question stringlengths 13 291 | contexts stringlengths 2 24.7k | ground_truth stringlengths 6 6.9k ⌀ | exact_answer stringlengths 2 710 |
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Which calcium channels does ethosuximide target? | ['In the present study, we examined whether ethosuximide (ETX), a T-channel antagonist, could decrease the severity of ethanol withdrawal seizures by evaluating electrographical and behavioral correlates of seizure activity.', 'In rats, intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of db-cAMP or PGE(2) caused mechanical hyperal... | ['Ethosuximide blocks the T-type calcium channels.'] | ['T-type calcium channels'] |
Which are the human glutamate transporters? | ['The density of EAAC1 (EAAT3) glutamate transporters expressed by neurons in the mammalian CNS.', 'Glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) are the most abundant subtypes and are essential for the functioning of the mammalian CNS, but the contribution of the EAAC1 subtype in the clea... | ['Glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) are the most abundant subtypes and are essential for the functioning of the mammalian CNS, but the contribution of the EAAC1 subtype in the clearance of synaptic glutamate has remained controversial, because the density of this transporter in... | ['EAAC1', 'EAAT3', 'GLT-1', 'glutamate transporter-1', 'excitatory amino acid transporter 1', 'GLAST', 'Glutamate/aspartate transporter', 'GluR4', 'AMPA receptor glutamate receptor 4', 'VGLUT1', 'vesicular glutamate transporter'] |
Which is the vector of Louping ill virus? | ['Deer are the key hosts of the vector (Ixodes ricinus) that transmits LIV to red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, causing high mortality.', 'n Europe the primary arthropod vectors of zoonotic diseases are ticks, which transmit Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (the agent of Lyme disease), tick-borne encephalitis virus a... | ['Louping ill virus (LIV) belongs to the mammalian tick-borne virus group of the genus Flavivirus which cause central nervous system disease. LIV infects the red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus, causing high mortality. LIV is transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus.', 'Deer are the key hosts of the vector (Ixodes ricin... | ['Ixodes ricinus'] |
Is armodafinil used for treatment of insomnia? | [' Other therapies, such as sedative hypnotics, target daytime insomnia, while pharmacologic agents such as modafinil, armodafinil, and caffeine and non-pharmacologic approaches such as napping promote nighttime alertness.', 'Other treatment options may include pharmacologic interventions such as modafinil and armodafi... | ['No, armodafinil is not used for treatment of insomnia. Armodafinil is a wakefulness-promoting medication. Its efficacy and tolerability have been established in patients with excessive sleepiness (ES) associated with treated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), shift work disorder (SWD), or narcolepsy. The wakefulness-prom... | ['no'] |
Is Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women associated with gestational diabetes? | ['Insufficient serum levels of 25-OHD were associated with gestational diabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.89', 'Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, p', 'Therefore, it is important to identify potentially modifiable risk factors for GDM. ... | ['Yes, there are multiple studies reporting an association between low VitD in pregnancy and impaired glucose tolerance, but it is not entirely clear if this translates directly to the increased risk of Gestational diabetes or via maternal obesity and/or genetic polymorphisms.'] | ['yes'] |
Are circRNAs associated with diseases and traits? | ['Circ2Traits: a comprehensive database for circular RNA potentially associated with disease and traits.', 'Circular RNAs play a crucial role in fine tuning the level of miRNA mediated regulation of gene expression by sequestering the miRNAs. Their interaction with disease associated miRNAs indicates that circular RNAs... | ['Yes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a crucial role in fine tuning the level of miRNA mediated regulation of gene expression by sequestering the miRNAs. Their interaction with disease associated miRNAs indicates that circular RNAs are important for disease regulation.'] | ['yes'] |
Are there any urine biomarkers for chronic kidney disease? | ['Kidney and urine proteomic biomarkers are considered as promising diagnostic tools to predict CKD progression early in diabetic nephropathy, facilitating timely and selective intervention that may reduce the related health-care expenditures.', 'Both blood and urine biomarkers are reviewed in this paper and offer a co... | ['Chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a progressive loss in renal function over a period of months or years. The symptoms of worsening kidney function are non-specific, and might include feeling generally unwell and experiencing a reduced appetite. Often, chronic kidney disease is diagnosed as a result of screening of peo... | ['yes'] |
