Datasets:

google-research-datasets
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disfl_qa

squad_v2_id stringlengths 24 24	original question stringlengths 12 189	disfluent question stringlengths 1 655	title stringclasses 24 values	context stringclasses 813 values	answers sequence
5a5918ff3e1742001a15cf7e	What do unstable isotope studies indicate?	What do petrologists no what do unstable isotope studies indicate?	Geology	In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed throug...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad4f40c5b96ef001a10a774	What is the basic unit of territorial division in Warsaw?	What is the second level of territorial division in Poland no make that the basic unit of territorial division in Warsaw?	Warsaw	The basic unit of territorial division in Poland is a commune (gmina). A city is also a commune – but with the city charter. Both cities and communes are governed by a mayor – but in the communes the mayor is vogt (wójt in Polish), however in the cities – burmistrz. Some bigger cities obtain the entitlements, i.e. task...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
572684365951b619008f7543	Which genus lack tentacles and sheaths?	Juvenile platyctenids no wow Which genus lack tentacles and sheaths?	Ctenophora	Development of the fertilized eggs is direct, in other words there is no distinctive larval form, and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults. In the genus Beroe the juveniles, like the adults, lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths. In most species the juveniles gradually develop the body for...	{ "text": [ "Beroe", "Beroe", "Beroe" ], "answer_start": [ 185, 185, 185 ] }
5729f799af94a219006aa70a	Long-lived memory cells can remember previous encounters with what?	When a pathogen is met again scratch that I mean long-lived memory cells are capable of remembering previous encounters with what?	Immune_system	When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ...	{ "text": [ "specific pathogen", "pathogen", "each specific pathogen" ], "answer_start": [ 190, 199, 185 ] }
5ad3b9cd604f3c001a3fee87	What led to Newcastle's rise to power as military advisor?	What led to the Duke of Cumberland's rise to power as military advisor sorry no Newcastle's?	French_and_Indian_War	The British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater, led to the fall from power of Newcastle and his principal military advisor, the Duke of Cumberland. Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning. He embarked on a plan for the 1...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a665b56846392001a1e1b1d	How long did Julia Butterfly Hill live near a nuclear-missile installation?	Did Julia Butterfly wait How long did Julia Butterfly Hill live near a nuclear-missile installation?	Civil_disobedience	Civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts. Bedau writes, "There is a whole class of acts, undertaken in the name of civil disobedience, which, even if they were widely practiced, would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance (e.g. trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation)...Su...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad4bcc45b96ef001a109e9f	When was Warsaw ranked as the 22nd most liveable city in the world?	When was Frankfurt ranked as the 22nd most liveable city in the world, no sorry it was Warsaw?	Warsaw	In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central Europe. Today Warsaw is considered an "Alpha–" global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5729727baf94a219006aa437	What is the name of the supposition that any number larger than 2 can be represented as the sum of two primes?	What is the name of the number theory, or rather, the supposition that any number larger than 2 can be represented as the sum of two primes?	Prime_number	Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br...	{ "text": [ "Goldbach's conjecture", "Goldbach's conjecture", "Goldbach's conjecture", "Goldbach's conjecture", "Goldbach's conjecture" ], "answer_start": [ 60, 60, 60, 60, 60 ] }
5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca2	Which group sets the time agenda?	Who represents instead how about which group sets the time agenda?	Scottish_Parliament	As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is ano...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad26925d7d075001a4292c4	When three forces act on a point particle, what happens?	What geometric er when three forces act on a point particle, what happens?	Force	Historically, forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out. Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. When two forces act on a point particle, the re...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad4faa45b96ef001a10a85c	What profession does Zbigniew Marek have?	What profession does Irena Bajerska no Zbigniew Marek have?	Warsaw	Another important library – the University Library, founded in 1816, is home to over two million items. The building was designed by architects Marek Budzyński and Zbigniew Badowski and opened on 15 December 1999. It is surrounded by green. The University Library garden, designed by Irena Bajerska, was opened on 12 Jun...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5729d609af94a219006aa665	What type of wages does mechanization and automation lead to?	What type of wages does equipment for labor no the mechanization and automation lead to?	Economic_inequality	In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs,...	{ "text": [ "stagnant", "stagnant wages", "stagnant" ], "answer_start": [ 585, 585, 585 ] }
5727ee372ca10214002d99f0	What type of entrepreneurship leads to advancements in technology?	What type of impact or uh entrepreneurship leads to advancements in technology?	Economic_inequality	On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivatio...	{ "text": [ "opportunity-based entrepreneurship", "opportunity-based entrepreneurship", "opportunity-based" ], "answer_start": [ 333, 333, 333 ] }
57335ddbd058e614000b5930	What does the highest level of the Vistula plateau contain?	Why does What does the highest level of the Vistula plateau contain?	Warsaw	The plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits. The pattern of the Vistula terraces is asymmetrical. The left side consist mainly of two levels: the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace. The contemporary flooded terra...	{ "text": [ "former flooded terraces", "former flooded terraces", "peat swamps or small ponds" ], "answer_start": [ 222, 222, 806 ] }
