document_id int32 185 2.68k | question stringlengths 11 194 | id int32 225 5.32k | answers listlengths 1 1 | chunks listlengths 5 52 | correct_chunks listlengths 0 1 | num_words int64 404 5.47k | num_tokens int64 652 7.87k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,643 | Where are difficulties are exacerbated during humanitarian crises? | 1,916 | [
"Providing the limited healthcare worker cadre with appropriate training and personal protective equipment, and ensuring a continuous supply chain"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
3
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What can prevent contact tracing? | 1,917 | [
"Frequent displacement and limited contact information"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
3
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is an example of intractable structural challenge? | 1,918 | [
"overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill."
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What should be the priority of the national and international bodies trying to prevent the pandemic? | 1,919 | [
"increased vulnerabilities, humanitarian crises"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
4
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What resources need to be identified? | 1,920 | [
"to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases."
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
4
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is an effective public health hygiene? | 1,921 | [
"Respiratory hygiene i"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
5
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What has been demonstrated to be effective for prevention? | 1,922 | [
"hand hygiene, safe cough practice, and social distancing ["
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
5
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What has increased hand washing? | 1,923 | [
"the distribution of soap to households in humanitarian settings has been shown to increase handwashing by over 30%"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
5
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is hand washing to protect one's own health consistent with? | 1,924 | [
"the rights to dignity and to fully participate in decisions related to assistance in humanitarian crises."
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
5
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is possible in many resource -limited settings? | 1,925 | [
"Widespread introduction of alcohol-based hand rubs"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
5
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is the foremost authority on minimum standards for humanitarian assistance? | 1,926 | [
"The Sphere Handbook, a collection of rights-based guidelines for humanitarian response"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
6
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | For what there is evidence for the efficacy of hand washing? | 1,927 | [
"reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission,"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
6
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What are humanitarian WASH standards based on? | 1,928 | [
"evidence pertaining to the prevention of illnesses transmitted by the faecal-oral route, with the focus on hand hygiene proximate to latrines"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
6
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What confers a high risk of gender based violence? | 1,929 | [
"latrines in crisis settings are often shared and distant from residential shelters,"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
6
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is the deterrent effect of gender based violence around latrines? | 1,930 | [
"for accessing latrine-adjacent handwashing stations, particularly for hand hygiene to prevent respiratory pathogen transmission."
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
6
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What will maximize the effectiveness of interventions? | 1,931 | [
"Crisis-affected community engagement is integral in pandemic planning,"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
7
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What will happen without the adaptation of existing standards? | 1,932 | [
"mitigation plans will fall short of health and human rights obligations in outbreak response"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
7
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is essential when pandemics threaten vulnerable populations? | 1,933 | [
"Transparent and credible information-sharing mechanisms"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
7
] | 794 | 1,151 |
2,643 | What is a necessary component of effective health governance? | 1,934 | [
"Diplomacy bridging long-standing mistrust of public health and biomedical interventions and facilitating engagement with contentious actors"
] | [
"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7085188/\n\nSHA: d013e42811c6442b184da3b9bbfd9e334031a975\n\nAuthors: Poole, Danielle N.; Escudero, Daniel J.; Gostin, Lawrence O.; Leblang, David; Talbot, Elizabeth A.\nDate: 2020-03-21\nDOI: 10.1186... | [
7
] | 794 | 1,151 |
776 | Approximately how many people died during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic? | 259 | [
"During the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, between 21 and 25 million people died of influenza worldwide."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
2
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | What social and economic factors contributed to the large fatality rate in the 1918 influenza pandemic? | 286 | [
"Malnutrition weakened the human immune system and made a person more vulnerable to infectious diseases like tuberculosis and influenza, therefore, hunger and malnutrition were indirectly responsible for millions of deaths in the world in that period of time."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
2
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | What problems were faced by medical staff during the 1918 epidemic? | 291 | [
