id string | text string | source string | added string | created string | metadata dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PMC423141 | Introduction {#s1}
============
In humans, *ACTN4* mutations cause a form of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) ([@pbio-0020167-Kaplan1]). This lesion, which describes a pattern of injury characterized by regions of sclerosis in some renal glomeruli, is a common finding in kidney disease from a wide range of pr... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.358299 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423141/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e167",
"authors": [
{
"first": "June",
"last": "Yao"
},
{
"first": "Tu Cam",
"... |
PMC423142 | From a biochemical perspective, a living cell is a collection of molecules jampacked into a confined space by a flexible barrier, called the plasma membrane. A diverse array of proteins embedded in the plasma membrane act as conduits between the cell interior and its external environment, conveying nutrients, metabolit... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.361389 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423142/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e168",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423143 | It goes without saying that the cellular plasma membrane effectively creates a barrier between the inside (intracellular area) and outside (extracellular area) of the cell it defines. In order for the cell to sense and respond to its environment (including other cells and the supporting structures that comprise the ext... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.362118 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423143/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e169",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jun",
"last": "Qin"
},
{
"first": "Olga",
"las... |
PMC423144 | [@pbio-0020170-Blackburn1] criticism of a report on embryonic stem cell research from the [@pbio-0020170-PCB1] is puzzling. Where is the bioethics? The nub of their complaint is that some details of the report have been partisan and have distorted 'the potential of biomedical research and the motivation of some of its ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.363465 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423144/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e170",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Michael",
"last": "Cook"
}
]
} |
PMC423145 | Throughout his career, Bela Julesz created new scientific disciplines by remarkable combinations of seemingly disparate approaches. The selection of his major discipline, which would eventually be called visual neuroscience, may have been serendipity or choice.
When the unexpected Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 sp... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.363838 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423145/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e172",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Ralph M",
"last": "Siegel"
}
]
} |
PMC423146 | Introduction {#s1}
============
The waking brain updates and fulfills intentions through brain processes that operate within and across multiple brain areas to integrate perception, association, and action. Fulfillment of intentions is facilitated by features of these and other processes that support informed anticipa... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.365056 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423146/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e176",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Scott",
"last": "Makeig"
},
{
"first": "Arnaud",
... |
PMC423147 | I read with interest the article in a recent issue of *PLoS Biology* by Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley, two of the scientific members of President Bush\'s Council on Bioethics. Invited by the President to serve on this Council, they say that it was 'a difficult invitation to accept'. Maybe, but that they did acce... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.371846 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423147/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e177",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Anne",
"last": "McLaren"
}
]
} |
PMC423148 | Light waves from an awaited signal---a white circle---arrive at the subject\'s eye; within a fraction of a second, the subject\'s thumb presses a button. Between eye and thumb lies the central nervous system, its feats of perception, integration, and response largely opaque to scientific scrutiny. Imaging techniques li... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.372687 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423148/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e180",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423149 | It is indeed regrettable that a distinguished and thoughtful scientist such as Elizabeth Blackburn should have been dismissed from the President\'s Council on Bioethics. Scientific perspectives such as hers are surely needed on this committee.
Her dismissal was apparently the consequence of her disagreement with some ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.373330 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423149/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e181",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Robert",
"last": "Sinsheimer"
}
]
} |
PMC423150 | In the very thoughtful essay "Reason as Our Guide" by Drs. [@pbio-0020182-Blackburn1], the authors highlight a key concern with the reports published by the President\'s Council on Bioethics---the lack of credible scientific information being passed on to policy makers.
