question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 21-year-old Cambodian patient with a history of rheumatic heart disease presents to his primary care physician for a routine check-up. He reports being compliant with monthly penicillin G injections since being diagnosed with rheumatic fever at age 15. He denies any major side effects from the treatment, except for t... | Continue intramuscular penicillin therapy | {
"A": "Stop penicillin therapy in 4 years",
"B": "Decrease frequency of injections to bimonthly",
"C": "Switch to intramuscular cefotaxime, which has fewer side effects",
"D": "Continue intramuscular penicillin therapy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"21-year-old Cambodian patient",
"history",
"rheumatic heart disease presents",
"primary care physician",
"routine check-up",
"reports",
"compliant",
"monthly penicillin G injections",
"diagnosed",
"rheumatic fever",
"age",
"denies",
"major side effects",
"treatment",
"except for",
"or... |
A 56-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with muscle weakness. She reports her symptoms have progressively worsened over the course of 2 weeks and are most significant in her lower extremities. She also notices increased urinary frequency. Approximately 1 month ago she was diagnosed with a calcium phosp... | Administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate | {
"A": "Administer intravenous insulin",
"B": "Administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate",
"C": "Begin potassium replacement therapy with dextrose",
"D": "Increase the methotrexate dose"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"muscle weakness",
"reports",
"symptoms",
"worsened",
"course",
"2 weeks",
"most significant",
"lower extremities",
"increased urinary frequency",
"Approximately",
"month",
"diagnosed",
"calcium phosphate nephrolithiasis",
"Medical his... |
A 32-year-old woman comes to the office for a regular follow-up. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 4 years ago. Her last blood test showed a fasting blood glucose level of 6.6 mmol/L (118.9 mg/dL) and HbA1c of 5.1%. No other significant past medical history. Current medications are metformin and a daily m... | The physician has to measure the patient’s blood pressure because it is a standard of care for any person with diabetes mellitus who presents for a check-up. | {
"A": "The physician should not measure the blood pressure in this patient and should simply make a note in a record showing the results from the patient’s diary.",
"B": "The physician has to measure the patient’s blood pressure because it is a standard of care for any person with diabetes mellitus who presents fo... | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"office",
"regular follow-up",
"diagnosed",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"years",
"last blood test showed",
"fasting blood glucose level",
"mmol",
"mg/dL",
"significant past medical history",
"Current medications",
"metformin",
"daily multivitamin",
"significant family h... |
A 72-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for right hip pain 1 hour after she fell while walking around in her house. She has been unable to stand or walk since the fall. She has hypertension and gout. Her sister died of multiple myeloma at the age of 55 years. Current medications include amlodipine an... | Reduced osteoblastic activity | {
"A": "Reduced osteoblastic activity",
"B": "Monoclonal antibody production",
"C": "Impaired bone mineralization",
"D": "Defective osteoclast function"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"72 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"right hip pain",
"hour",
"fell",
"walking",
"house",
"unable to stand",
"walk",
"fall",
"hypertension",
"gout",
"sister died",
"multiple myeloma",
"age",
"55 years",
"Current medications include amlodipine",
"febuxostat",
... |
A 47-year-old man presents as a new patient at an outpatient clinic. He has never seen a physician before, but was motivated by his 40-year-old brother's recent heart attack and seeks to optimize his health. In particular, he read that uncontrolled atherosclerosis can lead to a heart attack. Which molecule is downregul... | Nitric oxide | {
"A": "Thromboxane A2",
"B": "Nitric oxide",
"C": "Interleukin 1",
"D": "Tumor necrosis factor"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"new patient",
"outpatient clinic",
"never seen",
"physician",
"40 year old brother's recent heart attack",
"to",
"health",
"read",
"uncontrolled atherosclerosis",
"lead",
"heart attack",
"molecule",
"response",
"atherosclerosis"
] |
A newborn is brought to the emergency department by his parents with violent vomiting. It started about 3 days ago and has slowly gotten worse. He vomits after most feedings but seems to keep some formula down. His mother notes that he is eager to feed between episodes and seems to be putting on weight. Other than an u... | Abdominal ultrasound; elongated pyloric channel and muscle hypertrophy | {
"A": "Barium upper GI series; GE junction and portion of the stomach in thorax",
"B": "Barium upper GI series; bird beak sign and corkscrewing",
"C": "Air enema; filling defect and coil spring sign",
"D": "Abdominal ultrasound; elongated pyloric channel and muscle hypertrophy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"newborn",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"parents",
"violent vomiting",
"started",
"3 days",
"slowly gotten worse",
"vomits",
"feedings",
"to keep",
"formula",
"mother notes",
"eager to feed",
"episodes",
"to",
"putting",
"weight",
"Other",
"uncomplicated course",
"chlam... |
A 32-year-old pregnant woman presents to the clinic with complaints of cramping, abdominal pain, and severe watery diarrhea for the past 3 days. She also is nauseous and complains of fever and malaise. She was started on a 7-day course of amoxicillin after being admitted to the hospital for pyelonephritis 5 days ago. T... | Oral vancomycin | {
"A": "Metronidazole",
"B": "Rifaximin",
"C": "IV metronidazole plus oral vancomycin",
"D": "Oral vancomycin"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old pregnant woman presents",
"clinic",
"complaints",
"cramping",
"abdominal pain",
"severe watery diarrhea",
"past 3 days",
"nauseous",
"fever",
"malaise",
"started",
"7-day course",
"amoxicillin",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"pyelonephritis",
"days",
"vital signs include heart ... |
A 26-year-old woman (gravida 3 para 1) with no prenatal care delivers a boy at 37 weeks gestation. His Apgar score is 5 at 1 minute and 8 at 5 minutes. His weight is 2.1 kg (4.2 lb) and length is 47 cm (1 ft 7 in). The mother’s history is significant for chronic pyelonephritis, atrial fibrillation, and gastroesophageal... | Warfarin | {
"A": "Omeprazole",
"B": "Gentamicin",
"C": "Alcohol",
"D": "Warfarin"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 3 para 1",
"prenatal care delivers",
"boy",
"weeks gestation",
"Apgar score",
"5",
"minute",
"5 minutes",
"weight",
"2.1 kg",
"4.2",
"length",
"1 ft 7",
"mothers history",
"significant",
"chronic pyelonephritis",
"atrial fibrillation",
"gastroesophageal... |
An 8-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of repetitive involuntary movements, including neck twisting, grimacing, grunting, and blinking, for the past 18 months. Her symptoms seem to improve with concentration and worsen with fatigue. During the past 3 months, they have become so severe that she has misse... | Risperidone | {
"A": "Alprazolam",
"B": "Risperidone",
"C": "Fluoxetine",
"D": "Chlorpromazine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"repetitive involuntary",
"including neck twisting",
"grimacing",
"grunting",
"blinking",
"past",
"months",
"symptoms",
"to",
"concentration",
"worsen",
"fatigue",
"past 3 months",
"so severe",
"missed",
"school days",
"mother",
"anxie... |
A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with increased urinary frequency. Over the past 3 months, he has been urinating 2-3 times more often than usual. He has started to feel dehydrated and has increased his water intake to compensate. He works as a bank teller. He has a 25-pack-year smoking history an... | Metolazone | {
"A": "Desmopressin",
"B": "Furosemide",
"C": "Mannitol",
"D": "Metolazone"
} | step1 | D | [
"55 year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"increased urinary frequency",
"past 3 months",
"2-3 times",
"often",
"usual",
"started to feel dehydrated",
"increased",
"water intake to compensate",
"works",
"bank teller",
"pack-year smoking history",
"drinks 8-10 beers",
"week",
... |
A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a nonpruritic rash on his chest for 1 week. He returned from a trip to Puerto Rico 10 days ago. He started using a new laundry detergent after returning. He has type 1 diabetes mellitus controlled with insulin. His mother has Hashimoto thyroiditis, and his sister has ... | Increased growth of Malassezia globosa | {
"A": "Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes",
"B": "Increased growth of Malassezia globosa",
"C": "Antigen uptake by Langerhans cells",
"D": "Infection with Trichophyton rubrum"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"physician",
"of",
"nonpruritic rash",
"chest",
"1 week",
"returned",
"trip",
"Puerto Rico 10 days",
"started using",
"new laundry detergent",
"returning",
"type 1 diabetes mellitus controlled",
"insulin",
"mother",
"Hashimoto thyroiditis",
"sister",
"severe facial ... |
A pharmaceutical company conducts a randomized clinical trial in an attempt to show that their new anticoagulant drug prevents more thrombotic events following total knee arthroplasty than the current standard of care. However, a significant number of patients are lost to follow-up or fail to complete treatment accordi... | Intention to treat | {
"A": "As treated",
"B": "Intention to treat",
"C": "Non-inferiority",
"D": "Per protocol"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"pharmaceutical company conducts",
"randomized clinical trial",
"attempt to show",
"new anticoagulant drug prevents more thrombotic events following total knee arthroplasty",
"the current standard of care",
"significant number of patients",
"lost to follow-up",
"fail to complete treatment according",
... |
