question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
|---|---|---|---|
What is the association between adiponectin and migraine? | ['Increase in body fat, especially in gluteofemoral region, elevates adiponectin and leptin secretion which in turn impair inflammatory processes that could be contributing to migraine risk.', 'CONCLUSION: In this pilot study of women episodic migraineurs, the HMW\u2009:\u2009LMW ADP ratio level was associated with mig... | ['There is evidence to suggest that adiponectin plays a role in migraine. Increase in body fat elevates adiponectin and leptin secretion which in turn impair inflammatory processes that could be contributing to migraine risk. In episodic migraine patients, adiponectin was associated with migraine severity and predictiv... | [] |
Are OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 associated with bilirubin transport? | ['OATP1B1 and OATP1B3-mediated transport of bilirubin was confirmed and inhibition was determined for atazanavir, rifampicin, indinavir, amprenavir, cyclosporine, rifamycin SV and saquinavir. ', 'Examples of adaptive nontoxic changes in liver function, which may elevate direct (conjugated) and/or indirect (unconjugated... | ['Yes, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are involved in the transport of bilirubin.'] | ['yes'] |
Is pseudouridine a RNA modification? | ['Pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of>150 nucleoside modifications in RNA. ', 'The number and position of the pseudouridines of Haloarcula marismortui and Deinococcus radiodurans large subunit RNA have been determined by a combination of total nucleoside analysis by HPLC-mass spectrometry and pseudouridine sequen... | ['Yes, pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of>150 nucleoside modifications in RNA.'] | ['yes'] |
Are there any specific antidotes for dabigatran? | ['Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs)--apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban--have a significantly smaller risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, two facts make this situation complicated: First, the risk of hematoma expansion is unknown for NOACs. Second, there is no specific antidote for neither of the NOACs.... | ['No specific antidote currently exists for dabigatran'] | ['no'] |
What is the mechanism of action of solanezumab? | ['Anti-amyloid treatment in asymptomatic AD (A4) is a prevention trial aimed at treating older individuals with normal cognition but at risk of developing AD dementia on the basis of having biomarker evidence of amyloid (preclinical AD). They selected solanezumab for the anti-amyloid treatment for A4.', 'Passive immuno... | ["Solanezumab is a monoclonal anti-amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) antibody. It has been tested for treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients.", 'Solanezumab, a humanized anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody directed against the midregion of the Aβ peptide, was shown to neutralize soluble Aβ species.'] | [] |
What is the function of the protein encoded by the gene PABPC4? | ['In testis mRNA stability and translation initiation are extensively under the control of poly(A)-binding proteins (PABP).', 'Taken together, our findings indicate that PABPC4 may play a role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.', 'Consistent with these biochemical activities, plus corresponding histological prof... | ['The main function of PABPC4 is in mRNA stability and translation initiation. PABPC4 may also play a role in chronic inflammation and in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.'] | ['PABC4 is important for mRNA stability and translation initiation, in chronic inflammation and in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.'] |
What is the function of yeast Clr4 on chromatin? | ['Mutations in the clr4+, rik1+ and swi6+ genes dramatically reduce silencing at certain centromeric regions and cause elevated chromosome loss rates', 'The Swi6 protein was found to be delocalised from all three silent chromosomal regions, and dispersed within the nucleus, in both clr4 and rik1 mutant cells. ', 'Mutat... | ['Clr4 is known to regulate silencing and switching at the mating-type loci and to affect chromatin structure at centromeres. The Clr4 methyltransferase determines the subnuclear localization of the mating-type region in fission yeast. Heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast depends on the Clr4 histone methyltransfer... | [] |
How does regular physical activity impact life expectancy? | ['["In conclusion, while regular physical activity increases life expectancy, it remains unclear if high-intensity sports activities further increase life expectancy.", "Competitive exercise does not induce cardiac damage in individuals with healthy hearts, but does induce physiological functional and structural cardia... | Regular physical activity increases life expectancy, but it is unclear if high-intensity sports activities further increase life expectancy. | [] |
Is the regulation of Vsr endonuclease independent of the growth phase of bacteria? | ['Growth phase-dependent regulation of Vsr endonuclease', 'Vsr endonuclease levels are growth phase dependent.', 'Growth phase-dependent regulation of Vsr endonuclease may contribute to 5-methylcytosine mutational hot spots in Escherichia coli.', 'Using rabbit polyclonal antibodies, we have shown that the Dcm cytosine ... | ['The regulation of Vsr endonuclease levels is growth phase dependent.'] | ['no'] |
What is DENdb? | ['DENdb: database of integrated human enhancers', 'We developed DENdb, a centralized on-line repository of predicted enhancers derived from multiple human cell-lines. DENdb integrates enhancers predicted by five different methods generating an enriched catalogue of putative enhancers for each of the analysed cell-lines... | ['DENdb is a centralized on-line repository of predicted enhancers derived from multiple human cell-lines. DENdb integrates enhancers predicted by five different methods generating an enriched catalogue of putative enhancers for each of the analysed cell-lines. DENdb provides information about the overlap of enhancers ... | [] |
What is the genetic basis of propionic acidemia? | ['utations in the PCCA or PCCB genes coding for alpha and beta subunits of propionyl CoA carboxylase can cause propionic acidemia', 'propionic acidemia (PA) can result from mutations in either of the genes PCCA or PCCB, which encode the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of the mitochondrial enzyme propionyl CoA-ca... | ['Mutations in the PCCA or PCCB genes, encoding both subunits of propionyl-CoA carboxylase.'] | [] |
During which stage of the cell cycle is cohesin deposited on the yeast genome? | ['In the budding yeast, cohesin is loaded onto the chromosome during the late G1 phase, establishes sister chromatid cohesion concomitant with DNA replication, and dissociates by the telophase. ', 'Sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by cohesin, but the process of cohesion establishment during S-phase is still enigma... | ['In the budding yeast, cohesin is loaded onto the chromosome during the late G1 phase, establishes sister chromatid cohesion concomitant with DNA replication, and dissociates by the telophase.', 'In the budding yeast, cohesin is loaded onto the chromosome during the late G1 phase, establishes sister chromatid cohesion... | ['S-phase'] |
Which classes of endogenous retroelements are known to date? | ['Transposons are divided into two general classes based on their transposition intermediate (DNA or RNA). Only one subclass, the non-LTR retrotransposons, which includes the Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1), is currently active in humans as indicated by 96 disease-causing insertions', 'Diversity of LTR-retro... | ['Endogenous retroelements fall into two distinct classes: retrotransposons containing LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats), and retrostransposons lacking LTRs.'] | ['retrotransposons containing LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats)', 'retrostransposons lacking LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats)'] |