5a2ed354a83784001a7d24ef	What percentage of Venice residents died of the plague in 1361?	What percentage of Parisian residents died of the plague in 1361 no Venice residents?	Black_Death	In 1466, perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in Paris. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the plague was present in Paris around 30 per cent of the time. The Black Death ravaged Europe for three years before it continued on into Russia, where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 ...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57379829c3c5551400e51f3f	What is the effect of beta decay?	What is the result of no no I mean what is the effect of beta decay?	Force	The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force. Still, it is stronger than gravi...	{ "text": [ "radioactivity", "radioactivity", "radioactivity", "radioactivity" ], "answer_start": [ 156, 156, 156, 156 ] }
5a835482e60761001a2eb598	What kind of organs do some sponges have?	What kind of organs do ctenophores or no make that do some sponges have?	Ctenophora	Ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges, about as complex as cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, etc.), and less complex than bilaterians (which include almost all other animals). Unlike sponges, both ctenophores and cnidarians have: cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like bas...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5acfed9477cf76001a686541	How did the party overthrow the elected government in 1929?	How did the party overthrow the elected government in 1985 no i mean 1929?	Islamism	After al-Nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections, but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-Nimeiry government with the help of the military. Turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power, but stri...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5725daa8ec44d21400f3d6b3	In what year did Fresno get its first pedestrian mall?	How no sorry in what year did Fresno get its first pedestrian mall?	Fresno,_California	Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's first pedestrian malls in 1964. Renamed the Fulton Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton Mall corridor has suffered a sharp decl...	{ "text": [ "1964", "1964", "1964" ], "answer_start": [ 159, 159, 159 ] }
5ad4f0675b96ef001a10a6ea	Who were the main detractors of the humoral theory of immunity?	What are or actually who were the main detractors of the humoral theory of immunity?	Immune_system	Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57297781af94a219006aa4a5	What is one function that prime numbers have that 1 does not?	Which theorem, oh wait, what is one function that prime numbers have that 1 does not?	Prime_number	A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic (mentioned above) would not hold as stated. For example, the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5; if 1 were admitted as a prime, these two presentations would be considered differen...	{ "text": [ "the sum of divisors function", "relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function", "relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function", "relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function", ...
5a8923a23b2508001a72a4c9	What is another function that primes have that the number 15 does not?	What is a fundamental no is another function that primes have that the number 15 does not?	Prime_number	A large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime, but Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic (mentioned above) would not hold as stated. For example, the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5; if 1 were admitted as a prime, these two presentations would be considered differen...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a58d33e3e1742001a15ce3d	Why do oceanic plates and mantle convection currents move in opposite directions?	When was um no why do oceanic plates and mantle convection currents move in opposite directions?	Geology	In the 1960s, a series of discoveries, the most important of which was seafloor spreading, showed that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle, is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming, solid, upper mantle, which i...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a3e5697378766001a002599	Below what levels were the projected sea levels in the 2001 IPCC projection?	Below what levels were the projected sea levels in the 2007 or no make that the 2001 IPCC projection?	Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change	On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad02bef77cf76001a686ca4	Who disagrees with the timetable of business in the chamber?	Who sets the work agenda and allocates time in the chamber no not this I want to know who disagrees with the timetable of business in the chamber?	Scottish_Parliament	As a member of the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body, the Presiding Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Parliament functions effectively and has the staff, property and resources it requires to operate. Convening the Parliamentary Bureau, which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber, is ano...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad0285977cf76001a686c0e	Which building was vacated three times to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly?	Which building was vacated three times to allow for the meeting of the General Assembly Hall or no rather of the Church's General Assembly?	Scottish_Parliament	Whilst the permanent building at Holyrood was being constructed, the Parliament's temporary home was the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the Assembly Hall, which is part of the School of D...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5729f4e46aef051400155156	What career does Joseph Stiglitz have?	What skills, no, what career does Joseph Stiglitz have?	Economic_inequality	Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "rent-seeking". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward we...	{ "text": [ "Economist", "Economist", "Economist" ], "answer_start": [ 0, 0, 0 ] }
5725fcbe271a42140099d3ae	What is another name for State Route 168?	What is another name for State Route 41 or no 168?	Fresno,_California	Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero ...	{ "text": [ "the Sierra Freeway", "Sierra Freeway", "Sierra Freeway" ], "answer_start": [ 159, 163, 163 ] }
