question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of spells of unresponsiveness and upward rolling of the eyes for 2 months. The episodes start abruptly and last a few seconds. During that time he does not hear anyone’s voice or make any purposeful movements. When the episodes end, he continues what he was doing bef... | Ethosuximide | {
"A": "Ethosuximide",
"B": "Lamotrigine",
"C": "Sodium valproate",
"D": "No pharmacotherapy at this time"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"spells",
"unresponsiveness",
"upward rolling of",
"eyes",
"2 months",
"episodes start",
"last",
"few seconds",
"time",
"not hear",
"voice",
"make",
"purposeful movements",
"episodes end",
"continues",
"spell",
"not",
"posture",
"fall... |
A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressively worsening coordination and involuntary movements in her left hand for the past 6 months. Her husband also reports that she has been withdrawn and apathetic during this period. She is oriented to time, place, and person. Examination shows a bimanual, rh... | Neuronal degeneration due to α-synuclein protein misfolding | {
"A": "Copper accumulation due to mutations in hepatocyte copper-transporting ATPase",
"B": "Neuronal degeneration due to α-synuclein protein misfolding",
"C": "Cerebellar ischemia due to chronic hypertension",
"D": "Proliferation of beta-adrenergic receptors from excessive circulating T4"
} | step1 | B | [
"59 year old woman",
"physician",
"worsening coordination",
"involuntary movements",
"left hand",
"past 6 months",
"husband",
"reports",
"withdrawn",
"apathetic",
"period",
"oriented to time",
"place",
"person",
"Examination shows",
"bimanual",
"rhythmic",
"low-frequency tremor",
... |
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after rescuing babies and puppies from a burning daycare center. He says that he complains of headache and nausea attributed to running. He is breathing comfortably. What is another likely finding in this patient? | Oxygen saturation of 99% on pulse oximetry | {
"A": "Oxygen saturation of 86% on pulse oximetry",
"B": "Arterial oxygen partial pressure of 20 mmHg",
"C": "Oxygen saturation of 99% on pulse oximetry",
"D": "Low blood lactate levels"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hours",
"babies",
"puppies",
"burning daycare center",
"headache",
"nausea attributed",
"running",
"breathing",
"likely finding",
"patient"
] |
A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of gradually worsening facial and lower extremity swelling. She has had a 4-kg (8.8-lb) weight gain during this time. Her blood pressure is 150/88 mm Hg. Examination shows periorbital edema and 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. A 24-hour collection of... | Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies | {
"A": "Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies",
"B": "Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies",
"C": "Anti-streptolysin O antibodies",
"D": "Anti-collagen type IV antibodies"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2-week history",
"worsening facial",
"lower extremity swelling",
"4 kg",
"8.8",
"weight gain",
"time",
"blood pressure",
"88 mm Hg",
"Examination shows periorbital edema",
"2",
"edema",
"24-hour collection",
"urine shows 4.0 g of proteinuria",
"Microsc... |
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of sore throat for the past 2 days. During this period, he has had intermittent nausea and has vomited once. The patient has no cough, hoarseness, or rhinorrhea. He had similar symptoms at the age of 5 years that resolved spontaneously. He is otherwise hea... | Obtain throat culture
" | {
"A": "Measurement of antistreptolysin O titer",
"B": "Measurement of antiviral capsid antigen IgM antibody",
"C": "Penicillin V therapy",
"D": "Obtain throat culture\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"sore throat",
"past 2 days",
"period",
"intermittent nausea",
"vomited",
"patient",
"cough",
"hoarseness",
"rhinorrhea",
"similar symptoms",
"age",
"years",
"resolved",
"healthy",
"temperature",
"100",
"pulse",
"85 min"... |
A 60-year-old man with known history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is brought by ambulance to the emergency department due to shortness of breath. He is out of breath and cannot string a sentence together. The emergency technician suggests that the man tried his tiotropium inhaler multiple times without succ... | Give oxygen immediately | {
"A": "Obtain chemistries and complete blood count and observe",
"B": "Give labetalol immediately and observe in emergency room",
"C": "Give oxygen immediately",
"D": "Intubate and admit to intensive care uint"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year",
"man",
"known history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"brought",
"ambulance to",
"emergency department due",
"shortness of breath",
"out of breath",
"string",
"sentence together",
"emergency technician suggests",
"man",
"tiotropium inhaler multiple times",
"success",
"... |
A 2-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because of clumsiness and difficulty walking. She began to walk at 12 months and continues to have difficulty standing still without support. She also appears to have difficulty grabbing objects in front of her. Over the past year, she has had 5 episodes of s... | Conjunctival telangiectasias | {
"A": "Chronic eczema",
"B": "Conjunctival telangiectasias",
"C": "Cardiac rhabdomyoma",
"D": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia"
} | step1 | B | [
"2 year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"clumsiness",
"difficulty walking",
"began to walk",
"12 months",
"continues to",
"difficulty standing",
"support",
"appears to",
"difficulty grabbing objects",
"front",
"past year",
"5 episodes of sinusitis",
"antibiotic treatmen... |
A 42-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with fatigue. She reports that over the past 2 months, she has felt increasingly tired despite no changes in her diet or exercise. Her past medical history is notable for obesity, seasonal allergies, and hypertension. She takes ranitidine as needed and hydrochl... | Mismatch repair | {
"A": "Base excision repair",
"B": "Mismatch repair",
"C": "Non-homologous end joining",
"D": "Nucleotide excision repair"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"fatigue",
"reports",
"past",
"months",
"felt",
"tired",
"changes",
"diet",
"exercise",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"obesity",
"seasonal allergies",
"hypertension",
"takes ranitidine as needed",
"hydrochlorothiazide daily"... |
A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 32 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. She reports that she has had frequent headaches and dizziness recently. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Medications include... | Magnesium sulfate and labetalol therapy | {
"A": "Magnesium sulfate and labetalol therapy",
"B": "Platelet transfusion",
"C": "Admit the patient to the ICU",
"D": "Perform C-section\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"weeks",
"estation ",
"hysician ",
"renatal visit.",
"eports ",
"requent headaches ",
"izziness ecently.",
"regnancy ",
"elivery ",
"irst hild ",
"ncomplicated.",
"ersonal ",
"amily history ",
"erious llness.",
"edications nclude olic a... |
Positron emission tomography is conducted and indicates a malignant nodule. Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy is performed and a specimen sample of the nodule is sent for frozen section analysis. The tissue sample is most likely to show which of the following pathohistological findings? | Squamous cell carcinoma | {
"A": "Large cell carcinoma",
"B": "Carcinoid tumor",
"C": "Squamous cell carcinoma",
"D": "Metastasis of colorectal cancer"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Positron emission tomography",
"conducted",
"malignant nodule",
"Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy",
"performed",
"specimen sample",
"nodule",
"sent",
"frozen section analysis",
"tissue sample",
"most likely to show",
"following",
"findings"
] |
A 43-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 3-month history of redness and itching in both eyes. She has also had swelling and pain in the index and middle fingers of both hands and wrist joints over the past 5 months. She has had multiple dental treatments for oral infections over the past year. She has type 2 di... | Anti-Ro antibodies | {
"A": "Anti-U1 RNP antibodies",
"B": "Anti-topoisomerase I antibodies",
"C": "Anti-Jo1 antibodies",
"D": "Anti-Ro antibodies"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"redness",
"itching",
"eyes",
"swelling",
"pain",
"index",
"middle fingers of",
"hands",
"wrist joints",
"past",
"months",
"multiple dental",
"oral",
"past year",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"eczema",
"sister",
"vitiligo",
"... |
A 65-year-old man presents with facial weakness. He says he noticed that his face appeared twisted when he looked in the bathroom mirror this morning. He is otherwise well and does not have any other complaints. He denies any facial pain or paresthesia. No significant past medical history. The patient is afebrile and v... | Idiopathic facial paralysis | {
"A": "Idiopathic facial paralysis",
"B": "Right hemisphere stroke",
"C": "Acoustic neuroma",
"D": "Left middle cerebral artery stroke"
} | step1 | A | [
"65 year old man presents",
"facial",
"face appeared twisted",
"looked",
"bathroom mirror",
"morning",
"well",
"not",
"complaints",
"denies",
"facial pain",
"paresthesia",
"significant past medical history",
"patient",
"afebrile",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Neurological exami... |
A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 14-weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. Routine first trimester screening shows increased nuchal translucency, decreased β-hCG concentration, and decreased levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Amniocentesis shows trisomy of chromosome 13. T... | Cutis aplasia | {
"A": "Optic glioma",
"B": "Cutis aplasia",
"C": "Cystic hygroma",
"D": "Prominent occiput"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"physician",
"prenatal visit",
"Routine first trimester screening shows increased nuchal translucency",
"decreased",
"hCG concentration",
"decreased levels",
"pregnancy-associated plasma protein A",