A 34-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of a rash on the elbows for several months. A biopsy of the affected area shows a thinned stratum granulosum as well as retained nuclei and spongiotic clusters of neutrophils in the stratum corneum. This patient's skin findings are most likely associated with whic... | Seronegative spondylarthropathy | {
"A": "Seronegative spondylarthropathy",
"B": "Hypersensitivity to gliadin",
"C": "Infection with hepatitis C virus",
"D": "Insulin resistance"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"rash",
"elbows",
"months",
"biopsy",
"affected area shows",
"thinned stratum granulosum",
"retained nuclei",
"spongiotic clusters",
"neutrophils",
"stratum corneum",
"patient's skin findings",
"most likely associated",
"following conditions"
... |
A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. She was riding a bike when she lost control and hit a car on the opposite side of the road. On arrival, she is unconscious. She has a history of intravenous heroin use. Her pulse is 56/min, respirations ... | Elevated sympathetic response | {
"A": "Elevated sympathetic response",
"B": "Increased intrathoracic pressure",
"C": "Brainstem compression",
"D": "Posttraumatic vasospasm"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hour",
"involved",
"motor vehicle collision",
"bike",
"lost control",
"hit",
"car",
"opposite side",
"road",
"arrival",
"unconscious",
"history of intravenous heroin use",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"irregular",
... |
A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care physician because of pain on her right foot. She says that the pain began 2 weeks ago and gets worse with weight bearing. She has been training for a marathon, and this pain has limited her training. On exam, there are no signs of inflammation or deformities on her foot... | A benign neuroma | {
"A": "A bony outgrowth",
"B": "Inflammation of the bursa",
"C": "A benign neuroma",
"D": "Inflammation and scarring of the plantar fascia"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old female presents",
"primary care physician",
"of pain",
"right",
"pain began 2 weeks",
"gets worse",
"weight bearing",
"training",
"marathon",
"pain",
"limited",
"training",
"exam",
"signs",
"inflammation",
"deformities",
"foot",
"Compression of",
"forefoot",
"concomit... |
A 68-year-old Caucasian male complains of severe headache and pain while chewing. Upon examination, he is found to have a left visual field deficit. Laboratory results show elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Which of the following drugs would be the best choice for treatment of this patient? | Prednisone | {
"A": "Propranolol",
"B": "Prednisone",
"C": "Pilocarpine",
"D": "Clopidogrel"
} | step1 | B | [
"68 year old Caucasian male",
"severe headache",
"pain",
"chewing",
"examination",
"found to",
"left visual deficit",
"Laboratory results show elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate",
"following drugs",
"best choice",
"treatment",
"patient"
] |
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of involuntary, rhythmic movements of her hands for the past 5 months. Her symptoms initially affected her left hand only, but now both hands are affected. She also reports that her symptoms are worse at rest and that performing tasks such as tying her shoelaces and wr... | Degeneration of the substantia nigra | {
"A": "Copper accumulation in the basal ganglia",
"B": "Increased serum free T4 levels",
"C": "Infarction of the red nucleus",
"D": "Degeneration of the substantia nigra"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"62 year old woman",
"physician",
"involuntary",
"rhythmic movements",
"hands",
"past",
"months",
"symptoms initially affected",
"left hand only",
"now",
"hands",
"affected",
"reports",
"symptoms",
"worse",
"rest",
"tasks",
"tying",
"writing",
"more difficult",
"husband think... |
During an experiment conducted to alter the infectivity of common viruses that affect humans, an investigator successfully increases the host range of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The new strain of the virus can infect fibroblast-like cells in addition to the usual target of HIV. Which of the following is the mo... | Mutation of the gene coding for viral surface glycoproteins | {
"A": "Mutation of the gene coding for viral surface glycoproteins",
"B": "Point mutations in the hemagglutinin gene",
"C": "Reassortment of genetic material between segments of two viruses",
"D": "Excessive activity of viral RNA polymerase"
} | step1 | A | [
"experiment conducted to alter",
"infectivity",
"common viruses",
"affect humans",
"investigator",
"increases",
"host range",
"human immunodeficiency virus",
"new strain",
"virus",
"infect fibroblast",
"cells in addition to",
"usual target",
"HIV",
"following",
"most likely explanation... |
A 66-year-old man with congestive heart failure presents to the emergency department complaining of worsening shortness of breath. These symptoms have worsened over the last 3 days. He has a blood pressure of 126/85 mm Hg and heart rate of 82/min. Physical examination is notable for bibasilar crackles. A chest X-ray re... | Loop diuretics inhibit the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter | {
"A": "Loop diuretics inhibit the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter",
"B": "Loop diuretics can cause ammonia toxicity",
"C": "Loop diuretics can cause metabolic acidosis",
"D": "Loop diuretics can cause hyperlipidemia"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"66 year old man",
"congestive heart failure presents",
"emergency department",
"of worsening shortness",
"breath",
"symptoms",
"worsened",
"3 days",
"blood pressure",
"85 mm Hg",
"heart rate of",
"min",
"Physical examination",
"notable",
"crackles",
"chest X-ray reveals bilateral pulm... |
A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because his skin has been progressively yellowing for the past 4 weeks. He also reports low appetite and difficulty fitting into his pants because of his swollen legs over the past several months. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He does not smoke and d... | Chronic viral hepatitis | {
"A": "Chronic viral hepatitis",
"B": "Congestive hepatopathy",
"C": "Primary biliary cirrhosis",
"D": "Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"skin",
"yellowing",
"past 4 weeks",
"reports low appetite",
"difficulty fitting",
"pants",
"of",
"swollen legs",
"past",
"months",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"not smoke",
"drinks 1",
"2 beers",
"special occasions",
"used to",
... |
A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for complaints of dizziness. The patient reports he experiences room-spinning dizziness lasting several hours at a time, approximately 2-3 times a month, starting 3 months ago. Upon questioning, the patient also reports right sided diminished hearing, tinnitus, ... | Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss | {
"A": "Low frequency sensorineural hearing loss",
"B": "High frequency sensorineural hearing loss",
"C": "Low frequency conductive hearing loss",
"D": "Normal audiogram"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old male presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints",
"dizziness",
"patient reports",
"experiences room-spinning dizziness lasting several hours",
"time",
"approximately",
"times",
"month",
"starting 3 months",
"questioning",
"patient",
"reports right sided diminished hearing",... |
A 32-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 week after being admitted to the hospital for oral candidiasis and esophagitis. His CD4+ T lymphocyte count is 180 cells/μL. An HIV antibody test is positive. Genotypic resistance assay shows the virus to be susceptible to all antiretroviral therapy... | ↑ ↓ positive | {
"A": "↓ ↑ negative",
"B": "↑ ↑ negative",
"C": "↑ ↓ positive",
"D": "↓ ↓ negative"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination 1 week",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"oral candidiasis",
"esophagitis",
"CD4",
"lymphocyte count",
"cells/L",
"HIV antibody test",
"positive",
"Genotypic resistance assay shows",
"virus to",
"susceptible",
"antiretroviral therapy regimens... |
A 21-year-old U.S. born first year medical student with no prior hospital or healthcare work presents to the physician for a routine physical exam. The patient is HIV negative, denies drug use, and denies sick contacts. The physician places a purified protein tuberculin test in the patient's right forearm intradermally... | 72 hours and 16mm diameter | {
"A": "24 hours and 18mm diameter",
"B": "36 hours and 7mm diameter",
"C": "72 hours and 16mm diameter",
"D": "96 hours and 14mm diameter"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"A 21-year-old U",
"born first",
"medical student",
"prior hospital",
"healthcare work presents",
"physician",
"routine physical exam",
"patient",
"HIV negative",
"denies drug use",
"denies sick contacts",
"physician places a purified protein tuberculin test",
"patient's",
"time to read",
... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for nausea and vomiting for 1 day. His maternal uncle had a seizure disorder and died in childhood. He appears fatigued. Respirations are 32/min. Examination shows diffuse weakness in the extremities. Serum studies show a low pH, elevated lactate concentration, an... | Subsarcolemmal accumulation of mitochondria | {
"A": "Fibrofatty replacement of normal muscle fibers",
"B": "Intermyofibrillar accumulation of glycogen",
"C": "Endomysial inflammation with T cell infiltration",
"D": "Subsarcolemmal accumulation of mitochondria"
} | step1 | D | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"1 day",
"maternal uncle",
"seizure disorder",
"died",
"childhood",
"appears fatigued",
"Respirations",
"min",
"Examination shows diffuse weakness",
"extremities",
"Serum studies show",
"low pH",
"elevated l... |
A 6-year-old boy presents to your office with loss of his peripheral vision. His mother discovered this because he was almost struck by a vehicle that "he couldn't see at all". In addition, he has been complaining of a headache for the last several weeks and had an episode of vomiting 2 days ago. He has a family histor... | Cholesterol crystals and calcification | {
"A": "Rosettes and small blue cells",
"B": "Eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers",
"C": "Cholesterol crystals and calcification",