What is the function of BAX | ['pro-apoptotic protein Bax', 'Bax, a central cell death regulator, is an indispensable gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and a major proapoptotic member of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins that control apoptosis in normal and cancer cells', 'Thus, PP2A may function as a physiological Bax regulatory pho... | ['BAX is a central death regulator that controls apoptosis in normal and cancer cells', 'pro-apoptotic protein Bax'] | ['bax promotes Apoptosis'] |
Which compound is a specific inhibitor for Nox1 and Nox4? | ['The efficacy of the Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor GKT137831 on the manifestations of DN was studied in OVE26 mice, a model of type 1 diabetes. ', 'At both doses, GKT137831 inhibited NADPH oxidase activity, superoxide generation, and hydrogen peroxide production in the renal cortex from diabetic mice without affecting Nox1 or N... | ['GKT136901 is a specific inhibitor of Nox1 and Nox4.'] | ['GKT136901'] |
How do high-risk HPVE6 proteins affect Ubc9 and host sumoylation in rat intervertebral disc cells? | [' protein sumoylation.", "We report that the high risk HPVE6 proteins reduce the intracellular quantity of the sole SUMO conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, concomitant with decreased host sumoylation.", "We observed steady-state expression of SUMO1-3, SUMO-conjugated enzyme-UBC9 and deSUMOylating enzymes - SENPs, throughout no... | The high-risk HPVE6 proteins reduce the intracellular quantity of the sole SUMO conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, concomitant with decreased host sumoylation in rat intervertebral disc cells. | [] |
What is the function of cryptochrome-1 in mouse? | ['Malfunction of the circadian clock has been linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. We show that mice lacking the core clock components Cryptochrome-1 (Cry1) and Cryptochrome-2 (Cry2) (Cry-null mice) show salt-sensitive hypertension due to abnormally high synthesis of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone by... | ['Cryptochrome-1 (Cry1) is an essential component of the central and peripheral circadian clocks for generation of circadian rhythms in mice.'] | ['component of the central and peripheral circadian clocks for generation of circadian rhythms in mice'] |
What is the importance of Janus Kinases in dermatology? | ['Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, is being investigated as a treatment for moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis', 'Taken together, our results provided new evidence for the effectiveness of EGCG in vitiligo treatment and supported JAK2 as a molecular target for vitiligo medicine development.', 'Nota... | ['Janus Kinase (JAK) is active in many skin diseases and recent evidence show that inhibitors of JAK kinase could be used to treat vitiligo, psoriasis, lupus, alopecia areata and other inflammatory skin diseases.', 'Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, is being investigated as a treatment for moderate-to-severe... | [] |
How does dronedarone affect thyroid hormone signaling in the heart? | ['Administration of debutyl-dronedarone (DBD), a TRα1 antagonist abolished the T3-limiting effect on reperfusion injury:', 'Dron affected TR expression in the RA similarly by decreasing TRalpha 1 and beta 1 expression by about 50%.', 'In the LVW, AM and Dron decreased TRbeta 1', 'Hypothyroid heart displays a phenotype ... | ['Dronedarone via its metabolite debutyldronedarone acts as a TRalpha(1)-selective inhibitor and selectively mimicks hypothyroidism.\nDronedarone decreases TRalpha 1 and beta 1 expression by about 50% in the right atrium (RA) while in the left ventricle, only TRbeta1 is found to be decreased.'] | [] |
What is the enzymatic activity of PARL? | ["Here we demonstrate that the mitochondrial protease presenilin-associated rhomboid-like (PARL) can affect the proteolytic processing of PINK1 and that normal PINK1 localization and stability requires PARL's catalytic activity. ", "The mitochondrial rhomboid protease Parl governs apoptosis, morphology, metabolism and ... | ['the mitochondrial protease presenilin-associated rhomboid-like (PARL). Rhomboids are a recently discovered family of widely distributed intramembrane serine proteases.'] | ['PARL are serine proteases'] |
Does thyroid hormone signaling affect microRNAs expression in the heart? | ['e show that the heart regulates systemic energy homeostasis via MED13, a subunit of the Mediator complex, which controls transcription by thyroid hormone and other nuclear hormone receptors. MED13, in turn, is negatively regulated by a heart-specific microRNA, miR-208a.', 'On the other hand, T₃ treatment increased mi... | ['YES'] | ['yes'] |