"Amniocentesis shows trisomy",... |
A 39-year-old man presents with painless swelling of the right testes and a sensation of heaviness. The physical examination revealed an intra-testicular solid mass that could not be felt separately from the testis. After a thorough evaluation, he was diagnosed with testicular seminoma. Which of the following group of ... | Para-aortic lymph nodes | {
"A": "Para-aortic lymph nodes",
"B": "Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (medial group)",
"C": "Deep inguinal lymph nodes",
"D": "Superficial inguinal lymph nodes (lateral group)"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"painless swelling of",
"right testes",
"sensation",
"heaviness",
"physical examination revealed",
"intra testicular solid mass",
"not",
"felt",
"testis",
"evaluation",
"diagnosed",
"testicular seminoma",
"following group",
"lymph nodes",
"most likely involved"... |
A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for a health maintenance examination. He feels well. He is 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall and weighs 84 kg (185 lb); BMI is 28 kg/m2. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum lipid studies show:
Total cholesterol 280 mg/dL
HDL-cholest... | Increased LDL receptor expression | {
"A": "Increased lipoprotein lipase activity",
"B": "Increased LDL receptor expression",
"C": "Increased hepatic bile salt synthesis",
"D": "Decreased hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis"
} | step1 | B | [
"54 year old man",
"physician",
"health maintenance examination",
"feels well",
"5 ft 8",
"tall",
"84 kg",
"BMI",
"kg/m2",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Serum lipid studies show",
"Total cholesterol",
"mg",
"HDL",
"Triglycerides",
... |
A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of fever, fatigue, dry cough, headache, and myalgia over the past week. Two days ago, he developed several painful oral lesions and difficulty swallowing. He underwent kidney transplantation 3 years ago. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.7°F). Physical examination shows bil... | Histoplasma capsulatum | {
"A": "Aspergillus fumigatus",
"B": "Histoplasma capsulatum",
"C": "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis",
"D": "Coccidioides immitis"
} | step1 | B | [
"55 year old man",
"physician",
"fever",
"fatigue",
"dry cough",
"headache",
"myalgia",
"past week",
"Two days",
"several painful oral",
"difficulty swallowing",
"kidney transplantation",
"years",
"temperature",
"100",
"Physical examination shows bilateral rales",
"hepatosplenomegaly... |
A 30-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider complaining of numbness and tingling sensations all over her body. After a meticulous history and physical, he found that the patient had recently been on vacation and tried a new sunscreen purchased overseas. The sunscreen contained several chemicals that he wa... | Case report | {
"A": "Case report",
"B": "Case series",
"C": "Case scenario",
"D": "Case definition"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old woman presents",
"primary care provider",
"numbness",
"tingling sensations",
"body",
"history",
"physical",
"found",
"patient",
"recently",
"vacation",
"new sunscreen purchased",
"sunscreen contained several chemicals",
"extensive research",
"consultation",
"novel reaction... |
A 5-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician by his mother because of yellowish discoloration of the skin for 1 day. The discoloration first appeared on his face and then spread to his trunk. There have been no changes in his bowel habits or urination. He was born at 38 weeks’ gestation via uncomplicated vagina... | Physiological neonatal jaundice | {
"A": "Congenital hypothyroidism",
"B": "Dubin-Johnson syndrome",
"C": "Physiological neonatal jaundice",
"D": "Biliary atresia"
} | step1 | C | [
"5 day old male newborn",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"of",
"discoloration",
"skin",
"1 day",
"discoloration first appeared",
"face",
"then spread",
"trunk",
"changes in",
"bowel habits",
"urination",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"uncomplicated vaginal",
"breastfed",
"23 ho... |
A 57-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She previously had been compliant with her diet and medication but has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight gain since the last visit 6 months ago. She reports that she often misses doses of her metformin. Her hemoglobin A1c is 9... | Schedule more frequent follow-up visits | {
"A": "Refer the patient to a dietician",
"B": "Schedule more frequent follow-up visits",
"C": "Refer the patient to an endocrinologist",
"D": "Add glyburide to the medication regimen"
} | step1 | B | [
"57 year old woman",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"compliant with",
"diet",
"medication",
"5 kg",
"weight gain",
"last visit",
"months",
"reports",
"often misses doses",
"metformin",
"hemoglobin A1c",
"following",
"most appropriate course",
"act... |
A 43-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly check-up exam. He has no new concerns but wants to make sure that his hypertension and diabetes are properly controlled. His past medical history is otherwise unremarkable and his only medications are metformin and lisinopril. He has smoked a pack ... | Radiation of murmur to the axilla | {
"A": "Presents with an opening snap",
"B": "Radiation of murmur to the axilla",
"C": "Radiation of murmur to the right sternal border",
"D": "Results in mixing of blood between left and right ventricles"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"yearly check-up exam",
"new concerns",
"to make sure",
"hypertension",
"diabetes",
"controlled",
"past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"only medications",
"metformin",
"lisinopril",
"smoked",
"pack",
"cigarettes",
"day",
"years"... |
A 55-year-old man is brought to the physician because of inappropriate behavior for the past 6 months. He has been making inappropriate comments and jokes while talking to friends and family members. He was arrested 3 weeks ago while trying to kiss strangers on the street. He has no interest in talking to his daughter ... | Frontotemporal dementia | {
"A": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
"B": "Normal pressure hydrocephalus",
"C": "Wilson disease",
"D": "Frontotemporal dementia"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"55 year old man",
"brought",
"physician",
"of inappropriate behavior",
"past 6 months",
"making inappropriate comments",
"jokes",
"talking",
"friends",
"family members",
"arrested 3 weeks",
"kiss strangers",
"street",
"interest",
"talking",
"daughter",
"playing",
"grandchildren",
... |
A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician because of hearing loss and unsteadiness while standing and walking for the past 2 months. She needs support from a wall to prevent herself from falling. She has not had any recent injuries and has no history of serious illness. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examinatio... | Meningioma | {
"A": "Renal cell carcinoma",
"B": "Telangiectasias",
"C": "Meningioma",
"D": "Astrocytoma\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"hearing loss",
"unsteadiness",
"standing",
"walking",
"past",
"months",
"needs support",
"wall to prevent",
"falling",
"not",
"recent injuries",
"history of serious illness",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows",
"unsteady gait",
"to... |
A study is funded by the tobacco industry to examine the association between smoking and lung cancer. They design a study with a prospective cohort of 1,000 smokers between the ages of 20-30. The length of the study is five years. After the study period ends, they conclude that there is no relationship between smoking ... | Latency period | {
"A": "Effect modification",
"B": "Latency period",
"C": "Pygmalion effect",
"D": "Confounding"
} | step1 | B | [
"study",
"funded",
"tobacco industry to",
"association",
"smoking",
"lung cancer",
"design",
"study",
"prospective cohort",
"smokers",
"ages",
"20-30",
"length",
"study",
"five years",
"study period ends",
"conclude",
"relationship",
"smoking",
"lung cancer",
"following study... |
A 58-year-old obese male has noticed the gradual development of a soft bulge on his right groin that has been present over the past year and occasionally becomes very tender. He notices that it comes out when he coughs and strains during bowel movements. He is able to push the bulge back in without issue. After examina... | Ilioinguinal nerve | {
"A": "Iliohypogastric nerve",
"B": "Genitofemoral nerve",
"C": "Ilioinguinal nerve",
"D": "Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve"
} | step1 | C | [
"58 year old obese male",
"gradual development",
"soft bulge",
"right groin",
"present",
"past year",
"occasionally",
"very tender",
"out",
"coughs",
"strains during bowel movements",
"able to push",
"bulge back",
"issue",
"examination",
"inguinal hernia",
"recommend open repair",
... |
A 70-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of loss of urine for the last several months. She loses small amounts of urine without warning after coughing or sneezing. She also sometimes forgets the names of her relatives. She is retired and lives at an assisted-living facility. She has type 2 diabetes... | Urethral hypermobility | {
"A": "Loss of sphincter control",
"B": "Urethral hypermobility",
"C": "Bacterial infection of the urinary tract",
"D": "Decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"70 year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"loss",
"urine",
"last",
"months",
"small amounts",
"urine",
"warning",
"coughing",
"sneezing",
"sometimes forgets",
"names",
"relatives",
"retired",
"lives",
"assisted-living facility",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",... |
A 78-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of productive cough, swelling of the legs and feet, and fatigue. He has had progressive dyspnea on exertion for the past 2 months. Twelve years ago, he received a porcine valve replacement for severe mitral valve regurgitation. He has ... | Valve degeneration | {
"A": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"B": "Pneumonia",
"C": "Valve degeneration",
"D": "Pulmonary embolism"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"3 week history",
"productive cough",