"D": "Round nuclei with clear cytoplasm"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy presents",
"office",
"loss of",
"peripheral vision",
"mother discovered",
"almost struck by",
"vehicle",
"ee ",
"ddition,",
"omplaining of a headache ",
"ast ",
"eeks ",
"pisode of omiting days ",
"amily history of migraines ",
"other ",
"randmother.",
"urrently ",
... |
Researchers are experimenting with hormone levels in mice in fasting and fed states. To test hormone levels in the fed state, the mice are given an oral glucose load and various hormones are measured in a blood sample. Researchers are most interested in the hormone whose blood levels track evenly with C-peptide levels.... | Fatty acid synthesis | {
"A": "Fatty acid synthesis",
"B": "Fatty acid breakdown",
"C": "Ketogenesis",
"D": "Lipolysis"
} | step1 | A | [
"Researchers",
"experimenting",
"hormone levels",
"mice",
"fasting",
"fed states",
"To test hormone levels",
"fed state",
"mice",
"given",
"oral glucose load",
"various hormones",
"measured",
"blood sample",
"Researchers",
"most interested",
"hormone",
"blood levels track",
"C-pe... |
A 42-year-old woman presents because of a painful mass she first noticed on her neck 1 week ago (see image). The mass has grown over the last few days. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. On physical exam, her temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), pulse is 86/min, respirations are 12/min, blood p... | Warthin-Starry silver stain for Bartonella henselae | {
"A": "Culture for facultative anaerobes",
"B": "Histologic evaluation for Reed-Sternburg cells",
"C": "Toxoplasma IgG using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay",
"D": "Warthin-Starry silver stain for Bartonella henselae"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"painful mass",
"first",
"neck 1 week",
"see image",
"mass",
"days",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"physical exam",
"temperature",
"100 4F",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"mass",
"tend... |
A 26-year-old female who is 12 weeks pregnant presents to her primary care physician because she is concerned about her acne. While she has struggled with acne for most of her adult life, the acne has become more severe in the past few months. She has used benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and topical antibiotics in th... | Inhibition of bone growth | {
"A": "Inhibition of bone growth",
"B": "Atrialization of the ventricle",
"C": "Scarring of the bile ducts",
"D": "Gray coloring of the skin"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old female",
"weeks pregnant presents",
"primary care physician",
"concerned",
"acne",
"acne",
"most",
"adult life",
"acne",
"more severe",
"past",
"months",
"used benzoyl peroxide",
"salicylic acid",
"topical antibiotics",
"past",
"treatments",
"little effect",
"patient",
... |
A 28-year-old man presents with a draining abscess on his left jaw. The patient states that he had a “bad tooth” a few weeks ago which has progressed to his current condition. His vital signs include: blood pressure 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate 85/min, and temperature 37.9°C (100.3°F). On physical examination, the patient ... | Gram-positive, branching rod | {
"A": "Enveloped, double stranded DNA virus",
"B": "Gram-positive cocci in clusters",
"C": "Gram-positive cocci in chains",
"D": "Gram-positive, branching rod"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"draining abscess",
"left jaw",
"patient states",
"bad tooth",
"few weeks",
"progressed",
"current condition",
"vital signs include",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"heart rate 85 min",
"temperature",
"100",
"physical examination",
"patient",
"4 cm abscess",
... |
A 30-year-old obese female presents with new-onset headaches, ringing in her ears, and blurry vision. Ibuprofen and avoidance of light has not relieved her symptoms. She denies a history of recent trauma, fever, chills, and fatigue. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus managed with metformin... | Kidney stones | {
"A": "Kidney stones",
"B": "Rhabdomyolysis",
"C": "Decreased white blood cell count",
"D": "Pancreatitis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"30 year old obese female presents",
"new-onset headaches",
"ringing in",
"ears",
"blurry vision",
"Ibuprofen",
"avoidance",
"light",
"not relieved",
"symptoms",
"denies",
"history",
"recent trauma",
"fever",
"chills",
"fatigue",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"type 2 dia... |
A 28-year-old gravida 1 para 1 woman is being seen in the hospital for breast tenderness. She reports that both breasts are swollen and tender. She is also having difficulty getting her newborn to latch. The patient gave birth 4 days ago by uncomplicated vaginal delivery. During her pregnancy, the patient developed ges... | Vitamin D | {
"A": "Lysozymes",
"B": "Phosphorus",
"C": "Vitamin D",
"D": "Whey protein"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old gravida 1 para",
"woman",
"seen",
"hospital",
"breast tenderness",
"reports",
"breasts",
"swollen",
"tender",
"difficulty getting",
"newborn",
"latch",
"patient gave birth 4 days",
"uncomplicated vaginal delivery",
"pregnancy",
"patient",
"gestational diabetes",
"healthy"... |
A 5-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents, who began noticing that the infant was not able to hold his head upright when sitting or in a prone position. Upon examination, the infant has a musty odor, fair skin with patches of eczema, and blue eyes. The pediatrician orders laboratory tests and pres... | Large neutral amino acids | {
"A": "Large neutral amino acids",
"B": "L-carnitine",
"C": "Thiamine",
"D": "Malate"
} | step1 | A | [
"5 month old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"began",
"infant",
"not able to hold",
"head upright",
"sitting",
"prone position",
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"infant",
"musty odor",
"fair skin",
"patches",
"eczema",
"blue eyes",
"pediatrician orders laboratory tests",
"special diet... |
A 54-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of intermittent swelling of his left arm and feeling of fullness in his head that is exacerbated by lying down and bending over to tie his shoes. Physical examination shows left-sided facial edema and distention of superficial veins in the ... | Apical lung tumor | {
"A": "Right heart failure",
"B": "Cervical rib",
"C": "Apical lung tumor",
"D": "Subclavian steal syndrome"
} | step1 | C | [
"54 year old man",
"emergency department",
"of",
"3 week history",
"intermittent swelling",
"left arm",
"feeling",
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"head",
"exacerbated",
"lying",
"bending",
"to tie",
"shoes",
"Physical examination shows left-sided facial edema",
"distention of superficial veins",
"neck"... |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fatigue, irregular menses, and recurrent respiratory infections for the past 6 months. Her blood pressure is 151/82 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a round face, thinning of the skin, and multiple bruises on her arms. Further studies confirm the diagnosis of an AC... | Pathologic fracture | {
"A": "Weight loss",
"B": "Eosinophilia",
"C": "Hypoglycemia",
"D": "Pathologic fracture"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"fatigue",
"irregular menses",
"recurrent respiratory infections",
"past 6 months",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows",
"round face",
"thinning of",
"skin",
"multiple bruises",
"arms",
"Further studies confirm the diagnosis of",
"ACTH... |
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric emergency department by his parents with a complaint of abdominal pain and diarrhea for the past week. He states that for the past two days, he has noticed blood in his stool. His parents note that they attended a neighbor’s barbecue last weekend, but otherwise have not eat... | Microthrombi within glomerular vessels on kidney biopsy | {
"A": "Crypt abscesses and ulcers on colonic biopsy",
"B": "Microthrombi within glomerular vessels on kidney biopsy",
"C": "Foamy macrophages in intestinal lamina propria on duodenal biopsy",
"D": "Sickling of red blood cells on peripheral blood smear"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
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"pediatric emergency department",
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"blood in",
"stool",
"parents note",
"attended",
"neighbors",
"last weekend",
"not eaten",
"new foods",
"changed",
"usual d... |
A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician because of involuntary hand movements that improve with alcohol consumption. Physical examination shows bilateral hand tremors that worsen when the patient is asked to extend her arms out in front of her. The physician prescribes a medication that is associated with an increas... | ↓ ↓ ↑ | {
"A": "↓ ↓ ↓",
"B": "↓ ↑ ↑",
"C": "↓ ↓ ↑",
"D": "↑ ↑ ↑"
} | step1 | C | [
"55 year old woman",
"physician",
"involuntary hand movements",
"alcohol consumption",
"Physical examination shows bilateral hand tremors",
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"patient",
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"arms out",
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"medication",
"associated with",
"increased risk",
"bronchospasms",
"drug",
... |
A 3-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her parents with sudden onset shortness of breath. They tell the emergency physician that their daughter was lying on the bed watching television when she suddenly began gasping for air. They observed a bowl of peanuts lying next to her when they grabbed her u... | The superior segment of the right lower lobe | {
"A": "The apical segment of the right upper lobe",
"B": "The apical segment of the left upper lobe",
"C": "The superior segment of the right lower lobe",
"D": "The posterior segment of the right lower lobe"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"3 year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"parents",
"sudden onset shortness of breath",
"emergency physician",
"daughter",
"lying",
"bed watching television",
"began gasping for air",
"observed",
"bowl",
"peanuts lying next to",
"grabbed",
"brought",
"emergency department"... |
