beat | {
"A": "30 mL/beat",
"B": "40 mL/beat",
"C": "50 mL/beat",
"D": "60 mL/beat"
} | step1 | B | [
"83 year old male presents",
"dyspnea",
"orthopnea",
"chest radiograph",
"pulmonary edema",
"diagnosis",
"congestive heart failure",
"considered",
"following clinical measurements",
"obtained",
"100",
"heart rate",
"0.2 mL O2 mL systemic blood oxygen content",
"0.1 mL O2 mL pulmonary arter... |
A 67-year-old man presents with an excruciatingly painful tongue lesion. He says the lesion was preceded by an intermittent headache for the past month that localized unilaterally to the left temple and occasionally radiates to the right eye. The tongue lesion onset acutely and has been present for a few days. The pain... | High-dose systemic corticosteroids | {
"A": "CT",
"B": "Lysis therapy",
"C": "High-dose systemic corticosteroids",
"D": "Paracetamol"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"67 year old man presents",
"painful",
"lesion",
"preceded",
"intermittent headache",
"past month",
"localized",
"left temple",
"occasionally radiates",
"right eye",
"tongue lesion onset",
"present",
"days",
"pain",
"constant",
"past medical history",
"relevant",
"hypertension",
... |
A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a wellness checkup. The patient states he has been doing well and currently has no concerns. The patient's daughter states that she feels he is abnormally fatigued and has complained of light-headedness whenever he gardens. He also admits that he fainted once... | Calcification of valve leaflets | {
"A": "Autoimmune valve destruction",
"B": "Calcification of valve leaflets",
"C": "Incompetent valve",
"D": "Outflow tract obstruction"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"67 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"wellness checkup",
"patient states",
"well",
"currently",
"concerns",
"patient",
"aughter tates ",
"eels ",
"atigued ",
"ight-headedness ",
"ardens.",
"dmits ",
"ainted ",
"atient ",
" ast edical ype I iabetes,",
"yperten... |
A 55-year-old woman presents to the office complaining of leg ulcers for the past 6 months. She has a chronic history of severe rheumatoid arthritis controlled with methotrexate. She does not drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes. Her vitals are normal. Her lungs are clear to auscultation. The abdomen is soft and non-tende... | Felty syndrome | {
"A": "Venous stasis and valve insufficiency",
"B": "Felty syndrome",
"C": "Vitamin deficiency",
"D": "Caplan syndrome"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old woman presents",
"office",
"of leg ulcers",
"past 6 months",
"chronic history of severe rheumatoid arthritis controlled",
"methotrexate",
"not drink alcohol",
"smoke cigarettes",
"normal",
"lungs",
"clear",
"auscultation",
"abdomen",
"soft",
"non-tender",
"palpable spleen ... |
A previously healthy 10-day-old infant is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of episodes of weakness and spasms for the past 12 hours. His mother states that he has also had difficulty feeding and a weak suck. He has not had fever, cough, diarrhea, or vomiting. He was born at 39 weeks' gestation ... | Clostridium tetani | {
"A": "Clostridium botulinum",
"B": "Clostridium tetani",
"C": "Neisseria meningitidis",
"D": "Escherichia coli\n\""
} | step2&3 | B | [
"healthy 10 day old infant",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"of episodes",
"weakness",
"spasms",
"past 12 hours",
"mother states",
"difficulty feeding",
"weak suck",
"not",
"fever",
"cough",
"diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"born",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"uncomplicated vagi... |
A 4-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her parents, who are concerned about an abdominal swelling that they noticed 2 days ago. The family immigrated from Bangladesh to the United States recently. The mother mentions that the girl has never been as active as other children of the same age but has no medical cond... | Extramedullary hematopoiesis due to thalassemia | {
"A": "Glycogen storage disease",
"B": "Renal failure",
"C": "Extramedullary hematopoiesis due to thalassemia",
"D": "Lymphoma"
} | step1 | C | [
"4 year old girl",
"brought",
"clinic",
"parents",
"concerned",
"abdominal swelling",
"2 days",
"family",
"Bangladesh",
"United States recently",
"mother",
"girl",
"never",
"active",
"children",
"same age",
"medical conditions",
"appetite",
"vomited",
"few times last week",
"... |
A 14-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with a 5-day history of abdominal pain and bloody stool. He denies having a fever and says that he has not experienced any other symptoms associated with the abdominal pain. He has no past medical history and does not take any medications or supplements. His family history... | 5 | {
"A": "5",
"B": "7",
"C": "17",
"D": "X"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old boy presents",
"pediatrician",
"5-day history",
"abdominal pain",
"bloody stool",
"denies",
"fever",
"not experienced",
"symptoms associated with",
"abdominal pain",
"past medical history",
"not take",
"medications",
"supplements",
"family history",
"significant",
"grandfat... |
A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of pain, tingling, and numbness in his right hand that started 3 months ago. It is worse at night and frequently wakes him up. The symptoms can be relieved by shaking his hands but soon recur. He reports weakness of his right hand, especially when grasping objects. He ha... | Nerve conduction studies | {
"A": "CT scan of cervical spine",
"B": "Nerve conduction studies",
"C": "MRI of the head",
"D": "Arterial Doppler ultrasonography\n\""
} | step2&3 | B | [
"31 year old man",
"physician",
"pain",
"tingling",
"numbness",
"right",
"started 3 months",
"worse",
"night",
"frequently wakes",
"symptoms",
"relieved by shaking",
"hands",
"recur",
"reports weakness of",
"right hand",
"grasping objects",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"current me... |
A 64-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and decreased urinary frequency for 6 months. His pulse is 86/min and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. Examination shows 1+ edema on bilateral ankles. His serum creatinine is 2 mg/dL and blood urea nitrogen is 28 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows proteinuria. A photomicr... | Chronic hyperglycemia | {
