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Physics | Physics / Materials Science | MCQ | Identification of formation of amorphous Si phase in SiOxNy films produced by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14701 | October 16, 2025 | In an experiment to study the properties of Si oxynitride films (SiOxNy, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4/3) by studying the behavior of atoms of the main film-forming elements, namely silicon, oxygen, and nitrogen, 9 samples of 300 ± 5 nm thick SiOxNy films with different compositions (stoichiometry indices x and y) obtained by p... | • FTIR transmittance spectra in the range of 400−4000 cm⁻¹ were measured at room temperature using a PerkinElmer BX-II spectrometer with a resolution of 2 cm⁻¹, and the number of scans was 100, and the measurement accuracy was ~0.5%. | From the nine different films with relative Si content ranging from 0.34 - 0.8, the hydrogen concentration was found from the FTIR measurements. Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of the hydrogen concentration as a function of the relative Si content in the films?
A. The hydrogen concentration inc... | A. The hydrogen concentration increases more rapidly in the range of [0.4 - 0.5] of the relative amount of Si in the films. | - Si oxynitride films (SiOxNy, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4/3) have great significance for fabricating modern microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. The structure of such films defines their properties.
- Infrared (IR) spectroscopy with mathematical deconvolution of the IR absorption band is successfully used for the stud... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Si oxynitride films (SiOxNy, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4/3) have great significance for fabricating modern microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. The structure of such films defines their properties."},{"label":"Title","value":"Ultrathin (< 4 nm) SiO₂ and Si-O-N gate dielectric layers for ... |
Physics | Solid State Physics | MCQ | Experimental evidence of the topological obstruction in twisted bilayer graphene. | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.08913 | June 10, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to map the quasiparticle interference (QPI) pattern on a twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) sample with a twist angle of 4.3 degrees (moiré period of 3.25 nm). The sample was analyzed in a custom-built ultra-high vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in a cryogenic environment at 8.4 ... | - Maps of the local density of states (LDOS) of QPI patterns at various electron energies around a point of defect in TBG
- Fast Fourier transform of the QPI patterns into reciprocal space | A twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) sample with a 4.3 degrees twist angle is studied using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A map of the local density of states (LDOS) around a point defect is measured, and a Fourier transform of this map is performed. What is the most likely feature observed in the resulting Fourie... | A) The FFT map shows arcs of circles (2q-arcs) corresponding to inter-cone back-scattering, with each arc displaying a single point of zero intensity. | - Twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) is a material made of two stacked graphene layers with a relative twist angle, creating a moiré superlattice.
- Quasiparticle interference (QPI) refers to patterns in the local density of states that arise from electrons scattering off defects. The Fourier transform of these patterns re... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Quasiparticle interference (QPI) refers to patterns in the local density of states that arise from electrons scattering off defects. The Fourier transform of these patterns reveals information about the electronic band structure."},{"label":"Title","value":"Quasiparticle Chirality in Epita... |
Physics | Nuclear experiment | Free-Format Question | First measurement of $\pmb{\dstar}$ vector meson spin alignment in Pb--Pb collisions at $\pmb{\snn = 5.02}$ TeV | https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.00714 | April 1, 2025 | Researchers conducted an analysis using Pb-Pb collision data at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV recorded by the ALICE detector in 2018. Events were selected using minimum bias and centrality-enriched triggers based on the V0 detector, which covers the pseudorapidity ranges $-3.7 < \eta < -1.7$ (V0C) and $2.8 < \eta < 5.1$ (... | - Spin alignment parameter of $D^{*+}$ mesons.
- Yields of $D^{*+}$ mesons and their charge conjugates.
- Transverse momentum $p_T$ and rapidity $y$ of $D^{*+}$ mesons. | In ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions of lead nuclei at $\sqrt{s_{nn}} = 5.02 TeV$, researchers measure the $D^{*+}$ meson spin alignment with respect to the direction orthogonal to the reaction plane. The spin alignment is quantified by measuring the element $\rho_{00}$ of the diagonal spin-density matrix for prom... | The measurement of $D^{*+}$ meson spin alignment results in an increasing trend of $\rho_{00}$ as a function of $p_T$ in the 6-30 GeV/c interval. | - High-energy heavy-ion collision experiments create a quark--gluon plasma (QGP), a state of deconfined quarks and gluons.