"swelling of",
"legs",
"feet",
"fatigue",
"progressive dyspnea on exertion",
"past",
"months",
"Twelve years",
"received",
"porcine valve replacement",
"severe mitral",
"regurgitation",
"corona... |
A 16-year-old girl presents with a sore throat. The patient says symptoms onset acutely 3 days ago and have progressively worsened. She denies any history of cough, nasal congestion or rhinorrhea. No significant past medical history or current medications. The vital signs include: temperature 37.7°C (99.9°F), blood pre... | Rapid strep test | {
"A": "Rapid strep test",
"B": "Ultrasound of the anterior cervical lymph nodes",
"C": "Empiric treatment with antibiotics",
"D": "Empiric treatment with antivirals"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old girl presents",
"sore throat",
"patient",
"symptoms onset",
"days",
"worsened",
"denies",
"history",
"cough",
"nasal congestion",
"rhinorrhea",
"significant past medical history",
"current medications",
"vital signs include",
"temperature",
"99 9F",
"blood pressure",
"70 ... |
A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent bleeding from her vagina. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Pelvic ultrasound shows a thickened endometrial stripe and a left adnexal mass. Endometrial biopsy shows a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.... | Granulosa cell tumor | {
"A": "Yolk sac tumor",
"B": "Granulosa cell tumor",
"C": "Immature teratoma",
"D": "Serous cystadenocarcinoma"
} | step1 | B | [
"65 year old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"intermittent bleeding",
"vagina",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"Pelvic ultrasound shows",
"thickened endometrial stripe",
"left adnexal mass",
"Endometrial biopsy shows",
"well-differentiated adenocarcinoma",
... |
A 32-year-old man comes into your office because of pain in his right knee, left elbow, and left wrist. It started about a week ago but has particularly localized to his wrist. The patient states that he has 2 sexual partners. He states he has also had some white discharge from his penis with pruritis and pain during u... | Arthrocentesis | {
"A": "Arthrocentesis",
"B": "Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin",
"C": "Methotrexate",
"D": "MRI"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"office",
"of pain in",
"right knee",
"left elbow",
"left wrist",
"started",
"week",
"localized",
"wrist",
"patient states",
"has",
"sexual partners",
"states",
"white discharge from",
"penis",
"pruritis",
"pain",
"urination",
"temperature",
"97",
"36 4C",
... |
A 25-year-old college student is diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia after presenting with a 3-week history of fever, malaise, and fatigue. He has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple middle ear infections as a child, and infectious mononucleosis in high school. He currently smokes 1 pack of cigarettes... | Allopurinol | {
"A": "Sulfinpyrazone",
"B": "Probenecid",
"C": "Allopurinol",
"D": "Colchicine"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old college student",
"diagnosed",
"acute myelogenous leukemia",
"presenting",
"week history",
"fever",
"malaise",
"fatigue",
"history of type 1 diabetes mellitus",
"multiple middle ear infections",
"child",
"infectious mononucleosis",
"high school",
"currently smokes 1 pack",
"cig... |
A 75-year-old woman is brought to a physician’s office by her son with complaints of diarrhea and vomiting for 1 day. Her stool is loose, watery, and yellow-colored, while her vomitus contains partially digested food particles. She denies having blood or mucus in her stools and vomitus. Since the onset of her symptoms,... | Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, increased FF | {
"A": "Increased GFR, increased RPF, increased FF",
"B": "Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, increased FF",
"C": "Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, no change in FF",
"D": "Decreased GFR, decreased RPF, decreased FF"
} | step1 | B | [
"75 year old woman",
"brought",
"physicians office",
"son",
"complaints",
"diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"1 day",
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"loose",
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"yellow-colored",
"vomitus contains",
"digested",
"denies",
"blood",
"mucus in",
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"onset",
"symptoms",
"not",
"to eat... |
A 60-year-old African-American female presents to your office complaining of dysuria, paresthesias, and blurry vision. Her body mass index is 37.2 kg/m2. Which of the following drugs would most significantly increase the levels of C-peptide in the blood when administered to this patient? | Glipizide | {
"A": "Insulin",
"B": "Glipizide",
"C": "Acarbose",
"D": "NPH"
} | step1 | B | [
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"most",
"increase",
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"blood",
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] |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of progressive fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite over the past 3 days. He was treated in the emergency department once in the past year for swelling of his hands and feet. He was adopted as a baby from Sudan and his family history... | Splenomegaly on ultrasound | {
"A": "Anti-erythrocyte antibodies on Coombs test",
"B": "Splenomegaly on ultrasound",
"C": "Hypocellular bone marrow on biopsy",
"D": "Low ferritin level in serum"
} | step2&3 | B | [
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"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
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"swelling of",
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"feet",
"adopted",
"baby",
"Sudan",
"family history",
"unknown",
... |
A 51-year-old woman with Sjogren’s syndrome presents to her physician for suddenly developed palpitations. She feels more anxious than usual and has had difficulty sleeping well for the past 2 weeks. She has lost 2 kg (4.4 lb) since her last routine appointment 6 months ago. She also has had diarrhea and often feels li... | Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis | {
"A": "Silent thyroiditis",
"B": "Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis",
"C": "Granulomatous thyroiditis",
"D": "Fibrous thyroiditis"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"Sjogrens syndrome presents",
"physician",
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"usual",
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"past 2 weeks",
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"4.4",
"last routine appointment",
"months",
"diarrhea",
"often feels",
"heart",
"beating very",
"physical examination"... |
A 46-year-old male presents with his wife to his primary care provider for depression and strange movements. His wife reports that her husband has not been himself for the last two months. Whereas he was previously outgoing and “the life of the party,” the patient is now irritable and withdrawn. He is a partner at an a... | Dorsal striatum atrophy on head CT | {
"A": "Positive 14-3-3 CSF assay",
"B": "Alpha-synuclein aggregates on brain biopsy",
"C": "Neurofibrillary tangles on brain biopsy",
"D": "Dorsal striatum atrophy on head CT"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old male presents",
"wife",
"primary care provider",
"depression",
"movements",
"wife reports",
"husband",
"not",
"last two months",
"life",
"party",
"patient",
"now irritable",
"withdrawn",
"partner",
"accounting firm",
"job",
"continues to perform poorly",
"work",
"pati... |
A 64-year-old man presents to the office for an annual physical examination. He has no complaints at this visit. His chart states that he has a history of hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (emphysema), Raynaud’s disease, and glaucoma. He is a 30 pack-year smoker. His medications included lisinopril, t... | Low-dose CT | {
"A": "Low-dose CT",
"B": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
"C": "Bronchoalveolar lavage with cytology",
"D": "Pulmonary function tests"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"64 year old man presents",
"office",
"annual physical examination",
"complaints",
"visit",
"chart states",
"history of hypertension",
"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"emphysema",
"Raynauds disease",
"glaucoma",
"30 pack-year smoker",
"medications included lisinopril",
"tiotropium... |
A 46-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting approximately 4 hours after a fatty meal. She reports that this has happened before, but this episode is worse. The vomit was non-bilious and did not contain any blood. She recalls frequent episodes of vague epi... | Food ingestion provides relief of the symptoms | {
"A": "Non-bilious vomiting",
"B": "Early satiety",
"C": "Omeprazole provides relief of the symptoms",
"D": "Food ingestion provides relief of the symptoms"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
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"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"vomiting approximately",
"hours after",
"meal",
"reports",
"happened before",
"episode",
"worse",
"vomit",
"non",
"not contain",
"blood",
"recalls frequent episodes of vague epigastric pain",
"often wakes... |
A 21-year-old man presents to a physician because of extreme fatigue, palpitations, fever, and weight loss. He developed these symptoms gradually over the past 3 months. His blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 109/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). The patient is emaciated a... | Chronic intravenous drug usage | {
"A": "Lung abscess evacuation 3 months ago",
"B": "Catheterization of the urinary bladder",
"C": "Chronic intravenous drug usage",
"D": "Adenoidectomy 6 months ago"
} | step1 | C | [
"21-year-old man presents",
"physician",
"extreme fatigue",
"palpitations",
"fever",
"weight loss",
"symptoms",
"past 3 months",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temperature",
"100",
"patient",
"emaciated",
"pale",
"conjunctival hem... |
An 18-month-old boy of Ashkenazi-Jewish descent presents with loss of developmental milestones. On ocular exam, a cherry-red macular spot is observed. No hepatomegaly is observed on physical exam. Microscopic exam shows lysosomes with onion-skin appearance.