Blackburn and Rowley point out many areas of the... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.373739 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423150/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e182",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Daniel",
"last": "Perry"
}
]
} |
PMC423151 | From a human perspective, sexes seem a relatively simple thing to get one\'s head around---there are females, and there are males. But our perspective seems biased and narrow when applied to life as a whole, says evolutionary biologist Laurence Hurst of the University of Bath, United Kingdom."If you were a single-celle... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.374286 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423151/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e183",
"authors": [
{
"first": "John",
"last": "Whitfield"
}
]
} |
PMC423152 | Every time a cell divides, it must first duplicate its entire genome. Barring the occasional error, the daughter cells inherit identical copies of the parent cell\'s genome. With a typical human cell containing almost 9 feet of DNA made of 3 billion base pairs crammed into a nucleus about 5 microns (.0002 inches) in di... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.376157 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423152/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e184",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423153 | Since the days of ancient Greece, mathematics has been used to describe the world in the hopes of identifying underlying laws of nature. Physicists have long relied on mathematics to understand the behavior and interaction of particles too small to observe directly. Since it\'s not always possible to determine the beha... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.376952 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423153/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e185",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423154 | It\'s no surprise that the Amazonian rainforest contains far more species than, say, the Siberian tundra. Over 50% of the world\'s species live in tropical rainforests, which cover just 6% to 7% of the earth\'s terrestrial surface. That the number of marine and terrestrial species declines with distance from the equato... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.377783 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423154/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e186",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423155 | The biogerontologist David Sinclair and the bioethicist Leon Kass recently locked horns in a radio debate (<http://www.theconnection.org/shows/2004/01/20040106_b_main.asp>) on human life extension that was remarkable for one thing: on the key issue, Kass was right and Sinclair wrong. Sinclair suggested, as have other e... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.378565 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423155/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e187",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Aubrey D. N. J",
"last": "de Grey"
}
]
} |
PMC423156 | In their essay in the April 2004 issue of *PLoS Biology*, Elizabeth [@pbio-0020188-Blackburn1], two distinguished cellular biologists and members of the President\'s Council on Bioethics, strongly question the scientific foundation of two reports from the Council ([@pbio-0020188-PCB1], [@pbio-0020188-PCB2]). The Counci... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.380314 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423156/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e188",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Leonard I",
"last": "Zon"
},
{
"first": "Laurie",
... |
PMC423157 | It is a great pity when vested interest and dogma dominate what should be a well-informed and rational debate. The essay by [@pbio-0020189-Blackburn1], about the output and the workings of the President\'s Council on Bioethics, therefore prompted in me a strong reaction of sadness and despair, although I have to admit ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.381045 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423157/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e189",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Robin",
"last": "Lovell-Badge"
}
]
} |
PMC423158 | Consider a piece of text, either this one that you are now reading or any other. Surely they are all pretty much alike, in so far as they are all run-on strings of characters. In this same sense, we can envision that all DNA strands are alike because all are monotonous polymers with the same general chemical makeup. In... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.381642 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423158/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e190",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jody",
"last": "Hey"
}
]
} |
PMC423159 | When Francis Collins and Craig Venter reported the draft sequence of the human genome in 2001, Collins described the so-called book of life as more of a life sciences encyclopedia. In it, we can find our evolutionary history written in the fossil record of our DNA, a parts manual listing the genes and proteins needed t... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.383515 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423159/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e192",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423160 | Understanding how the cell functions---or breaks down---implies an understanding of the assembly lines, transportation systems, and powerhouses that keep it running. Global approaches are needed to identify the numerous proteins essential to each cellular machine. But which techniques are best? Lars Steinmetz and colle... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.384165 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423160/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e193",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423161 | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) made a brief media splash last year when a kidney transplant forced NBA superstar Alonso Mourning into early retirement. Mourning\'s condition elicited a flood of calls from fans offering their kidneys, but most people with kidney disease are not so lucky. Some 56,000 patients ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.384717 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423161/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e194",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423162 | Calcium makes up just 2% of the human body, and 99% of it is sequestered in bones and teeth. The remainder exists within and around cells, influencing a variety of cellular processes, from transcription and cell survival to nerve signaling and muscle contraction. Calcium inhabits the intra- and extracellular space as a... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.385365 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423162/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e195",
"authors": []
} |
PMC423163 | **In *PLoS Biology*, volume 2, issue 5:**
Mre11 Assembles Linear DNA Fragments into DNA Damage Signaling Complexes
**Vincenzo Costanzo, Tanya Paull, Max Gottesman, Jean Gautier**
DOI: [10.1371/journal.pbio.0020110](10.1371/journal.pbio.0020110)
Because of a labeling error, the size of the DNA fragment used througho... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.386031 | 2004-6-15 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423163/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jun 15; 2(6):e229",
"authors": []
} |