What are the current treatments for generalised anxiety disorder in teenagers? | ['49.3% of the youths with depression had comorbid conditions: anxiety disorders in 23.37% of cases', 'To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a school-based group cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for anxiety disorders with African-American adolescents. METHODS: Twelve adolescents (mean age = 15.6 years) w... | ['Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) - both in individual and in group treatment\nRandomised, placebo controlled trials have found Sertraline efficacious for GAD in adults, children and adolescents.\nWhile both CBT and SSRIs are beneficial, some evidence suggests that the effects of CBT may be more long lasting.'] | ['Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT)', 'CBT', 'group treatment', 'manualised cognitive-behavioural therapy, FRIENDS', 'Sertraline', 'SSRI'] |
What constitutes an increased risk for individuals with Fanconi anemia? | ['Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by a greatly increased risk of cancer among those diagnosed with the syndrome', 'Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an inherited condition characterised by congenital and developmental abnormalities and a strong cancer predisposition', 'Fanconi anemia (FA) ... | ['Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder associated with an increased risk of leukemias and solid tumors.'] | [] |
Is exome sequencing efficient for the detection of germline mutations? | ['Whole exome sequencing is an efficient and sensitive method for detection of germline mutations in patients with phaeochromcytomas and paragangliomas', 'Whole exome sequencing is sensitive, rapid and efficient for detection of PCC/PGL germline mutations.', 'These results from deep sequencing demonstrate a higher muta... | ['Exome sequencing is an efficient, sensitive, rapid and relatively cheap method for detection of germline mutations.'] | ['yes'] |
Which hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome? | ['This syndrome is characterized by axial hypotonia, severe mental retardation, dysarthria, athetoid movements, spastic paraplegia, and a typical thyroid hormone profile. ', 'Our case and the review of the pertinent literature suggest that Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome should be suspected in males with the typical neur... | ['Thyroid hormone concentrations are altered in patients with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. In particular, high serum T3 levels and low-normal to low T4 serum levels are common in the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. It is, an X linked condition, is characterized by severe intellectual disability, dysarthria, atheto... | ['Thyroid'] |
List selective estrogen receptor degraders. | ['For women with hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer, endocrine therapies, including the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, the aromatase inhibitors anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, and the selective estrogen receptor degrader fulvestrant, are recommended in clinical guidelines.', 'Her... | ['Selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERD) are fulvestrant, RAD1901 and ARN-810. Fulvestrant is the only SERD approved for the treatment of breast cancer.'] | ['fulvestrant', 'RAD1901', 'ARN-810'] |
Which treatment methods were compared in the EXCEL Trial? | ['Long-term forecasting and comparison of mortality in the Evaluation of the Xience Everolimus Eluting Stent vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization (EXCEL) trial: prospective validation of the SYNTAX Score II.', 'AIMS: To prospectively validate the SYNTAX Score II and foreca... | ['EXCEL trial compared Everolimus Eluting Stent vs. Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for Effectiveness of Left Main Revascularization.'] | ['Everolimus Eluting Stent', 'Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery'] |
Are stress granules involved in the pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? | ['SGs have been linked to several pathologies including inflammatory diseases, cancer, viral infection, and neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).', 'Like several other ALS-associated proteins, CREST is recruited to induced stress granules.', 'Our data ... | ['Stress granules are cytoplasmic inclusions that repress translation of a subset of RNAs in times of cellular stress, and several proteins implicated in neurodegeneration (i.e. Ataxin-2 and SMN) interact with stress granules. Mutant FUS proteins that cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis incorporate into stress granules... | ['yes'] |
How does the interaction between STAT3 and PKR regulate autophagy? | ['["STAT3 may act as a competitive inhibitor of EIF2AK2. Indeed, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of STAT3 stimulates EIF2AK2-dependent EIF2S1 phosphorylation and autophagy. Conversely, the overexpression of wild-type STAT3 as well as of STAT3 mutants that cannot be phosphorylated by JAK2 or are excluded from the ... | Cytoplasmic STAT3 represses autophagy by inhibiting PKR activity. The SH2 domain of STAT3 interacts with the catalytic domain of EIF2AK2 (PKR), and inhibition of STAT3 stimulates the activating phosphorylation of PKR, leading to eIF2α hyperphosphorylation and subsequent autophagy induction. | [] |