What is the scope of the OMIA database? | ['Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA),', 'Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)', 'nline Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) ', 'Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)', 'Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA)', 'Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a comprehensive, ... | ['Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) is a comprehensive, annotated catalogue of inherited disorders and other familial traits in animals. OMIA is a comprehensive resource of phenotypic information on heritable animal traits and genes in a strongly comparative context, relating traits to genes where possible... | [] |
Is the microRNA 132 (miR-132) involved in brain pathologies? | ['miR-132 dysregulation and subsequent abnormal expression of miR-132 target genes contribute to the neurodevelopmental and neuromorphological pathologies present in schizophrenia.', "micro-RNAs encoding miR-9, miR-124a, miR-125b, miR-128, miR-132 and miR-219 are abundantly represented in fetal hippocampus, are differe... | ['Yes. MicroRNA 132 (miR-132), is involved in brain pathologies.'] | ['yes'] |
Is alemtuzumab effective for remission induction in patients diagnosed with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia? | ['Sequential chemoimmunotherapy of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and cyclophosphamide induction followed by alemtuzumab consolidation is effective in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia', 'A central need in this historically refractory tumor is the controlled evaluation of multiagent chemotherapy and its combination with the c... | ['Yes, alemtuzumab (anti-CD52, Campath-1H) is effective for remission induction in patients diagnosed with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Alemtuzumab can be administered in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents or as mono-therapy. Response rate to alemtuzumab is more than 90%. Alemtuzumab therapy is associate... | ['yes'] |
What are presynapses and how do they differ from postsynapses in terms of their localization and function? | ['["Neurexins and neuroligins are two distinct families of single-pass transmembrane proteins localized at pre- and postsynapses, respectively. ", "presynaptic neurexins", "best-characterized transsynaptic interactions are formed by presynaptic neurexins, which bind to diverse postsynaptic ligands.", "presynaptic neure... | Presynapses and postsynapses are two distinct regions in a synaptic connection. Presynapses refer to the area before the synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters are released, while postsynapses are the area after the synaptic cleft where neurotransmitter receptors are located. In terms of localization, presynapses are t... | [] |
What is the inheritance pattern of Li–Fraumeni syndrome? | ['It therefore appears that the LFS phenotype has been conferred by an aberrant gene, showing a dominant pattern of inheritance, which may be acting to compromise normal p53 function rather than by a mutation in p53 itself.', 'In addition, there seem to be predispositions to a wider range of different, but well-defined... | ['Li-Fraumeni syndrome shows autosomal dominant inheritance.'] | ['Autosomal dominant'] |
What is the correlation between SPARC expression and growth inhibition in human cancer? | ['Using a chemical carcinogenesis model in Sparc-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates, we found that loss of SPARC accelerated the development of urothelial preneoplasia (atypia and dysplasia), neoplasia, and metastasis and was associated with decreased survival.', 'Our studies showed that inhibition of HDAC ... | ['Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a multi-faceted protein-modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. SPARC seems to act as a tumour suppressor, as it has been found that loss of SPARC accelerates the development of certain types of cancer, whereas its expression impairs tumor growth. How... | [] |
Has the protein SETMAR (Metnase) a transposase domain? | ['Metnase (SETMAR) is a SET-transposase fusion protein that promotes nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair in humans.', 'The transposase domain protein Metnase/SETMAR suppresses chromosomal translocations.', ' Metnase (also termed SETMAR) is a fusion of a histone methylase and transposase protein that arose specifica... | ['Yes, the protein SETMAR (Metnase) has a transposase domain.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the mechanism of action of abiraterone? | ['The recognition of sustained androgen dependence of CRPC has led to the identification of more potent and selective inhibitors of androgen synthesis and androgen-receptor signaling, such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, respectively.', 'This review summarizes the rationale, mechanism of action and relevant clinical d... | ['Abiraterone acts by inhibiting cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1), a critical step in androgen biosynthesis, thus leading to inhibition of androgen biosynthesis.'] | [] |
Is there evidence to suggest that triiodothyronine has neuroprotective properties in traumatic brain injury? | ['Exogenous T3 administration provides neuroprotection in a murine model of traumatic brain injury.', 'Treatment with T3 (1.2μg/100g body weight, i.p.) 1h after TBI resulted in a significant improvement in motor and cognitive recovery after CCI, as well as in marked reduction of lesion volumes. ', 'Western blot analysi... | ['Yes, it has been demonstrated that triiodothyronine exerts neuroprotective properties in traumatic brain injury setting.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the Arnold-Chiari syndrome? | ['Arnold Chiari syndrome is a condition characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum.', 'The Arnold-Chiari malformation is very rare hindbrain abnormalities characterized by herniation of the hindbrain through the foramen magnum.', 'The origin of Arnold-Chiari syndrome is connected w... | ['Arnold Chiari syndrome is a condition characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum, manifesting usually with downbeat nystagmus, palsy of the caudal cerebral nerves, headache, and vertigo.'] | [] |
List features of the DEND syndrome. | ['Some mutations in this gene, including p.Q52R, are associated with the developmental delay, epilepsy, neonatal diabetes (DEND) syndrome.', 'Developmental delay was noted on follow-up which raised the possibility of intermediate DEND syndrome.', 'We have verified a lack of clinical response for both glycemic control a... | ['Clinical features of the DEND syndrome include developmental delay, epilepsy and neonatal diabetes.'] | ['developmental delay', 'epilepsy', 'neonatal diabetes'] |
List sclerostin interaction partners. | [' Several previously unidentified full-length sclerostin-interacting proteins such as alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase, gremlin-1, fetuin A, midkine, annexin A1 and A2, and collagen α1, which have established roles in bone formation or resorption processes, were bound to the sclerostin-MBP amylose resin but no... | ['alkaline phosphatase\ncarbonic anhydrase\ngremlin-1\nfetuin A\nmidkine\nannexin A1 \nannexin A2\ncollagen α1\ncasein kinase II \nsecreted frizzled related protein 4\nPhex\nasporin\nfollistatin\nerbB-3\nLRP5 \nnoggin'] | ['alkaline phosphatase', 'carbonic anhydrase', 'gremlin-1', 'fetuin A', 'midkine', 'annexin A1', 'annexin A2', 'collagen α1', 'casein kinase II', 'secreted frizzled related protein 4', 'Phex', 'asporin', 'follistatin', 'erbB-3', 'LRP5', 'noggin'] |
Is farnesoid X receptor (FXR) a nuclear receptor? | ['Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily, and functions as a transcription factor regulating the transcription of numerous genes involved in bile acid homeostasis, lipoprotein and glucose metabolism', ' Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is an ascending target for metabolic and ... | ['Yes, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor.'] | ['yes'] |