PMC434148 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Subsequent to the discovery of DNA as the information-carrying blueprint for biopolymer assembly, the possibility has existed for its utilization to program molecular processes devised by man. DNA is an attractive material for several reasons. It provides very high information density: ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.386437 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434148/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e173",
"authors": [
{
"first": "David R",
"last": "Halpin"
},
{
"first": "Pehr B",
... |
PMC434149 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Creation of molecular function represents a fundamental challenge. Nature accomplishes the task through evolution, iterating cycles of selection, amplification, and diversification. Multiple generations of selective pressure and reproduction transform a diverse population into one consi... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.389816 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434149/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e174",
"authors": [
{
"first": "David R",
"last": "Halpin"
},
{
"first": "Pehr B",
... |
PMC434150 | Introduction {#s1}
============
A number of strategies have been proposed recently to enable the in vitro selection and evolution of chemical libraries ([@pbio-0020175-Harbury1]; [@pbio-0020175-Gartner1]). These new approaches to molecular discovery rely upon DNA-directed synthesis, whereby a physical linkage is estab... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.393106 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434150/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e175",
"authors": [
{
"first": "David R",
"last": "Halpin"
},
{
"first": "Juanghae A... |
PMC434151 | Introduction {#s1}
============
As a typical metazoan suffers numerous microbial assaults during its lifespan, survival depends on robust defense strategies. Metazoan defenses are classified as either innate or adaptive. Adaptive immunity is characterized by elaborate genetic rearrangements and clonal selection events... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.396428 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434151/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 22; 2(8):e203",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Edan",
"last": "Foley"
},
{
"first": "Patrick H",
... |
PMC434152 | Traditionally, developing small molecules for research or drug treatments has been a painstaking enterprise. Drugs work largely by binding to a target protein and modifying or inhibiting its activity, but discovering the rare compound that hits a particular protein is like, well, finding a needle in a haystack. With a ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.401091 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434152/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 22; 2(7):e222",
"authors": []
} |
PMC434153 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Genetic variation in pathogen virulence (harm to the host) has been found whenever it has been looked for. A considerable body of theory, based on the transmission consequences of virulence, has been developed to predict how natural selection will act on this genetic variation and how i... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.401882 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434153/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 22; 2(9):e230",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Margaret J",
"last": "Mackinnon"
},
{
"first": "Andr... |
PMC434154 | An organism\'s ability to sense and respond to potentially harmful pathogens is key to its survival. To fight off disease and infection, organisms must detect pathogens, activate immune cell signaling pathways, and produce molecules able to thwart a pathogenic attack. So fundamental is this need that molecules and prot... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.404724 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434154/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 22; 2(8):e249",
"authors": []
} |
PMC434155 | Strictly defined, evolution is a change in the gene pool, or total set of genes, of a given population over time. Genetic changes that increase the fitness of an organism---that is, increase survival or fertility---are more likely to be retained, through natural selection, and passed on to succeeding generations. In th... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.405553 | 2004-6-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC434155/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 22; 2(9):e251",
"authors": []
} |
PMC439008 | The hardest working molecules in cell biology, proteins abound in a dazzling variety of shapes and sizes to carry out an equally impressive array of tasks. Many proteins function within the cell, while others get shipped out to locations both near and far. Specialized organelles within the cell package the traveling pr... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.406096 | 2004-6-29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC439008/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 29; 2(8):e253",
"authors": []
} |
PMC439009 | The eyes may be the window to the soul for poets, but for neuroscientists, they serve a more practical purpose. Of the 100 trillion or so cells that make up the human body, over 100 billion are dedicated to the structure and operation of the brain alone. Given the molecular and functional complexity inherent in such nu... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.407075 | 2004-6-29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC439009/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 2(9):e265",
"authors": []
} |
PMC439782 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Exocytosis allows cells to transport membrane-impermeable macromolecules outside without compromising the integrity of the plasma membrane. The proteins that form the conserved machinery for constitutive and regulated exocytosis have been identified ([@pbio-0020233-Sollner1]), and calci... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.407930 | 2004-6-29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC439782/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 29; 2(8):e233",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jyoti K",
"last": "Jaiswal"
},
{
"first": "Sabyasach... |
PMC439783 | Introduction {#s1}
============
The vertebrate retina is a model system for studying both the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Only six major types of neurons develop within the retina, along with a single type of glial cell ([@pbio-0020247-Rodiek1]). These cells are readily distinguished ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.410863 | 2004-6-29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC439783/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 29; 2(9):e247",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Seth",
"last": "Blackshaw"
},
{
"first": "Sanjiv",
... |
PMC449784 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Pattern formation in multicellular organisms relies on inductive signaling events. Several evolutionarily conserved ligand--receptor combinations and associated signal transduction pathways are used again and again during development to induce tissue- and cell-type-specific responses. T... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.418484 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449784/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e158",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jun",
"last": "Wu"
},
{
"first": "Thomas J",
"... |
PMC449785 | Introduction {#s1}
============