5a664447c2b11c001a425eec	What was written by Ghandi in 1819?	What was written by Henry David Thoreau or sorry Ghandi in 1819? "," What was referenced err I mean written by Ghandi in 1819?	Civil_disobedience	Following the Peterloo massacre of 1819, poet Percy Shelley wrote the political poem The Mask of Anarchy later that year, that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action. It is perhaps the first modern[vague] s...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5acfeb5f77cf76001a6864ba	Who deployed its army into Iraq in 1979?	Who deployed its army into Afghanistan in 1979 no sorry not Afghanistan but in Iraq?	Islamism	In 1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan, attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the wor...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
572908c13f37b31900477fbf	Innate cells can act as mediators in the activation of what branch of the immune system?	What cells are the second arm of the innate immune system or rather Innate cells can act as mediators in the activation of what branch of the immune system?	Immune_system	Leukocytes (white blood cells) act like independent, single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system. The innate leukocytes include the phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells), mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells. These cells identify and eliminate ...	{ "text": [ "adaptive immune system", "adaptive", "adaptive immune system." ], "answer_start": [ 500, 500, 500 ] }
5ad2434fd7d075001a4289d7	What publication printed that the wealthiest 1% have more money than those in the bottom 99%?	What institution no um publication printed that the wealthiest 1% have more money than those in the bottom 99%?	Economic_inequality	According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined." According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have becom...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a7b44ae21c2de001afe9e23	What is the name of the park in Atascadero?	What is the name of the park in Reedley er uh better Atascadero?	Fresno,_California	Fresno is served by State Route 99, the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the California Central Valley. State Route 168, the Sierra Freeway, heads east to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake. State Route 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) comes into Fresno from Atascadero ...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57332562d058e614000b5734	When was the Masovian Duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown?	When was the settlement which would become Warsaw established no not that but when was the Masovian Duchy reincorporated into the Polish Crown?	Warsaw	The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ...	{ "text": [ "1526", "1526", "1526" ], "answer_start": [ 706, 706, 706 ] }
5acf7fdf77cf76001a684fd4	In what decade did the U of C affiliate with numerous national colleges?	In what decade did the Des Moines College or no make that the U of C affiliate with numerous national colleges?	University_of_Chicago	In the 1890s, the University of Chicago, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities: Des Moines College, Kalamazoo College, Butler University, and Stetson University. In 1896, the university affiliated with Shime...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
572827fc3acd2414000df5bb	What portion of households in Jacksonville have only one person?	Which percentage of households in Jacksonville have more than no sorry have only one person?	Jacksonville,_Florida	As of 2010[update], there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals an...	{ "text": [ "29.7%", "29.7%", "29.7%" ], "answer_start": [ 266, 266, 266 ] }
5726516a708984140094c225	How much do estimations of the population during the plague vary?	How much did the clergy no do estimations of the population during the plague vary?	Black_Death	It is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms, but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period. Most work has been done on the spread of the plague in England, and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by...	{ "text": [ "by over 100%", "by over 100%", "over 100%" ], "answer_start": [ 318, 318, 321 ] }
572fe9b3947a6a140053cde4	There's a rough border between Switzerland and what other country formed by the Rhine?	There's a tributary border between Switzerland and what other country formed by the Rhine no a rough?	Rhine	The Rhine emerges from Lake Constance, flows generally westward, as the Hochrhein, passes the Rhine Falls, and is joined by its major tributary, the river Aare. The Aare more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s), and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at...	{ "text": [ "German", "German-Swiss border", "German" ], "answer_start": [ 494, 494, 494 ] }
5ad4d6a75b96ef001a10a2c8	What is not a form of immunological memory?	Which is or no make that what is not a form of immunological memory?	Immune_system	When B cells and T cells are activated and begin to replicate, some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This is "adaptive" because it occ...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a2ecb43a83784001a7d248e	In what month in 1349 did the second wave of the plague reach England?	In what month in 1347 no um 1349 did the second wave of the plague reach England?	Black_Death	The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medieval...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5729de24af94a219006aa689	What increases entrepreneurship rates at the individual level?	How does no actually what increases entrepreneurship rates at the individual level?	Economic_inequality	On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivatio...	{ "text": [ "higher economic inequality", "higher economic inequality", "higher economic inequality" ], "answer_start": [ 19, 19, 19 ] }
5ad40c2d604f3c001a40004a	What Chinese system did Kublai's government not compromise with?	What Chinese system did Mongols no the Kublai's government not compromise with?	Yuan_dynasty	Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded pr...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57300580b2c2fd1400568750	How many avulsions have occurred in the past 6000 yeas?	How many avulsions have occurred in upland areas or actually just the past 6000 years?	Rhine	Since ~3000 yr BP (= years Before Present), human impact is seen in the delta. As a result of increasing land clearance (Bronze Age agriculture), in the upland areas (central Germany), the sediment load of the Rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up. This caused increased flooding and sedimentation, e...	{ "text": [ "80", "80", "80" ], "answer_start": [ 552, 552, 552 ] }
