document_id int32 185 2.68k | question stringlengths 11 194 | id int32 225 5.32k | answers listlengths 1 1 | chunks listlengths 5 52 | correct_chunks listlengths 0 1 | num_words int64 404 5.47k | num_tokens int64 652 7.87k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,571 | What caused the increase in the incidence of empyema in children in the recent past? | 530 | [
"An increased incidence of empyema in children was noted in some high-income countries following pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7 introduction, and this was attributed to pneumococcal serotypes not included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7, especially 3 and 19A"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
14
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How have the incidence Empyema been reduced? | 532 | [
"These trends have been reversed since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13. Data from the United States suggest that empyema decreased by 50% in children younger than 5 years"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What pneumonia related or chest conditions indicate the need for child radiography? | 533 | [
"chest radiography should not be routinely performed in children with ambulatory pneumonia [31] [32] [33] . Indications for chest radiography include hospitalization, severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress, failed initial antibiotic therapy, or suspicion for other diseases (tuberculosis, inhaled foreign body) or ... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
16
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What chest diseases and pneumonia were identified as leading causes prior to the availability of vaccines? | 534 | [
"prior to availability of new conjugate vaccines confirmed S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type B as the most important bacterial causes of pneumonia, with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with some severe cases. Respiratory syncytial virus was the leading viral cause, identified in 15-40%... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
18
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | Why has pertussis immunity in infants has decreased in infants? | 535 | [
"Because pertussis immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination is less long-lasting than immunity after wild-type infection or whole-cell vaccination, many women of child-bearing age have waning pertussis antibody levels."
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
21
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the effect of childhood tuberculosis in childhood pneumonia? | 536 | [
"A recent systematic review of tuberculosis as a comorbidity of childhood pneumonia reported culture-confirmed disease in about 8% of cases [50] . Because intrathoracic tuberculosis disease is only culture-confirmed in a minority of cases, the true burden could be even higher; tuberculosis could therefore be an imp... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
23
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What are the risk factors in childhood pneumonia? | 537 | [
"incomplete or inadequate vaccination must be considered as a major preventable risk factor for childhood pneumonia. Other risk factors include low birth weight, which is associated with 3.2 times increased odds of severe pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, and 1.8 times increased odds in high-income coun... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
24
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How does air pollution affect the incidence of childhood pneumonia? | 538 | [
"Indoor air pollution from use of solid or biomass fuels increases odds of pneumonia by 1.6 times; lack of measles vaccination by the end of the first year of age increases odds of pneumonia by 1.8 times"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
25
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the strongest risk factor for childhood pneumonia? | 539 | [
"The single strongest risk factor for pneumonia is HIV infection, which is especially prevalent in children in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV-infected children have 6 times increased odds of developing severe pneumonia or of death compared to HIV-uninfected children"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
26
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is the global coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccines? | 540 | [
"By the end of 2015, Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination had been introduced in 73 countries, with global coverage estimated at 68%. However, inequities are still apparent among regions: in the Americas coverage is estimated at 90%, while in the Western Pacific it is only 25%. By 2015, pneumococcal ... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
27
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | Is influenza vaccination during pregnancy safe? How long does it protect the child? | 541 | [
"Influenza vaccination during pregnancy is safe, provides reasonable maternal protection against influenza, and also protects infants for a limited period from confirmed influenza infection (vaccine efficacy 63% in Bangladesh [63] and 50.4% in South Africa [64] ). However as antibody levels drop sharply after birth... | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
29
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | What is emphyema? | 923 | [
"a rare complication of pneumonia"
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
14
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,571 | How is the term end point consolidation described with regard to pneumonia diagnosis? | 4,573 | [
"as a dense or fluffy opacity that occupies a portion or whole of a lobe, or the entire lung."