- High-energy heavy-ion collisions generate large angular momentum and vorticity, which can polarize quarks; this polarization can be transferred to vector mesons during hadronization.
- The polar... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"High-energy heavy-ion collision experiments create a quark--gluon plasma (QGP), a state of deconfined quarks and gluons.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"The ALICE experiment: A journey through QCD"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.04384"},{"label":"Date","value":"November ... |
Physics | Physics/sensors | Free-Format Question | A Capacitive Pressure Sensor with a Hierarchical Microporous
Scaffold Prepared by Melt Near-Field Electro-Writing | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/9/2814 | April 29, 2025 | Researchers fabricate a hierarchical microporous capacitive pressure sensor (HMCPS) by using melt near-field electro-writing technology to monitor dynamic and static pressures. The device consists of Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with hierarchical microporous structures--prepared via melt near-field electro-writing ... | - Dynamic pressure from the HMCPS (kPa)
- Capacitance (corresponding to dynamic pressure (kPa))
- Stability of sensors under static and dynamic responses (days) | Three microporous capacitive pressure sensors are created to test pressure sensitivity:
- a low-density structure with a single-layer microporous dielectric (pore side length 0.6 mm),
- a high-density structure with a single-layer microporous dielectric (pore side length 0.15 mm), and
- a hierarchical structure consi... | At 5 kPa, the hierarchical structure’s relative capacitance change is smaller than that of the low-density structure but larger than that of the high-density structure. At both 15 kPa and 100 kPa, the hierarchical structure shows the largest relative capacitance change of the three, indicating higher sensitivity than b... | - HMCPS is a flexible capacitive pressure sensors where the sensitive pressure range has been extended by making multi-leveled microporous structures.
- Melt electro-writing is a high-resolution 3D printing technique combining electro-hydrodynamic fiber attraction and melts extrusion. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"HMCPS is a flexible capacitive pressure sensors where the sensitive pressure range has been extended by making multi-leveled microporous structures."},{"label":"Title","value":"MXene/MWCNTs-based capacitive pressure sensors combine high sensitivity and wide detection range for human health... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics | MCQ | Laser-Synthesized Amorphous PdSe2−x Nanoparticles: A Defect-Rich Platform for High-Efficiency SERS, Photocatalysis, and Photothermal Conversion | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21918 | July 29, 2025 | Researchers fabricated amorphous and non-stoichiometric palladium diselenide (PdSe$_{2-x}$ nanoparticles using femtosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid. The colloidal nanoparticle suspension was obtained after 15 minutes of laser ablation. For the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements, 2 $\mu$L of ... | - Raman spectra of SERS substrates with different types of dyes
- Enhancement factor of the SERS substrate compared to conventional Raman substrates for different dye types and concentrations
- Enhancement factor of the SERS substrate with different PdSe$_2$ morphology (nanoflakes vs. nanoparticles). | Non-stoichiometric, amorphous palladium diselenide nanoparticles are fabricated from crystalline PdSe$_2$ bulk target using femtosecond pulsed laser ablation in liquid. To test the performance of these nanoparticles for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, colloidal nanoparticle suspensions were deposited on aluminum s... | C. The enhancement factor for the PdSe$_2$ is the highest for crystal violet at $10^{-9}$ M. | - Palladium diselenide has an unusual puckered pentagonal lattice structure with in-plane optical anisotropy that is ideal of near-infrared optoelectronic applications.
- Two-dimensional palladium diselenide can be used for surface enhanced Raman spectrocopy applications.