What is the most likely underlying biochemical abnormality? | Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside | {
"A": "Accumulation of ceramide trihexoside",
"B": "Accumulation of sphingomyelin",
"C": "Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside",
"D": "Accumulation of glucocerebroside"
} | step1 | C | [
"month old boy",
"Ashkenazi-Jewish descent presents",
"loss of developmental milestones",
"ocular exam",
"cherry-red macular spot",
"observed",
"hepatomegaly",
"observed",
"physical",
"Microscopic",
"shows lysosomes",
"onion skin appearance",
"most likely",
"biochemical abnormality"
] |
A 21-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor for an initial visit. She is a Syrian refugee and arrived in the United States 2 weeks ago. She has been living in refugee camps throughout Jordan and Turkey for the past 2 years. She has a 3-year-old son and reports that she has limited her food intake in order t... | T-cell differentiation | {
"A": "Collagen synthesis",
"B": "T-cell differentiation",
"C": "Clotting factor synthesis",
"D": "Methylation reactions"
} | step1 | B | [
"21-year-old woman presents",
"primary care doctor",
"initial visit",
"Syrian refugee",
"arrived",
"United States 2 weeks",
"living",
"refugee camps",
"Jordan",
"Turkey",
"past",
"years",
"3 year old son",
"reports",
"limited",
"food intake",
"order to ensure",
"son",
"adequate n... |
Three days after delivery, a 1100-g (2-lb 7-oz) newborn has a tonic seizure that lasts for 25 seconds. She has become increasingly lethargic over the past 18 hours. She was born at 31 weeks' gestation. Antenatal period was complicated by chorioamnionitis. Apgar scores were 3 and 6 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. She ... | Intraventricular hemorrhage | {
"A": "Galactosemia",
"B": "Spinal muscular atrophy",
"C": "Congenital hydrocephalus",
"D": "Intraventricular hemorrhage"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"Three days",
"delivery",
"g",
"oz",
"newborn",
"tonic seizure",
"lasts",
"seconds",
"lethargic",
"past 18 hours",
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"31 weeks",
"gestation",
"Antenatal period",
"complicated",
"chorioamnionitis",
"Apgar scores",
"3",
"5 minutes",
"appears ill",
"pulse",
"min",
"res... |
A researcher is studying the ability of breast cancer cells to metastasize. Neoplastic cells obtained from 30 patients with stage IV ductal carcinoma of the breast are tagged with a fluorescent antibody. The cells are then inserted into a medium resembling normal human tissue. After 2 weeks, all samples show in vitro h... | Release of matrix metalloproteinase | {
"A": "Loss of cellular polarity",
"B": "Overexpression of HER2/neu",
"C": "Presence of fibrous tissue capsule",
"D": "Release of matrix metalloproteinase"
} | step1 | D | [
"researcher",
"studying the ability of breast cancer cells to metastasize",
"Neoplastic cells obtained",
"30 patients",
"stage IV ductal carcinoma of the breast",
"tagged",
"fluorescent antibody",
"cells",
"then inserted",
"medium",
"normal human tissue",
"2 weeks",
"samples show in vitro he... |
A newlywed couple comes to your office for genetic counseling. Both potential parents are known to be carriers of the same Cystic Fibrosis (CF) mutation. What is the probability that at least one of their next three children will have CF if they are all single births? | 37/64 | {
"A": "0",
"B": "1/64",
"C": "27/64",
"D": "37/64"
} | step1 | D | [
"couple",
"office",
"genetic counseling",
"potential parents",
"known to",
"carriers",
"same Cystic Fibrosis",
"mutation",
"probability",
"one",
"next three children",
"CF",
"single births"
] |
A 32-year-old woman makes an appointment at her physician’s office for a regular health check-up. She does not have any complaints and mentions that she has started to train for an upcoming marathon and hydrates exclusively with electrolyte solutions. She has been trying unsuccessfully to quit smoking for a few years n... | Ventricular repolarization | {
"A": "Ventricular depolarization",
"B": "Ventricular repolarization",
"C": "Atrial depolarization",
"D": "Atrial repolarization"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman makes",
"appointment",
"physicians office",
"regular health check-up",
"not",
"complaints",
"started to train",
"marathon",
"hydrates",
"electrolyte solutions",
"to quit smoking",
"years now",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"controlled",
"low-cholesterol diet",
"Family history... |
A 21-year-old female presents to her primary care doctor for prenatal counseling before attempting to become pregnant for the first time. She is an avid runner, and the physician notes her BMI of 17.5. The patient complains of chronic fatigue, which she attributes to her busy lifestyle. The physician orders a complete ... | Placenta abruptio | {
"A": "Gestational diabetes",
"B": "Placenta previa",
"C": "Placenta abruptio",
"D": "Placenta accreta"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"21-year-old female presents",
"primary care doctor",
"prenatal counseling",
"attempting to",
"pregnant",
"first time",
"avid",
"physician notes",
"BMI",
"patient",
"chronic fatigue",
"attributes",
"lifestyle",
"physician orders",
"complete blood count",
"reveals",
"Hgb 10",
"g/dL"... |
A 17-year-old girl is admitted to the emergency department with severe retrosternal chest pain. The pain began suddenly after an episode of self-induced vomiting following a large meal. The patient’s parents say that she is very restricted in the foods she eats and induces vomiting frequently after meals. Vital signs a... | Contrast esophagram | {
"A": "Upper endoscopy",
"B": "ECG",
"C": "Contrast esophagram",
"D": "Measurement of D-dimer"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl",
"admitted",
"emergency department",
"severe retrosternal chest pain",
"pain began",
"episode of self-induced vomiting following",
"large meal",
"patients parents",
"very restricted",
"foods",
"eats",
"induces vomiting frequently",
"meals",
"Vital signs",
"follows",
"bl... |
A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 2-month history of fatigue, intermittent left-sided flank pain, and diffuse extremity pain. She was treated for a prolactinoma 5 years ago and has had recurrent antral and duodenal peptic ulcers despite medical therapy. Her only medication is omeprazole. Physical examina... | Altered menin protein | {
"A": "Inactivation of RET proto-oncogene",
"B": "Altered merlin protein expression",
"C": "Altered menin protein",
"D": "Mutation in C-Kit protein"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"fatigue",
"intermittent left sided flank pain",
"diffuse extremity",
"treated",
"prolactinoma",
"years",
"recurrent antral",
"duodenal peptic ulcers",
"medical therapy",
"only medication",
"omeprazole",
"Physical examination shows",
"m... |
A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician with a history of bright red blood in her stools for 3 days. She has defecated once per day. She does not have fever, pain on defecation, or abdominal pain. She was treated for a urinary tract infection with levofloxacin around 3 months ago. Menses occur at regular intervals o... | Docusate therapy | {
"A": "Docusate therapy",
"B": "Topical diltiazem",
"C": "Propranolol therapy",
"D": "Hemorrhoidectomy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"history",
"bright red blood",
"stools",
"3 days",
"day",
"not",
"fever",
"pain",
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"abdominal pain",
"treated",
"urinary tract infection",
"levofloxacin",
"months",
"Menses occur",
"regular intervals of",
"days",
"lasts",
"days",
... |
A 73-year-old female with no past medical history is hospitalized after she develops a fever associated with increasing shortness of breath. She states that 1 week prior, she had a cold which seemed to be resolving. Yesterday, however, she noticed that she started to feel feverish, measured her temperature to be 101.5°... | Protein-rich fluid | {
"A": "Clear fluid",
"B": "Hypocellular fluid",
"C": "Malignant cells",
"D": "Protein-rich fluid"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old female",
"past medical history",
"hospitalized",
"fever associated with increasing shortness of breath",
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"1 week prior",
"cold",
"to",
"resolving",
"started to feel feverish",
"measured",
"temperature to",
"unproductive dry",
"difficulty breathing",
"exam",
"tempera... |
A 58-year-old man comes to the physician because of burning pain in his neck and arms for a year. He has also had paresthesias in his hands during this period. He has had increasing weakness in both hands during the past 3 months. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension. He was involved ... | Syringomyelia | {
"A": "Tabes dorsalis",
"B": "Cervical disk prolapse",
"C": "Multiple sclerosis",
"D": "Syringomyelia"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"58 year old man",
"physician",
"of burning pain in",
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"arms",
"year",
"paresthesias",
"hands",
"period",
"increasing weakness",
"hands",
"past 3 months",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"hypertension",
"involved",
"motor vehicle collision 3 years",
"Curr... |
A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician for evaluation of nausea and fatigue. Her last menstrual period was 8 weeks ago. She has a history of bipolar disorder controlled by a drug known to sometimes cause hypothyroidism and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. She does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. A urine pregn... | Atrialization of the right ventricle | {
"A": "Aplasia cutis",
"B": "Atrialization of the right ventricle",
"C": "Neural tube defects",
"D": "Hypoplastic or absent limbs"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"nausea",
"fatigue",
"last menstrual period",
"weeks",
"history of bipolar disorder controlled",