5ad0457b77cf76001a686f6d	What question has not led to criticism?	What question has not led to consequences uh alternatively criticism?	Scottish_Parliament	A procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland – whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on th...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57299c2c6aef051400155021	What is one general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings?	Which is or no make that what is one general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings?	Prime_number	Prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring R, an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined: prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p of R is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit (i.e., does not ha...	{ "text": [ "prime elements", "prime elements", "prime elements", "prime elements" ], "answer_start": [ 186, 186, 186, 186 ] }
5728fd206aef05140015494e	What probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt?	Which or rather what probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt?	Immune_system	Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron. This reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient...	{ "text": [ "lactobacilli", "lactobacilli", "lactobacilli" ], "answer_start": [ 656, 656, 656 ] }
5a55068b134fea001a0e180c	What is Circuit Switching?	What is packet or uh Circuit Switching?	Packet_switching	Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication service...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5733140a4776f419006606e2	When did Warsaw become the capital of the Kingdom of Poland?	When is or actually tell me when did Warsaw become the capital of the Kingdom of Poland?	Warsaw	The first historical reference to Warsaw dates back to the year 1313, at a time when Kraków served as the Polish capital city. Due to its central location between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ...	{ "text": [ "1596", "1596", "1596" ], "answer_start": [ 390, 390, 390 ] }
5ad4d91d5b96ef001a10a382	What is the rarest cause of poor immune function in developing countries?	What occurs er what is the rarest cause of poor immune function in developing countries?	Immune_system	Immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive. The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. In developed countries, o...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a679cc7f038b7001ab0c348	What does poor academic achievement lead to according to critics?	What can non-profit trusts and societies do no no wait What does poor academic achievement lead to according to critics?	Private_school	Legally, only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India. They will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get Recognition (a form of license) from the government. Critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compl...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad5041c5b96ef001a10a9ac	What castle currently houses the Centre for Ujazdow Art?	What castle currently concerts er uh houses the Centre for Ujazdow Art?	Warsaw	The 17th century Royal Ujazdów Castle currently houses Centre for Contemporary Art, with some permanent and temporary exhibitions, concerts, shows and creative workshops. The Centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year. Zachęta National Gallery of Art, the oldest exhibition site in Warsaw, with a tradition stre...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a3e5697378766001a002595	What did the 2007 IPCC report suggest had been decreasing?	What did the 2001 er uh 2007 IPCC report suggest had been decreasing?	Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change	On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change wi...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a605b5ee9e1cc001a33cd3f	Did Davies and Baran collaborate at any point after they both developed this concept?	Did Davies and Baran propose uh instead collaborate at any point after they both developed this concept?	Packet_switching	Starting in 1965, Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratory, UK, independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran. He called it packet switching, a more accessible name than Baran's, and proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, a...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
572996c73f37b319004784b4	What is another type of public key cryptography algorithm?	Which is or no rather what is another type of public key cryptography algorithm?	Prime_number	Several public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers (for example, 512-bit primes are frequently used for RSA and 1024-bit primes are typical for Diffie–Hellman.). RSA relies on the assumption that it is much easier (i.e., more efficient) to perfo...	{ "text": [ "the Diffie–Hellman key exchange", "Diffie–Hellman", "Diffie–Hellman key exchange", "Diffie–Hellman key exchange" ], "answer_start": [ 60, 64, 64, 64 ] }
572758e0f1498d1400e8f6b0	What state constitutional amendments make reference to the government funding religious schools?	What state constitutional amendments make reference to the government funding private schools no no I mean religious schools?	Private_school	Funding for private schools is generally provided through student tuition, endowments, scholarship/voucher funds, and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals. Government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden, according to the courts' inter...	{ "text": [ "Blaine", "Blaine Amendments", "Blaine Amendments" ], "answer_start": [ 401, 401, 401 ] }
5729d51d3f37b3190047858f	What did Neoclassical economics view the inequality in the distribution of income as being from?	What philosophy er what did Neoclassical economics view the inequality in the distribution of income as being from?	Economic_inequality	Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the margi...	{ "text": [ "differences in value added by labor, capital and land", "differences in value added by labor, capital and land", "differences in value added by labor, capital and land" ], "answer_start": [ 88, 88, 88 ] }