] | [
"Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/\n\nSHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42\n\nAuthors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.\nDate: 2017-09-21\nDOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Pneumon... | [
8
] | 3,587 | 4,920 |
1,585 | What factors make H5N1 a worldwide threat to public health? | 5,217 | [
"rapid spread and high pathogenicity"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
3
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | What are the symptoms of H5N1 infection in humans? | 5,218 | [
"fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
3
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | Name some medications used to treat influenza. | 5,219 | [
"zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu)"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
3
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | Why have antiretrovirals medications had limited benefit in treating influenza? | 5,220 | [
"drug-resistance and frequent antigenic mutation"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
4
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | What is the focus of the current study? | 5,221 | [
"effect of EAP against H5N1 influenza infection"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
8
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | What is the result of the current study? | 5,222 | [
"the anti-H5N1 effects of EAP offer an alternative strategy for developing antiinfluenza agents"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
8
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | How do the polysaccharides in plants effect the immune response? | 5,223 | [
"enhance the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
24
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | What does this study demonstrate? | 5,224 | [
"EAP leaf extract is a prophylactic and immune enhancement agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
35
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,585 | In this study, how did treatment of EAP after infection affect survival? | 5,225 | [
"did not provide a survival advantage"
] | [
"Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/\n\nSHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9\n\nAuthors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang,... | [
31
] | 3,409 | 5,174 |
1,575 | What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? | 550 | [
"The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV),"
] | [
"A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181804/\n\nSHA: ef5fe7296ec8baf90d974cf5737af0da3ed403ea\n\nAuthors: He, Ying; Lin, Guang-Yu; Wang, Qiong; Cai, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Yin-Hui... | [
3
] | 3,962 | 5,626 |
1,575 | Are there any vaccines against to protect against respiratory viral infections? | 553 | [
"Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses"
] | [
"A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181804/\n\nSHA: ef5fe7296ec8baf90d974cf5737af0da3ed403ea\n\nAuthors: He, Ying; Lin, Guang-Yu; Wang, Qiong; Cai, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Yin-Hui... | [
4
] | 3,962 | 5,626 |
2,585 | Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? | 544 | [
"Gammaproteobacteria"
] | [
"Spread from the Sink to the Patient: In Situ Study Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Expressing Escherichia coli To Model Bacterial Dispersion from Hand-Washing Sink-Trap Reservoirs\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377511/\n\nSHA: 615071c8c959f24857b1bad521cc432b59719bfb\n\nAuthors: Kotay, Shir... | [
1
] | 4,649 | 6,657 |
2,585 | What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? | 545 | [
"via a common sanitary pipe"
] | [
"Spread from the Sink to the Patient: In Situ Study Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Expressing Escherichia coli To Model Bacterial Dispersion from Hand-Washing Sink-Trap Reservoirs\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377511/\n\nSHA: 615071c8c959f24857b1bad521cc432b59719bfb\n\nAuthors: Kotay, Shir... | [
28
] | 4,649 | 6,657 |
1,556 | What types of acute respiratory infections can be screened and diagnosed with multiplex PCR? | 327 | [
"influenza and parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, bocavirus and coronavirus"
] | [
"The impact of rapid molecular diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses on outcomes for emergency department patients\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617970/\n\nSHA: eea9d5e3d2244b3ecfb5e909515e00a4a3cabaa7\n\nAuthors: Wabe, Nasir; Li, Ling; Lindeman, Robert; Yimsung, Ruth; Dahm, Maria R; Clezy, ... | [
3
] | 2,563 | 3,562 |
1,569 | What is the role of antibodies during infection? | 465 | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections."
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
1
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | How can antibodies also create health problems? | 467 | [
"Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection."
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
1
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | Which technology invention produced antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell? | 474 | [
"in the 1970s with the development of hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies"
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
3
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? | 476 | [
"somatic rearrangement during B cell differentiation was responsible for antibody diversification"
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
3
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | What developments have been made possible by the study of B-cell repertoire? | 478 | [
"(1) vaccine candidates that elicit protective antibodies; (2) antibodies that prevent disease when given prophylactically; and (3) antibodies that can be given as therapy after the onset of disease."