"in 1918 and 1919, physicians and nurses almost had nothing in their hands to help individuals who were infected by influenza viruses. T"
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
4
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | What helpful drugs are available now to control the disease or to provide palliative care for influenza patients? | 295 | [
"Today, although we still do not have very effective, powerful, and practical anti-influenza drugs available, we at least have some improved, useful, and helpful anti-viral drugs like zanamivir, and effective, convenient anti-cold medicines like Tylenol or Advil."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | How has the mortality rate due to influenza declined in USA over past decades? | 297 | [
"in the United States of America, the influenza classed mortality rate declined from 10.2/100,000 in the 1940s to 0.56/100,000 in the 1990s; and the classed mortality rates of 1957-1958 and 1968-1969 influenza pandemics were not remarkably different from the non-pandemic seasons"
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
5
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | Is there an Influenza vaccine? | 299 | [
"We do not have a universal vaccine to prevent all influenza virus infections, but we can make effective vaccines to a specific influenza virus strain in a short time."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
5
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | for the 2009 influenza pandemic, what were the case fatality rates? | 300 | [
"that most cases of H1N1 influenza A virus infections were mild, the symptomatic case fatality rate was only 0.005% in New Zealand (16) ; and in New York City, the case fatality rate was 0.0094-0.0147% for persons ≥65 years old, and for those of 0-17 years old, the case fatality rate was 0.0008-0.0012% (17) ."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
7
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | What factors would contribute now to the faster rates of influenza infections? | 301 | [
"Nowadays, we travel faster, and we travel more frequently and globally, and we have more complicated social activities and lifestyles, thereby increasing the chances of viral mutation; and we realize that influenza viruses are even easier to reassort, recombine, and mutate in nature than many other RNA viruses."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
12
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | What factors would be responsible in future for the prevention of an Influenza pandemic? | 302 | [
"influenza virus infections are controllable and preventable, with the increased population health and immunity, with the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System, and with standard/routine epidemiological practices, and with new effective anti-viral agents and vaccines in production in the future."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
12
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | What was the detected fatality rate of H7N9 Avian flu? | 303 | [
"the detected 32.14% (45/140, one case from Taiwan, and one case from Hong Kong) (22, 23)."
] | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
11
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
776 | Why would real case fatality rate for the H7N9 be lower than detected rate? | 304 | [
"most people usually think a common cold is a very common and normal occurrence, and they don't take flu-like illnesses seriously. In most situations, they would just stay home and take some medicines. Only those who have very severe flu-like symptoms would see doctors, and thereby be detected and diagnosed, accord... | [
"It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019839/\n\nSong, Liting\n2014-05-07\nDOI:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039\nLicense:cc-by\n\nAbstract: nan\n\nText: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular top... | [
11
] | 1,781 | 2,405 |
1,713 | What is the structure of the Ebolavirus? | 5,315 | [
"single-strand RNA filoviruses"
] | [
"Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213544/\n\nSHA: f16da7cf7a952fb981dfc0d77280aac9c3ab933a\n\nAuthors: Caron, Alexandre; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Cappelle, Julien; Liégeois, Florian; De Nys, Hélène M.; Roger, François\nDate: 2018-10-09\nDOI: 10.3390... | [
3
] | 4,784 | 6,442 |
1,713 | When was the West African Ebolavirus outbreak? | 5,316 | [
"2013-2016"
] | [
"Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213544/\n\nSHA: f16da7cf7a952fb981dfc0d77280aac9c3ab933a\n\nAuthors: Caron, Alexandre; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Cappelle, Julien; Liégeois, Florian; De Nys, Hélène M.; Roger, François\nDate: 2018-10-09\nDOI: 10.3390... | [
3
] | 4,784 | 6,442 |
1,713 | What animals are considered to be maintenance hosts to the Ebolavirus? | 5,317 | [
"African bats"
] | [
"Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213544/\n\nSHA: f16da7cf7a952fb981dfc0d77280aac9c3ab933a\n\nAuthors: Caron, Alexandre; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Cappelle, Julien; Liégeois, Florian; De Nys, Hélène M.; Roger, François\nDate: 2018-10-09\nDOI: 10.3390... | [
6
] | 4,784 | 6,442 |
1,713 | What do circles indicate in Figure 1? | 5,318 | [
"a maintenance function play by the host(s)"
] | [
"Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213544/\n\nSHA: f16da7cf7a952fb981dfc0d77280aac9c3ab933a\n\nAuthors: Caron, Alexandre; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Cappelle, Julien; Liégeois, Florian; De Nys, Hélène M.; Roger, François\nDate: 2018-10-09\nDOI: 10.3390... | [
10
] | 4,784 | 6,442 |
1,713 | What do arrows indicate in Figure 1? | 5,319 | [
"infectious transmission pathways between hosts"
] | [
"Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?\n\nhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213544/\n\nSHA: f16da7cf7a952fb981dfc0d77280aac9c3ab933a\n\nAuthors: Caron, Alexandre; Bourgarel, Mathieu; Cappelle, Julien; Liégeois, Florian; De Nys, Hélène M.; Roger, François\nDate: 2018-10-09\nDOI: 10.3390... | [
10
] | 4,784 | 6,442 |
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