Which gene is mutated in a subtype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy known as Naxos disease? | ['Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inheritable myocardial disorder associated with fibrofatty replacement of myocardium and ventricular arrhythmia. A subset of ARVC is categorized as Naxos disease, which is characterized by ARVC and a cutaneous disorder. A homozygous loss-of-function mutatio... | ['Identification of a deletion in plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair (Naxos disease).Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited disorder associated with arrhythmias and sudden death. A recessive mutation in the gene en... | ['The Plakoglobin gene', 'plakoglobin[jup]'] |
How many periods of regulatory innovation led to the evolution of vertebrates? | ['Three periods of regulatory innovation during vertebrate evolution.', 'To investigate the gain of regulatory elements throughout vertebrate evolution, we identified genome-wide sets of putative regulatory regions for five vertebrates, including humans. These putative regulatory regions are conserved nonexonic element... | ['Investigators proposed that there have been three extended periods in the evolution of gene regulatory elements. Early vertebrate evolution was characterized by regulatory gains near transcription factors and developmental genes, but this trend was replaced by innovations near extracellular signaling genes, and then ... | ['Three'] |
Are there any Decision support systems for chronic pain management ? | ['a project to operationalize the 2003 VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline for Opioid Therapy for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain into a computerized decision support system (DSS)', 'We based the DSS on the existing ATHENA-DSS', 'Use of this iterative process led to development of a multifunctional DSS', 'interactive decision d... | ['Yes, there is a variety of decision support systems for chronic pain management.', "Clinical decision support systems are promising tools for improving behavioral medicine care for chronic pain.The use of a computer-based decision support system facilitates primary care physicians' management of chronic pain."] | ['yes'] |
From which tissue was the NCI-H520 cell-line derived? | ['The nanostructures target the cells with high affinity and specificity via the specific interaction between the aptamer (a 45-base oligonucleotide) and the cell, and distinguish A549 cells from other types of cancer cells (HeLa and MCF-7 cells) and subtypes of lung cancer cells (NCI-H157, NCI-H520, NCI-H1299, and NCI... | ['Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line NCI-H520. \nSquamous cell carcinoma cell line NCI-H520.', 'The NCI-H520 cell-line is derived from human non-small cell lung cancer tissue.'] | ['Squamous cell carcinoma', 'Non-small cell lung cancer', 'Lung'] |
Entresto is composed of which two drugs? | ['The PARADIGM-HF study, a large outcome trial in heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), has recently shown improved cardiovascular outcomes with sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto®, Novartis), still commonly referred to as LCZ696, compared to ACE-inhibitor therapy, possibly leading us to a new era for heart ... | ['Entresto is composed of sacubitril and valsartan. It is newly FDA-approved medication that dually inhibits angiotensin and neprilysin, in the treatment of heart failure.'] | ['sacubitril', 'valsartan'] |
What are the characteristics of Christianson syndrome? | ['Recently, Christianson syndrome (CS) has been determined to be caused by mutations in the X-linked Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 6 (NHE6). ', 'We also report prominent neurological, medical, and behavioral symptoms. All CS participants were nonverbal and had intellectual disability, epilepsy, and ataxia. Many had prior diagn... | ['Christianson syndrome (CS) is caused by mutations in the X-linked Na(+) /H(+) exchanger 6 (NHE6). Patients present with prominent neurological, medical, and behavioral symptoms. All CS participants were nonverbal and had intellectual disability, epilepsy, and ataxia. Other neurologic symptoms included eye movement ab... | [] |
List Parkin binding partners | ['In addition to two known binding partners (HSP90, CDC37), 12 proteins were identified using the TAP assay; four of which are mitochondrially localized (GRP75, HSP60, LRPPRC, and TUFM).', 'We find that parkin binds PICK1 via a PDZ-mediated interaction, which predominantly promotes PICK1 monoubiquitination rather than ... | ['HSP90\nCDC37\nGRP75\nHSP60\nLRPPRC\nTUFM\nPICK1\nPSMA7\nPael receptor'] | ['HSP90', 'CDC37', 'GRP75', 'HSP60', 'LRPPRC', 'TUFM', 'PICK1', 'PSMA7', 'XAPC7', 'Pael receptor'] |
Is there an association between TERT promoter mutation and survival of glioma patients? | ['Mutations lead to TERT upregulation and are associated with aggressive clinical behavior in glioblastomas.', "Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis showed that TERT promoter mutation (P=0.037), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation (P<0.001), and 1p/19q codeletion (P<0.001) were associated with favorable overall surviva... | ['Yes, TERT mutation is associated with survival of glioma patients and was suggested as a bio-marker of gliomas.'] | ['yes'] |
Which brain structures have been investigated as potential targets for deep brain stimulation of patients suffering from major depression? | ['Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is under scientific evaluation as a new treatment option for these treatment-resistant patients. First clinical studies with small samples have been stimulated at the subgenual cingulate gyrus (Cg25/24), the anterior limb of the capsula interna (ALIC), and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). ',... | ['Subgenual cingulate gyrus, the anterior limb of the capsula interna, nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, habenula, and caudate nucleus have been investigated as potential targeted for the deep brain stimulation of patients suffering from major depression.'] | ['subgenual cingulate gyrus', 'anterior limb of the capsula interna', 'nucleus accumbens', 'medial forebrain bundle', 'habenula', 'ventral caudate nucleus'] |
What is the effect of methotrexate in treating uveitis due to juvenile idiopathic arthritis ? | ['To characterize disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) use for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in the United States and to determine patient factors associated with medication use.', 'Among children without systemic arthritis, methotrexate use was most strongly associated with uveitis (OR 5.2,... | ["The first-line standard therapy for uveitis is topical and systemic corticosteroids, often reinforced by methotrexate as a second-line disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). MTX has a topical steroid sparing effect as well. Early treatment with MTX is advocated to prevent complications such as cataract. There... | [] |
Is hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents a hallmark of Fanconi anemia? | ['The Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex plays a central role in the DNA damage response network', 'FAAP100-deficient cells display hallmark features of FA cells, including defective FANCD2 monoubiquitination, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and genomic instability.', 'Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic d... | ['Yes, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents is one of the hallmarks of Fanconi anemia, the others being defective FANCD2 monoubiquitination, and genomic instability.'] | ['yes'] |
Which multiple kinase inhibitors are used in cancer therapy? | ['These inhibitors generally hinder the phosphorylation of several protein kinases of membrane receptors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptors, the human epidermal growth factor receptor family, and cytoplasmic receptors such as c-Kit, Raf kinase, and FLT3.', 'T... | ['Multiple kinase inhibitors used in cancer therapy include ZD6474, SU11248, AEE 788, sorafenib, vatalanib, and AG-013736.'] | ['ZD6474', 'SU11248', 'AEE 788', 'sorafenib', 'vatalanib', 'AG-013736'] |