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
5
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | What motivates the study of the rare B-cells that produce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bnAb)? | 485 | [
"discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that protect against infection across diverse viral isolates has intensified efforts to understand the developmental pathway of the rare B cells that produce these antibodies"
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
6
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | How has the study of B-cells helped the treatment for Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? | 489 | [
"For RSV, stabilized versions of the fusion (F) protein in the pre-fusion conformation have led to insights in the B cell's response to infection and has generated potentially safer and more efficacious vaccine candidates"
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
6
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | How are the studies on B-cells helping the development of a universal influenza vaccine? | 490 | [
"Influenza also performs fusion through the stem region of the hemagglutinin protein, and the identification of B cells that target this relatively conserved site has spurred research on the development of a universal influenza vaccine ("
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
6
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | What role B-cell play in malaria infection and prevention? | 494 | [
"Rare memory B cells producing antibodies specific for the EBV fusion machinery have been isolated; these can neutralize both B cell and epithelial cell infection (20). A new paradigm in malaria vaccine development is also emerging with the discovery of IgM+ and IgD+ memory B cells targeting the Merozoite Surface P... | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
7
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,569 | How can the study of B-cells help in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases? | 497 | [
"The study of autoantigen-specific B cells and a detailed analysis of B cell subsets with pathogenic potential in humans could lead to a better understanding of how to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases."
] | [
"Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/\n\nSHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c\n\nAuthors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.\nDate: 2019-07-24\nDOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694\nLicense: cc-by",
"Abstract: Antibodies against ... | [
9
] | 3,322 | 4,438 |
1,551 | When was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus isolated first? | 557 | [
"(MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012, in a 60-year-old man who died in Jeddah, KSA due to severe acute pneumonia and multiple organ failure"
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
3
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | What is the Case fatality rate for MERS Coronavirus? | 558 | [
"Recent fatality rate (CFR) of 21%"
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
3
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | How does gender influence MERS-COV infection? | 559 | [
"MERS-CoV infects males more than females"
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
3
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | Which is the source animal for the MERS-COV? | 560 | [
"Dromedary camels are the major animal source of MERS-CoV transmission to humans."
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
4
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | What is the median time until death in MERS-COV? | 562 | [
"median time until death is 11-13 days (range 5-27 days) among severely ill patients"
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
4
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | What is the incubation period for MERS-COV? | 563 | [
"incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days ["
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
4
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | What is the treatment for MERS-COV? | 564 | [
"ere is no specific treatment for MERS-CoV. Like most viral infections, the treatment options are supportive and symptomatic"
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
5
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,551 | What age group had the most MERS-COV infections? | 565 | [
"majority of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV were reported among people aged 40 and above"
] | [
"Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/\n\nSHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d\n\nAuthors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Ra... | [
15
] | 2,879 | 3,876 |
1,594 | Why are nucleosides analogs used for chemotheraphy? | 5,232 | [
"they inhibit cellular DNA/RNA polymerases"
] | [
"Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/\n\nSHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3\n\nAuthors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan\nDate: 2018-04-20\nDOI: 10.3390/v100... | [
2
] | 3,360 | 4,990 |
1,594 | What nucleoside analog is the focus of the current study? | 5,233 | [
"gemcitabine"
] | [
"Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/\n\nSHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3\n\nAuthors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan\nDate: 2018-04-20\nDOI: 10.3390/v100... | [