- The stable amorphous phase of palladium disel... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Palladium diselenide has an unusual puckered pentagonal lattice structure with in-plane optical anisotropy that is ideal of near-infrared optoelectronic applications."},{"label":"Title","value":"Applications of 2D‑Layered Palladium Diselenide and Its van der Waals Heterostructures in Elect... |
Physics | Physics/Instrumentation and Detectors | MCQ | Series Testing and Characterization of 1100 Hamamatsu H12700 Multianode Photomultiplier Tubes | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.00535 | August 1, 2025 | Researchers constructed a dedicated test bench to characterize 1,100 Hamamatsu H12700 Multi-Anode Photomultiplier Tubes (MAPMTs) for use in the CBM-RICH (Ring Imaging Cherenkov) and HADES-RICH detectors. The setup was designed to test four MAPMTs simultaneously -three under measurement and one as a fixed reference- to ... | - Single photoelectron gain was measured per pixel using a pulsed 465 nm LED coupled through an optical fiber to the MAPMT test bench, during the 1.5 s measurement period at each measurement point (central 2 mm x 2 mm area of every pixel) for a nominal supply voltage of -1000 V. | Multi-Anode Photomultiplier Tube (MAPMT) characterization was assessed as a high-throughput platform for evaluating Hamamatsu H12700 devices intended for CBM-RICH and HADES-RICH detectors. The test bench allowed simultaneous measurement of four MAPMTs, three under test and one fixed reference, within a light-tight encl... | C. The outer rim pixels are expected to have slightly higher gain compared to the inner pixels. | - The Hamamatsu H12700 MultiAnode Photomultiplier Tube (MAPMT) is a 52 × 52 mm² device containing 64 individual 6 × 6 mm² amplification channels arranged in an 8×8 array, with each channel read out through a separate anode pad at the end of its metal-channel dynode chain.
- The Hamamatsu H12700 MAPMT is well-suited fo... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The Hamamatsu H12700 MultiAnode Photomultiplier Tube (MAPMT) is a 52 × 52 mm² device containing 64 individual 6 × 6 mm² amplification channels arranged in an 8×8 array, with each channel read out through a separate anode pad at the end of its metal-channel dynode chain."},{"label":"Justifi... |
Biology | Cell Biology | MCQ | Renal Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Seaweed Gracilaria cornea
| ERROR: type should be string, got " https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/10/499" | October 9, 2025 | The researchers evaluated the cytotoxic effects of total sulfated polysaccharides (TSPs) derived from the red alga Gracilaria cornea on renal epithelial cells. Algal material was procured from Flecheiras Beach, Ceará, Brazil, and meticulously cleansed to eliminate epiphytes and detritus. Approximately 5 g of desiccated... | * Measurement of cell viability using MTT assay at absorbance of 570nm for treated group. TSP concentrations at TSP at 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours.
* Measurement of cell viability using MTT assay at absorbance of 570nm for untreated group. Untreated MDCK cells served as negati... | An experiment evaluating the cytotoxic effects of total sulfated polysaccharides (TSPs) derived from the red alga Gracilaria cornea involved culturing Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells in RPMI-1640 medium enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin–streptomycin at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ incubator.... | C) Throughout the examined range, TSP treatment led to an approximate 50% decrease in cell viability at all concentrations. | * MTT assay measures cell viability through mitochondrial NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase activity as an indication of metabolically active cells.
* A non-dose dependent decrease in cell viability often indicates rapid cytotoxic activity. It is often linked to membrane disruption or oxidative inhibition.
* Marine-de... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"MTT assay measures cell viability through mitochondrial NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductase activity as an indication of metabolically active cells."},{"label":"Title","value":"The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis"},{"label":"URL",... |
Physics | Condesned Matter/Materials Science | MCQ | Sub-micron Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell with efficiency of 18.2% enabled by a hole transport layer | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03253 | May 6, 2025 | Researchers implemented a hole selective transport layer (HTL) on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells (CIGS) with a sample structure given by glass-Mo-(HTL-)CIGS-CdS-ZnO-ZnO:Al-Ni/Al. The HTL was grown as a CuGaSe₂/In₂O₃ stack deposited on Mo prior to absorber deposition. The CuGaSe₂ layer was prepared via co-evaporation at a sub... | - CuGaSe₂ layer thickness in nm.
- In₂O₃ thickness in nm.
- Current density (mA/cm2) as a function of voltage (V). | Researchers characterized indium (III) oxide (In₂O₃) as a transparent conducting layer to improve the efficiency of sub-micron solar cells. When focusing on the filling factor FF, which of the following sample thicknesses is expected to yield a FF closest to its maximum value?
A) 20 nm
B) 30 nm
C) 40 nm
D) All of the a... | A) 20 nm | - The solution processed In₂O₃ functions as a passivation layer for hole transport, leading to improved open circuit voltage and fill factor.
- The current-voltage characteristics and electrophysical properties of In₂O₃ films are influenced by film thickness and interfacial surface conditions.