An otherwise healthy 67-year-old woman comes to your clinic after being admitted to the hospital for 2 weeks after breaking her hip. She has not regularly seen a physician for the past several years because she has been working hard at her long-time job as a schoolteacher. You wonder if she has not been taking adequate... | Medicare Part A will cover the majority of her hospital fees, including inpatient drugs and lab tests. | {
"A": "Medicare Part A will cover the majority of her hospital fees, including inpatient drugs and lab tests.",
"B": "Medicare Part B will cover the majority of her hospital fees, including inpatient drugs and lab tests.",
"C": "Medicare Part C will cover the majority of drug costs during her inpatient treatment... | step1 | A | [
"healthy 67 year old woman",
"clinic",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"2 weeks",
"breaking",
"hip",
"not",
"seen",
"physician",
"past",
"years",
"working hard",
"long time job",
"schoolteacher",
"not",
"taking adequate preventative measures to prevent osteoporosis",
"order",
"appropriat... |
A 45-year-old woman has painless abdominal distension 2 days after admission for acute pancreatitis. Her initial abdominal pain has resolved. Enteral nutrition has been initiated. She has not passed any stool since being admitted to the hospital. She has nausea but no vomiting. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98.1°F), pulse... | Ileus | {
"A": "Ascites",
"B": "Ileus",
"C": "Necrotizing pancreatitis",
"D": "Pancreatic pseudocyst"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"painless abdominal distension 2 days",
"admission",
"acute pancreatitis",
"initial abdominal pain",
"resolved",
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"not passed",
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"admitted",
"hospital",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"pulse",
"95 min",
... |
An investigator is studying the changes that occur in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve of different types of hemoglobin under various conditions. The blood obtained from a male infant shows decreased affinity for 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. Which of the following is the most likely composition of the hemoglobi... | α2γ2
" | {
"A": "β4",
"B": "α2βS2",
"C": "α2δ2",
"D": "α2γ2\n\""
} | step1 | D | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"changes",
"occur",
"oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve",
"different types",
"various conditions",
"blood obtained",
"male infant shows decreased affinity",
"3",
"acid",
"following",
"most likely composition",
"hemoglobin molecule",
"sample"
] |
A research team is studying the effects of a novel drug that was discovered to treat type 2 diabetes. In order to learn more about its effects, they follow patients who are currently taking the drug and determine whether there are adverse effects that exceed anticipated levels and may therefore be drug-related. They di... | Phase IV | {
"A": "Phase II",
"B": "Phase III",
"C": "Phase IV",
"D": "Phase V"
} | step1 | C | [
"research team",
"studying",
"effects of",
"novel drug",
"discovered to treat type 2 diabetes",
"order to learn more",
"effects",
"follow patients",
"currently taking",
"drug",
"adverse effects",
"anticipated levels",
"drug related",
"discover",
"drug causes",
"excess",
"sudden cardi... |
A 48-year-old man presents to a physician with complaints of paresthesia of the lower extremities, which he has had for the last 3 months. He has been frequently fatigued for the past 5 months and also experienced an increased frequency of urination over the last few months. There is no history of a known medical condi... | Polygenic inheritance | {
"A": "Genomic imprinting",
"B": "Natural selection",
"C": "Polygenic inheritance",
"D": "Synergistic epistasis"
} | step1 | C | [
"48 year old man presents",
"physician",
"complaints of paresthesia",
"lower extremities",
"last",
"months",
"frequently fatigued",
"past",
"months",
"experienced",
"increased frequency of urination",
"last",
"months",
"history of",
"known medical condition",
"of substance abuse",
"p... |
A 47-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after injuring his genital area when he fell astride his backyard fence. He was trimming a tree from the fence when he lost his balance. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows blood at the urethral meatus, perineal ecchymoses, and a sc... | Bulbous urethra | {
"A": "Anterior bladder wall",
"B": "Bulbous urethra",
"C": "Membranous urethra",
"D": "Prostatic urethra"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hour",
"genital area",
"fell",
"backyard",
"trimming",
"tree",
"lost",
"balance",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows blood",
"urethral meatus",
"perineal ecchymoses",
"scrotal hematoma",
"x-ray",
"pelvis shows sw... |
You are working in the emergency room of a children's hospital when a 4-year-old girl is brought in by ambulance due to "difficulty breathing." The patient had been eating lunch on a school field trip when she suddenly complained of abdominal pain. Shortly thereafter, she was noted to have swelling of the lips, a rapid... | Cross-linking of IgE on mast cells | {
"A": "IgG production by plasma cells",
"B": "Cross-linking of IgE on mast cells",
"C": "Antibody-antigen immune complexes",
"D": "Cross-linking of IgG on mast cells"
} | step1 | B | [
"working",
"emergency room",
"children",
"ospital ",
"- ear- ld irl ",
"rought ",
"mbulance ue to ",
"ifficulty breathing.",
"atient ",
"ating unch ",
"chool ield rip ",
"bdominal pain.",
"oted o ",
"welling of the lips,",
"apidly ",
"ed ash ",
"ifficulty breathing.",
"mbula... |
A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends because of blurred vision and slurred speech for the past 6 hours. He had some difficulty swallowing his food during lunch and has weakness in both arms. Two weeks ago, he had an upper respiratory infection that resolved spontaneously. He lives ind... | Toxin that inhibits ACh release | {
"A": "Chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase",
"B": "Cell-mediated focal demyelination",
"C": "Toxin that inhibits ACh release",
"D": "Autoantibodies against myelin"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"friends",
"blurred vision",
"slurred speech",
"past",
"hours",
"difficulty swallowing",
"food",
"lunch",
"weakness",
"arms",
"Two weeks",
"upper respiratory infection",
"resolved",
"lives",
"returned",
"grandparents",
"farm 2 ... |
An 8-year old boy is brought into clinic for evaluation of possible scoliosis that was newly found on a routine exam at school. On exam, he is also noted to be in the 99th percentile for height and 70th percentile for weight. He appears to have abnormally long extremities as well as an upward lens dislocation on ophtha... | Fibrillin | {
"A": "Type I collagen",
"B": "Elastin",
"C": "Fibrillin",
"D": "ATP7A"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"clinic",
"evaluation",
"possible scoliosis",
"newly found",
"routine exam",
"school",
"exam",
"noted to",
"99th percentile",
"height",
"percentile",
"weight",
"appears to",
"long extremities",
"upward lens dislocation",
"ophthalmologic exam",
"mutation... |
A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of malaise and dark urine for the past 5 days. He has also had recurrent episodes of sinus congestion, productive cough, and fever for 3 months. Additionally, he has noticed a rash on his arms and feet. He has seasonal allergic conjunctivitis treated with ketotifen eye d... | Granulomatous vasculitis of small and medium-sized vessels | {
"A": "Nongranulomatous fibrinoid necrosis with infiltration of neutrophils",
"B": "Immunoglobulin and complement deposits at the dermoepidermal junction",
"C": "Granulomatous vasculitis of small and medium-sized vessels",
"D": "Transmural necrotizing arteritis and fibrinoid necrosis in muscles\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"malaise",
"dark urine",
"past 5 days",
"recurrent episodes of sinus congestion",
"productive cough",
"fever",
"months",
"rash",
"arms",
"feet",
"seasonal allergic conjunctivitis treated with ketotifen eye drops",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examinatio... |
A 3-week-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of poor feeding and recurrent episodes of vomiting. He was delivered at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy. He is at the 5th percentile for length and weight. Physical examination shows generalized hypotonia. Urinalysis shows increased propionic acid co... | Branched-chain amino acids | {
"A": "Even-chain fatty acids",
"B": "Branched-chain amino acids",
"C": "Catechol-containing monoamines",
"D": "Bicyclic nitrogenous bases"
} | step1 | B | [
"3 week old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"poor",
"recurrent episodes of vomiting",
"delivered",
"term",
"uncomplicated pregnancy",
"5th percentile",
"length",
"weight",
"Physical examination shows generalized hypotonia",
"Urinalysis shows increased propionic acid concentrati... |
A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a sudden-onset sensation that the room is spinning causing him to experience several episodes of nausea and vomiting. Upon arriving, the patient’s symptoms have resolved. He states his symptoms occurred as he was going to bed. He has never experienced this bef... | Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | {
"A": "Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo",
"B": "Labyrinthitis",
"C": "Vertebrobasilar stroke",
"D": "Vestibular neuritis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"59 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"sudden-onset sensation",
"room",
"spinning causing",
"to experience several episodes of nausea",
"vomiting",
"patients symptoms",
"resolved",
"states",
"symptoms occurred",
"bed",
"never experienced",
"before",
"felt extremely dizzy",
... |
A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of progressive right knee pain for the past 3 months. He reports that the pain is worse at night and while doing sports at school. He has not had any trauma to the knee or any previous problems with his joints. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination o... | Osteosarcoma
" | {
"A": "Ewing sarcoma",
"B": "Chordoma",
"C": "Chondrosarcoma",
"D": "Osteosarcoma\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"of progressive right",
"past 3 months",
"reports",