1
] | 3,360 | 4,990 |
1,594 | Gemcitabine has been shown to have antiviral activity against which viruses? | 5,234 | [
"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika virus (ZIKV), HCV, poliovirus (PV), influenza A virus (IAV), HIV, and enteroviruses (EV)"
] | [
"Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/\n\nSHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3\n\nAuthors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan\nDate: 2018-04-20\nDOI: 10.3390/v100... | [
8
] | 3,360 | 4,990 |
1,594 | How does gemcitabine disrupt viral activity? | 5,235 | [
"by targeting the salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis"
] | [
"Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/\n\nSHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3\n\nAuthors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan\nDate: 2018-04-20\nDOI: 10.3390/v100... | [
16
] | 3,360 | 4,990 |
1,570 | Why are cotton rats considered a strong animal model for biomedical research? | 1,631 | [
"its well defined immunological and genetic information, costeffectiveness, and abundant inbred strains and research reagents"
] | [
"Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/\n\nSHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853\n\nAuthors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Ram... | [
3
] | 4,136 | 6,188 |
1,570 | What is the structure of the CD40 Ligand? | 1,632 | [
"a sandwiched extracellular structure composed of a β-sheet, α-helix loop, and a β-sheet"
] | [
"Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/\n\nSHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853\n\nAuthors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Ram... | [
6
] | 4,136 | 6,188 |
1,570 | What is the effect of CD40L on Dendritic Cells? | 1,633 | [
"it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells"
] | [
"Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/\n\nSHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853\n\nAuthors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Ram... | [
7
] | 4,136 | 6,188 |
1,570 | What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells? | 1,634 | [
"it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells"
] | [
"Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/\n\nSHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853\n\nAuthors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Ram... | [
7
] | 4,136 | 6,188 |
1,567 | What factor may influence viral replication and gene expression? | 567 | [
"the average codon usage frequencies in the host genome"
] | [
"Bioinformatics analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377956/\n\nSHA: eff26d8739498efca2d32fe2e66cdbebf0569c50\n\nAuthors: Tian, Xiao-ting; Li, Bao-yu; Zhang, Liang; Jiao, Wen-qiang; Liu, Ji-xing\nDate: 2011-11-01\nDOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-494\nLicense... | [
4
] | 2,634 | 3,655 |
1,567 | What accounts for the variation of codon usage among open reading frameworks? | 566 | [
"mutational pressure and translational selection"
] | [
"Bioinformatics analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377956/\n\nSHA: eff26d8739498efca2d32fe2e66cdbebf0569c50\n\nAuthors: Tian, Xiao-ting; Li, Bao-yu; Zhang, Liang; Jiao, Wen-qiang; Liu, Ji-xing\nDate: 2011-11-01\nDOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-494\nLicense... | [
3
] | 2,634 | 3,655 |
1,563 | What conditions are considered upper respiratory tracts infections? | 328 | [
"common cold, pharyngitis, otitis, sinusitis, laryngotracheitis, epiglottitis"
] | [
"Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/\n\nSHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a\n\nAuthors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter... | [
3
] | 3,499 | 4,793 |
1,563 | What conditions are considered lower respiratory tract infections? | 329 | [
"bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchiolitis"
] | [
"Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/\n\nSHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a\n\nAuthors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter... | [
3
] | 3,499 | 4,793 |
1,563 | What immune cells are primarily involved in eliminating virus-infected cells? | 330 | [
"NK cells (CD3-/CD16+/CD56+)"
] | [
"Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/\n\nSHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a\n\nAuthors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter... | [
25
] | 3,499 | 4,793 |
1,563 | What molecules have been shown to hinder T cell responses to viral infections? | 331 | [
"Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)"
] | [
"Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/\n\nSHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a\n\nAuthors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter... | [
26
] | 3,499 | 4,793 |
1,563 | The accumulation of what molecule hinders phagocytic activity in T cells? | 332 | [
"reactive oxygen species (ROS)"
] | [
"Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/\n\nSHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a\n\nAuthors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter... | [
26
] | 3,499 | 4,793 |
1,549 | When did the last Director General of the WHO resign? | 1,592 | [
"June 30, 2017"
] | [
"A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/\n\nSHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3\n\nAuthors: nan\nDate: 2016-06-28\nDOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059\nLicense: cc-by\n\nAbstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qua... | [