How do synapsins affect neuronal development? | ['["Synapsin is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein.", "Synapsins as a family of presynaptic terminal phosphoprotein participates in neuronal development", "Synapsin III (SynIII) is a phosphoprotein", "The neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin III", "Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein ... | Synapsins, as a family of presynaptic terminal phosphoproteins, participate in neuronal development by playing a role in synaptic function and neurotransmitter release. Specifically, Synapsin III (SynIII) and Synapsin II, both phosphoproteins, are involved in regulating synaptic vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter... | [] |
What is a disordered protein? | ['Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are ubiquitously involved in cellular processes and often implicated in human pathological conditions. The critical biological roles of these proteins, despite not adopting a well-defined fold, encouraged structural biologists to revisit their views on the protein structure-fu... | ['Intrinsically disordered proteins lack stable tertiary and/or secondary structures under physiological conditions in vitro. Intrinsically disordered proteins undergo significant conformational transitions to well folded forms only on binding to partner.'] | [] |
What is the methyl donor of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases? | ['The product of the dcm gene is the only DNA cytosine-C5 methyltransferase of Escherichia coli K-12; it catalyses transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to the C-5 position of the inner cytosine residue of the cognate sequence CCA/TGG. ', 'Deoxycytosine methylase (Dcm) enzyme activity causes mutag... | ['S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet, SAM) is the methyl donor of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases. DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the C-5 position of cytosine residues in DNA.'] | ['S-adenosyl-L-methionine'] |
Which neuroendocrine tumors are associated with specific tumor syndromes? | ['Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla which can occur either sporadically or in the context of hereditary tumor syndromes', 'Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal glands and the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. They ca... | ['Neuroendocrine tumors are a heterogeneous group of benign and malignant neoplasias, detectable in the context of hereditary tumor syndromes in up to 30% of cases. Neuroendocrine tumors include medullary thyroid carcinoma, gastroenteropancreatic tumors, pheochromocytoma, and paraganglioma.'] | ['medullary thyroid carcinoma', 'gastroenteropancreatic tumors', 'pheochromocytoma', 'paraganglioma'] |
Does resveratrol reduce cardiac remodeling? | ['In conclusion, resveratrol attenuated cardiac oxidative damage and left ventricular remodeling and enhanced the decreased expression of SIRT1 in hearts of old rats with emphysema and thus might be a therapeutic modality for cardiac injury complicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'In conclusion, ... | ['Resveratrol attenuates left ventricular remodeling.\nResveratrol is a beneficial pharmacological tool that augments autophagy to bring about reverse remodeling in the postinfarction heart.\nResveratrol administration improved cardiac environment by reducing inflammatory state and decreased unfavorable ventricular rem... | ['yes'] |
Which disease is treated with Eliglustat? | ["Eliglustat compared with imiglucerase in patients with Gaucher's disease type 1 stabilised on enzyme replacement therapy: a phase 3, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.", 'We investigated whether patients stable on such treatment would remain so after switching to oral eliglustat, a selective inhibitor of ... | ["Eliglustat was developed for treatment of Gaucher's disease type 1."] | ["Gaucher's disease type 1"] |
List the results of mutated casein kinase 1 epsilon. | ['These results demonstrate a role for Csnk1e in regulating not only the timing of sleep, but also the REM sleep amount and NREM sleep architecture, and support Csnk1e as a causal gene in the sleep QTL on chromosome 15.', 'mutations of CK1epsilon found in breast cancer can suppress Wnt/beta-catenin as well as promote t... | ['Mutation in casein kinase 1 epsilon results in a short circadian period, abnormal entrainment to light cycles, and potentiated resetting responses to light.\nMutations of CK1epsilon found in breast cancer can suppress Wnt/beta-catenin as well as promote the Wnt/Rac-1/JNK and Wnt/NFAT pathways, thus contributing to br... | ['short circadian period', 'abnormal entrainment to light cycles', 'potentiated resetting responses to light', 'REM sleep amount', 'NREM sleep architecture', 'effects on cell adhesion', 'effects on cell migration', 'timing of sleep'] |