- The FF is directly prop... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The FF is directly proportional to the power conversion efficiency of a solar cell and can be computed from the ratio of the maximum power to the product of the short circuit current Isc and the open circuit voltage Voc."},{"label":"Title","value":"Improvements and gaps in the empirical ex... |
Physics | Plasma Physics | Numerical Values | Spectroscopic measurements of graphite electrode erosion on the ZaP-HD sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch device | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03414 | October 3, 2025 | Researchers used the S/XB spectroscopy method to measure the gross erosion flux of a graphite electrode in a Zap-HD sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch device. The experiment involved creating a high-temperature plasma by applying a voltage between two coaxial electrodes, with peak electron temperature at 670 eV and peak e... | - Radial profiles of electron number density and electron temperature
- Chord-integrated line emission of C-III at 229.7 nm | In a Zap-HD Z-pinch device, the erosion of a graphite electrode was measured using S/XB spectroscopy focused on the C-III emission line. Based on the experimental results, what is the peak value of the eroded carbon flux (in atoms m^{-2}s^{-1})? | Peak eroded carbon flux = 8.7 * 10^{30} - 1.1 * 10^{31} atoms m^{-2}s^{-1}. Note: A fallback tolerance of \pm 10% has been applied as no uncertainty range was provided for the point estimate of 9.7 * 10^{30}. | - Z-pinch device: A plasma confinement system that uses an electrical current within the plasma to generate a magnetic field that compresses it (a process called the pinch effect). The Zap-HD device is a specific implementation that uses sheared-flow stabilization.
- S/XB spectroscopy method: A diagnostic technique use... | null |
Biology | Cell Biology | MCQ | SPINK3-sperm interaction determines a stable sperm subpopulation with intact CatSper channel | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.26.672324v3 | Sep 26, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether the seminal protease inhibitor SPINK3 regulates mouse sperm capacitation by preventing proteolytic processing of the CatSper ion channel subunit CATSPER1. To assess the effects of SPINK3, 10^6 sperm/ml were incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C with or without 13 μM SPINK3. They were then ca... | * Percentage of blastocysts relative to total fertilized oocytes 5 days post-in vitro fertilization in SPINK3-treated sperm vs. control. | To evaluate the effect of the seminal protease inhibitor SPINK3 on in vitro fertilization (IVF), mouse sperm were capacitated with or without 13 µM recombinant SPINK3. The functional impact was assessed by inseminating cumulus-oocyte complexes with 5,000 sperm cells and quantifying the percentage of blastocysts that de... | C) Blastocyst formation was approximately 25 % in the control group and about 5 % in the SPINK3-treated group. | * SPINK3 is naturally secreted by the male seminal vesicles and contains a Kazal domain that acts as a substrate analogue by competitively and stoichiometrically binding to the active site of its target protease, forming a stable protease–protease inhibitor complex.
* SPINK3 has a sperm-binding domain and attaches to s... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"SPINK3 is naturally secreted by the male seminal vesicles and contains a Kazal domain that acts as a substrate analogue by competitively and stoichiometrically binding to the active site of its target protease, forming a stable protease–protease inhibitor complex."},{"label":"Title","value... |
Biology | Cardiovascular Physiology, Pharmacology | MCQ | Phosphodiesterase type 1 regulates adenosine 2A receptor-associated cAMP signaling at the plasma membrane to increase myocardial contractility | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680406v1 | October 5, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to determine how inhibiting phosphodiesterase-1 (PED1) alters the contractile response of ventricular myocytes. Isolated cells from freshly excised adult guinea pig hearts were placed in a heated chamber (37°C) and superfused at 2 ml min^-1 with standard Tyrode’s containing 1.8 mM Ca2+ (comp... | - Sarcomere-shortening amplitude: % of resting length, measured with an IonOptix MyoCam for three conditions: (1) baseline; (2) 1 µM CGS-21680; (3) 1 µM CGS-21680 + 1 µM IC200041 (recorded separately for male and female myocytes)
- Peak intracellular Ca2+: arbitrary units (transient 340/380 fluorescence ratio), measur... | An experiment was conducted to test how inhibiting phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) affects heart-muscle contraction. Adult guinea-pig ventricular cardiomyocytes were electrically paced at 1 Hz. Female cells were exposed to 1 µM CGS-21680 (A₂A-receptor agonist) followed by the addition of 1 µM IC200041 (PDE1 inhibitor), whil... | A. In female cells, IC200041 increased contraction amplitude and also increased the peak Ca2+ transient.