What is known about MER41 repeat sequences? | ['We report eleven new families of MEdium Reiteration frequency (MER) interspersed repeats in the genomes of Primates, Rodentia, and Lagomorpha. Two families of the human repeats, MER 46 and MER 47, represent non-autonomous DNA transposons. These sequences are flanked by TA target site duplications and have terminal in... | ['We report eleven new families of MEdium Reiteration frequency (MER) interspersed repeats in the genomes of Primates, Rodentia, and Lagomorpha. Two families of the human repeats, MER 46 and MER 47, represent non-autonomous DNA transposons. These sequences are flanked by TA target site duplications and have terminal in... | [] |
How do gluten proteins affect celiac disease development through enzyme and immune interactions? | ['["Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. ", "Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy initiated and sustained by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. It is caused by a dysregulated immune respo... | Gluten proteins from wheat, rye, and barley are the dietary antigens that trigger the dysregulated immune response in genetically susceptible individuals with celiac disease. These gluten proteins interact with the enzyme tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2), leading to the generation of deamidated gliadin peptides. TG2 cat... | [] |
Can we use prodrug amifostine to protect healthy cell during chemotherapy? | ['CYP), a commonly prescribed chemotherapy drug, has multiple adverse side effects including alteration of taste. The effects on taste are a cause of concern for patients as changes in taste are often associated with loss of appetite, malnutrition, poor recovery and reduced quality of life. Amifostine is a cytoprotecti... | ['Effective radiotherapy for patients with cancer should include maximal tumor cell killing with minimal injury to normal tissue. However, current radiation doses that can be delivered without causing severe damage to surrounding normal tissues are often insufficient to eradicate a tumor. Recently, a number of agents h... | [] |
Can NADPH oxidase be inhibited by apocynin and diphenylene iodonium? | ['Ang II treatment also led to a significant increment in intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, which could be fully abolished by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibitors apocynin or diphenylene iodonium, indicating that Ang II enhanced oxidative stress via a NADPH oxidase-depe... | ['Yes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase can be inhibited by apocynin or diphenylene iodonium (DPI).'] | ['yes'] |
What is the role of Hsp90 inhibition in cancer therapy? | ['Geldanamycin (GA) can be considered a relatively new component with a promising mode of action against human malignancies. It specifically targets heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and interferes with its function as a molecular chaperone.', 'In toto, we have evinced the dose-dependent and cell line-specific actions of g... | ['Hsp90 inhibition is followed by G1/S cell cycle arrest, downregulation of key signalling proteins such as IGF-IR, Akt, IKK-α, IKK-β, FOXO1, ERK1/2 and c-Met, and sequestration-mediated inactivation of NF-κB, resulting in disruption of oncogenic signalling integrity, reduced cell proliferation, decline of cell motilit... | [] |
Can we detect DNA strand asymmetries using dinucleotide relative abundance "genomic signatures"? | ['comparing the heterogeneities of bacterial genomes with respect to strand-independent first- and second-order features, (i) G + C content and (ii) dinucleotide relative abundance,', 'the concept of a genomic signature was introduced with the observation of species-type specific Dinucleotide Relative Abundance Profile... | ['The set of dinucleotide relative abundances can be regarded as a genomic signature because, despite diversity between species, it varies little between 50 kilobase or longer windows on a given genome. Thus, dinucleotide relative abundance profiles are species-type specific. These profiles are computed from the base s... | ['no'] |
Can methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations cause homocystinuria? | ['Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. ', 'Several mutations seen in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) give rise to the formation of hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria, a considerable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, b... | ['Yes, several methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations can cause homocystinuria and hyperhomocysteinemia.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the typical alteration of the thyroid profile metabolism early after coronary artery bypass graft surgery? | ['FT3 concentration dropped significantly (p < 0.0001), reaching its lowest value 12 hours postoperatively. There were no significant differences between CPB and OPCAB patients. ', 'In on-pump CABG surgery, inflammatory effects encompass activation of total leukocytes, neutrophils and platelets, reduction of serum leve... | ['Low T3 Syndrome is the more frequent alteration of thyroid hormone profile early after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.'] | ['Low T3 syndrome occurs frequently after CABG'] |
Is HER2 active only when it dimerizes? | ['HER activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family.', 'rtuzumab is the first humanized monoclonal antibody in a new class of drugs, the HER dimerization inhibitors, approved by the Food and Drug', 'Pertuzumab is a novel anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, which blo... | ['Yes, HER2 activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family.'] | ['yes'] |
Could divalent metal transporter 1 deficiency lead to anemia? | ['The divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) is a major iron transporter required for iron absorption and erythropoiesis. Loss of DMT1 function results in microcytic anemia. ', "Dysfunction of human DMT1 is associated with several pathologies such as iron deficiency anemia hemochromatosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheime... | ['Yes, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) deficiency could result in anemia, as DMT1 is a major iron transporter required for iron absorption and erythropoiesis. DMT1 deficiency impairs erythroid differentiation and induces apoptosis of erythroid cells.'] | ['yes'] |
What is sQTLseekeR? | ['Identification of genetic variants associated with alternative splicing using sQTLseekeR.', 'We develop a statistical framework that uses a distance-based approach to compute the variability of splicing ratios across observations, and a non-parametric analogue to multivariate analysis of variance. We implement this a... | ['sQTLseekeR is an R package for the identification of genetic variants associated with alternative splicing. It is based on a statistical framework that uses a distance-based approach to compute the variability of splicing ratios across observations, and a non-parametric analogue to multivariate analysis of variance.'... | [] |
What are cancer driver genes? | ['We constructed DriverDB (http://ngs.ym.edu.tw/driverdb/), a database which incorporates 6079 cases of exome-seq data, annotation databases (such as dbSNP, 1000 Genome and Cosmic) and published bioinformatics algorithms dedicated to driver gene/mutation identification.', 'DriverDB: an exome sequencing database for can... | ['Recent sequencing and resequencing (i.e., polymorphism identification) efforts have catalyzed the quest for \'driver\' mutations (i.e., those genetic alterations which contribute to the transformation of a normal cell to a proliferating cancerous cell) in distinction to \'passenger\' mutations which reflect mutations... | [] |
What is Bartter syndrome? | ['All forms of Bartter syndrome are characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and secondary hyperaldosteronism', 'The mutations in the CLCNKB gene encoding the ClC-Kb chloride channel are responsible for Bartter syndrome type 3, one of the four variants of Bartter syndrome in the genetically based nomenclature... | ['All forms of Bartter syndrome are characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and secondary hyperaldosteronism', 'All forms of hereditary Bartter syndrome are characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and secondary hyperaldosteronism.'] | [] |