"drug known",
"sometimes cause hypothyroidism",
"nephrogenic diabetes insipidus",
"not smoke cigarettes",
"drink alcohol",
"urine pregnancy test",
... |
A 62-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after briefly losing consciousness while walking her dog. She spontaneously regained consciousness 20 seconds later. She has a history of atrial fibrillation. Current medications include metoprolol. She reports that she forgot to take her medication the day bef... | Activity of adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes | {
"A": "Phosphorylation of myosin light chains in vascular smooth muscle cells",
"B": "Activity of protein kinase C in cardiomyocytes",
"C": "Activity of adenylyl cyclase in cardiomyocytes",
"D": "Diastolic efflux of calcium in cardiomyocytes"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"consciousness",
"walking",
"dog",
"regained consciousness 20 seconds later",
"history of atrial fibrillation",
"Current medications include metoprolol",
"reports",
"forgot to take",
"medication",
"day",
"took double",
"dose",
"mo... |
A 27-year-old man is witnessed falling off his bicycle. The patient rode his bicycle into a curb and hit his face against a rail. The patient did not lose consciousness and is ambulatory at the scene. There is blood in the patient's mouth and one of the patient's teeth is found on the sidewalk. The patient is transferr... | Submerged in milk | {
"A": "Submerged in milk",
"B": "Submerged in normal saline",
"C": "Submerged in water",
"D": "Wrapped in gauze soaked in normal saline"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old man",
"witnessed falling",
"bicycle",
"patient",
"bicycle",
"curb",
"hit",
"face",
"rail",
"patient",
"not",
"consciousness",
"ambulatory",
"blood",
"patient's mouth",
"one",
"patient's teeth",
"found",
"sidewalk",
"patient",
"transferred",
"local emergency dep... |
A 62-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because of abdominal pain that started after he went camping several months ago and drank from a mountain stream. This past year, he also went on a trip around the world, eating local foods at each stop. Furthermore, he has had a history of cholelithiasis and had... | MALT lymphoma | {
"A": "Esophageal adenocarcinoma",
"B": "Gallbladder adenocarcinoma",
"C": "Colon adenocarcinoma",
"D": "MALT lymphoma"
} | step1 | D | [
"62 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"abdominal pain",
"started",
"camping",
"months",
"drank",
"mountain stream",
"past year",
"trip",
"world",
"eating local foods",
"stop",
"history of cholelithiasis",
"gallbladder removed 3 years",
"medical history",
"significant"... |
A 46-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of headache, muscle pain, and recurrent fever spikes that occur without a noticeable rhythm. Two weeks ago, he returned from a 5-week-long world trip during which he climbed several mountains in India, Africa, and Appalachia. Chemoprophylaxis with chl... | Plasmodium falciparum | {
"A": "Trypanosoma cruzi",
"B": "Plasmodium falciparum",
"C": "Chikungunya virus",
"D": "Trypanosoma brucei"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"1-week history",
"headache",
"muscle pain",
"recurrent fever",
"occur",
"rhythm",
"Two weeks",
"returned",
"5 week long world trip",
"climbed several mountains",
"India",
"Africa",
"Appalachia",
"Chemoprophylaxis",
"chloroquine",
"initiated one... |
A 27-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of progressive numbness and weakness in her left arm and left leg for 2 days. During this period, she has also had urinary urgency and incontinence. Three months ago, she had blurry vision, difficulty distinguishing colors, and headache for one week, all of ... | Administer IV methylprednisolone | {
"A": "Administer lorazepam",
"B": "Administer IV methylprednisolone",
"C": "Administer tissue plasminogen activator",
"D": "Glatiramer acetate therapy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"27 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"progressive numbness",
"weakness",
"left",
"left leg",
"2 days",
"period",
"urinary urgency",
"incontinence",
"Three months",
"blurry vision",
"difficulty",
"colors",
"headache",
"one week",
"resolved",
"patient",
"smoked",
"half pa... |
A 72-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of upper abdominal pain and nausea for the past hour. The patient rates the pain as an 8 to 9 on a 10-point scale. She has had an episode of nonbloody vomiting since the pain started. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporo... | Patient-controlled intravenous hydromorphone | {
"A": "Patient-controlled intravenous hydromorphone",
"B": "Oral acetaminophen every 6 hours",
"C": "Oral gabapentin every 24 hours",
"D": "Transdermal fentanyl every 72 hours"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"72 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"upper abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"past hour",
"patient rates",
"pain",
"a 10 point scale",
"episode",
"vomiting",
"pain started",
"history of type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"osteoporosis",
"patient",
"smoked 2 packs",
"cigaret... |
The patient undergoes a mammogram, which shows a 6.5mm sized mass with an irregular border and spiculated margins. A subsequent core needle biopsy of the mass shows infiltrating ductal carcinoma with HER2-positive, estrogen-negative, and progesterone-negative immunohistochemistry staining. Blood counts and liver functi... | Breast-conserving therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy | {
"A": "Breast-conserving therapy and sentinel lymph node biopsy",
"B": "Whole-body PET/CT",
"C": "Bilateral mastectomy with lymph node dissection",
"D": "Bone scan"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"patient",
"mammogram",
"shows",
"sized mass",
"irregular border",
"spiculated margins",
"subsequent core needle biopsy",
"mass shows infiltrating ductal carcinoma",
"HER2-positive",
"estrogen negative",
"progesterone negative immunohistochemistry",
"Blood counts",
"liver function tests",
... |
A recent study examined trends in incidence and fatality of ischemic stroke in a representative sample of Scandinavian towns. The annual incidence of ischemic stroke was calculated to be 60 per 2,000 people. The 1-year case fatality rate for ischemic stroke was found to be 20%. The health department of a town in southe... | 120 people | {
"A": "120 people",
"B": "400 people",
"C": "60 people",
"D": "600 people"
} | step1 | A | [
"recent study examined trends",
"incidence",
"fatality",
"ischemic stroke",
"representative sample",
"Scandinavian towns",
"annual incidence",
"ischemic stroke",
"calculated to",
"60",
"2",
"people",
"1 year case fatality rate",
"ischemic stroke",
"found to",
"20",
"health department... |
An infectious disease chairperson of a large hospital determines that the incidence of Clostridioides difficile infections at the hospital is too high. She proposes an initiative to restrict the usage of clindamycin in the hospital to determine if that lowers the incidence of C. difficile infections. She puts in place ... | Plan, do, study, act cycle | {
"A": "High reliability organization",
"B": "Root cause analysis",
"C": "Failure mode and effects analysis",
"D": "Plan, do, study, act cycle"
} | step1 | D | [
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"large hospital",
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"initiative to restrict",
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"hospital to",
"lowers",
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"infections",
"puts",
"place",
"requirement",
"infectious disease",
"ne... |
A 72-year-old man with coronary artery disease comes to the physician because of intermittent episodes of substernal chest pain and shortness of breath. The episodes occur only when walking up stairs and resolves after resting for a few minutes. He is a delivery man and is concerned because the chest pain has impacted ... | Beta-1 adrenergic receptors | {
"A": "Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors",
"B": "Angiotensin II receptors",
"C": "Aldosterone receptors",
"D": "Beta-1 adrenergic receptors"
} | step1 | D | [
"72 year old man",
"coronary artery disease",
"physician",
"of intermittent episodes",
"substernal chest pain",
"shortness of breath",
"episodes occur only",
"walking",
"stairs",
"resolves",
"resting",
"minutes",
"delivery man",
"concerned",
"chest pain",
"impacted",
"ability to work... |
A previously healthy 3-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of fever, irritability, and rash for 3 days. The rash started around the mouth before spreading to the trunk and extremities. Her temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F). Examination shows a diffuse erythematous rash with flaccid bullae on the neck, flex... | Toxin-induced cleavage of desmoglein | {
"A": "Toxin-induced cleavage of desmoglein",
"B": "Bacterial production of erythrogenic toxin",
"C": "Autoantibody deposition in stratum spinosum",
"D": "Autoantibody binding of hemidesmosomes"
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy",
"month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"fever",
"irritability",
"rash",
"3 days",
"rash started",
"mouth",
"spreading",
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"extremities",
"temperature",
"Examination shows",
"diffuse erythematous",
"flaccid bullae",
"neck",
"flexural",
"buttocks",
"Gentle ... |
A 21-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Four days ago, he injured his right knee while playing soccer. Increased laxity of the right knee joint is noted when the knee is flexed to 30° and an abducting force is applied to the lower leg. The examination finding in this patient is most likely... | Medial collateral ligament | {
"A": "Posterior cruciate ligament",
"B": "Lateral collateral ligament",
"C": "Lateral meniscus",
"D": "Medial collateral ligament"