5ad02cfc77cf76001a686ce5	The Second Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and whom sit in the front row in the debating chamber?	Why is the seating arrangement no no no the Second Minister, Scottish cabinet ministers and whom sit in the front row in the debating chamber?	Scottish_Parliament	The debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle, which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members. There are 131 seats in the debating chamber. Of the total 131 seats, 129 are occupied by the Parliament's elected MSPs and 2 are seats for the Scottish Law Offic...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a57d364770dc0001aeefdcc	Why is the Holocene not shown clearly on the first timeline?	Why is the Holocene not shown clearly on the first scale or uh timeline?	Geology	The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most r...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a678f35f038b7001ab0c2c7	What tool do they use in public school to maintain discipline?	What tool do they use in private school to maintain discipline, oh sorry that was supposed to be public schools?	Private_school	Private schools in Australia may be favoured for many reasons: prestige and the social status of the 'old school tie'; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities (e.g. playing fields, swimming pools, etc.), higher-paid teachers; and/or the belief that private schools offer a higher quality of education....	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad297dbd7d075001a429b2c	What did the ongoing Alpine orogeny cause before the Eocene?	What did the ongoing Upper Rhine uh rather Alpine orogeny cause before the Eocene?	Rhine	From the Eocene onwards, the ongoing Alpine orogeny caused a N–S rift system to develop in this zone. The main elements of this rift are the Upper Rhine Graben, in southwest Germany and eastern France and the Lower Rhine Embayment, in northwest Germany and the southeastern Netherlands. By the time of the Miocene, a riv...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5727d6154b864d1900163e37	In 2009 what was the total of Grants awarded from Harvard?	In 2008 what was the total of Grants awarded from Harvard no uh 2009?	Harvard_University	For the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $38,000, with a total cost of attendance of $57,000. Beginning 2007, families with incomes below $60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, including room and board. Families with incomes between $60,000 to $80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year, and famil...	{ "text": [ "$414 million", "$414 million", "$414 million" ], "answer_start": [ 449, 449, 449 ] }
5a57f487770dc0001aeefeff	What has it now become possible to do when dating isotopes while using fossils?	What has it now become possible let me rephrase what is now possible regarding dating isotopes while using fossils?	Geology	At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigra...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5733638fd058e614000b59e9	Why aren't the examples of bouregois architecture visible today?	Why is no why aren't the examples of bouregois architecture visible today?	Warsaw	Exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war (like mentioned Kronenberg Palace and Insurance Company Rosja building) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style (like Warsaw Philharmony edifice originally inspired by Palais Garn...	{ "text": [ "not restored by the communist authorities", "were not restored", "not restored by the communist authorities after the war" ], "answer_start": [ 77, 72, 77 ] }
5a55234d134fea001a0e1977	Global internet was help funded by what foundation?	CSNet no no I meant Global internet was help funded by what foundation?	Packet_switching	The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to fun...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57286d7d4b864d19001649e4	What comedian is also a university graduate?	What photographer uh no comedian is also a university graduate?	University_of_Chicago	In the arts and entertainment, minimalist composer Philip Glass, dancer, choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology Katherine Dunham, Bungie founder and developer of the Halo video game series Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner, Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winning film critic and ...	{ "text": [ "Mike Nichols", "Mike Nichols", "Mike Nichols" ], "answer_start": [ 417, 417, 417 ] }
5a552578134fea001a0e1993	Public and private funding led to what development?	Public and private funding led to what program no um development?	Packet_switching	The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operati...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57264684708984140094c124	How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and Europe?	How did the black death make it to the Mediterranean and America oops I mean Europe?	Black_Death	The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of Central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching Crimea by 1343. From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterra...	{ "text": [ "merchant ships.", "merchant ships", "Silk Road" ], "answer_start": [ 270, 270, 116 ] }
5acf99b577cf76001a6853ef	Which University's library system has over 10 millionvolumes?	What collection no sorry I mean which University's library system has over 10 million volumes?	University_of_Chicago	The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes, the 11th most among library systems in the United States. The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States. The Joe ...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5729f69caf94a219006aa6fa	What is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is processed in to peptides?	What is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is binding no I mean processed in to peptides?	Immune_system	A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige...	{ "text": [ "proteolysis", "proteolysis", "proteolysis" ], "answer_start": [ 170, 170, 170 ] }
5a665747846392001a1e1aeb	What does rebellion require in Christian Bay's encyclopedia?	What does civil disobedience require in Christian Bay's encyclopedia sorry no rebellion?	Civil_disobedience	There have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent. Black's Law Dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience. Christian Bay's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires "carefully chosen and legitimate means," but holds that they do not...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a550f98134fea001a0e189d	What type of network does SITA HLN not use?	What type of network does ARPANET no make that SITA HLN not use?	Packet_switching	ARPANET and SITA HLN became operational in 1969. Before the introduction of X.25 in 1973, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, th...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a894a483b2508001a72a5b0	What gets smaller when a number is prime?	What gets smaller when a number is global ummm prime?	Prime_number	In particular, this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p, in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value (also referred to as the infinite prime). While completing Q (roughly, filling the gaps) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers, completing with respect to the p-adic norm \|...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5acf8bbd77cf76001a6851b2	After which decade did modern styles give way to Gothic styles on campus?	After which decade did Ludwig Mies van der Rohe excuse me I mean modern styles give way to Gothic styles on campus?	University_of_Chicago	After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a89150d3b2508001a72a4ac	What is the name of one algebraic generalization Goldbach's conjecture has inspired?	What is the name of one algebraic generalization that prime numbers no Goldbach's conjecture has inspired?	Prime_number	Many questions regarding prime numbers remain open, such as Goldbach's conjecture (that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes), and the twin prime conjecture (that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2). Such questions spurred the development of various br...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