What is the definition and the biological role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) | ['Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process known to contribute to metastasis in cancer and it is mainly characterized by loss of E-cadherin expression.', 'The TGF-β signaling pathway has an established role in promoting EMT by down-regulating E-cadherin via a number of transcription factors, such as Twis... | ['Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process in which epithelial cells acquire the characteristics of invasive mesenchymal cells. EMT has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis as well as the formation of many tissues and organs during development. Epithelial cells undergoing EMT lose ce... | [] |
Which receptor is targeted by telcagepant? | ['In vivo quantification of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor occupancy by telcagepant in rhesus monkey and human brain using the positron emission tomography tracer [11C]MK-4232.', 'Lack of hemodynamic interaction between CGRP-receptor antagonist telcagepant (MK-0974) and sumatriptan: results from a randomized ... | ['Telcagepant (MK-0974) is a novel calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist currently undergoing clinical trials for migraine.'] | ['calcitonin gene-related peptide'] |
What is the association of estrogen replacement therapy and intracranial meningioma risk? | ['The meta-analyses yielded significantly increased risks for all CNS tumors, glioma and meningioma in users of estrogen-only [1.35 (1.22-1.49), 1.23 (1.06-1.42) and 1.31 (1.20-1.43), respectively] but not estrogen-progestin HT [1.09 (0.99-1.19), 0.92 (0.78-1.08) and 1.05 (0.95-1.16), respectively]; these differences w... | ['The association between hormone replacement therapy and meningioma risk is controversial. Increased risk of meningioma was demonstrated in estrogen-only hormonal replacement therapy. However, other studies did not find an association between hormonal replacement therapy and meningioma risk.'] | [] |
Which disease can be categorized using the Koos grading system? | ['The patients had Koos Grade I or II tumors and American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) Class D hearing status preoperatively. ', 'METHODS: This is a retrospective review of 22 patients with VS Koos grade III and IV who were treated with STR followed by SRS. ', ' VS was characterized by its ... | ['Koos grading system is used for vestibular schwannoma.'] | ['vestibular schwannoma'] |
Which gene harbors the mutation T790M? | ['Nearly one half of all cases of acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are due to the T790M mutation in EGFR exon 20. ', 'Two types of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in exon 19 and exon 21 (ex19del and ... | ['The T790M mutation refers to the mutation in exon 20 of the EGFR gene'] | ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor'] |
What is HOCOMOCO? | ['HOCOMOCO: a comprehensive collection of human transcription factor binding sites models.', 'We present the Homo sapiens comprehensive model collection (HOCOMOCO, http://autosome.ru/HOCOMOCO/, http://cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/hocomoco/) containing carefully hand-curated TFBS models constructed by integration of binding sequen... | ['HOCOMOCO is a comprehensive collection of human transcription factor binding sites models constructed by integration of binding sequences obtained by both low- and high-throughput methods. HOCOMOCO contains 426 systematically curated TFBS models for 401 human TFs, where 172 models are based on more than one data sour... | [] |
Describe Malgaigne fracture. | ['Fractures of the transverse processes in the lumbar vertebrae occur as the result of major forces such as direct blunt trauma, violent lateral flexion-extension forces, avulsion of the psoas muscle, or Malgaigne fractures of the pelvis.', 'The anteroposterior radiographic view revealed ununited fractures at the left ... | ['Bilateral pubic rami fractures are characteristic to Malgaigne fractures. Patients with Malgaigne fractures are particularly prone to additional injuries.'] | [] |
Is the Drosophila Translational Control Element (TCE) involved in spermatogenesis? | ['Gene regulation in Drosophila spermatogenesis: analysis of protein binding at the translational control element TCE.', 'We have previously identified a 12 nucleotide long sequence element, the TCE, that was demonstrated to be necessary for translational control of expression in the male germ line of Drosophila melano... | ['Yes. The Drosophila Translational Control Element (TCE), a 12 nucleotide long sequence element, was demonstrated to be necessary for translational control of expression in the male germ line of Drosophila melanogaster.'] | ['yes'] |
Which are the most commonly reported pathological states associated with the formation of DNA G-quadruplexes? | ['Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) were recently shown to be caused by expansion of a (GGGGCC)n/(GGCCCC)n repeat in the C9ORF72 gene', 'Myocardial fibrosis is a key pathological change in a variety of heart diseases contributing to the development of heart failure, arrhythmias, and ... | ["There is a growing recognition for the profound role of G-quadruplexes in a wide spectrum of diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) were recently shown to be caused by expansion of a (GGGGCC)n/(GGCCCC)n repeat in the C9ORF72... | ['Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)', 'frontotemporal dementia (FTD)', "Alzheimer's disease", 'fibrosis', 'acute myeloid leukemia'] |
Which is the enzymatic activity of the myotubularin family of proteins? | ['myotubularin family of phosphatases.', 'Myotubularin belongs to a large family of conserved lipid phosphatases that include both catalytically active and inactive myotubularin-related proteins (i.e., "MTMRs")', 'myotubalarin family phosphatase', 'MTMR2 is a member of the myotubularin family of inositol lipid phosphat... | ['The myotubularin family of proteins are lipid inositol phosphatases'] | ['lipid inositol phosphatase activity'] |
Is there a relationship between thyroid hormone altered metabolism and coronary artery disease? | ['The results showed that higher levels of TSH within the reference range were independently associated with the presence of CAD only among subjects less than or equal to 65 years old, suggesting age might influence the relationship.', 'FT3 levels within the normal range were inversely correlated with the presence and ... | ['The major part of the studies and metaanalysis data show that hypothyroidism, both primary and secondary forms, is associated with higher incidence and severity of coronary artery disease.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the mechanism of action of APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase to inhibit HIV-1 replication? | ['APOBEC3G inhibits HIV-1 RNA elongation by inactivating the viral trans-activation response element', 'Deamination of cytidine residues in viral DNA is a major mechanism by which APOBEC3G (A3G) inhibits vif-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. dC-to-dU transition following RNase-H activit... | ['During reverse transcription, APOBEC3G deaminates dC to dU in nascent minus-strand viral DNA, resulting in G-to-A hypermutation in the plus strand DNA to inhibit replication of HIV-1, due to viral cDNA degradation, production of non-functional proteins, formation of undesired stop codons and decreased viral protein s... | [] |
What are viral vectors used for in optogenetics? | ['To express ChR in neurons, the common expression systems include viral vectors, in utero electroporation, and transgenic animals, each with their advantages and limitations regarding the cost, expression pattern, and the required effort. ', 'In this review, the various strategies for selective genetic targeting of a ... | ['Viral vectors are used to express optogenetic constructs in selected cells.'] | [] |