D. In female cells, CGS-21680 alone had no effect on contraction amplitude. | - Drugs such as dobutamine and milrinone strengthen the heartbeat by raising the messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP), yet chronic use can provoke deadly arrhythmias.
- Unlike the well-studied PDE3 enzyme, phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) is activated by calcium/calmodulin and can hydrolyse cAMP, but its role in living heart... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Drugs such as dobutamine and milrinone strengthen the heartbeat by raising the messenger molecule cyclic AMP (cAMP), yet chronic use can provoke deadly arrhythmias."},{"label":"Title","value":"Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches to Acute Decompensated Heart Failure"},{"label":"URL",... |
Biology | Obesity Biology / Integrated Physiology | MCQ | Semaglutide‐induced weight loss improves mitochondrial energy efficiency in skeletal muscle | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.24274 | April 20, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether semaglutide treatment alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency in obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were maintained on a high-fat diet ([HFD] 42% of calories from fat consisting of 210 g/kg anhydrous milk fat, with a composition of 61.8% saturated ... | - Total body weight (g) in high-fat diet mice treated with semaglutide (3 nmol/kg) or vehicle (PBS) during 1 and 3 weeks.
- Fat mass (g) in high-fat diet mice treated with semaglutide (3 nmol/kg) or vehicle (PBS) during 1 and 3 weeks.
- Lean mass (g) in high-fat diet mice treated with semaglutide (3 nmol/kg) or vehicle... | To evaluate the effects of semaglutide on body composition, male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (42% of calories from fat) for 12 weeks and then treated with either vehicle (PBS) or semaglutide (3 nmol/kg body weight) by daily subcutaneous injection for 1 or 3 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, lean mass, and gastro... | D. In comparison with the vehicle-treated mice, body weight, fat mass, lean mass and GCM wet weight were significantly reduced in semaglutide-treated mice, after 1 week of treatment. | - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g. semaglutide) successfully reduce adiposity in mice and in humans.
- A decrease in skeletal muscle mass during weight loss has been associated with a reduction in energy expenditure.
- Energy expenditure per unit of lean mass appears to be reduced, promoted by an... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (e.g. semaglutide) successfully reduce adiposity in mice and in humans."},{"label":"Title","value":"Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism"},{"labe... |
Biology | Developmental Biology | MCQ | Tetraploid Caenorhabditis elegans embryos exhibit enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.678412v1 | October 14, 2025 | Researchers investigated developmental traits and osmotic responses in tetraploid Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. They used the following strains: N2 (wild-type), SP346 (N2-derived tetraploid), NF4496 ([expressing GFP::Histone H2B (his-11) and mCherry::PH(PLCdelta-1) by mating EG4601 and OD70 strains) and ECB003 (tetra... | - Percentage of embryos showing "normal division" at each ES concentration (standard (100% ES), diluted (20–90% ES), and concentrated (110–200% ES)) for N2, SP346, NF4496, and ECB003 strains. | Researchers investigated developmental traits and osmotic responses in tetraploid Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. They used the following strains: N2, SP346, NF4496, and ECB003. They exposed embryos to a range of osmotic conditions using conventional egg salts (ES) buffer: standard (100% ES), diluted (20–90% ES), and c... | A. The range of ES concentrations supporting normal cell division was broader for the tetraploid individuals | - Polyploidization induces multiple alterations in the transcriptome and organelle morphology
- Whole-body genome duplication can impair development and disrupt tissue organization in some species, including mice and zebrafish, where induced polyploidy leads to developmental arrest
- The physiological consequences of p... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Polyploidization induces multiple alterations in the transcriptome and organelle morphology"},{"label":"Title","value":"DNA content contributes to nuclear size control in Xenopus laevis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.molbiolcell.org/doi/10.1091/mbc.E20-02-0113"},{"label":"Date","val... |
Biology | Cancer Biology / Nanotherapeutics | Free-Format Question | Lipid nanoparticle co-delivery of mRNA and a small molecule drug for oral cancer chemoimmunotherapy | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678832v2 | September 29, 2025 | Researchers developed lipid-nanoparticles encapsulating p53 mRNA and ciclopirox (CPX) as a potential treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cholesterol, 18:1 Δ9-cis phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 14:0 PEG2000 phosphoethanolamine (C14-PEG2000), and an isopropyl-terminal-branched endosomal disruptor ionizable lipid (E1... | - Caspase 3/7 activity in the CAL-27, OECM-1 and FaDu cells treated for 24h with FLuc-LNP, p53-LNP, CPX-LNP, and CPX/p53-LNP (5, 20, 50 ng mRNA (measured in relative fluorescent units, normalized to the corresponding FLuc-LNP (5 ng) treated group).