In mammals, dosage differences of X-linked genes between XX female and XY male cells are adjusted by transcriptional inactivation of one of the two female X chromosomes. X inactivation is a multistep process, in which the cell counts the number of X chromosomes, chooses one to be active... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.422286 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449785/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e171",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Alexander",
"last": "Kohlmaier"
},
{
"first": "Fabio... |
PMC449821 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Transcriptional repression is an important feature of developmental processes, where it is necessary for establishing intricate patterns of gene expression (reviewed in [@pbio-0020178-Herschbach1]; [@pbio-0020178-Gray1]; [@pbio-0020178-Hanna-Rose1]; [@pbio-0020178-Courey1]; [@pbio-00201... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.428055 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449821/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e178",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Daniella",
"last": "Bianchi-Frias"
},
{
"first": "Am... |
PMC449846 | **Introduction** {#s1}
================
Immunoglobulin (Ig) genes are further diversified after V(D)J rearrangement by gene conversion, hypermutation, or a combination of the two. Surprisingly, even closely related species employ different strategies: mice and humans use exclusively hypermutation ([@pbio-0020179-Milst... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.433764 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449846/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e179",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Hiroshi",
"last": "Arakawa"
},
{
"first": "Huseyin",... |
PMC449851 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Mammals have been severely affected by the current extinction crisis: around a quarter of extant species are considered to be threatened with extinction ([@pbio-0020197-HiltonTaylor1]). Understanding the ecological processes that cause some species to decline, while others remain relati... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.435731 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449851/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e197",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Marcel",
"last": "Cardillo"
},
{
"first": "Andy",
... |
PMC449855 | Introduction {#s1}
============
There is now compelling evidence that a subset of T-cells with regulatory activity suppresses T-cell activation in both mice and humans ([@pbio-0020198-Sakaguchi1]; [@pbio-0020198-Asano1]; [@pbio-0020198-Suri-Payer1]; [@pbio-0020198-Takahashi1]; [@pbio-0020198-Thornton1]; [@pbio-0020198... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.438446 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449855/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e198",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Kyra",
"last": "Oswald-Richter"
},
{
"first": "Stacy... |
PMC449864 | A single, fertilized egg divides into apparently identical daughter cells. As these twins divide again and again, differences emerge among their progeny, establishing segments that will distinguish back from front and head from tail in the growing embryo. Development of segments---and, later, distinct tissues---require... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.442313 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449864/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e204",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449866 | The process of morphogenesis has long inspired the wonder and imagination of those who study it. And until the advent of adequate microscopy and lab techniques in the early 19th century, theories based more on imagination---like preformation, which held that sperm harbored fully formed, tiny beings---than observation p... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.443079 | 2004-7-13 | {
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"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449866/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e205",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449868 | If necessity is the mother of invention, then its father is an inveterate tinkerer, with a large garage full of spare parts. Innovation (like homicide) requires motive and opportunity. Clearly, the predominant 'motive' during the evolution of a novel gene function is to gain a selective advantage. To understand why gen... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.443941 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449868/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e206",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Matthew",
"last": "Hurles"
}
]
} |
PMC449870 | **Introduction** {#s1}
================
Gene and Genome Evolution {#s1a}
-------------------------
The evolution of genomes has been primarily driven by single basepair mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, and gene duplication ([@pbio-0020207-Ohno1]; [@pbio-0020207-Samonte1]), with the latter being the key mechanism ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.446111 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449870/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e207",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Andrew",
"last": "Fortna"
},
{
"first": "Young",
... |
PMC449891 | Close to a quarter of the world\'s mammals are at high risk of extinction. Save for the periodic "great extinctions," mammalian extinction has been a relatively rare event in geological terms, with one species disappearing from the fossil record every 1,000 years or so. Over the past 400 years, species have been disapp... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.453370 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449891/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e208",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449894 | Nearly a dozen varieties of interdependent cells work in harmony to protect the body from infectious pathogens. Dendritic cells and B-cells carry remnants of pathogens to nearby helper T-cells (also known as CD4 cells because they express the CD4 protein on their surfaces), which coordinate a threat response by signali... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.453903 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449894/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e209",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449895 | "*"...where people do come with a sense that there\'s going to be openness. That there\'s going to be a great comfort with people standing up and challenging a particular perspective. That young people are welcome. That old codgers are welcome as well. This is sort of the idyllic way that science is supposed to happen.... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.454393 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449895/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e210",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Ludmila",
"last": "Pollock"
}
]
} |
PMC449896 | Introduction {#s1}
============
When a scout honeybee discovers an attractive patch of flowers, she returns to the hive and performs the famous "waggle dance" to advertise the location of the food source to her nestmates ([@pbio-0020211-von1]). The dance consists of a series of alternating left-hand and right-hand loo... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.455585 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449896/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e211",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Juergen",
"last": "Tautz"
},
{
"first": "Shaowu",
... |