572ffc0f947a6a140053cef0	How did the Rhine extend watershed southward?	What period er how did the Rhine extend watershed southward?	Rhine	Through stream capture, the Rhine extended its watershed southward. By the Pliocene period, the Rhine had captured streams down to the Vosges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar. The northern Alps were then drained by the Rhone. By the early Pleistocene period, the Rhine had captured most of its cur...	{ "text": [ "stream capture", "stream capture", "stream capture" ], "answer_start": [ 8, 8, 8 ] }
5ad4a75aba00c4001a268eec	What system gives an organism long lasting immunity against a pathogen?	What response er like system gives an organism long lasting immunity against a pathogen?	Immune_system	Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. The innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms, or when...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a3e2ba4378766001a0024ba	What year did Hoesung Lee become President?	When did no what year did Hoesung Lee become President?	Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change	Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad3a7ef604f3c001a3feadd	What was intent of Celeron's expedition?	How did sorry What was intent of Celeron's expedition?	French_and_Indian_War	Céloron's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians. The expedition covered about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749. It went up the St. Lawrence, continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario, crossed the portage at Niagara, and followed the southern shore of L...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad4e4425b96ef001a10a575	What happens when tyrosinase is expressed at low levels?	What happens when tyrosinase is expressed at normal, scratch that, low levels?	Immune_system	Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells. To the immune system, these antigens appear foreign, and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed ...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a25d23bef59cd001a623ce2	What do partnering and construction management emphasize for the design-build process?	What helpser er what do partnering and construction management emphasize for the design-build process?	Construction	Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. I...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5728fd3c3f37b31900477f2b	What is the main goal of criminal punishment of civil disobedients?	What is the deterrent no main goal of criminal punishment of civil disobedience?	Civil_disobedience	Along with giving the offender his "just deserts", achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment. Brownlee argues, "Bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law’s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person becaus...	{ "text": [ "incapacitation", "achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence", "achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence", "achieving crime control", "achieving crime control" ], "answer_start": [ 79, 51, 51, 51, 51 ] }
57284b904b864d19001648e2	What are the first buildings the university built knows as today?	Which or rather what are the first buildings the university built knows as today?	University_of_Chicago	The first buildings of the University of Chicago campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a "master plan" conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb. The Main Quadrangles consist of six quadrangles, each surrounded by buildings, ...	{ "text": [ "the Main Quadrangles", "Main Quadrangles", "the Main Quadrangles", "the Main Quadrangles" ], "answer_start": [ 92, 96, 92, 92 ] }
5ad031cf77cf76001a686dec	What debate lasts for 55 minutes?	What does er uh what debate lasts for 55 minutes?	Scottish_Parliament	Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or a...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5728eb1a3acd2414000e01c8	What is the group called that does not agree with government at all?	What do no What is the group called that does not agree with government at all?	Civil_disobedience	Some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract, which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established, or else suffer the penalties set out in the law. Other civil d...	{ "text": [ "anarchists", "anarchists", "anarchists", "anarchists", "anarchists" ], "answer_start": [ 553, 553, 553, 553, 553 ] }
5728151b4b864d1900164429	Brownlee argues disobedience can be justified toward what institutions?	Brownlee argues opposition or maybe disobedience can be justified toward what institutions?	Civil_disobedience	Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the...	{ "text": [ "trade unions, banks, and private universities", "non-governmental agencies", "decisions of non-governmental agencies", "non-governmental agencies", "non-governmental agencies" ], "answer_start": [ 216, 182, 169, 182, 182 ] }
572744aff1498d1400e8f589	Building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in what amount of time?	Building printing is being researched or rather making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in what amount of time?	Construction	New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by advances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building construction, similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial building...	{ "text": [ "around 20 hours", "around 20 hours", "20 hours" ], "answer_start": [ 349, 349, 356 ] }