Where are Paneth cells located? | ['The intestinal stem cell niche comprises both epithelial cells, in particular the Paneth cell, ', 'Paneth cells have been reported in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas;', ' injury to Paneth cells (PCs) in the intestinal crypts', 'resence of Paneth cells at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn.', 'Paneth cells... | ['Paneth cells are located in the intestinal crypt base columnar cells (CBCCs).'] | ['in the intestinal crypt base columnar cells'] |
How many topological associated domains are contained in the human Hox cluster? | ['Initially, Hox clusters are organized as single chromatin compartments containing all genes and bivalent chromatin marks.', 'Transcriptional activation is associated with a dynamic bi-modal 3D organization, whereby the genes switch autonomously from an inactive to an active compartment.'] | ['transcriptional activation is associated with a dynamic bi-modal 3d organization, whereby the genes switch autonomously from an inactive to an active compartment.', 'Initially, Hox clusters are organized as single chromatin compartments containing all genes and bivalent chromatin marks. Transcriptional activation is ... | ['two', '2'] |
Which is the molecular mechanism underlying K-ras alterations in carcinomas? | ['activating mutations in KRAS are identified in most pancreatic cancers', 'Mutations at codon 12 of the K-ras gene are present in 65%-100% of carcinomas of human exocrine pancreas and could be used as a potential tumor marker at the tissue level.', 'Activating point mutations in the K-Ras oncogene are among the most c... | ['Activating point mutations most frequently in codon 12'] | ['Point mutations'] |
Which peripheral neuropathy has been associated with NDRG1 mutations? | ['CMT4D disease is a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy with extensive axonal loss leading to early disability, caused by mutations in the N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)', 'In a previous study, we have shown that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), classified in databases as a tumor s... | ['Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 4D disease is a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy with extensive axonal loss leading to early disability, caused by mutations in the N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1).', 'CMT4D disease is a severe autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy with extensive axonal lo... | ['Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) 4D disease'] |
Which disorders are associated to mutated Hepcidin (HAMP)? | ['juvenile hemochromatosis due to hemojuvelin and hepcidin mutation', ' Mutations in all of the currently known genes implicated in non-HFE HH (hemojuvelin, hepcidin, transferrin receptor 2, and ferroportin) have been reported in patients from the Asia-Pacific region.', ' In conclusion, HAMP and hemojuvelin mutations a... | ['Juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) is the most severe form of heriditary hemochromatosis, usually caused by mutations in hemojuvelin (HJV) or hepcidin (HAMP).'] | ['juvenile hemochromatosis'] |
Which gene is involved in CADASIL? | ['leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), the most common form of familial vascular dementia, is caused by mutations of the NOTCH3 gene', 'Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary disease caused by mutations of the Notch3 gene encoding the Notch3 protei... | ['Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), the most common form of familial vascular dementia, is caused by mutations of the NOTCH3 gene.'] | ['Notch3 gene'] |
Under which conditions does AMPK phosphorylate TSC2? | ['The AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status found in all eukaryotes that is activated under conditions of low intracellular ATP following stresses such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia.', 'AMPK directly phosphorylates at least two proteins to induce rapid suppressi... | ['The AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status found in all eukaryotes, and it is activated under conditions of low intracellular ATP following stresses such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia.', 'The AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of c... | [] |
Which package is available for analysing genomic interactions in R/Bioconductor? | ['r3Cseq: an R/Bioconductor package for the discovery of long-range genomic interactions from chromosome conformation capture and next-generation sequencing data.', 'We present r3Cseq, an R/Bioconductor package designed to perform 3C-seq data analysis in a number of different experimental designs. The package reads a c... | ['r3Cseq is an R/Bioconductor package designed to perform 3C-seq data analysis in a number of different experimental designs. The package reads a common aligned read input format, provides data normalization, allows the visualization of candidate interaction regions and detects statistically significant chromatin inter... | ['r3Cseq'] |