Which enzyme is inhibited by Orteronel? | ['PURPOSE: Orteronel (TAK-700) is a non-steroidal, selective, reversible inhibitor of 17,20-lyase.', 'The drug orteronel selectively blocked the lyase reaction of P450 17A1 but only in the case of Prog. ', 'Preclinical assessment of Orteronel(®), a CYP17A1 enzyme inhibitor in rats.', 'Orteronel (TAK-700) is a novel and... | ['Orteronel inhibits the 17,20 lyase activity of the enzyme CYP17A1, which is important for androgen synthesis in the testes, adrenal glands and prostate cancer cells. Orteronel is used for treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer.'] | ['CYP17A1'] |
Does the protein mTOR regulate autophagy? | ['autophagy is negatively regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin receptor (mTOR)', 'Subjecting cells to starvation or rapamycin efficiently induces autophagy by inhibiting the MTOR signaling pathway triggering increased autophagic flux. ', 'Several pathways, including mTOR, have been shown to regulate autophagy... | ['mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major negative regulator of autophagy.'] | ['yes'] |
What is the inheritance pattern of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy? | ['. Loss-of-function truncation mutations in EMD, encoding the nuclear membrane protein emerin, cause X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) characterized by localized contractures and skeletal myopathy in adolescence, sinus node dysfunction (SND) in early adulthood, and atrial fibrillation as a variably ass... | ['The inheritance pattern of Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) can be X-linked, autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.'] | ['X-linked', 'autosomal dominant', 'autosomal recessive'] |
Other than protein coding potential, what features set apart long non-coding RNAs from protein coding genes? | ['Our analyses indicate that lncRNAs are generated through pathways similar to that of protein-coding genes, with similar histone-modification profiles, splicing signals, and exon/intron lengths.', 'In contrast to protein-coding genes, however, lncRNAs display a striking bias toward two-exon transcripts', 'hey are pred... | ['Compared to protein coding genes, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) display a bias towards two-exon transcripts. They are predominantly localized in the chromatin and nucleous. They are lower expressed and display a more tissue-specific expression pattern. LncRNAs are overall more weakly conserved than protein coding ge... | [] |
Which are the smallest known subviral pathogens of plants? | ['Since the discovery of non-coding, small, highly structured, satellite RNAs (satRNAs) and viroids as subviral pathogens of plants , have been of great interest to molecular biologists as possible living fossils of pre-cellular evolution in an RNA world.', 'PFOR2 analysis of the small RNA libraries from grapevine and ... | ['Contrary to earlier beliefs, viruses are not the smallest causative agents of infectious diseases. Single-stranded RNAs as small as 246 nucleotides exist in certain higher plants and cause more than a dozen crop diseases. These RNAs have been termed viroids. Viroids are plant subviral pathogens whose genomes are cons... | ['Viroids'] |
Which sports have a risk for commotio cordis? | ['This study sought to characterize the demographics of commotio cordis globally in comparison to the U.S. experience.', 'Not unexpectedly, the groups differed with baseball/softball and football predominant in the United States (55% of events) and soccer, cricket, and hockey most common internationally (47% of events)... | ['Participation in sports such as baseball, football, soccer, cricket, hockey and lacrosse has a risk for commotio cordis.'] | ['baseball', 'football', 'soccer', 'cricket', 'hockey', 'lacrosse'] |
Which genetic defects are observed in Prader-Willi syndrome? | ['Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex genetic disease caused by lack of expression of paternally inherited genes on chromosome 15q11-q13.', 'Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is caused by the disturbed expression of genes from the imprinted region of 15q11-q13, but the specific contributions of individual genes remain unknown... | ['The predominant genetic defects in Prader-Willi syndrome are 15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin and maternal chromosome 15 uniparental disomy, or rare imprinting mutations, combined with monoallelic expression of the paternal alleles.'] | ['15q11-13 deletions of paternal origin', 'maternal chromosome 15 uniparental disomy', 'rare imprinting mutations', 'monoallelic expression of the paternal alleles'] |
Describe the usefulness of CAMUR in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) | ['CAMUR: Knowledge extraction from RNA-seq cancer data through equivalent classification rules', 'CAMUR, a new method that extracts multiple and equivalent classification models. CAMUR iteratively computes a rule-based classification model, calculates the power set of the genes present in the rules, iteratively elimina... | ['CAMUR is a new method that extracts multiple and equivalent classification models. CAMUR iteratively computes a rule-based classification model, calculates the power set of the genes present in the rules, iteratively eliminates those combinations from the data set, and performs again the classification procedure unti... | [] |
Are Sidekick proteins members of the immunoglobulin superfamily? | ["Here we show that four closely related immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) adhesion molecules--Dscam (Down's syndrome cell adhesion molecule), DscamL (refs 6-9), Sidekick-1 and Sidekick-2", 'Sidekick-1, a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is up-regulated in glomerular podocytes in the collapsing... | ['Yes, sidekick are cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily.'] | ['yes'] |
Is the ACE inhibitor indicated for lung cancer treatment? | ['The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used widely as antihypertensive agents, and it has been suggested that they decrease the risk of some cancers, although available data are conflicting. ', 'Using cell viability and fluorescent activated cell sorting analysis tests, we demonstrated that captopril ... | ['No, the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are used widely as antihypertensive agents. On the contrary, it has been suggested that they decrease the risk of some cancers, although available data are conflicting. One study proposes that captopril could be a promising option for the treatment of lung cancer... | ['no'] |
List genes that have been found mutated in CMT1A (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1 A). | ['Most cases of CMT are caused by mutations in PMP22,', ' structural myelin protein PMP22', 'Duplication of the gene encoding the peripheral myelin protein of 22 kDa (PMP22) underlies the most common inherited neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A), a disease without a known cure.', '. Two patients showed rearrange... | ['PMP22 is the common gene found mutated through a duplication in CMT1A. Other genes are\nMPZ and SH3TC2'] | ['PMP22', 'MPZ', 'SH3TC2'] |
In which genomic regions are Alu enriched? | ['There are regions such as the four homeobox gene clusters, which are nearly devoid of these repeats that contrast with repeat dense regions in other transcriptionally active regions of the genome.', 'These elements are more clustered in genes which are involved in metabolism, transport, and signaling processes. In co... | ['There are regions such as the four homeobox gene clusters, which are nearly devoid of these repeats that contrast with repeat dense regions in other transcriptionally active regions of the genome. Alu elements are more clustered in genes which are involved in metabolism, transport, and signaling processes. In contras... | ['genes which are involved in metabolism, transport, and signaling processes', 'gene conversion-prone regions'] |
Which histone mutation is associated with gliomas? | ['Over 70% of diffuse intrinsic pediatric gliomas, an aggressive brainstem tumor, harbor heterozygous mutations that create a K27M amino acid substitution (methionine replaces lysine 27) in the tail of histone H3.3', 'We show that H3.3K27M expression synergizes with p53 loss and PDGFRA activation in neural progenitor c... | ['Pediatric central nervous system tumors are the most common solid tumor of childhood. Over 70% of diffuse intrinsic pediatric gliomas, an aggressive brainstem tumor, harbor heterozygous mutations that create a K27M amino acid substitution (methionine replaces lysine 27) in the tail of histone H3.3.', 'Over 70% of dif... | ['K27M in H3.3'] |