} | step1 | D | [
"21-year-old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"Four days",
"injured",
"right knee",
"playing soccer",
"Increased laxity",
"right knee joint",
"noted",
"knee",
"flexed",
"30",
"force",
"applied",
"lower leg",
"examination",
"patient",
"most likely caused",
"damage",
... |
A 63-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with increased urinary frequency. She has noticed that over the past 6 months, she has had to urinate more often than usual. Several times per day, she develops a rapid-onset need to urinate and has occasionally been unable to reach the restroom. These symptoms ha... | Oxybutynin | {
"A": "Oxybutynin",
"B": "Pessary placement",
"C": "Tamsulosin",
"D": "Topical estrogen"
} | step1 | A | [
"63 year old woman presents",
"primary care doctor",
"increased urinary frequency",
"past 6 months",
"to",
"more often",
"usual",
"times",
"day",
"rapid-onset need to",
"occasionally",
"unable to reach",
"restroom",
"symptoms",
"caused",
"lot",
"distress",
"impacted",
"work",
"... |
A 34-year-old man presents to the behavioral health clinic for an evaluation after seeing animal-shaped clouds in the form of dogs, cats, and monkeys. The patient says that these symptoms have been present for more than 2 weeks. Past medical history is significant for simple partial seizures for which he takes valproat... | Illusion | {
"A": "Cocaine intoxication",
"B": "Illusion",
"C": "Visual hallucination",
"D": "Alcohol withdrawal"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"behavioral health clinic",
"evaluation",
"seeing animal shaped clouds",
"form",
"dogs",
"cats",
"monkeys",
"patient",
"symptoms",
"present",
"2 weeks",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"simple partial seizures",
"takes valproate",
"not",
"medication ... |
A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 1 week history of persistent dry cough and worsening shortness of breath. He says that he has also been experiencing some abdominal pain and weakness. He has never experienced these symptoms before. His past medical history is significant for persistent ve... | Potassium channel blocker | {
"A": "Calcium channel blocker",
"B": "Potassium channel blocker",
"C": "Sodium channel blocker with prolonged refractory period",
"D": "Sodium channel blocker with shortened refractory period"
} | step1 | B | [
"72 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"1 week history",
"persistent dry cough",
"worsening shortness of breath",
"experiencing",
"abdominal pain",
"weakness",
"never experienced",
"symptoms",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"persistent ventricular tachycardia",
"star... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother with fever and difficulty breathing after receiving the BCG vaccine. He has never had a reaction to a vaccine before. He has a history of 2 salmonella infections over the past 2 years. He was born at 35 weeks’ gestation and spent one day in the neonatal in... | Interferon gamma | {
"A": "Interferon alpha",
"B": "Interferon gamma",
"C": "Interleukin 1",
"D": "Tumor necrosis factor alpha"
} | step1 | B | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"mother",
"fever",
"difficulty breathing",
"receiving",
"BCG vaccine",
"never",
"reaction",
"vaccine",
"history",
"salmonella infections",
"past",
"years",
"born",
"35 weeks gestation",
"spent one day",
"neonatal intensive care unit"... |
A 54-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She had a mastectomy 6 months ago and received chemotherapy with doxorubicin and paclitaxel. A CT scan of the chest shows new metastases in the lungs and liver. Adjuvant therapy is initiated with a drug that inhibits t... | Capecitabine | {
"A": "Hydroxyurea",
"B": "Azathioprine",
"C": "Mycophenolate mofetil",
"D": "Capecitabine"
} | step1 | D | [
"54 year old woman",
"metastatic",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"mastectomy",
"months",
"received chemotherapy",
"doxorubicin",
"paclitaxel",
"CT scan of",
"chest shows new metastases",
"lungs",
"liver",
"Adjuvant",
"initiated",
"drug",
"inhibits",
"formation",
"deoxythy... |
A 4-year-old boy with a history of cerebral palsy is brought to the neurology clinic by his mother with progressive tightness in the lower extremities. Although the patient has been intermittently undergoing physiotherapy for the past 2 years at a specialized center, the patient’s mother is concerned he cannot yet clim... | Blocks the release of acetylcholine | {
"A": "Stimulates adenylate cyclase",
"B": "Reduces neurotransmitter GABA",
"C": "Blocks the release of acetylcholine",
"D": "Interferes with the 60s ribosomal subunit"
} | step1 | C | [
"4 year old boy",
"history",
"cerebral palsy",
"brought",
"neurology clinic",
"mother",
"progressive tightness",
"lower extremities",
"patient",
"physiotherapy",
"past",
"years",
"specialized center",
"patients mother",
"concerned",
"climb",
"stairs",
"neurologist recommends",
"d... |
A 37-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 32 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 2 days after an increased blood pressure measurement. She now reports having a headache and visual disturbances for the past 12 hours. Her only medication is a prenatal vitamin. Her temperature is 36.7°C (9... | Abnormal remodeling of spiral arteries | {
"A": "Vasogenic cerebral edema",
"B": "Hyperperfusion of placental tissue",
"C": "Abnormal remodeling of spiral arteries",
"D": "Overactivation of the coagulation cascade"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 3",
"para 2",
"weeks",
"estation ",
"hysician ",
"ollow-up examination ays ",
"ncreased blood pressure easurement.",
"ow eports ",
"eadache ",
"isual disturbances ",
"ast 2 hours.",
"nly edication ",
"renatal vitamin.",
"emperature ",
"6.",
"8.",
"... |
Five days after being admitted to the hospital for a scald wound, a 2-year-old boy is found to have a temperature of 40.2°C (104.4°F). He does not have difficulty breathing, cough, or painful urination. He initially presented one hour after spilling a pot of boiling water on his torso while his mother was cooking dinne... | Vancomycin and cefepime | {
"A": "Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone",
"B": "Piperacillin/tazobactam and cefepime",
"C": "Vancomycin and metronidazole",
"D": "Vancomycin and cefepime"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"Five days",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"scald wound",
"2 year old boy",
"found to",
"temperature",
"40",
"4F",
"not",
"difficulty breathing",
"cough",
"painful urination",
"initially presented one hour",
"spilling",
"pot",
"boiling water",
"torso",
"mother",
"cooking dinner",
"... |
A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe burning with urination for the past 3 days. During this period, he has had clear urethral discharge early in the morning. He has no history of serious illness, except for a rash following treatment with erythromycin 20 years ago. The patient takes no medication... | Chlamydia trachomatis | {
"A": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae",
"B": "Adenovirus",
"C": "Trichomonas vaginalis",
"D": "Chlamydia trachomatis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of severe burning",
"urination",
"past",
"days",
"period",
"clear urethral",
"morning",
"history",
"serious illness",
"rash following treatment",
"erythromycin 20 years",
"patient takes",
"medications",
"sexually active",
"one male",
"one female partne... |
A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion. The patient’s wife states that her husband has become more somnolent over the past several days and now is very confused. The patient has no complaints himself, but is answering questions inappropriately. The patient has a past medical history of di... | Normal saline and potassium | {
"A": "Insulin",
"B": "Insulin and potassium",
"C": "Insulin, normal saline, and potassium",
"D": "Normal saline and potassium"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"62 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"confusion",
"patients wife states",
"husband",
"more somnolent",
"past",
"days",
"now",
"very confused",
"patient",
"complaints",
"answering questions",
"patient",
"past medical diabetes",
"hypertension",
"temperature",
"98",
"... |
A 24-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist complaining of mild pelvic discomfort and a frothy, yellowish discharge from her vagina for the past 2 weeks. She also complains of pain during sexual intercourse and sometimes after urination. Her past medical history is noncontributory. She takes oral contraceptives an... | Trichomoniasis | {
"A": "Vulvovaginal candidiasis",
"B": "Atrophic vaginitis",
"C": "Chlamydia",
"D": "Trichomoniasis"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"gynecologist",
"mild pelvic discomfort",
"frothy",
"discharge",
"vagina",
"past 2 weeks",
"pain",
"sexual intercourse",
"sometimes",
"urination",
"past medical history",
"takes oral contraceptives",
"multivitamin daily",
"two male sexual partners",
"lifetime... |
A 37-year-old African American man is brought to the emergency department by police. The patient refused to leave a petting zoo after closing. He states that he has unique ideas to revolutionize the petting zoo experience. The patient has a past medical history of multiple suicide attempts. His temperature is 99.5°F (3... | Lithium | {
"A": "Lithium",
"B": "Risperidone",
"C": "Haloperidol",
"D": "Diphenhydramine"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old African American man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"police",
"patient refused to leave",
"petting",
"closing",
"states",
"unique ideas to",
"petting",
"experience",
"patient",
"past medical multiple suicide attempts",
"temperature",
"99",
"blood pressure",
"85 mmHg",... |