1
] | 762 | 1,052 |
1,549 | Why might an organization like the WHO be necessary? | 1,593 | [
"to promote, set standards in, and evaluate progress toward better health for people in all countries"
] | [
"A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/\n\nSHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3\n\nAuthors: nan\nDate: 2016-06-28\nDOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059\nLicense: cc-by\n\nAbstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qua... | [
2
] | 762 | 1,052 |
1,549 | Where should the next Director General for the WHO come from? | 1,595 | [
"a lowincome or middle-income country"
] | [
"A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/\n\nSHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3\n\nAuthors: nan\nDate: 2016-06-28\nDOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059\nLicense: cc-by\n\nAbstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qua... | [
4
] | 762 | 1,052 |
1,549 | What traits should the new Director General of the WHO have? | 1,596 | [
"open-minded and creative"
] | [
"A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/\n\nSHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3\n\nAuthors: nan\nDate: 2016-06-28\nDOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059\nLicense: cc-by\n\nAbstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qua... | [
5
] | 762 | 1,052 |
1,564 | What is the Hepatitis C virus? | 1,625 | [
"enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus"
] | [
"A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/\n\nSHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670\n\nAuthors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Eti... | [
4
] | 3,460 | 4,928 |
1,564 | How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus? | 1,626 | [
"170 million people worldwide"
] | [
"A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/\n\nSHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670\n\nAuthors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Eti... | [
4
] | 3,460 | 4,928 |
1,564 | What is the long-term risk of chronic hepatitis C infection? | 1,627 | [
"cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma"
] | [
"A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/\n\nSHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670\n\nAuthors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Eti... | [
4
] | 3,460 | 4,928 |
1,564 | What antiviral treatments are used for hepatitis C infection? | 1,628 | [
"pegylated alpha-interferon and ribavirin"
] | [
"A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/\n\nSHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670\n\nAuthors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Eti... | [
4
] | 3,460 | 4,928 |
1,560 | What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves? | 2,129 | [
"Calf septicemia"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
3
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | Where was hepcidin first discovered? | 2,131 | [
"human urine"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
4
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | What is hepcidin? | 2,130 | [
"low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
4
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | What organ produces hepcidin? | 2,132 | [
"liver"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
4
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | What stimulates the release of hepcidin? | 2,133 | [
"inflammatory reactions and high Fe concentrations"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
4
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | 2,134 | [
"Fe"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
1
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | Is hepcidin toxic? | 2,135 | [
"potentially toxic"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
4
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | Why is iron critical to bacteria? | 2,136 | [
"bacteria utilize Fe for survival, growth and proliferation"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
4
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | How does hepcidin work in the duodenum? | 2,137 | [
"control of excessive Fe absorption"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
5
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | How does hepcidin affect macrophages? | 2,138 | [
"regulation of Fe release"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
5
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | What leads to oxidative stress in the body? | 2,139 | [
"production of ROS"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
5
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,560 | What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | 2,140 | [
"superoxide dismutase"
] | [
"Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/\n\nSHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be\n\nAuthors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A... | [
16
] | 1,877 | 2,771 |
1,561 | What is Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | 3,032 | [
"a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
1
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,561 | What are the salient findings in Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | 3,033 | [
"fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
1