PMC449897 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Seasonal behaviors occur in virtually all organisms, ranging from insects to mammals ([@pbio-0020212-Goldman1]). Just as circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate daily cycles of light and dark, circannual behaviors such as migration allow them to predict and respond to seasonal c... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.460463 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449897/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e212",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Niels C",
"last": "Rattenborg"
},
{
"first": "Bruce ... |
PMC449898 | In July 2000, the finger of blame for a mysterious mass killer of Californian oak trees came to rest on a previously undescribed plant pathogen. From the initial identification of Phytophthora ramorum, it took less than four years to produce a draft sequence of its genome, one of the fastest-ever discovery-to-sequence ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.465708 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449898/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e213",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Henry",
"last": "Nicholls"
}
]
} |
PMC449899 | A scientist living in Russia is often asked two questions: "Why haven\'t you left?" and "Is it still possible to work there?" The best response to the first question is, "Why should I?"---which either terminates the conversation or leads to a stimulating discussion about the fate of the world. The second question, howe... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.468366 | 2004-7-13 | {
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"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449899/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e214",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Mikhail",
"last": "Gelfand"
}
]
} |
PMC449900 | During development, cells need to communicate with each other to establish properly organised and functional tissues. Cells communicate with each other in various ways, such as by secreting and receiving diffusible molecules (morphogens, hormones, and neurotransmitters) or by establishing intercellular connections (gap... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.470347 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449900/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e215",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Fabio",
"last": "Demontis"
}
]
} |
PMC449901 | Experimental psychologists working with humans have a fundamental advantage over scientists studying the behaviour of other animals. This is because human subjects can give a verbal account of their experience. For example, they can report: 'These two lights of different colour look equally bright' or 'This object look... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.471673 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449901/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e216",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Lars",
"last": "Chittka"
}
]
} |
PMC449902 | Every spring and fall, billions of songbirds fly thousands of miles between their summer breeding grounds in North America and their wintering grounds in the more hospitable climes of southern California, Mexico, and Central and South America. While some birds fly during the day, most, including the white-crowned sparr... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.472921 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449902/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e221",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449903 | At some time almost 4 billion years ago, nature likely was faced with a chemical dilemma. Nucleic acids had emerged as replicable information carriers and primitive catalysts ([@pbio-0020223-Joyce1]), yet their functional potential was constrained by their structural homogeneity and lack of reactive groups. These prope... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.473530 | 2004-7-13 | {
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"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449903/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e223",
"authors": [
{
"first": "David R",
"last": "Liu"
}
]
} |
PMC449904 | Viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens betray their presence in the body through exterior proteins, distinct to each strain. To prepare for the multitude of potential infectious agents, developing B-cells shuffle their genes to produce as many as a billion different antibodies, one to match almost any foreign protein. ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.474633 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449904/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e226",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449905 | When a trip for food can require a three-mile flight, it pays to get the directions right, especially if you\'re a bee. Bees more typically forage within a 600- to 800-yard radius, expending a significant amount of energy---a fact they seem keenly aware of: for reasons that remain unclear, bees tend to ignore direction... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.475259 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449905/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e227",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449906 | "*This is the third installment in a series of editorials on the implications of open-access publishing for established publishing practices and stakeholders in scientific and medical research.*"
The questions, tensions, and social concerns surrounding copyright and the Internet are very different for scientific and m... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.475845 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449906/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e228",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Andy",
"last": "Gass"
},
{
"first": "Helen",
"... |
PMC449907 | Some primatologists have argued that to understand human nature we must understand the behavior of apes. In the social interactions and organization of modern primates, the theory goes, we can see the evolutionary roots of our own social relationships. In the genomic era, the age-old question, What makes us human? has ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.477598 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449907/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e236",
"authors": []
} |
PMC449908 | In mammals, males usually have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. This crucial difference sets the sexes apart, but also creates a problem---female cells have the potential to turn out twice as much X-based gene product as necessary. Males with multiple--X chromosome syndromes face a similar... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.478218 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC449908/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e238",
"authors": []
} |
PMC450293 | **In *PLoS Biology*, volume 2, issue 6:**
Integrative Annotation of 21,037 Human Genes Validated by Full-Length cDNA Clones
**Tadashi Imanishi, Takeshi Itoh, Yutaka Suzuki, Claire O\'Donovan, Satoshi Fukuchi, et al.**
[DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020162](10.1371/journal.pbio.0020162)
1\. The abbreviation FLJ was exp... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.478897 | 2004-7-13 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC450293/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Jul 13; 2(7):e256",
"authors": []
} |
PMC479041 | **Introduction** {#s1}
================