A 55-year-old man presents for physical and preventive health screening, specifically for prostate cancer. He has not been to the doctor in a long time. Past medical history is significant for hypertension that is well-managed. Current medication is hydrochlorothiazide. He has one uncle who died of prostate cancer. He ... | Serum PSA level | {
"A": "No screening indicated at this time",
"B": "Serum PSA level",
"C": "Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)",
"D": "Contrast CT of the abdomen and pelvis"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old man presents",
"physical",
"preventive",
"prostate cancer",
"not",
"doctor",
"long time",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"well managed",
"Current medication",
"hydrochlorothiazide",
"one uncle",
"died of prostate cancer",
"drinks one",
"two alcoho... |
A 3-year-old male is evaluated for frequent nose bleeds. Physical examination shows diffuse petechiae on the patient’s distal extremities. Peripheral blood smear shows an absence of platelet clumping. An ELISA binding assay reveals that platelet surfaces are deficient in GpIIb/IIIa receptors. Which of the following ant... | Abciximab | {
"A": "Abciximab",
"B": "Aspirin",
"C": "Warfarin",
"D": "Cilostazol"
} | step1 | A | [
"3 year old male",
"evaluated",
"frequent nose bleeds",
"Physical examination shows diffuse petechiae",
"patients distal extremities",
"Peripheral blood smear shows",
"absence",
"platelet clumping",
"ELISA binding assay reveals",
"platelet surfaces",
"deficient",
"GpIIb/IIIa receptors",
"fol... |
A 23-year-old man complains of lower back pain that began approximately 6 months ago. He is unsure why he is experiencing this pain and notices that this pain is worse in the morning after waking up and improves with physical activity. Ibuprofen provides significant relief. He denies bowel and bladder incontinence or e... | Radiograph sacroiliac joint | {
"A": "ESR",
"B": "MRI sacroiliac joint",
"C": "Radiograph sacroiliac joint",
"D": "Slit-lamp examination"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"23 year old man",
"lower back pain",
"began approximately",
"months",
"unsure",
"experiencing",
"pain",
"pain",
"worse",
"morning",
"waking",
"improves",
"physical activity",
"Ibuprofen provides significant relief",
"denies bowel",
"bladder incontinence",
"erectile dysfunction",
"... |
A genetic population study is being conducted to find the penetrance of a certain disease. This disease is associated with impaired iron metabolism and primarily affects the liver. Patients often present with diabetes and bronze skin pigmentation. After a genetic screening of 120 inhabitants with a family history of th... | 25% | {
"A": "3%",
"B": "25%",
"C": "40%",
"D": "0.4%"
} | step1 | B | [
"genetic population study",
"conducted to find",
"penetrance",
"certain disease",
"disease",
"associated with impaired iron metabolism",
"affects",
"liver",
"Patients often present",
"diabetes",
"bronze skin pigmentation",
"genetic screening",
"family history of",
"disease",
"40",
"fou... |
A previously healthy 9-year-old, Caucasian girl presents to your office with severe abdominal pain. Her mother also mentions that she has been urinating significantly less lately. History from the mother reveals that the girl suffers from acne vulgaris, mild scoliosis, and had a bout of diarrhea 3 days ago after a fami... | Shiga-like toxin production from EHEC | {
"A": "Hypothalamic dysfucntion",
"B": "Surreptitious laxative use",
"C": "Shiga toxin production from Shigella",
"D": "Shiga-like toxin production from EHEC"
} | step1 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old",
"Caucasian girl presents",
"office",
"severe abdominal",
"mother",
"History",
"mother reveals",
"girl suffers",
"acne vulgaris",
"mild scoliosis",
"bout",
"diarrhea 3 days",
"family",
"Lab work",
"notable",
"platelet count",
"97",
"normal PT",
"PTT",
"y... |
A 55-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with right upper quadrant pain that has progressed over the last three months with unexplained weakness and joint pains that have been "out of the ordinary" over the last year. On history, you note the patient lives a sedentary lifestyle, rarely leaves the house... | Hepatocellular carcinoma | {
"A": "Colonic adenocarcinoma",
"B": "Pulmonary fibrosis",
"C": "Prostatic adenocarcinoma",
"D": "Hepatocellular carcinoma"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"55 year old male presents",
"primary care physician",
"right upper quadrant pain",
"progressed",
"three months",
"unexplained weakness",
"joint pains",
"last year",
"history",
"note",
"patient lives",
"sedentary lifestyle",
"rarely leaves",
"house",
"controlled diabetes diagnosed",
"y... |
A 6-month-old girl has a weak cry, poor suck, ptosis, and constipation. Her condition began 2 days ago with a single episode of abundant watery stool and elevated temperature. The child was born at term to a healthy 26-year-old mother with an uneventful antenatal course and puerperium. The infant was exclusively breast... | Vegetative form of Clostridium botulinum spores in the patient's colon | {
"A": "Hypocalcemia due to a decrease in breast milk consumption",
"B": "Hyperkalemia due to increased dietary intake",
"C": "Vegetative form of Clostridium botulinum spores in the patient's colon",
"D": "Development of antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor"
} | step1 | C | [
"month old girl",
"weak cry",
"poor suck",
"ptosis",
"constipation",
"condition began 2 days",
"single episode of abundant watery stool",
"elevated temperature",
"child",
"born",
"term",
"healthy",
"year old mother",
"antenatal course",
"puerperium",
"infant",
"breastfed",
"months"... |
A 16-year-old male comes to his doctor worried that he has not yet gone through puberty. He feels that his genitals are less developed than they should be for his age. On physical exam, you note an absence of facial hair and that his voice has not yet deepened. Your exam confirms that he is Tanner Stage 1. On a thoroug... | Failure of normal neuronal migration during development | {
"A": "Chromosomal duplication",
"B": "Expansile suprasellar tumor",
"C": "Failure of normal neuronal migration during development",
"D": "Defect in steroid production"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old male",
"doctor worried",
"not",
"puberty",
"feels",
"genitals",
"less",
"age",
"physical exam",
"note",
"absence",
"facial hair",
"voice",
"not",
"exam confirms",
"Tanner",
"review of systems",
"learn",
"patient",
"lacked",
"sense of smell",
"birth",
"following"... |
A 43-year-old woman presents to a physician with weakness and fatigue for a week. She mentions that she has been taking oral fluconazole for the last 4 weeks for the treatment of tinea capitis. She also says that she loves coffee and usually consumes 4–6 cups of coffee every day. On physical examination, her vital sign... | Depression of ST segment | {
"A": "Widening of QRS complexes",
"B": "Tall peaked T waves",
"C": "Disappearing P waves",
"D": "Depression of ST segment"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"weakness",
"fatigue",
"week",
"taking oral fluconazole",
"weeks",
"treatment",
"tinea capitis",
"loves coffee",
"usually",
"cups",
"coffee",
"day",
"physical examination",
"vital signs",
"stable",
"examination",
"systems",
"including ner... |
A 4-month-old girl is brought to the physician because she has been regurgitating and vomiting 10–15 minutes after feeding for the past 3 weeks. She is breastfed and formula-fed. She was born at 38 weeks' gestation and weighed 2966 g (6 lb 9 oz). She currently weighs 5878 g (12 lb 15 oz). She appears healthy. Vital sig... | Positioning therapy | {
"A": "Esophageal pH monitoring",
"B": "Ultrasound of the abdomen",
"C": "Pantoprazole therapy",
"D": "Positioning therapy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"4 month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"regurgitating",
"vomiting",
"minutes",
"feeding",
"past",
"weeks",
"breastfed",
"formula fed",
"born",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"g",
"oz",
"currently",
"g",
"oz",
"appears healthy",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination sho... |
A 44-year-old man presents to his primary care physician due to a tremor. His tremor has been progressively worsening over the course of several weeks and he feels embarrassed and anxious about going to social events. He says these movements are involuntary and denies having an urge to have these movements. Medical his... | Deutetrabenazine | {
"A": "Carbidopa-levodopa",
"B": "Deutetrabenazine",
"C": "Switch to sertraline",
"D": "Valproic acid"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"tremor",
"tremor",
"worsening",
"course",
"weeks",
"feels embarrassed",
"anxious",
"social events",
"movements",
"involuntary",
"denies",
"to",
"movements",
"Medical history",
"significant",
"depression",
"treated with escitalop... |
A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department by ambulance following a motor vehicle accident. He was a restrained passenger. At the hospital, he is bleeding heavily from a large wound in his left leg. A review of medical records reveals a history of atrial fibrillation for which he takes warfarin. His interna... | Give fresh frozen plasma (FFP) | {
"A": "Give cryoprecipitate",
"B": "Give fresh frozen plasma (FFP)",
"C": "Give intravenous vitamin K",
"D": "Give platelets"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"65 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"ambulance following",
"motor vehicle accident",
"restrained passenger",
"hospital",
"bleeding",
"large wound",
"left leg",
"review",
"medical records reveals",
"history of atrial fibrillation",
"takes warfarin",
"international normalized... |
A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening fatigue and shortness of breath. Her symptoms began 8 months ago and have progressively worsened since then. She had recurrent episodes of joint pain and fever during childhood. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She emigrated from the Congo with her par... | Esophageal compression | {