572fe41e04bcaa1900d76e4f	The Rhine forms the border between Austria and what other country?	The Rhine joins no um forms the border between Liechtenstein no um Austria and what other country?	Rhine	Near Tamins-Reichenau the Anterior Rhine and the Posterior Rhine join and form the Rhine. The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur. This section is nearly 86 km long, and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. It flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the Rhine Valley (German: Rheintal)...	{ "text": [ "Switzerland", "Switzerland", "Liechtenstein", "Switzerland", "Switzerland" ], "answer_start": [ 612, 612, 640, 612, 612 ] }
5ad4acbd5b96ef001a109d7c	What provides chemical protection to pathogens?	What provides respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides no um chemical protection to pathogens?	Immune_system	Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5acfee8977cf76001a68656a	When was Zia-ul-Haq born?	What was er when was Zia-ul-Haq born?	Islamism	In July 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime in Pakistan. Ali Bhutto, a leftist in democratic competition with Islamists, had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months, shortly before he was overthrown. Zia-ul-Haq was much more committed to Islamism, and "Islam...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
572663a9f1498d1400e8ddf4	Which timeline is further expanded in the fourth scale?	Which timeline is further expanded in the second scale or make that the fourth scale?	Geology	The following four timelines show the geologic time scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this compresses the most recent eon. Therefore, the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale. The second scale compresses the most recent era, so the most r...	{ "text": [ "Quaternary", "Quaternary", "Quaternary" ], "answer_start": [ 372, 372, 372 ] }
57263dcd89a1e219009ac5a2	What network was designed by the french	What network was directed no designed by the french?	Packet_switching	The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable deliv...	{ "text": [ "CYCLADES packet switching network", "CYCLADES", "CYCLADES" ], "answer_start": [ 4, 4, 4 ] }
5a55068b134fea001a0e180d	How much bandwidth is dedicated for each communication session?	How is packet switching characterized no wait just tell me how much bandwidth is dedicated for each communication session?	Packet_switching	Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as cellular communication service...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57284d484b864d1900164904	When was the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center constructed?	How was the no uh make that when was the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center constructed?	University_of_Chicago	After the 1940s, the Gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles. In 1955, Eero Saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan, which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the Midway, including the Laird Bell Law Quadrangle (a complex designed by Saarinen); a series of arts...	{ "text": [ "2003", "2003" ], "answer_start": [ 813, 813 ] }
5ad2472bd7d075001a428b22	What decreases with the increase of income inequality?	What type of rates, uh no, actually I want to ask what decreases with the increase of income inequality?	Economic_inequality	On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ("push" motivatio...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57309564069b5314008321a9	Who was made rich and prosperous prior to World War 1	What was or make that who was made rich and prosperous prior to World War I?	Imperialism	During the 20th century, historians John Gallagher (1919–1980) and Ronald Robinson (1920–1999) constructed a framework for understanding European imperialism. They claim that European imperialism was influential, and Europeans rejected the notion that "imperialism" required formal, legal control by one government over ...	{ "text": [ "many imperial powers", "imperial powers", "imperial powers", "imperial powers" ], "answer_start": [ 844, 849, 849, 849 ] }
573083dc2461fd1900a9ce6d	Imperialism is confused with what other term?	Colonialism is no imperialism is confused with what other term?	Imperialism	The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "colonialism", however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert Young writes that while imper...	{ "text": [ "colonialism", "colonialism", "colonialism", "colonialism", "colonialism" ], "answer_start": [ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48 ] }
5ad268a9d7d075001a429282	What animal sometimes swims in the Rhine?	Which or no make that what animal sometimes swims in the Rhine?	Rhine	The mouth of the Rhine into Lake Constance forms an inland delta. The delta is delimited in the West by the Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine") and in the East by a modern canalized section. Most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary. It includes the Austrian towns of Gaißau, Höchst and Fußach. The natural Rhine or...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a3e2f07378766001a0024ce	Which organization covers the cost of the President of the IPCC?	Which organization covers the cost of the Prime-minister sorry I mean President of the IPCC?	Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change	The IPCC receives funding through the IPCC Trust Fund, established in 1989 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Costs of the Secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the WMO, while UNEP meets the cost of the Depute Secretary. Annual cash con...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5acfea9277cf76001a68648c	Secular Arab nationalism was blamed for both the success of Arab troops as well as what type of stagnation?	Secular Arab nationalism was blamed for both the defeat of Arab troops as well as what type of stagnation no sorry Secular Arab nationalism blamed for in addition to it's success?	Islamism	The quick and decisive defeat of the Arab troops during the Six-Day War by Israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world. The defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries, was blamed on the secular Arab nationalism of the ruling regimes. A steep and steady decline in the popular...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5ad2b1e1d7d075001a429f6b	When did the Roman empire fall?	When did the Roman empire accept as her Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine make that fall?fall?	Rhine	From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until after AD 70, Rome accepted as her Germanic frontier the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube. Beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of Frankfurt, opposite the Roman border fortress of Moguntiacum (Mainz), the southernmost slopes of the Black Forest and a f...	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }

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Dataset Card for DISFL-QA: A Benchmark Dataset for Understanding Disfluencies in Question Answering

Dataset Summary

Disfl-QA is a targeted dataset for contextual disfluencies in an information seeking setting, namely question answering over Wikipedia passages. Disfl-QA builds upon the SQuAD-v2 (Rajpurkar et al., 2018) dataset, where each question in the dev set is annotated to add a contextual disfluency using the paragraph as a source of distractors.

The final dataset consists of ~12k (disfluent question, answer) pairs. Over 90% of the disfluencies are corrections or restarts, making it a much harder test set for disfluency correction. Disfl-QA aims to fill a major gap between speech and NLP research community. The authors hope the dataset can serve as a benchmark dataset for testing robustness of models against disfluent inputs.

The expriments reveal that the state-of-the-art models are brittle when subjected to disfluent inputs from Disfl-QA. Detailed experiments and analyses can be found in the paper.

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[More Information Needed]

Languages

The dataset is in English only.

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

This example was too long and was cropped:

{
    "answers": {
        "answer_start": [94, 87, 94, 94],
        "text": ["10th and 11th centuries", "in the 10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries"]
    },
    "context": "\"The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave thei...",
    "id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629",
    "original question": "When were the Normans in Normandy?",
    "disfluent question": "From which countries no tell me when were the Normans in Normandy?"
    "title": "Normans"
}

Data Fields

id: a string feature.
title: a string feature.
context: a string feature.
original question: Original question from SQuAD-v2 (a string feature)
disfluent question: Disfluent question from Disfl-QA (a string feature)
answers: a dictionary feature containing:
- text: a string feature.
- answer_start: a int32 feature.

Data Splits

Disfl-QA consists of ~12k disfluent questions with the following train/dev/test splits:

File	Questions
train.json	7182
dev.json	1000
test.json	3643

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

The research in NLP and speech community has been impeded by the lack of curated datasets containing such disfluencies. The datasets available today are mostly conversational in nature, and span a limited number of very specific domains (e.g., telephone conversations, court proceedings). Furthermore, only a small fraction of the utterances in these datasets contain disfluencies, with a limited and skewed distribution of disfluencies types. In the most popular dataset in the literature, the SWITCHBOARD corpus (Godfrey et al., 1992), only 5.9% of the words are disfluencies (Charniak and Johnson, 2001), of which > 50% are repetitions (Shriberg, 1996), which has been shown to be the relatively simpler form of disfluencies (Zayats et al., 2014; Jamshid Lou et al., 2018; Zayats et al., 2019). To fill this gap, the authors presented DISFL-QA, the first dataset containing contextual disfluencies in an information seeking setting, namely question answering over Wikipedia passages.

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

DISFL-QA is constructed by asking human raters to insert disfluencies in questions from SQUAD-v2, a popular question answering dataset, using the passage and remaining questions as context. These contextual disfluencies lend naturalness to DISFL-QA, and challenge models relying on shallow matching between question and context to predict an answer.

Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed]

Annotations

Annotation process

Each question associated with the paragraph is sent for a human annotation task to add a contextual disfluency using the paragraph as a source of distractors. Finally, to ensure the quality of the dataset, a subsequent round of human evaluation with an option to re-annotate is conducted.

Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed]

Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed]

Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed]

Licensing Information

Disfl-QA dataset is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Citation Information

@inproceedings{gupta-etal-2021-disflqa,
    title = "{Disfl-QA: A Benchmark Dataset for Understanding Disfluencies in Question Answering}",
    author = "Gupta, Aditya and Xu, Jiacheng and Upadhyay, Shyam and Yang, Diyi and Faruqui, Manaal",
    booktitle = "Findings of ACL",
    year = "2021"
}