The capacity to heal wounds is essential for organisms to endure and thrive despite an occasionally hostile environment. Organisms throughout the animal kingdom can heal wounds, but mammalian wound healing has been studied most intensively because of its medical relevance. Wound... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.479226 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479041/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 2(8):e239",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Michael J",
"last": "Galko"
},
{
"first": "Mark A",
... |
PMC479042 | Introduction {#s1}
============
The skeletal elements that form and support the vertebrate jaw and gills are derived from a specialized population of ectomesenchyme cells, the cranial neural crest ([@pbio-0020244-Platt1]; [@pbio-0020244-Le1]; [@pbio-0020244-Schilling1]; but see [@pbio-0020244-Weston1]). In the larval ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.485200 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479042/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e244",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Justin Gage",
"last": "Crump"
},
{
"first": "Mary E"... |
PMC479043 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Mobile genetic elements have been in conflict with host genomes for over a billion years. Our own genomes reveal the remarkable effects of retrotransposition, as about 45% of our genomic DNA results directly from this process ([@pbio-0020275-Lander1]). This perennial state of conflict h... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.491523 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479043/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e275",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Sara L",
"last": "Sawyer"
},
{
"first": "Michael",
... |
PMC479044 | Anyone who\'s endured their share of childhood scrapes has probably heard some version of the motherly admonishment, "Don\'t pick that scab, you\'ll just make it worse!" It turns out, Mom was on to something. Tissue damage in humans triggers a well-characterized response marked by rapid blood clotting and a recruitment... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.495194 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479044/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 2(8):e278",
"authors": []
} |
PMC479045 | Anyone who uses a word processor is likely thankful for the spell checker program. But that autocorrect function can introduce errors, "correcting" the spelling of words to fit its stored repertoire, which is decidedly limited. Take that one step further and imagine a rogue program that destroys the coherence and meani... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.495844 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479045/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e292",
"authors": []
} |
PMC479046 | Vertebrates come in a dazzling array of shapes and sizes, from blue whales to pygmy bats, their overt morphology determined largely by the skeleton. The head skeleton in particular has undergone remarkable diversification, as is beautifully illustrated in Darwin\'s examination of beak morphology in Galapagos finches. I... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.496472 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC479046/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 20; 2(9):e295",
"authors": []
} |
PMC490026 | Introduction {#s1}
============
Sister chromatid cohesion ensures that daughter cells inherit complete copies of their genome. Cohesion in eukaryotic cells is mediated by a multisubunit protein complex called cohesin. Cohesin consists of four proteins: Smc1, Smc3, Scc1/Mcd1, which is called kleisin and is the target o... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.497342 | 2004-7-27 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC490026/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 27; 2(9):e259",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Earl F",
"last": "Glynn"
},
{
"first": "Paul C",
... |
PMC490027 | Introduction {#s1}
============
The proper segregation of replicated chromosomes, or sister chromatids, to daughter cells during mitosis requires that sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, known as chromosome biorientation, and that sister chromatids move... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.507069 | 2004-7-27 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC490027/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 27; 2(9):e260",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Stewart A",
"last": "Weber"
},
{
"first": "Jennifer ... |
PMC490028 | At a fundamental level, the continuity of life depends on cell division. Humans generate many millions of cells per second just to stay alive, with most cell types dividing and multiplying repeatedly during a lifetime. Details of cell division vary from cell to cell and organism to organism, but certain features are un... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.512470 | 2004-7-27 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC490028/",
"journal": "PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 27; 2(9):e291",
"authors": []
} |
PMC493266 | Background
==========
The tetranucleotide GATC is methylated in *Escherichia. coli*by the DNA methyltransferase (Dam); this enzyme methylates the adenine residue within 5\'-GATC-3\' sequences in double stranded DNA. GATC motifs and their methylation by Dam play an important role in *E. coli*; they are involved in mism... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.513599 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493266/",
"journal": "BMC Genomics. 2004 Jul 20; 5:48",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Alessandra",
"last": "Riva"
},
{
"first": "Marie-Odile... |
PMC493268 | Background
==========
Originally chemokines (*chemo*tactic cyto*kines*) were described as key mediators for the selective migration of leukocytes into sites of tissue injury \[[@B1]\]. Later on chemokines and chemokine receptors have also been described as important mediators in noninflammatory processes, including no... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.516451 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493268/",
"journal": "BMC Nephrol. 2004 Jul 20; 5:8",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Markus",
"last": "Wörnle"
},
{
"first": "Holger",
... |
PMC493271 | Background
==========
\'Low-yield nicotine\' cigarettes, which have brand names that include \'light,\' \'mild,\' or similar words, and which have nicotine yields on their packages of 0.8 mg or less, are widely consumed inside and outside Japan, and their market share is increasing. The Tobacco Institute of Japan repo... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.518856 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493271/",
"journal": "BMC Public Health. 2004 Jul 20; 4:28",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Atsuko",
"last": "Nakazawa"
},
{
"first": "Masako... |
PMC493273 | Background
==========
Dysmenorrhoea is associated with painful cramping of the lower abdominal or back muscles, with or without other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Onset of dysmenorrhoea is common during adolescence, and up to 50% of women of reproductive age may be affected \[[@B1]\], and 10% inca... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.521706 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493273/",
"journal": "BMC Womens Health. 2004 Jul 20; 4:5",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jayne E",
"last": "Edwards"
},
{
"first": "R Andre... |
PMC493275 | Background
==========
During the last decades the possibility of computer support for optimum management of various disorders has attracted interest \[[@B1]-[@B3]\]. Regarding drug therapy the approach has usually been limited to one particular disease \[[@B4]-[@B7]\]. Diabetes has been extensively studied and thoroug... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.524088 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493275/",