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,561 | What is RANBP2? | 3,034 | [
"nuclear pore protein"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
5
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,561 | What is the suggested role of RANBP2 in the cell? | 3,035 | [
"intracellular protein trafficking or energy maintenance and homeostasis of neuronal cells"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
5
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,561 | What is the hallmark finding of acute necrotizing encephalopathy? | 3,036 | [
"multiple, symmetric brain lesions located in the thalami bilaterally, putamina, deep periventricular white matter, cerebellum, and brainstem"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
5
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,561 | What could trigger acute necrotizing encephalopathy? | 3,037 | [
"viral infection in previously healthy children"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
5
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,561 | When did she present with rapidly progressive right-hand weakness? | 3,038 | [
"1 month later"
] | [
"Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/\n\nSHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76\n\nAuthors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; S... | [
8
] | 2,355 | 3,719 |
1,562 | Compounds from what framework have shown promising anticancer and antiviral properties? | 3,039 | [
"quinazolin-4-one"
] | [
"New Isoxazolidine-Conjugates of Quinazolinones—Synthesis, Antiviral and Cytostatic Activity\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6273226/\n\nSHA: eefddcf51f8426ecaa9e3ace144dadfb34a74cf5\n\nAuthors: Piotrowska, Dorota G.; Andrei, Graciela; Schols, Dominique; Snoeck, Robert; Grabkowska-Drużyc, Magdalena\... | [
1
] | 2,919 | 5,823 |
1,562 | The replication of what virus is strongly inhibited by 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (1)? | 3,040 | [
"tobacco mosaic virus"
] | [
"New Isoxazolidine-Conjugates of Quinazolinones—Synthesis, Antiviral and Cytostatic Activity\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6273226/\n\nSHA: eefddcf51f8426ecaa9e3ace144dadfb34a74cf5\n\nAuthors: Piotrowska, Dorota G.; Andrei, Graciela; Schols, Dominique; Snoeck, Robert; Grabkowska-Drużyc, Magdalena\... | [
3
] | 2,919 | 5,823 |
1,573 | How many samples were obtained? | 3,267 | [
"11,399"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
1
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,573 | What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen? | 3,268 | [
"49.2%"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
1
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,573 | What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1? | 3,269 | [
"2.2%"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
1
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,573 | When was HBoV1 first identified? | 3,270 | [
"2005"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
3
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,573 | What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection? | 3,271 | [
"cough, rhinitis, fever"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
3
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,573 | What are the ages of the patients in this study? | 3,272 | [
"≤14 years old"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
1
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,573 | What was the male to female ratio for this study? | 3,273 | [
"1.82:1"
] | [
"Epidemiology of HBoV1 infection and relationship with meteorological conditions in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness: a 7-year study in a subtropical region\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048719/\n\nSHA: f2f78c95ab378a31bd35dc1de84e0ec75eb7ce1b\n\nAuthors: Liu, Wen-Ku... | [
10
] | 2,706 | 4,192 |
1,591 | What causes acute respiratory illness in young children? | 4,059 | [
"Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)"
] | [
"Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941262/\n\nSHA: f5ae3f66face323615df39d838e056ab5fcc98df\n\nAuthors: Kamau, Everlyn; Oketch, John W.; de Laurent, Zaydah R.; Phan, My V. T.; Agoti, Charles N.; N... | [
1
] | 3,369 | 4,947 |
1,591 | What is the molecular structure of the Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)? | 4,060 | [
"single-stranded RNA virus"
] | [
"Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941262/\n\nSHA: f5ae3f66face323615df39d838e056ab5fcc98df\n\nAuthors: Kamau, Everlyn; Oketch, John W.; de Laurent, Zaydah R.; Phan, My V. T.; Agoti, Charles N.; N... | [
3
] | 3,369 | 4,947 |
1,591 | What virus is closely related to the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? | 4,061 | [
"Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)"
] | [
"Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941262/\n\nSHA: f5ae3f66face323615df39d838e056ab5fcc98df\n\nAuthors: Kamau, Everlyn; Oketch, John W.; de Laurent, Zaydah R.; Phan, My V. T.; Agoti, Charles N.; N... | [
1
] | 3,369 | 4,947 |
1,591 | What diseases are caused by HMPV? | 4,062 | [
"mild upper respiratory infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia"
] | [
"Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6941262/\n\nSHA: f5ae3f66face323615df39d838e056ab5fcc98df\n\nAuthors: Kamau, Everlyn; Oketch, John W.; de Laurent, Zaydah R.; Phan, My V. T.; Agoti, Charles N.; N... | [
3
] | 3,369 | 4,947 |
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