What are the side effects of Nalmefene? | ['Adverse experiences included nausea, dizziness, and insomnia.', 'Side effects to nalmefene were of greater duration and intensity in the subjects receiving 10 mg of nalmefene vs. those receiving 6 or 2 mg. These included most notably fatigue, lightheadedness, nausea and vomiting.', 'The nalmefene treated group ate 22... | ['Side effects of nalmefene include nausea, dizziness / lightheadedness, insomina, fatigue, vomiting, reduced caloric intake / apetite, increased self-rated alertness and decreased tiredness. In horses some passage of semifluid fecal material, intermittent penile relaxation, and mild sedation has been described. In som... | ['nausea', 'dizziness / lightheadedness', 'insomnia', 'fatigue', 'vomiting', 'reduced caloric intake / apetite', 'increased self-rated alertness', 'decreased tiredness', '(horses) some passage of semifluid fecal material', '(horses) intermittent penile relaxation', '(horses) mild sedation'] |
Is there any functional association during viral replication between flaviviridae viral RNA depended RNA polymerase and viral helicase? | ['Several labs have obtained evidence for a protein complex that involves many of the nonstructural (NS) proteins encoded by the virus. NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B appear to interact structurally and functionally. In this study, we investigated the interaction between the helicase, NS3, and the RNA polymerase, NS5B... | ['Several labs have obtained evidence for a protein complex that involves many of the nonstructural (NS) proteins encoded by the virus. NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B appear to interact structurally and functionally. The interaction between the helicase, NS3, and the RNA polymerase, NS5B play a key role in viral repli... | ['yes'] |
What is the role of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor in TAS-102, a novel nucleoside antitumor agent? | ['["PURPOSE: Trifluridine (TFT) is an antitumor component of a novel nucleoside antitumor agent, TAS-102, which consists of TFT and tipiracil hydrochloride (thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor).", "TAS-102, a combination of trifluorothymidine and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor TPI in a 1:0.5 ratio, is a novel oral... | The thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor in TAS-102, a novel nucleoside antitumor agent, is designed to inhibit the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, which helps increase the concentration of trifluridine in the tumor cells by preventing its breakdown. This leads to enhanced antitumor activity. | [] |
Are there studies representing the involvement of Notch mutations in neurodegenerative diseases such as Down syndrome, Pick's and Prion's disease, and cadasil syndrome? | ['he Notch signaling pathway plays a critical role in maintaining the balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, and is a highly conserved signaling pathway that regulates normal development in a context- and dose-dependent manner. Dysregulation of Notch signaling has been suggested to be key ev... | ["The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved, intercellular signaling mechanism essential for proper embryonic development in organisms as diverse as insects, nematodes, echinoderms and mammals. Disruptions in conserved developmental pathways frequently result in inherited congenital anomalies in humans... | ['yes'] |
What organism causes tularemia? | ['Francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, is a Gram-negative coccobacillus primarily pathogen for animals and occasionally for humans. ', 'F. tularensis is the causative agent of zoonotic tularemia', 'Tularemia is a zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis that can be transmitted by several ways to human being... | ['Francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, is a Gram-negative coccobacillus primarily pathogen for animals and occasionally for humans. F. tularensis is the causative agent of zoonotic tularemia. ', 'francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, is a gram-negative coccobacillus primarily pathogen for animals a... | ['Francisella tularensis'] |
Which mutated gene is associated with Waardenburg and Tietz syndromes? | ['Tietz/Waardenburg type 2A syndrome associated with posterior microphthalmos in two unrelated patients with novel MITF gene mutations.', 'Tietz syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome type 2A are allelic conditions caused by MITF mutations. ', 'For example, mutations of the MITF gene cause Waardenburg syndrome type 2A as we... | ['Mutations in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene cause Waardenburg and Tietz syndromes.'] | ['microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene', 'MITF'] |
Describe clinical manifestation of the Mal de debarquement syndrome. | ['Mal de debarquement (MdD) is a subjective perception of self-motion after exposure to passive motion, in most cases sea travel, hence the name. Mal de debarquement occurs quite frequently in otherwise healthy individuals for a short period of time (several hours). However, in some people symptoms remain for a longer ... | ['Mal de debarquement syndrome (MdDS) is a disorder of chronic self-motion perception that occurs though entrainment to rhythmic background motion, such as from sea voyage, and involves the perception of low-frequency rocking that can last for months or years.'] | [] |
Which are the most widely reported side-effects in the treatment of Crohn's disease? | ['Different cutaneous side effects have been described for anti-TNF-α therapy such as psoriasis', 'Anti-TNF drug-induced alopecia is a less well-known side effect of this class of drugs.', '3 patients who developed scalp alopecia', "Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis induced in a patient treated with infliximab for Croh... | ['Leukopenia, paresthesia, psoriasis, alopecia and hemolysis are the most commonly reported side effects depending on the treatment. Severe adverse effects include myelosuppression, liver toxicity and hyperplasia, pancreatitis and pericarditis. The most severe but rare side-effects reported are progressive multifocal l... | ['Leukopenia', 'paresthesia', 'psoriasis', 'alopecia', 'hemolysis', 'pancreatitis', 'liver toxicity', 'pericarditis'] |
Does amiodarone affect thyroid hormone receptors in the myocardium? | ['AM and Dron affected TR expression in the RA similarly by decreasing TRalpha 1 and beta 1 expression by about 50%', 'In the LVW, AM and Dron decreased TRbeta 1 and, interestingly, AM increased TRalpha 1.', 'n the apex, AM also increased TRalpha 2.', 'Both in treated and untreated mice, TRalpha2 mRNA had the highest d... | ['Yes'] | ['yes'] |
List two common features of Tay syndrome. | ['TTD is part of a more broadly defined group of diseases identified as IBIDS (ichthyosis, brittle hair, impaired intelligence, decreased fertility and short stature). Photosensitive cases are also identified as PIBIDS (photosensitivity with IBIDS). Cases without manifest ichthyosis are also identified as PBIDS. These ... | ['Tay syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by congenital ichthyosis and trichothiodystrophy (abnormal brittle hair). Other less common features of this syndrome are photosensitivity, low birth weight, short stature, mental retardation, delayed neuromuscular development and other CNS ano... | ['ichthyosis', 'trichothiodystrophy'] |
How does ranolazine affect kinase signaling activation in the heart? | ['support of this view, CaMKII activity was also increased in hearts of transgenic mice overexpressing a gain-of-function Na(v)1.5 mutant (N(1325)S). The effects of both ATX-II and the N(1325)S mutation were reversed by either I(NaL) inhibition (with ranolazine or tetrodotoxin) or CaMKII inhibition (with KN93 or autoca... | ['Ranolazine inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activity'] | [] |