Which type of genes are modulated by SATB1? | ['Repression of the genome organizer SATB1 in regulatory T cells is required for suppressive function and inhibition of effector differentiation', 'SATB1, a genome organizer that regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, was crucial for the phenotype and function of T(reg) cells', "Foxp3, acting as a transcrip... | ['Lack of effector T cell (T(eff) cell) function and gain of suppressive activity by T(reg) cells are dependent on the transcriptional program induced by Foxp3. Here we report that repression of SATB1, a genome organizer that regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, was crucial for the phenotype and function ... | ['it supresses cell cytokines and differentiation genes'] |
Is miR-126 involved in heart failure? | ['he miRNAs miR-126 and miR-508-5p are associated with the outcome of ICM and NICM patients with CHF. These two miRNAs could be useful in the diagnosis of CHF patients, and might provide novel targets for prevention and treatment of CHF.', 'The plasma concentration of miR-126 was negatively correlated with age and NYHA... | ['Yes, miR-126 is associated with heart failure.'] | ['yes'] |
Can Pentraxin 3 predict outcomes of sepsis? | ['As compared with low serum PTX3and sTWEAK cases, cirrhotic patients with high serum PTX3/sTWEAK levels a have higher probability of new severe infections, severe sepsis, septic shock, type 1 hepatorenal syndrome, in-hospital, and 3-month follow-up mortalities. ', 'Neonates with high nPTX3 concentrations also have low... | ['Yes, Pentraxin 3 s an objective biochemical marker in diagnosis of sepsis; it is helpful in assessment of severity and prognosis of sepsis; it also has a certain clinical value in the assessment of sepsis cardiovascular function damage.'] | ['yes'] |
What are the generic versions of Viagra | ['Sildenafil citrate (SIL)', 'generic sildenafil (Unison Laboratories, Thailand) was proved to have the same bioequivalent as in the original formula. The authors conducted a 12-week case series to study the efficacy and safety of Elonza (generic sildenafil)', 'Viagra tablets or generic versions containing sildenafil c... | ['Sildenafil Citrate and Elonza in Thailand are the generic versions of Viagra'] | [] |
Which are the enzymes involved in the control of tubulin acetylation? | ['Inhibition of HDAC6 deacetylase activity increases its binding with microtubules and suppresses microtubule dynamic instability in MCF-7 cells', 'HDAC6, the tubulin deacetylase, plays a key role in maintaining typical distribution of acetylated microtubules in cells.', 'We found that whereas both pharmacological inhi... | ['Acetyltransferase MEC-17, and deacetylases SIRT2 (Sirtuin 2), HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6) and dTip60 are known to control the levels of tubulin acetylation.'] | ['MEC-17', 'SIRT2 (Sirtuin 2)', 'HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6)', 'dTip60'] |
What are the results of loss of the protein Lon1 in the plant Arabidopsis? | ['Knockout in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leads to a significant growth rate deficit in both roots and shoots and lowered activity of specific mitochondrial enzymes associated with respiratory metabolism. ', 'loss of Lon1 significantly modifies respiratory function and plant performance by small but broad altera... | ['Loss of Lon1 in Arabidopsis changes the mitochondrial proteome leading to altered metabolite profiles and growth retardation. Additionaly, seedling establishment is also impaired.'] | ['growth rate deficit in both roots and shoots', 'lowered activity of specific mitochondrial enzymes associated with respiratory metabolism', 'impaired seedling establishment'] |
What is a miR? | ['As novel molecules, microRNAs (miRs) take part in regulating protein-coding gene expression at the post-transcriptional level,', 'The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) regulation in tumorigenesis ', "MiRs are small (~23 nt) noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by specifically interacting with the 3' untranslated ... | ['The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) has opened an entire new avenue for drug development. These short (15-22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs, which function in RNA silencing and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, have been shown to critically affect numerous pathways in both development and disease progre... | ['MiRs are small (~23 nt) noncoding RNAs'] |