"A": "HIV infection",
"B": "Chronic hyperglycemia",
"C": "Recurrent kidney infections",
"D": "Systemic lupus erythematosus"
} | step1 | B | [
"64 year old man",
"physician",
"fatigue",
"decreased urinary frequency",
"months",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg",
"Examination shows 1",
"edema",
"bilateral ankles",
"serum creatinine",
"2 mg/dL",
"blood urea nitrogen",
"28 mg dL",
"Urinalysis shows proteinuria",
"p... |
A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has no personal or family history of serious illness. She smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 5 years during her 20s. Her pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 120/78 mm Hg. Serum lipid studies and glucose concentration ar... | Perform colonoscopy | {
"A": "Perform colonoscopy",
"B": "Perform 24-hour ECG",
"C": "Perform BRCA gene test",
"D": "Perform abdominal ultrasound"
} | step1 | A | [
"50 year old woman",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"5 years",
"20s",
"pulse",
"70 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Serum lipid studies",
"glucose concentration",
"referen... |
A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department when he discovered a large volume of blood in his stool. He states that he was going to the bathroom when he saw a large amount of bright red blood in the toilet bowl. He was surprised because he did not feel pain and felt it was a normal bowel movement. The patien... | IV fluids and NPO | {
"A": "Cautery of an arteriovenous malformation",
"B": "IV fluids and NPO",
"C": "NPO, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole",
"D": "Surgical excision of poorly differentiated tissue"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"72 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"discovered",
"large volume of blood",
"stool",
"states",
"bathroom",
"saw",
"large amount",
"bright red blood",
"toilet bowl",
"not feel pain",
"felt",
"normal bowel movement",
"patient",
"past medical diabetes",
"obesity",
"hype... |
A popular news outlet recently published an article that discussed the size of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol particles: type A and type B. Type B is thought to be more harmful to arterial walls. A group of researchers wants to determine whether patients who have an elevated level of type B LDL cholesterol a... | Relative risk | {
"A": "Fisher’s exact test",
"B": "Likelihood ratios",
"C": "Odds ratio",
"D": "Relative risk"
} | step1 | D | [
"popular news outlet recently published",
"article",
"discussed",
"size",
"low-density lipoprotein",
"cholesterol particles",
"type A",
"type",
"Type",
"thought to",
"more",
"arterial walls",
"A group",
"researchers",
"to",
"patients",
"elevated level",
"type",
"LDL cholesterol",... |
A 36-year-old man comes to the emergency department for the evaluation of recurrent bloody diarrhea for 4 weeks. During this time, he has also had intermittent abdominal pain. His symptoms have worsened over the past 2 days and he has also had fever and several episodes of nonbloody vomiting. He was diagnosed with ulce... | Abdominal x-ray | {
"A": "Abdominal x-ray",
"B": "IV metronidazole and rectal vancomycin",
"C": "Double-contrast barium enema",
"D": "Colonoscopy\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"36 year old man",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"recurrent bloody",
"4 weeks",
"time",
"intermittent abdominal pain",
"symptoms",
"worsened",
"past 2 days",
"fever",
"several episodes of",
"vomiting",
"diagnosed",
"ulcerative colitis three years",
"difficulty complying",
"dr... |
A 19-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, at 21 weeks’ gestation comes to the physician for a follow-up prenatal visit. At her previous appointment, her serum α-fetoprotein concentration was elevated. She had smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 3 years but quit at 6 weeks' gestation. Examination shows a uterus consiste... | Gastroschisis | {
"A": "Umbilical hernia",
"B": "Vesicourachal diverticulum",
"C": "Gastroschisis",
"D": "Omphalocele"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 1",
"para 0",
"weeks gestation",
"physician",
"follow-up prenatal visit",
"previous appointment",
"serum",
"fetoprotein concentration",
"elevated",
"smoked 1 pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"3 years",
"quit",
"6 weeks",
"gestation",
"Examination shows",
"uteru... |
A mother brings her 10 month-old boy to the pediatrician for a check-up. His birth was without complications and his development to-date has been progressing normally. He currently crawls, pulls himself up to standing, says 'mama' and 'dada' nonspecifically, and responds when called by his name. However, his mother is ... | Education and reassurance of the mother | {
"A": "Education and reassurance of the mother",
"B": "Echocardiogram",
"C": "Electroencephalogram",
"D": "Basic metabolic panel"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"mother",
"10 month old boy",
"pediatrician",
"check-up",
"birth",
"complications",
"development",
"date",
"progressing",
"currently crawls",
"pulls",
"up",
"standing",
"mama",
"called",
"name",
"mother",
"concerned",
"noted",
"past",
"weeks",
"periods",
"stops breathing"... |
An outbreak of diphtheria has occurred for the third time in a decade in a small village in South Africa. Diphtheria is endemic to the area with many healthy villagers colonized with different bacterial strains. Vaccine distribution in this area is difficult due to treacherous terrain. A team of doctors is sent to th... | Lysogenic conversion | {
"A": "Presence of naked DNA in the environment",
"B": "Lysogenic conversion",
"C": "Suppression of lysogenic cycle",
"D": "Conjugation between the toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae"
} | step1 | B | [
"outbreak",
"diphtheria",
"occurred",
"third time",
"decade",
"small village",
"South Africa",
"Diphtheria",
"area",
"healthy",
"different bacterial strains",
"Vaccine distribution",
"area",
"difficult due to",
"team",
"doctors",
"sent",
"region to conduct",
"health campaign",
... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.