What is the minimal genome build? | ['As a key focus of synthetic biology, building a minimal artificial cell has given rise to many discussions. A synthetic minimal cell will provide an appropriate chassis to integrate functional synthetic parts, devices and systems with functions that cannot generally be found in nature. The design and construction of ... | ['The identification of the essential genes of bacteria and the minimal genome for the free-living cellular life could provide insights into the origin, evolution, and essence of life forms. The field of Synthetic Biology seeks to apply engineering principles to biology in order to produce novel biological systems. One... | [] |
What is the indication of Daonil (Glibenclamide)? | ['Metformin and glibenclamide are now increasingly viewed as a rational alternative to insulin therapy--a treatment both preferred by the women and a less expensive one, during pregnancy and breastfeeding.', 'The effect of TFG on blood glucose were studied and the levels of lipid peroxidation [MDA (Malondialdehyde)] an... | ['Glibenclamide is an antidiabetic and antiglycemic, used in severe NIDDM, and increasingly viewed as a rational alternative to insulin therapy.'] | ['Diabetes mellitus'] |
Does ziconotide bind to N-type calcium channels? | ['Since this region partially overlaps with residues previously implicated in block of the channel by omega-conotoxin GVIA, we assessed the effects of mutations in the putative EF hand domain on channel block by omega-conotoxin GVIA and the structurally related omega-conotoxin MVIIA. Both of the toxins irreversibly blo... | ['Yes, ziconotide/omega-conotoxin MVIIA blocks N-type calcium channels.'] | ['yes'] |
What is known about efficacy of the high dose intravenous ascorbate in the treatment of cancer patients? | ['Evidence suggests that IVC may be able to modulate inflammation, which in turn might improve outcomes for cancer patients. IVC may serve as a safe, adjunctive therapy in clinical cancer care.', 'SIGNIFICANCE: Ewan Cameron reported that ascorbate, given orally and intravenously at doses of up to 10\u2009g/day, was eff... | ['It was reported that ascorbate, given orally and intravenously at doses of up to 10\u2009g/day, was effective in the treatment of cancer. However, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials showed no survival advantage when the same doses of ascorbate were given orally, leading the medical and scientific communi... | [] |
Where is the protein slitrk1 localized? | ['Slitrk1 is localized to excitatory synapses', ' Slitrk1 is enriched in postsynaptic fractions and is localized to excitatory synapses.', ' The porcine SLITRK1 gene is expressed exclusively in brain tissues.', 'Six family members exist (Slitrk1-6) and all are highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS).'] | ['Slitrk1 is enriched in postsynaptic fractions and is localized to excitatory synapses. '] | [] |
What is the oldest human sample analysed by paleontology proteomics? | ["Paleoproteomic study of the Iceman's brain tissue.", 'We report the first use of shotgun proteomics to detect the protein expression profile of buccal swabs and cloth samples from two 500-year-old Andean mummies.', 'Identification of ancient biological samples from the 1991-discovered and more than 5300-year-old Tyro... | ["The Tyrolean Iceman's brain is the oldest (5300 years old) human sample that has been studied by paleoproteomics."] | [] |
How do protein misfolding and aggregation contribute to neurodegenerative disorders like ALS, PD, and AD? | ['["Therapeutic agents are urgently required to cure several common and fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by protein misfolding and aggregation, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson\'s disease (PD), and Alzheimer\'s disease (AD).", "Human Hsp70 Disaggregase Reverses Parkinson\'s-Linked \\u03b... | Protein misfolding and aggregation contribute to neurodegenerative disorders like ALS, PD, and AD by causing common and fatal conditions that urgently require therapeutic agents. These disorders are linked to the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, leading to issues such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Park... | [] |
List scaffold proteins of the ERK signaling pathway. | ['Human disc-large homolog (hDlg), also known as synapse-associated protein 97, is a scaffold protein, a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, implicated in neuronal synapses and epithelial-epithelial cell junctions whose expression and function remains poorly characterized in most tissues, particu... | ['Originally identified in yeast, scaffold proteins are now recognized to contribute to the specificity of MEK/ERK pathways in mammalian cells. These scaffolds include kinase suppressor of Ras (KSR), beta-arrestin, MEK partner-1 (MP-1), Sef and IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1(IQGAP1). Human disc-large h... | ['Human disc-large homolog', 'hDlg', 'caveolin-1', 'IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1', 'IQGAP1', 'kinase suppressor of Ras', 'KSR', 'MEK partner-1', 'MP-1', 'beta-arrestin', 'Sef', '14-3-3', 'mitogen-activated protein kinase organizer 1'] |
Is the Histidine-Rich Calcium Binding protein (HRC) related to arrhythmias and cardiac disease? | ['A human genetic variant (Ser96Ala) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) histidine-rich Ca(2+)-binding (HRC) protein has been linked to ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death in dilated cardiomyopathy. ', 'These findings suggest that aberrant SR Ca2+ release and increased susceptibility to delayed afterdepolarizations ... | ['Histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) is a high capacity, low affinity Ca(2+) binding protein with a potential role in heart failure and arrhythmogenesis due to its activity as regulator of SR Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release.In addition, HRC null mice displayed a significantly exaggerated response to the indu... | ['yes'] |
Are defects in recombination repair involved in carcinogenesis? | ['Inherited mutations in genes involved in HR are associated with gene rearrangement and may be a prerequisite for tumor development in some cancer-prone hereditary diseases like Bloom, Werner and Rothmund-Thomson syndromes. ', 'Variants in the XRCC3 gene might result in altered protein structure or function which may ... | ['Yes. The breast cancer-associated BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins are strongly implicated in recombination repair.', 'Carcinogenesis or oncogenesis or tumorigenesis is literally the creation of cancer. It is a process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. It is characterized by a progression of changes at... | ['yes'] |
How does Hst5 (histatin 5) affect infections by Candida glabrata? | ['Human salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (Hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of saliva', 'Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a small cationic human salivary peptide with high fungicidal activity against C. albicans, however many strains of C. glabrata are resistant.', 'Since... | ['Human salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (Hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of saliva', 'Human salivary histatins, including histatin 5 (Hst 5), are small cationic proteins that are the major source of fungicidal activity of saliva. We found that Hst 54-15-Spd ... | [] |
Has the presence of delayed enhancement been documented in athletes performing strenuous exercise? | ['Atypical findings such as marked cardiac dilation, reduced deformation, or small patches of delayed gadolinium enhancement may be commonly encountered in well-trained athletes, but, at present, the prognostic significance of such findings is unknown. ', 'On CMR, DGE localized to the interventricular septum was identi... | ['There are contrasting literature data on the presence of delayed enhancement, as a sign of myocardial fibrosis, in healthy athletes. More studies are necessary to define the presence, incidence and severity, as well clinical and prognostic meaning, of delayed enhancement magnetic resonance in healthy athletes.'] | ['yes'] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.