"pain",
"worse",
"night",
"sports",
"school",
"not",
"trauma",
"knee",
"previous problems",
"joints",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination of",
"right knee shows mild swelling",
... |
One hour after being admitted to the hospital for sharp, acute chest pain and diaphoresis, a 55-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus loses consciousness in the emergency department. There are no palpable pulses. Chest compressions are started. The patient has a history of breast cancer that was surgically treat... | Intravenous epinephrine therapy | {
"A": "Intravenous glucagon therapy",
"B": "Defibrillation",
"C": "Intravenous epinephrine therapy",
"D": "Intravenous dextrose therapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"One hour",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"sharp",
"acute",
"diaphoresis",
"55 year old woman",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"consciousness",
"emergency department",
"palpable pulses",
"Chest compressions",
"started",
"patient",
"history of breast cancer",
"surgically treated 4 years",
"adm... |
A 4-year-old boy presents to the opthalmologist for a down- and inward dislocation of the lens in his left eye. On physical exam, the boy has a marfanoid habitus and mental retardation. Biochemical tests were performed to locate the exact defect in this boy. It was found that there was a significant reduction of the co... | Homocystinuria | {
"A": "Marfan syndrome",
"B": "Homocystinuria",
"C": "Alkaptonuria",
"D": "Phenylketonuria"
} | step1 | B | [
"4 year old boy presents",
"inward dislocation of",
"lens",
"left eye",
"physical exam",
"boy",
"marfanoid habitus",
"mental retardation",
"Biochemical tests",
"performed to",
"exact defect",
"boy",
"found",
"significant reduction",
"conversion",
"10",
"5",
"following",
"diagnosi... |
A 45-year-old gravida 1, para 0 woman is brought to the hospital in labor at 39 weeks gestation. After 4 hours, she gives birth to a healthy appearing baby boy with APGAR scores of 7 at 1 minute and 9 at 5 minutes. She had limited prenatal screening but did have an ultrasound at 35 weeks that showed polyhydramnios. The... | Trisomy 21 | {
"A": "Trisomy 13",
"B": "Trisomy 21",
"C": "47 XXY",
"D": "45 XO"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old gravida 1",
"para 0 woman",
"brought",
"hospital",
"labor",
"weeks gestation",
"4 hours",
"gives birth",
"healthy appearing baby boy",
"APGAR scores",
"at 1 minute",
"5 minutes",
"limited prenatal screening",
"ultrasound",
"35 weeks",
"showed polyhydramnios",
"next day",
... |
A 39-year-old woman presents with progressive weakness, exercise intolerance, and occasional dizziness for the past 3 months. Past medical history is unremarkable. She reports an 18-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol rarely. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.6°C (97.8°F), blood pressure 139/82 mm Hg, pu... | Reticulocyte count | {
"A": "Serum ferritin level",
"B": "Reticulocyte count",
"C": "Direct antiglobulin test",
"D": "Bone marrow biopsy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"progressive weakness",
"exercise intolerance",
"occasional dizziness",
"past 3 months",
"Past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"reports",
"pack-year smoking history",
"drinks alcohol rarely",
"vital signs include",
"temperature 36",
"97",
"blood pressure",
"m... |
A 71-year-old woman presents to the clinic after an X-ray that revealed compression fractures of her L1 and L2 vertebral bodies due to osteoporotic changes. The patient has a history of hypertension for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide, and rheumatoid arthritis, for which she has been taking prednisone for the last ... | Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use | {
"A": "Decreased estrogen levels",
"B": "Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) therapy",
"C": "Calcium malabsorption",
"D": "Bone depletion due to chronic corticosteroid use"
} | step1 | D | [
"71 year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"X-ray",
"revealed compression fractures",
"L1",
"L2 vertebral bodies due to",
"changes",
"patient",
"history of hypertension",
"takes hydrochlorothiazide",
"rheumatoid arthritis",
"taking prednisone",
"years",
"patient states",
"dual-energy X-ray ... |
A 24-year-old male is brought in by ambulance to the emergency department after he was found unresponsive at home for an unknown length of time. Upon arrival, he is found to be severely altered and unable to answer questions about his medical history. Based on clinical suspicion, a panel of basic blood tests are obtain... | Respiratory acidosis | {
"A": "Metabolic acidosis",
"B": "Respiratory acidosis",
"C": "Respiratory alkalosis",
"D": "Mixed alkalosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old male",
"brought",
"ambulance",
"emergency department",
"found unresponsive",
"home",
"unknown length",
"time",
"arrival",
"found to",
"severely altered",
"unable to answer questions",
"medical history",
"Based",
"clinical suspicion",
"panel",
"basic blood tests",
"obtaine... |
A 65-year-old man with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after the onset of severe anterior chest pain and shortness of breath. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. He appears distressed. His pulse is 116/min, respirations are 22/min, and blo... | Tear in the tunica intima | {
"A": "Tear in the tunica intima",
"B": "Obstruction of the pulmonary arteries",
"C": "Rupture of a bulla in the lung",
"D": "Perforation of the esophageal wall"
} | step1 | A | [
"65-year-old man",
"hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"brought",
"emergency department 20 minutes",
"onset of severe anterior chest pain",
"shortness of breath",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"30 years",
"appears distressed",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"bl... |
A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening pain with swallowing for 3 days and a dry sensation in the mouth over the past week. She has a history of asthma controlled with inhaled fluticasone and albuterol. Physical examination shows white plaques on the dorsal surface of the tongue and buccal muco... | Nystatin | {
"A": "Triamcinolone",
"B": "Nystatin",
"C": "Acyclovir",
"D": "Griseofulvin"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of worsening pain with swallowing",
"3 days",
"dry sensation",
"mouth",
"past week",
"history of asthma controlled",
"inhaled fluticasone",
"albuterol",
"Physical examination shows white plaques",
"dorsal surface of",
"tongue",
"buccal mucosa",
"bleed",
... |
A 23-year-old woman presents with ongoing diplopia for 1 week. She has noticed that her diplopia is more prominent when she looks at objects in her periphery. It does not present when looking straight ahead. She does not have a fever, headache, ocular pain, lacrimation, blurring of vision, or changes in her color visio... | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain | {
"A": "Computed tomography (CT) scan of the head",
"B": "Lumbar puncture",
"C": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain",
"D": "Ophthalmology referral"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"23 year old woman presents",
"ongoing diplopia",
"1 week",
"diplopia",
"more prominent",
"looks",
"objects",
"periphery",
"not present",
"looking straight",
"not",
"fever",
"headache",
"ocular pain",
"lacrimation",
"blurring of vision",
"changes",
"color",
"college student",
"... |
A 22-year-old man is brought to the physician by his mother because of concerns about his recent behavior. Three months ago, the patient first reported hearing loud voices coming from the ceiling of his room. During this time, he has also become increasingly worried that visitors to the house were placing secret survei... | Mesolimbic pathway | {
"A": "Mesolimbic pathway",
"B": "Thalamocortical pathway",
"C": "Corticostriatal pathway",
"D": "Nigrostriatal pathway"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"concerns",
"recent behavior",
"Three months",
"patient first reported hearing loud voices",
"room",
"time",
"worried",
"house",
"placing secret surveillance cameras",
"Mental shows tangential speech",
"thoughts",
"Treatment",
"patien... |
A 22-year-old woman at 30 weeks gestation presents to the obstetrician with the sudden onset of fever, headache, anorexia, fatigue, and malaise. She mentioned that she had eaten ice cream 3 days ago. Blood cultures show gram-positive rods that are catalase-positive and display distinctive tumbling motility in liquid me... | Listeriosis | {
"A": "Influenza",
"B": "Listeriosis",
"C": "Legionnaires' disease",
"D": "Tularaemia"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"30 weeks presents",
"obstetrician",
"sudden",
"fever",
"headache",
"anorexia",
"fatigue",
"malaise",
"eaten ice cream",
"days",
"Blood cultures show gram-positive rods",
"catalase positive",
"display",
"motility",
"liquid medium",
"most likely diagnosis"
] |
A 48-year-old woman presents to the emergency room because of severe back pain after a fall. She says that she was walking home from work when she slipped on a patch of ice on the sidewalk. Since she did not have anything to hold onto, she fell backwards and landed on her posterior iliac crests bilaterally. Immediately... | Inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin production | {
"A": "Inhibition of leukotriene and prostaglandin production",
"B": "Inhibition of circulating cytokine",
"C": "Inhibition of folate processing",
"D": "Inhibition of prostaglandin production alone"
} | step1 | A | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"emergency room",
"of severe back pain",
"fall",
"walking home",
"work",
"slipped",
"patch",
"ice",
"sidewalk",
"not",
"to hold",
"fell backwards",
"landed",
"posterior iliac crests",
"Immediately",
"fall",
"started experiencing back pain",
"tenderne... |
A 32-year-old woman presents for a follow-up visit. She was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus a month ago but refused to start medications despite counseling due to her fear of gaining weight. She tried exercising and eating healthy in an attempt to ''cure'' her diabetes. She managed to lose 1.8 kg (4 lb) in a mo... | Start metformin. | {
"A": "Start insulin.",
"B": "Start metformin.",
"C": "Start exenatide.",
"D": "Start empagliflozin."