What is the role of brain natriuretic peptide in traumatic brain injury patients ? | ['This study provides evidence that BNP plasma concentrations increase rapidly after TBI. Plasma BNP concentrations are correlated with hyponatremia in severe TBI patients but not in mild and moderate TBI patients. Furthermore, patients with elevated ICP have a higher serum BNP level in first 4 days after injury.', 'In... | ['Brain natriuretic peptide concentrations are elevated in patients with traumatic brain during the acute phase and correlate with poor outcomes. In traumatic brain injury patients higher brain natriuretic peptide concentrations are associated with more extensive SAH, elevated ICP and hyponatremia. Brain natriuretic p... | [] |
Are nucleosomes positioned at DNA replication origins? | ['yeast origins are characterized by an asymmetric pattern of positioned nucleosomes flanking the ACS. The origin sequences are sufficient to maintain a nucleosome-free origin; however, ORC is required for the precise positioning of nucleosomes flanking the origin.', 'Here, we identify nucleosome occupancy as a likely ... | ['No, origins of replication occur in nucleosome-free regions in both budding yeast and Drosophila. Open chromatin domains, characterized by nucleosome depletion, are preferentially permissive for replication.'] | ['no'] |
Which mutated gene causes the Chédiak–Higashi Syndrome? | ['We detected a homozygous missense mutation (c.4189T>G, p.F1397V) in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene, which is described as the causative gene for Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). ', 'A frameshift mutation in the LYST gene is responsible for the Aleutian color and the associated Chédiak-Higashi syndrome... | ['Mutation in the lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) gene causes the Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS).'] | ['lysosomal trafficking regulator gene', 'LYST gene'] |
Do Parkinson's disease patients experience stridor? | ['The authors describe a patient experiencing stridor and dysphagia with confirmed pulmonary restriction and aspiration following subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulator adjustment, with a resolution of symptoms and signs when the stimulator was switched off.', 'Stridor was not noted during sleep at night. Endoscopic... | ["Yes. Stridor has been described in Parkinon's disease patients. Stridor has been linked to deep brain stimulation and L-Dopa medication use. \nHowever, stridor was shown to be more common in multiple system atrophy patients."] | ['yes'] |
Which diseases are caused by mutations in Calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) gene? | ['Recessively inherited CPVT is caused by either missense or null-allele mutations in the cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) gene. It was suggested that defects in CASQ2 cause protein deficiency and impair Ca(2+) uptake to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+)-dependent inhibition of ryanodine channels, leading to diastolic... | ['CASQ2 mutations are associated with autosomal recessive catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.', 'Mutations in the gene encoding for cardiac calsequestrin, CASQ2, cause a rare but severe form of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT... | ['catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)', 'CPVT', 'catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia', 'familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', 'HCM', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy'] |
List core circadian clock genes. | ['PER1, CRY1, CRY2, CLOCK, BMAL1, and CKlε ', ' Expression levels of five clock genes (Rev-Erbα, Per1, Per2, Bmal1 and Cry1)', 'altered expression patterns of the circadian clock genes, Bmal1 and Per2. ', 'This review will focus on the core circadian clock genes CLOCK, BMAL1, Per, and Cry.', 'CLOCK, RORA, and NPAS2', '... | ['The core circadian clock genes are CLOCK, BMAL1, Per, and Cry.'] | ['CLOCK', 'BMAL1', 'Per', 'Cry', 'CKlε'] |
Is there evidence for somatic mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis? | ['There are several case reports of solitary SEGA without any other manifestations of TSC. Usually these cases are thought to be forme fruste of TSC due to somatic mosaicism.', 'Female germline mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis confirmed by molecular genetic analysis', 'This is the first case of germline mosaicism in tub... | ['Yes, somatic mosaicism in Tuberous Sclerosis has been documented with the use of mutation identification, and subsequent linkage analysis in the affected families. In a large family with both parents unaffected, 3 affected children and 5 unaffected siblings, a 4 bp insertion in TSC2 gene was shown to be inherited fro... | ['yes'] |
Which oncogenes are able to induce cellular senescence? | ['ROS-generating oxidases Nox1 and Nox4 contribute to oncogenic Ras-induced premature senescence', 'Activated oncogenes induce premature cellular senescence, a permanent state of proliferative arrest in primary rodent and human fibroblasts. Recent studies suggest that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is invo... | ['Cellular senescence can be induced through activation or inactivation of a number of oncogenes, such as Ras, c-Abl, Raf, Myc, Skp2, BRAF, AKT, HDAC2, p38 MAPK, Caveolin-1 and Mek1.'] | ['Ras', 'c-Abl', 'Raf', 'Myc', 'Skp2', 'BRAF', 'AKT', 'HDAC2', 'p38 MAPK', 'Caveolin-1', 'Mek1'] |