"A": "Esophageal compression",
"B": "Bleeding from intestinal angiodysplasia",
"C": "Left ventricular hypertrophy",
"D": "Ventricular tachycardia"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"worsening fatigue",
"shortness of breath",
"symptoms began",
"months",
"worsened since then",
"recurrent episodes of joint pain",
"fever",
"childhood",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"Congo",
"parents",
"years old",
"temperature",
"4C",
"99",
"pulse... |
A 2-day-old boy is evaluated in the newborn nursery after the nurse witnessed the child convulsing. The child was born at 39 weeks gestation to a healthy 32-year-old G1P0 woman. Initial examination after birth was notable for a cleft palate. The child’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse... | Activates 1-alpha-hydroxylase | {
"A": "Activates 1-alpha-hydroxylase",
"B": "Activates 25-alpha-hydroxylase",
"C": "Inhibits 1-alpha-hydroxylase",
"D": "Inhibits 25-alpha-hydroxylase"
} | step1 | A | [
"2-day old boy",
"evaluated",
"newborn nursery",
"nurse witnessed",
"child convulsing",
"child",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"healthy",
"year old",
"woman",
"Initial examination after birth",
"notable",
"cleft palate",
"childs temperature",
"blood pressure",
"100 60 mmHg",
"pulse",
... |
A 65-year-old female with chronic renal failure presents with recent onset of bone pain. Serum analysis reveals decreased levels of calcium and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. One of the mechanisms driving the elevated PTH is most similar to that seen in: | End stage liver failure | {
"A": "End stage liver failure",
"B": "Insufficient Ca intake",
"C": "Parathyroid adenoma",
"D": "Sarcoidosis"
} | step1 | A | [
"65-year-old female",
"chronic renal failure presents",
"recent onset",
"bone",
"Serum analysis reveals decreased levels",
"calcium",
"elevated levels",
"parathyroid hormone",
"One",
"mechanisms driving",
"elevated",
"most similar",
"seen"
] |
A 41-year-old woman with subclinical hypothyroidism comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of progressively worsening headaches and irregular menses. Her menses had previously occurred at regular 30-day intervals with moderate flow, but her last menstrual period was 12 weeks ago. She also reports that her ... | Bromocriptine | {
"A": "Bromocriptine",
"B": "Estrogen",
"C": "Metoclopromide",
"D": "L-thyroxine"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"subclinical hypothyroidism",
"physician",
"of",
"month history",
"worsening headaches",
"irregular menses",
"menses",
"occurred",
"regular 30 day intervals",
"moderate flow",
"last menstrual period",
"weeks",
"reports",
"interest",
"sexual",
"recently decreased",
... |
A 17-year-old boy presents to the office with allergic rhinitis. He reports symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, itching, and postnasal drainage every September at the start of the school year. He has a family history of childhood asthma and eczema. He has not tried any medications for his allergies. Which of the fo... | Intranasal corticosteroids | {
"A": "Intranasal antihistamines",
"B": "Intranasal cromolyn sodium",
"C": "Intranasal decongestants",
"D": "Intranasal corticosteroids"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy presents",
"office",
"allergic rhinitis",
"reports symptoms",
"sneezing",
"nasal congestion",
"itching",
"postnasal drainage",
"September",
"start",
"school year",
"family history of childhood asthma",
"eczema",
"not",
"medications",
"allergies",
"following medications"... |
A 30-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of fever, watery diarrhea, and abdominal cramping for the past 24 hours. She recently went to an international food fair. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F). Physical examination shows increased bowel sounds. Stool cultures grow gram-positive, spore-forming, ... | Subcutaneous crepitus | {
"A": "Diffuse, flaccid bullae",
"B": "Subcutaneous crepitus",
"C": "Rose spots",
"D": "Petechial rash"
} | step1 | B | [
"30 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"watery diarrhea",
"abdominal cramping",
"past 24 hours",
"recently",
"international food fair",
"temperature",
"Physical examination shows increased bowel sounds",
"Stool cultures",
"gram-positive",
"spore-forming",
"anaerobic rods",
... |
A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician for preconceptional advice. She has been married for 2 years and would like to conceive within the next year. Menses occur at regular 30-day intervals and last 4 days with normal flow. She does not smoke or drink alcohol and follows a balanced diet. She takes no medications. S... | Begin folate supplementation | {
"A": "Begin folate supplementation",
"B": "Begin vitamin B12 supplementation",
"C": "Begin iron supplementation",
"D": "Gain 2 kg prior to conception"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"advice",
"married",
"years",
"to",
"next year",
"Menses occur",
"regular 30 day intervals",
"last 4 days",
"normal flow",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"follows",
"balanced diet",
"takes",
"medications",
"5 ft",
"tall",
"55 kg",
"BMI",
"kg/m2... |
A 34-year-old woman with a history of depression is brought to the emergency department by her husband 45 minutes after ingesting an unknown amount of a termite poison in a suicide attempt. She has abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Her husband reports that she has had two episodes of watery diarrhea on the way to t... | Dimercaprol | {
"A": "N-acetylcysteine",
"B": "Fomepizole",
"C": "Deferoxamine",
"D": "Dimercaprol"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"history of depression",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"husband 45 minutes",
"ingesting",
"unknown amount",
"termite poison",
"suicide attempt",
"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"husband reports",
"two episodes of watery diarrhea",
"emergency department",
... |
A 30-year-old patient comes to the emergency room with a chief complaint of left chest pain and a productive cough with purulent sputum for 1 week. He also complains of shortness of breath. He said he had been previously diagnosed with influenza but did not follow the doctor’s instructions. His vitals include: heart ra... | Pneumonia | {
"A": "Sarcoidosis",
"B": "Pneumonia",
"C": "Lung cancer",
"D": "Tuberculosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"30 year old patient",
"emergency room",
"chief complaint of left chest pain",
"productive cough",
"purulent sputum",
"1 week",
"of shortness",
"breath",
"diagnosed",
"influenza",
"not follow",
"doctors instructions",
"include",
"heart rate 70 min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temper... |
While playing in the woods with friends, a 14-year-old African-American male is bitten by an insect. Minutes later he notices swelling and redness at the site of the insect bite. Which substance has directly led to the wheal formation? | Histamine | {
"A": "IFN-gamma",
"B": "Histamine",
"C": "IL-22",
"D": "IL-4"
} | step1 | B | [
"playing",
"woods",
"friends",
"year old African-American male",
"bitten",
"insect",
"Minutes later",
"swelling",
"redness",
"site of",
"insect bite",
"substance",
"directly led",
"wheal formation"
] |
A 76-year-old male with a history of chronic uncontrolled hypertension presents to the emergency room following an episode of syncope. He reports that he felt lightheaded and experienced chest pain while walking his dog earlier in the morning. He notes that he has experienced multiple similar episodes over the past yea... | Crescendo-decrescendo murmur radiating to the carotids that is loudest at the right upper sternal border | {
"A": "Diastolic rumble following an opening snap with an accentuated S1",
"B": "Early diastolic high-pitched blowing decrescendo murmur that is loudest at the left sternal border",
"C": "Crescendo-decrescendo murmur radiating to the carotids that is loudest at the right upper sternal border",
"D": "Midsystoli... | step1 | C | [
"76 year old male",
"history of chronic uncontrolled hypertension presents",
"emergency room following",
"episode of syncope",
"reports",
"felt lightheaded",
"chest pain",
"walking",
"dog earlier",
"morning",
"notes",
"multiple similar episodes",
"past year",
"trans-esophageal echocardiogr... |
A 43-year-old Caucasian male spent the past month on a business trip in the Caribbean. Two weeks following his return, he began experiencing diarrhea, pain in his abdomen, and a headache. He presents to the hospital and is noted to be febrile with prominent rose-colored spots on his chest and abdomen. Following recover... | Gallbladder | {
"A": "Gallbladder",
"B": "CD4 T-helper cells",
"C": "Lungs",
"D": "Sensory ganglia"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old Caucasian male spent",
"past month",
"business trip",
"Caribbean",
"Two weeks following",
"return",
"began experiencing diarrhea",
"pain",
"abdomen",
"headache",
"presents",
"hospital",
"noted to",
"febrile",
"prominent rose colored spots",
"chest",
"abdomen",
"Following ... |
A clinical study is studying new genetic gene-based therapies for children and adults with sickle cell disease. The patients were informed that they were divided into two age groups since younger patients suffer from different complications of the disease. The pediatric group is more likely to suffer from which of the ... | I, IV | {
"A": "I, IV, V",
"B": "I, II, IV",
"C": "III, IV",
"D": "I, IV"
} | step1 | D | [
"clinical study",
"studying new genetic",
"based therapies",
"children",
"adults",
"sickle cell disease",
"patients",
"informed",
"divided",
"two age groups",
"younger patients suffer",
"different complications of",
"disease",
"pediatric group",
"more likely to suffer",
"complications"... |
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