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"follow-up visit",
"diagnosed",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"month",
"refused to start medications",
"counseling due to",
"fear",
"gaining weight",
"exercising",
"eating healthy",
"attempt to",
"cure",
"diabetes",
"managed to",
"1.8 kg",
"4",
"month",
"... |
A previously healthy 30-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of a recurring rash that typically occurs on exposure to the sun and affects only the face. She also has noticed several nonpainful ulcers on the roof of her mouth. She is sexually active with one male partner and they use condom... | Renal biopsy | {
"A": "Skin biopsy",
"B": "Renal biopsy",
"C": "Administration of azathioprine",
"D": "Pathergy skin testing"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"healthy 30 year old woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"recurring rash",
"occurs",
"exposure",
"sun",
"affects only",
"face",
"ulcers",
"roof of",
"mouth",
"sexually active",
"one male partner",
"use condoms",
"mother",
"end-stage renal disease",
"patient",
"not smoke",
"dr... |
A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency room for a fever that has persisted for over 4 days. In addition, he has been experiencing weakness and malaise. His past medical history is significant for a bicuspid aortic valve that was replaced 2 years ago. Physical exam reveals nailbed splinter hemorrhages, tender nodul... | Dental procedures | {
"A": "Colon cancer",
"B": "Dental procedures",
"C": "Pneumonia",
"D": "Sexual activity"
} | step1 | B | [
"59 year old man presents",
"emergency room",
"fever",
"days",
"addition",
"experiencing weakness",
"malaise",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"bicuspid aortic valve",
"replaced 2 years",
"Physical exam reveals nailbed splinter hemorrhages",
"tender nodules on",
"fingers",
"retina... |
A previously healthy 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother after 2 days of fever, runny nose, hoarseness, and severe, dry cough. He appears restless. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.5°F), and his respiratory rate is 39/min. Examination shows clear rhinorrhea and a barking cough. There is a prolonged i... | Parainfluenza virus | {
"A": "Adenovirus",
"B": "Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"C": "Parainfluenza virus",
"D": "Measles morbillivirus"
} | step1 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"2 days",
"fever",
"runny nose",
"hoarseness",
"severe",
"dry cough",
"appears restless",
"temperature",
"100",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"Examination shows clear rhinorrhea",
"barking cough",
"prolonged inspiratory ph... |
An 18-month-old boy is presented to the emergency department by his parents due to swelling in his right knee after playing in the park. His parents say there was no obvious injury. After questioning, the mother says that an uncle of hers had similar problems. The vital signs include heart rate 146/min, respiratory rat... | Hemophilia A | {
"A": "Marfan syndrome",
"B": "Von Willebrand disease",
"C": "Hemophilia A",
"D": "Bernard-Soulier disease"
} | step1 | C | [
"month old boy",
"presented",
"emergency department",
"parents due to swelling",
"right knee",
"playing",
"park",
"parents",
"injury",
"questioning",
"mother",
"uncle",
"similar problems",
"vital signs include heart rate",
"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temperature",
"98",
... |
A 32-year-old man presents to the clinic for follow up for treatment of latent tuberculosis. He is a healthcare worker and began isoniazid 3 months ago after a routine PPD yielded a 12-mm induration. He feels otherwise well and attributes this to his vegetarian diet that he has been following for the past 4 years. His ... | Pyridoxine supplementation | {
"A": "Cobalamin supplementation",
"B": "Pyridoxine supplementation",
"C": "Serial phlebotomy",
"D": "Stop isoniazid treatment"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"clinic",
"follow up",
"treatment",
"latent",
"healthcare worker",
"began isoniazid",
"months",
"routine PPD",
"mm induration",
"feels",
"well",
"attributes",
"vegetarian diet",
"following",
"past",
"years",
"past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"fami... |
A case-control study with a focus on risk factors that may influence the development of depression was conducted among the elderly population in one tertiary hospital in Malaysia. The study involved 150 elderly patients diagnosed with depressive illness from the psychiatry ward, as well as another group of 150 elderly ... | Blinded the investigators | {
"A": "Included more interviewers",
"B": "Blinded the investigators",
"C": "Used Bonferroni correction on data",
"D": "Used closed testing procedures on the data"
} | step1 | B | [
"case-control study",
"focus",
"risk factors",
"development",
"depression",
"conducted",
"elderly population",
"one tertiary hospital",
"Malaysia",
"study involved",
"elderly patients diagnosed",
"depressive illness",
"psychiatry ward",
"group",
"elderly patients",
"history",
"depres... |
A 28-year-old woman presents with weight gain and a milky-white discharge from her breasts. Patient says she noticed herself gaining weight and a milky white discharge from her breasts. Past medical history is significant for schizophrenia, recently diagnosed and treated with risperidone. No history of headache, nausea... | Decrease in dopamine activity in tuberoinfundibular pathway | {
"A": "Decrease in dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathway",
"B": "Increase in dopamine activity in mesolimbic pathway",
"C": "Decrease in dopamine activity in tuberoinfundibular pathway",
"D": "Increase in dopamine activity in tuberoinfundibular pathway"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"weight gain",
"milky white discharge",
"breasts",
"Patient",
"gaining weight",
"milky white discharge",
"breasts",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"schizophrenia",
"recently diagnosed",
"treated with risperidone",
"history of headache",
"nausea",
"vom... |
A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of severe chest pain for the last hour. The pain travels along the left arm and upper jaw. The patient also reports difficulty breathing and profuse sweating. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarette... | Supportive care only | {
"A": "Obtain court order to revoke written advance directive",
"B": "Supportive care only",
"C": "Contact the patient's oldest child",
"D": "Contact the ethics committee"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"evaluation of severe chest pain",
"last hour",
"pain travels",
"left arm",
"upper jaw",
"patient",
"reports difficulty breathing",
"profuse sweating",
"hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",... |
An 11-month-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for evaluation of vomiting and watery diarrhea over the last day. The mother informs the pediatrician that the boy had consumed an apple bought from a fruit vendor on the previous day, but that otherwise there has been no recent change in his diet. There i... | Age-appropriate diet | {
"A": "Age-appropriate diet",
"B": "BRAT diet",
"C": "Plenty of juices and carbonated sodas",
"D": "Diluted formula milk"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"evaluation",
"vomiting",
"watery diarrhea",
"day",
"mother informs",
"pediatrician",
"boy",
"apple bought",
"fruit vendor",
"previous day",
"recent change",
"diet",
"history",
"blood",
"stool",
"flatulence",
"irritabilit... |
A 28-year-old female is brought to the emergency department after being found unconscious outside of a local night club by her friends. On arrival the patient is stuporous. Her temperature is 35°C (95°F), blood pressure is 105/75 mm Hg, pulse is 55/min, and respirations are 10/min. Examination shows dry mucous membrane... | Heroin | {
"A": "Amitriptyline",
"B": "Phencyclidine",
"C": "MDMA",
"D": "Heroin"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old female",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"found unconscious outside",
"local night club",
"friends",
"arrival",
"patient",
"stuporous",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"75 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"55 min",
"respirations",
"10/min",
"Examination shows dry mucous membranes",
"... |
A previously healthy 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing weakness and a retroauricular rash that started 2 days ago. The rash spread rapidly and involves the trunk and extremities. Last week, he had a mild sore throat, pink eyes, and a headache. His family recently immigrated from Ethiopia.... | Togavirus | {
"A": "Togavirus",
"B": "Varicella zoster virus",
"C": "Parvovirus",
"D": "Paramyxovirus"
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"increasing weakness",
"rash",
"started 2 days",
"rash spread rapidly",
"trunk",
"extremities",
"week",
"mild sore throat",
"pink eyes",
"headache",
"family recently",
"Ethiopia",
"immunization status",
"unknown",
"patient appear... |
A previously healthy 14-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her mother because of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for 6 hours. Over the past 6 weeks, she has also had increased frequency of urination, and she has been drinking more water than usual. She has lost 6 kg (13 lb) over the same time ... | Decreased total body potassium | {
"A": "Increased arterial pCO2",
"B": "Increased arterial blood pH",
"C": "Serum glucose concentration > 800 mg/dL",
"D": "Decreased total body potassium"
} | step1 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"hours",
"past",
"weeks",
"increased frequency of urination",
"drinking more water",
"usual",
"lost",
"kg",
"same time period",
"good appetite",
"temperature",
"98",... |
A 40-year-old woman with ongoing dyspnea returns to her physician for a follow-up appointment. After an abnormal echocardiogram and pulmonary function testing revealed an isolated reduction in DLCO, a right heart catheterization was ordered to confirm the physician's clinical suspicion. She has family members with simi... | Vasodilator | {