What hand deformities do patients with Apert syndrome present with? | ['Five patients, ranging from Upton type 1 to type 3 Apert hand deformities, have had preoperative computed tomography angiography that delineated the vascular anatomy. This allowed planning and execution of a single-stage syndactyly release in all patients.', 'The protocol presented allows preoperative planning and si... | ['In patients with Apert syndrome, the hands demonstrate many disturbances of soft tissue and bony structures. These include a short thumb with radial clinodactyly, complex syndactyly with a bony fusion involving the index, long and ring fingers, symphalangism and simple syndactyly of the fourth web space. The soft tis... | ['complex syndactyly with bony fusion involving the index', 'polydactyly', 'short thumb with radial clinodactyly', 'long and ring fingers', 'symphalangism', 'simple syndactyly of the fourth web space', 'intrinsic muscle anomalies', 'extrinsic tendon insertions', 'neurovascular bundles'] |
Is thyroid hormone therapy indicated in patients with heart failure? | ['Patients with chronic heart failure and subclinical hypothyroidism significantly improved their physical performance when normal TSH levels were reached.', 'Early and sustained physiological restoration of circulating L-T3 levels after MI halves infarct scar size and prevents the progression towards heart failure. Th... | ['There are several experimental and clinical evidences of the potential benefits of Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in heart failure. Initial clinical data showed also a good safety profile and tolerance of TH replacement therapy in patients withheart failure. \nHowever currently there is no indication to treat pa... | ['no'] |
Is protein Fbw7 a SCF type of E3 ubiquitin ligase? | ['FBW7 (F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7) is the substrate recognition component of an evolutionary conserved SCF (complex of SKP1, CUL1 and F-box protein)-type ubiquitin ligase.', 'However, very few E3 ubiquitin ligases are known to target G-CSFR for ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Here we identified F-box and WD... | ['Fbxw7 (also known as Fbw7, SEL-10, hCdc4, or hAgo) is the F-box protein subunit of an Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF)-type ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a central role in the degradation of Notch family members.The F-box protein Fbw7 (also known as Fbxw7, hCdc4 and Sel-10) functions as a substrate recognition com... | ['yes'] |
Is Annexin V an apoptotic marker? | ['The apoptosis of the MSCs was induced by subjecting the cells to OGD conditions for 4 h and was detected by Annexin V/PI and Hoechst 33258 staining. ', 'In addition to the antimicrobial activity, we found that treatment of the cancer cell lines, Jurkat T-cells, Granta cells, and melanoma cells, with the Pseudomonas s... | ['Yes, annexin V is an early apoptotic marker.', 'Yes, Annexin V is an apoptotic marker.'] | ['yes'] |
Which are the clinical characteristics of Tuberous Sclerosis? | ['Prevalence and long-term outcome of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is reported to be variable', 'Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are benign tumors, most commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).', 'Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive, frequently lethal cys... | ['The clinical characteristics of Tuberous Sclerosis include epilepsy, subependymal giant cell astrocytomas, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, rhabdomyoma, renal angiomyolipomas, cortical tubers, neurofibromas, angiofibromas, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders.'] | ['epilepsy', 'subependymal giant cell astrocytomas', 'lymphangioleiomyomatosis', 'rhabdomyoma', 'renal angiomyolipomas', 'cortical tubers', 'neurofibromas', 'angiofibromas', 'mental retardation', 'behavioral disorders'] |
Is irritable bowel syndrome more common in women with endometriosis? | ['CONCLUSIONS: Comorbid pain syndromes, mood conditions and asthma are common in adolescents and young women with endometriosis.', 'There are many etiologies of pelvic pain that present with symptoms resembling those of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain that are not diagnosable with laparoscopy, such as interstitial... | ['Yes, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is more common in women with endometriosis. It has been shown that 15% of the patients with endometriosis also had IBS. Women with endometriosis are more likely to have received a diagnosis of IBS. Endometriosis may coexist with or be misdiagnosed as IBS.'] | ['yes'] |
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