"journal": "BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2004 Jul 20; 4:10",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Peter",
"last": "Wanger"
},
{
"first": "Le... |
PMC493280 | Background
==========
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atheromatous, non-inflammatory arteriopathy of unknown etiology with segmental manifestation on medium-sized arteries in various regions of the body \[[@B1]\]. Manifestation on the renal arteries with the possible consequence of renovascular hypertension is ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.525396 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493280/",
"journal": "Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 20; 2:7",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Christian",
"last": "Arning"
},
{
"first": "Ul... |
PMC493283 | Background
==========
The realisation that the maternal circulation to the human placenta is extremely limited prior to 10--12 weeks of pregnancy prompted us to investigate other potential sources of fetal nutrition during the first trimester \[[@B1]-[@B4]\]. During the evolution of ovoviviparity and viviparity secret... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.526398 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493283/",
"journal": "Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Jul 20; 2:58",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Joanne",
"last": "Hempstock"
},
{
"first": "... |
PMC493285 | Background
==========
Peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) concentrates donors are routinely given granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to increase the concentration of circulating PBPCs and hence the number of progenitors that can be collected by apheresis. Typically 10 to 16 μg/kg of G-CSF are given subc... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.529421 | 2004-7-21 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC493285/",
"journal": "J Transl Med. 2004 Jul 21; 2:25",
"authors": [
{
"first": "David F",
"last": "Stroncek"
},
{
"first": "Kristin",
... |
PMC497040 | Background
==========
Protein structure is obviously modular, with similar structural segments, such as alpha helices and beta strands found in unrelated proteins. Such segments, identified from structure, are used extensively in description and analysis of protein structures \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. Several groups have demon... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.530226 | 2004-7-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497040/",
"journal": "BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 22; 5:98",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Dariusz",
"last": "Plewczynski"
},
{
"first": "L... |
PMC497041 | Background
==========
Systematic reviews are important tools for evidence-based health care. They are certainly one of the reasons for the progress that has been made in obtaining reliable evidence on the beneficial effects of interventions. A recent study of the medical literature, using Medline and the Cochrane Libr... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.532131 | 2004-7-19 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497041/",
"journal": "BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Jul 19; 4:19",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Heather M",
"last": "McIntosh"
},
{
"first": "... |
PMC497042 | Background
==========
The *Chlamydiaceae*are gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens that replicate entirely within membrane bound inclusions that develop from the phagocytic vacuoles in which they enter. By mechanisms not understood in detail, inclusions avoid fusing with endosomes or lysosomes that ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.534052 | 2004-7-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497042/",
"journal": "BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Jul 22; 4:23",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Wilmore C",
"last": "Webley"
},
{
"first": "Leonard ... |
PMC497044 | Background
==========
Patients with advanced *C*olo*R*ectal *C*ancer (CRC) have been demonstrated to benefit from chemotherapeutic treatment in terms of both quality and duration of life \[[@B1]\]. Of these treatments, fluoropyrimidines are the most often used and best investigated drugs \[[@B2],[@B3]\]. 5-Fluorouraci... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.537187 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497044/",
"journal": "BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 20; 4:38",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Andreas",
"last": "Teufel"
},
{
"first": "Silke",
... |
PMC497045 | Background
==========
Astrocytomas are the most frequent malignant primary brain tumors in adults. Clinically, this group of tumors can be divided into four World Health Organization (WHO) grades. Pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I) are generally slow growing and non-infiltrative pediatric tumors, which are rarely fa... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.539445 | 2004-7-21 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497045/",
"journal": "BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 21; 4:39",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Kathy",
"last": "Boon"
},
{
"first": "Jennifer B",
... |
PMC497047 | Background
==========
The non-invasive nature of laser bio-stimulation have made lasers an attractive alternative in Medical Acupuncture at the last 25 years. Unfortunately there is still a confusion as to whether they work or their effect is just placebo. Although a plethora of scientific papers published, showing po... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.543469 | 2004-7-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497047/",
"journal": "Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Jul 22; 3:25",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Emil S",
"last": "Valchinov"
},
{
"first": "Nicol... |
PMC497048 | Background
==========
Computerised classification of the electrocardiogram (ECG) is a complex and multi staged process. The overall goal is to determine if the patient is \'normal\' and may remain untreated, or whether the patient exhibits any cardiac abnormalities requiring treatment. The classification of the ECG by... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.545876 | 2004-7-23 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497048/",
"journal": "Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Jul 23; 3:26",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Thorsten",
"last": "Last"
},
{
"first": "Chris D"... |
PMC497049 | Background
==========
The hypothesis that low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), raised since the 1950s \[[@B1]\]. Fifty years later, it was well-established \[[@B2],[@B3]\] as it has been excellently proved after a number of large prospective studies ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.549550 | 2004-7-23 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497049/",
"journal": "Lipids Health Dis. 2004 Jul 23; 3:18",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Genovefa D",
"last": "Kolovou"
},
{
"first": "Kat... |
PMC497050 | Introduction
============
Atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is now commonly performed using a transcatheter, percutaneous approach and with the Amplatzer septal occluder, large defects can be safely closed \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. Device deployment requires a rim of atrial septal tissue surrounding the defect to allow effect... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.551693 | 2004-7-21 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497050/",