"A": "Plasmapheresis",
"B": "Inhibitor of nitric oxide",
"C": "Bronchodilator",
"D": "Vasodilator"
} | step1 | D | [
"40 year old woman",
"ongoing dyspnea returns",
"physician",
"follow-up appointment",
"abnormal echocardiogram",
"pulmonary function testing revealed",
"isolated reduction",
"DLCO",
"right heart catheterization",
"ordered to confirm",
"physician's clinical suspicion",
"family members",
"simi... |
An infant boy of unknown age and medical history is dropped off in the emergency department. The infant appears lethargic and has a large protruding tongue. Although the infant exhibits signs of neglect, he is in no apparent distress. The heart rate is 70/min, the respiratory rate is 30/min, and the temperature is 35.7... | Congenital agenesis of an endocrine gland in the anterior neck | {
"A": "Congenital agenesis of an endocrine gland in the anterior neck",
"B": "Excess growth hormone secondary to pituitary gland tumor",
"C": "Type I hypersensitivity reaction",
"D": "Autosomal dominant mutation in the SERPING1 gene"
} | step1 | A | [
"infant boy",
"unknown age",
"medical history",
"dropped",
"emergency department",
"infant appears lethargic",
"large protruding tongue",
"infant exhibits signs",
"neglect",
"apparent distress",
"heart rate",
"70 min",
"respiratory rate",
"30/min",
"temperature",
"35",
"96",
"follo... |
A 55-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of worsening upper abdominal pain for 8 hours. She reports that the pain radiates to the back and is associated with nausea. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which she takes enalapril, furosemide, and simvastatin. Her temperature is 37.5°C (... | Capillary leakage | {
"A": "Hemorrhagic fluid loss",
"B": "Decreased cardiac output",
"C": "Increased excretion of water",
"D": "Capillary leakage"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"55 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of worsening upper abdominal pain",
"8 hours",
"reports",
"pain radiates",
"back",
"associated with nausea",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"takes enalapril",
"furosemide",
"simvastatin",
"temperature",
"99.5 F",
"blood pres... |
A 59-year-old man with a history of major depressive disorder, asthma, and erectile dysfunction presents to his family physician complaining of depressed mood, amotivation, overeating, and anhedonia. He currently takes no medications. The patient has a 3 pack-year smoking history and would like to quit but has been uns... | Bupropion | {
"A": "Amitriptyline",
"B": "Bupropion",
"C": "Citalopram",
"D": "Mirtazapine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"59 year old man",
"history of major depressive disorder",
"asthma",
"erectile dysfunction presents",
"family physician",
"depressed mood",
"amotivation",
"overeating",
"anhedonia",
"currently takes",
"medications",
"patient",
"3 smoking history",
"to quit",
"unsuccessful",
"past",
"... |
A 70-year-old woman presents with a 2-week history of severe fatigue. Over the past month, she has unintentionally lost 2 kg (4.4 lb). Three years ago, she was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome. Currently, she takes no medications other than aspirin for occasional knee pain. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. H... | Acute myeloid leukemia | {
"A": "Acute myeloid leukemia",
"B": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia",
"C": "Hairy cell leukemia",
"D": "Primary myelofibrosis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"70 year old woman presents",
"2-week history",
"severe fatigue",
"past month",
"lost 2 kg",
"4.4",
"Three years",
"diagnosed",
"myelodysplastic syndrome",
"Currently",
"takes",
"medications",
"aspirin",
"occasional knee pain",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"vital signs",
"normal r... |
A 16-year-old man with no significant past medical, surgical, or family history presents to his pediatrician with new symptoms following a recent camping trip. He notes that he went with a group of friends and 1 other group member is experiencing similar symptoms. Over the past 5 days, he endorses significant flatulenc... | Collecting water from a stream, without boiling or chemical treatment | {
"A": "Collecting water from a stream, without boiling or chemical treatment",
"B": "This has been going on for months.",
"C": "The patient camped as a side excursion from a cruise ship.",
"D": "The patient camped in Mexico."
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"significant past medical",
"surgical",
"family history presents",
"pediatrician",
"new symptoms following",
"recent camping trip",
"notes",
"a group",
"friends",
"1",
"group member",
"experiencing similar symptoms",
"past",
"days",
"significant flatulence",
"nausea",... |
A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of multiple swellings in both her axillae. She says they are generally painless, but are sometimes painful on the weekends. She also has increased fatigue, recurring low-grade fevers, and generalized pruritus. She does not smoke. She drinks five to... | Erythocyte sedimentation rate of 65 mm/h
" | {
"A": "Mediastinal tumor occupying 7% of the chest's width",
"B": "Axillary tumor 6 cm across",
"C": "Nodular lymphocyte predominant type tumor",
"D": "Erythocyte sedimentation rate of 65 mm/h\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"57 year old woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"multiple swellings",
"axillae",
"painless",
"sometimes painful",
"weekends",
"increased fatigue",
"recurring low-grade fevers",
"generalized pruritus",
"not smoke",
"drinks five",
"six beers",
"weekends",
"temperature",
"98",
"pul... |
A 43-year-old man comes to the emergency room complaining of chest discomfort. He describes the feeling as "tightness," and also reports weakness and palpitations for the past hour. He denies shortness of breath, diaphoresis, or lightheadedness. He has no significant past medical history, and does not smoke, drink, or ... | Thyroid stimulating hormone level (TSH) | {
"A": "Urine free cortisol level",
"B": "Chest x-ray",
"C": "Thyroid stimulating hormone level (TSH)",
"D": "Urine metanephrines"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"emergency room",
"chest discomfort",
"feeling",
"tightness",
"reports weakness",
"palpitations",
"past hour",
"denies shortness of breath",
"diaphoresis",
"lightheadedness",
"significant past medical history",
"not smoke",
"drink",
"use illicit",
"father",
"myocardia... |
An 11-year-old African American boy is brought to your office by his parents with a 1-day history of severe left hip pain. It is too painful for him to walk without support. He took ibuprofen, which brought no relief. He has had no chills or sweats. Similar painful episodes in the past required multiple hospitalization... | Howell-Jolly bodies | {
"A": "Trophozoites",
"B": "Decreased number of thrombocytes",
"C": "Howell-Jolly bodies",
"D": "Gram-negative bacilli\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old African American boy",
"brought",
"office",
"parents",
"1-day history",
"severe left hip pain",
"painful",
"to walk",
"support",
"took ibuprofen",
"brought",
"relief",
"chills",
"sweats",
"Similar painful episodes",
"past required multiple hospitalizations",
"returned",
"... |
A researcher is studying the brains of patients who recently died from stroke-related causes. One specimen has a large thrombus in an area of the brain that is important in relaying many modalities of sensory information from the periphery to the sensory cortex. Which of the following embryologic structures gave rise t... | Diencephalon | {
"A": "Telencephalon",
"B": "Diencephalon",
"C": "Metencephalon",
"D": "Mylencephalon"
} | step1 | B | [
"researcher",
"studying",
"brains",
"patients",
"recently died",
"stroke related causes",
"One specimen",
"large thrombus",
"area",
"brain",
"important",
"relaying",
"modalities",
"sensory information",
"periphery",
"sensory cortex",
"following embryologic structures gave rise",
"p... |
A 33-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being involved in a bar fight. Physical examination shows tenderness to palpation over the left side of the back. An x-ray of the chest shows a fracture of the 12th rib on the left side. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following injur... | Kidney laceration | {
"A": "Liver hematoma",
"B": "Colon perforation",
"C": "Kidney laceration",
"D": "Pancreatic transection"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"involved",
"fight",
"Physical examination shows tenderness",
"palpation",
"left side of",
"back",
"x-ray of",
"chest shows",
"fracture of",
"rib",
"left side",
"Further evaluation",
"most likely to show",
"following injuries"
] |
A 71-year-old African American man is brought to the emergency department with a worsening productive cough and dyspnea for 2 days. He has had generalized bone pain for 2 months. He was admitted for pyelonephritis last month. He also received outpatient treatment for pneumonia almost 2 months ago. Over the past 2 month... | Hypogammaglobulinemia | {
"A": "Advanced age",
"B": "Hypogammaglobulinemia",
"C": "NSAID-induced chronic kidney disease",
"D": "Unresolved pneumonia"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"71 year old African American man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"worsening productive cough",
"dyspnea",
"2 days",
"generalized bone",
"months",
"admitted",
"pyelonephritis",
"month",
"received outpatient treatment",
"pneumonia almost",
"months",
"past",
"months",
"taking over... |
A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of intermittent headaches. They have been getting progressively worse and no longer respond to ibuprofen. He also complains of weight gain and excessive sweating. Physical examination shows prominent supraorbital ridges, prognathism, macroglossia wit... | Octreotide | {
"A": "Methimazole",
"B": "Octreotide",
"C": "Leuprolide",
"D": "Metyrapone"
} | step1 | B | [
"35 year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"4 month history",
"intermittent headaches",
"getting",
"worse",
"longer",
"ibuprofen",
"weight gain",