"journal": "Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 21; 2:9",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Andrew RJ",
"last": "Mitchell"
},
{
"first": "... |
PMC497052 | Background and significance
===========================
Prostate cancer will be diagnosed in an estimated 230,110 men during 2004 \[[@B1]\]. There will also be approximately 29,900 men who will die from prostate cancer this year, making it the second leading cause of cancer death among men. While early detection and i... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.552605 | 2004-7-23 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497052/",
"journal": "Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Jul 23; 2:37",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Peter C",
"last": "Trask"
}
]
} |
PMC497053 | The discussion about the interplay between theory and intervention has a long history and much has been written and published. The companion perspective papers by Rothman and Jeffery provide alternative points of view on this important and complex question. Their papers are not intended to be critical reviews of the li... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.554220 | 2004-7-23 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC497053/",
"journal": "Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Jul 23; 1:9",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Simone A",
"last": "French"
},
{
"first": ... |
PMC499542 | Introduction
============
Mometasone furoate (MF) is a highly potent topical glucocorticoid for the treatment of asthma \[[@B1]\], allergic rhinitis \[[@B2]\] and various skin diseases \[[@B3]\]. The clinical efficacy of MF is comparable to that of fluticasone propionate \[[@B4]\]. Both compounds have a very high affi... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.554686 | 2004-7-22 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC499542/",
"journal": "Respir Res. 2004 Jul 22; 5(1):7",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Anagnostis",
"last": "Valotis"
},
{
"first": "Petra",
... |
PMC499543 | Background
==========
Recent advances in networks theory have demonstrated a key role of uneven distributions occurring in many natural processes. It has been found that seemingly unrelated systems such as economic, professional, sexual and social networks, airline routing, power lines connections, language networks a... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.556172 | 2004-7-26 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC499543/",
"journal": "BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Jul 26; 5:101",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Artem",
"last": "Cherkasov"
},
{
"first": "Shan... |
PMC499548 | Background
==========
Rapid advancements in endovascular technology and techniques allow for treatment of an ever-increasing range of neurovascular diseases. Despite improvements in the safety and efficacy of these procedures, complications such as vasospasm, stroke, and perforation still occur \[[@B1]\]. Vasospasm, o... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.558814 | 2004-7-21 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC499548/",
"journal": "BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Jul 21; 4:11",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Alexander L",
"last": "Coon"
},
{
"first": "G... |
PMC499549 | Introduction
============
According to Greek mythology, the immortal Prometheus stole fire from the Gods as a gift for humankind. As punishment, he was shackled to a rock, whereupon each day for 30,000 years an eagle consumed as much of his liver as would regenerate. There is some debate whether the eagle ate his live... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.560181 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC499549/",
"journal": "Respir Res. 2004 Jul 20; 5(1):6",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Isabel P",
"last": "Neuringer"
},
{
"first": "Scott H"... |
PMC503385 | Background
==========
Culturable *Haemophilus influenzae*are acquired in the nasopharynx shortly after birth, and are thought to persist throughout life. *H. influenzae*adheres to and penetrates into and between cultured human respiratory epithelial cells, a mechanism that may contribute to its persistence in chronic ... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.562956 | 2004-7-26 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503385/",
"journal": "BMC Microbiol. 2004 Jul 26; 4:30",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Dayle A",
"last": "Daines"
},
{
"first": "Justin",
... |
PMC503386 | Background
==========
This study explores attentional modulation within the \'what\'-stream of the auditory modality during phoneme processing. Knowledge of speech sound representation in the auditory domain is still sparse. However, parallels to the extensively studied visual modality and also to the somatosensory do... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.567046 | 2004-7-21 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503386/",
"journal": "BMC Neurosci. 2004 Jul 21; 5:24",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Jonas",
"last": "Obleser"
},
{
"first": "Thomas",
... |
PMC503387 | Background
==========
Protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) has been identified on a variety of cell types including eosinophils \[[@B1]\], neutrophils \[[@B2]\], neurons and smooth muscle cells \[[@B3]\]. It can be activated by a variety of serine proteases including MC tryptase \[[@B4]\], pancreatic trypsin \[[@B5]\... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.569298 | 2004-7-20 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503387/",
"journal": "BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Jul 20; 4:12",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Hashem N",
"last": "Alshurafa"
},
{
"first": "Grant R... |
PMC503389 | Background
==========
Integral to both normal and pathological tissue remodeling, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteolytic enzymes collectively degrades laminin, collagen, gelatin, and other protein components of the extracellular matrix \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. MMP expression allows degradation of the basemen... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.571688 | 2004-7-25 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503389/",
"journal": "BMC Cancer. 2004 Jul 25; 4:40",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Saxon",
"last": "Selvey"
},
{
"first": "Larisa M",
... |
PMC503390 | Background
==========
Infections caused by *Neisseria meningitidis*are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom, with 1548 cases notified in England and Wales in 2001\[[@B1]\], an incidence rate of 3.2 cases per 100,000 per year, and a case fatality rate of around 10%\[[@B2]\].
The in... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.576005 | 2004-7-26 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503390/",
"journal": "BMC Public Health. 2004 Jul 26; 4:30",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Christopher J",
"last": "Williams"
},
{
"first": ... |
PMC503391 | Background
==========
Non-specific arm pain (NSAP), often called repetitive strain injury, describes the common problem of upper limb pain and functional impairment without objective physical findings. The contributing factors to the development of NSAP are not fully understood but ergonomic guidelines commonly sugges... | PubMed Central | 2024-06-05T03:55:46.578764 | 2004-7-28 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503391/",
"journal": "BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Jul 28; 5:23",
"authors": [
{
"first": "Andrea",
"last": "Julius"
},
{
"first": "R... |
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