"excessive sweating",
"Physical examination shows prominent supraorbital ridges",
"prognathism",
"macroglossia",
"thick lips",
"broad hands",
"... |
A 10-year-old boy comes for a post-operative clinic visit with his ENT surgeon three months after airway reconstruction surgery and placement of a tracheostomy tube. Since the surgery, he says that he has been able to breathe better and is now getting used to tracheostomy care and tracheostomy tube changes. In addition... | First branchial arch | {
"A": "First branchial arch",
"B": "Second branchial arch",
"C": "Second branchial cleft",
"D": "Third and fourth branchial pouches"
} | step1 | A | [
"A 10 year old boy",
"post-operative clinic",
"ENT surgeon three months",
"airway reconstruction surgery",
"placement",
"tracheostomy tube",
"surgery",
"able to",
"better",
"now getting used",
"tracheostomy care",
"tracheostomy tube changes",
"surgery",
"over twenty surgeries to implant he... |
A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a rapid change in his behavior. The patient recently returned from a vacation in rural Mexico and recovered from several episodes of bloody diarrhea. He has had a notable and rapid decline in his memory which started this morning. His personality has also chan... | Sharp wave complexes on EEG | {
"A": "Blood in the subarachnoid place",
"B": "Multifocal infarction on MRI",
"C": "Sharp wave complexes on EEG",
"D": "Tear of a bridging vein"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"60 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"rapid change in",
"behavior",
"patient recently returned",
"vacation",
"rural Mexico",
"recovered",
"episodes of bloody diarrhea",
"notable",
"rapid",
"memory",
"started",
"morning",
"personality",
"changed",
"not",
"sleeping",
... |
A 71-year-old woman with a past medical history of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension was admitted to the hospital 8 hours ago with substernal chest pain for management of acute non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The ECG findings noted by ST-depressions and T-wave inversions on anterol... | Initiate dopamine therapy and diuresis | {
"A": "Insert two large-bore intravenous catheters and start rapid fluid resuscitation",
"B": "Initiate dopamine therapy and diuresis",
"C": "Obtain blood cultures and start preliminary broad-spectrum antibiotics",
"D": "Intubate the patient and perform an emergency cardiocentesis"
} | step1 | B | [
"71 year old woman",
"past medical history of type 2 diabetes",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"hypertension",
"admitted",
"hospital 8 hours",
"chest pain",
"acute non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction",
"ECG findings noted",
"ST-depressions",
"T-wave inversions",
"anterolateral leads",
"elevated c... |
A 42-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband because of a 1-year history of abnormal behavior. During this time she has been irritable, restless, and has had multiple episodes of hearing voices. Over the past month, she has also had difficulty swallowing. She has a 2-year history of depression. She wa... | Huntington disease | {
"A": "Sydenham chorea",
"B": "Parkinson disease",
"C": "Drug-induced chorea",
"D": "Huntington disease"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"physician",
"husband",
"year history",
"abnormal behavior",
"time",
"irritable",
"restless",
"multiple episodes of hearing voices",
"past month",
"difficulty swallowing",
"2 year history of depression",
"let go",
"employer",
"months",
"longer handle",
... |
A 64-year-old woman has progressively worsening abdominal pain 5 hours after an open valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass. The pain is crampy and associated with an urge to defecate. The patient reports having had 2 bloody bowel movements in the last hour. Her operation was complicated by significant intraoper... | Decreased blood flow to the splenic flexure | {
"A": "Decreased blood flow to the splenic flexure",
"B": "Small outpouchings in the sigmoid wall",
"C": "Atherosclerotic narrowing of the intestinal vessels",
"D": "Infection with Clostridioides difficile"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"64 year old woman",
"worsening abdominal pain",
"hours",
"open valve replacement",
"cardiopulmonary bypass",
"pain",
"crampy",
"associated with",
"patient reports",
"2 bloody bowel movements",
"hour",
"operation",
"complicated",
"significant intraoperative blood loss",
"prolonged",
"o... |
An 8-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother. She is concerned that her son has had intermittent periods of severe abdominal pain over the past several days that has been associated with emesis and "currant jelly" stool. Of note, the family lives in a rural part of the state, requiring a 2 ho... | Admit to hospital for 24 hour observation for complications and/or recurrence | {
"A": "Repeat barium enema q6 hrs to monitor for recurrence",
"B": "Keep patient NPO and initiate work-up to identify lead-point",
"C": "Admit to hospital for 24 hour observation for complications and/or recurrence",
"D": "Pursue urgent surgical reduction with resection of necrotic segments of bowel"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"concerned",
"son",
"intermittent periods",
"severe abdominal pain",
"past",
"days",
"associated with emesis",
"currant jelly",
"stool",
"note",
"family lives",
"rural part of",
"state",
"2 hour drive",
"nearest hospit... |
A 48-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of persistent fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss for the past 3 months. She has a history of hypothyroidism and takes thyroxine replacement. Her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg in a supine position and 65/40 mm Hg while sitting, temperature is 36... | Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland | {
"A": "Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland",
"B": "↓ adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary gland",
"C": "↓ corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion from the hypothalamus",
"D": "↑ iron absorption and deposition in the body"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints",
"persistent fatigue",
"dizziness",
"weight loss",
"past 3 months",
"history of hypothyroidism",
"takes thyroxine replacement",
"blood pressure",
"90 60 mm Hg",
"supine position",
"65 40 mm Hg",
"sitting",
"temperature"... |
A 19-year-old man with a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He is a known user of intravenous cocaine. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows multiple hyperpigmented lines along the forearms. Oral examination sh... | Phenytoin | {
"A": "Phenytoin",
"B": "Lamotrigine",
"C": "Cyclosporine",
"D": "Carbamazepine\n\""
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"history",
"generalized tonic-clonic seizures",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"known user",
"intravenous cocaine",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows multiple hyperpigmented lines",
"forearms",
"Oral examination shows marked overgrowth... |
A 62-year-old man with prostate cancer comes to the physician because of low back pain for 2 weeks and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows localized tenderness over the lumbar spine. An x-ray of the lumbar spine shows several osteoblastic lesions at the level of L2 and L4 vertebrae. Microscopic exa... | Macula communicans | {
"A": "Macula communicans",
"B": "Zonula occludens",
"C": "Hemidesmosomes",
"D": "Zonula adherens"
} | step1 | A | [
"62 year old man",
"prostate cancer",
"physician",
"of low back pain",
"2 weeks",
"4.5 kg",
"10",
"weight loss",
"Physical examination shows localized tenderness",
"lumbar spine",
"x-ray of",
"lumbar spine shows several",
"lesions",
"level",
"L2",
"L4 vertebrae",
"Microscopic examina... |
A 2-week-old female newborn is brought to the physician because of increasing yellow discoloration of her eyes and skin for 2 days. She was born at 39 weeks' gestation and weighed 3066 g (6 lb 12 oz); she now weighs 3200 g (7 lb 1 oz). She is exclusively breastfed. Her older brother died 3 months after liver surgery. H... | Breast milk jaundice | {
"A": "Biliary atresia",
"B": "Physiologic neonatal jaundice",
"C": "Isoimmune mediated hemolysis",
"D": "Breast milk jaundice"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"2 week old female newborn",
"brought",
"physician",
"increasing yellow",
"eyes",
"skin",
"2 days",
"born",
"weeks",
"estation ",
" ",
"z)",
"ow ",
" ",
" z)",
"reastfed.",
"lder brother ied months ",
"iver surgery.",
"emperature ",
"8.",
"ulse ",
"in,",
"espirations ... |
A researcher is trying to determine whether a newly discovered substance X can be useful in promoting wound healing after surgery. She conducts this study by enrolling the next 100 patients that will be undergoing this surgery and separating them into 2 groups. She decides which patient will be in which group by using ... | Level 1 | {
"A": "Level 1",
"B": "Level 2",
"C": "Level 4",
"D": "Level 5"
} | step1 | A | [
"researcher",
"to",
"newly discovered substance",
"useful",
"promoting wound healing",
"surgery",
"conducts",
"study",
"next 100 patients",
"surgery",
"separating",
"2 groups",
"patient",
"group",
"using",
"random number generator",
"prepares 1 set",
"syringes",
"novel substance"... |
A 13-year-old boy is brought to a physician with severe fevers and headaches for 3 days. The pain is constant and mainly behind the eyes. He has myalgias, nausea, vomiting, and a rash for one day. Last week, during an academic winter break, he traveled on a tour with his family to several countries, including Brazil, P... | Dengue fever | {
"A": "Babesiosis",
"B": "Chagas disease",
"C": "Dengue fever",
"D": "Malaria"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"severe fevers",
"headaches",
"3 days",
"pain",
"constant",
"eyes",
"myalgias",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"rash",
"one",
"week",
"academic winter break",
"traveled",
"tour",
"family",
"countries",
"including Brazil",
"Panama",
"Peru",
... |
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