- Caspase-9 activity in the CAL-27, OECM-1 and FaDu cells treated for 2... | Researchers developed lipid-nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating p53 mRNA and ciclopirox (CPX) as a potential treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma. CAL-27, OECM-1 and FaDu cell lines were seeded at 20,000 cells per well of tissue-treated 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h at 5, 20 or 50 ng with: 1) firefly lucif... | The FaDu cell line will demonstrate the highest overall caspase 3/7 and caspase-9 activity in response to p53-LNP exposure. | - p53 is underexpressed or mutated in over 70% of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases.
- Ciclopirox (CPX) is an FDA-approved anti-fungus medication that has been repurposed as a chemotherapeutic in bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer in preclinical studies.
- Many chemotherapeutics, once delivered i... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- p53 is underexpressed or mutated in over 70% of oral squamous cell carcinoma cases."},{"label":"Title","value":"TP53 mutations in head and neck cancer\n"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mc.23385"},{"label":"Date","value":"February 23, 2022"},{"la... |
Biology | Molecular Biology, Biochemistry | Free-Format Question | WNK kinase regulates plasma membrane levels of the WNT inhibitor RNF43 | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.08.681128v1 | October 08, 2025 | Researchers investigated how the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF43 cell surface levels are modulated by WNK kinases in a HEK293T cell model. HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with HiBiT-Fzd5 or HiBiT-RNF43, tagged extracellularly with HiBiT, and plated 24 hours later onto 96-well, flat, clear-bottom, white polystyrene... | -Relative light units (RLU, expressed as %) of HiBiT luciferase activity from the extracellular HiBiT tag on RNF43, measured following addition of LgBiT protein (1:100) and furimazine substrate (1:50), under two experimental conditions: control (DMSO, WNKi–) and WNK inhibitor treatment (WNKi+).
- -Relative light units ... | To study the regulation of Fzd5 and RNF43 cell surface levels, researchers measured luminescence from a HiBiT ectodomain tag in RNF43-overexpressing HEK293T cells. HEK293T cells were transiently transfected with VHiBiT-Fzd5 or HiBiT-RNF43 and plated for 24 hours at a density of 1x10⁵ cells/well (96-well). Cells were c... | RNF43 surface levels will be higher than FZD5 surface levels after WNK inhibition. | - RNF43: An E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates WNT signalling by tagging WNT receptors for degradation, reducing receptor availability at the cell surface.
- WNK kinases: A family of serine/threonine kinases involved in ion transport processes.
- STOCK2S-26016 (WNKi): A small-molecule inhibitor that blocks ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"RNF43: An E3 ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates WNT signalling by tagging WNT receptors for degradation, reducing receptor availability at the cell surface. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Tumour suppressor RNF43 is a stem-cell E3 ligase that induces endocytosis of Wnt receptors"},{"l... |
Biology | Immunology | MCQ | P2RY2 is a purinergic immune checkpoint linking extracellular ATP to immune evasion and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681049v1 | October 10, 2025 | Scientists investigated how extracellular ATP (eATP) and its non-hydrolyzable analog (nhATP) protect tumor cells by suppressing T-cell activation and cytotoxicity. In this research, the coculture of tumor cells (BxPC-3 or SW480 cells) and T cells (MART-1-TCR-T and CEA CAR-T) was used. For the cocultures of tumor cells ... | - T cell activation markers (CD25, CD69, and CD137 expression) in TCR-T and CART-T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 in the absence or presence of ATP or the nonhydrolyzable analog ATPγS (nhATP).
| Scientists investigated how extracellular ATP (eATP) and its non-hydrolyzable analog (nhATP) protect tumor cells by suppressing T-cell activation. If monocultures of TCR-T and CAR-T cells (in the absence of tumor cells) were stimulated with 0.1 μg/mL anti-CD3 in the absence or presence of 200 μM ATP or the nonhydrolyza... | D) eATP supplementation will have no effect on T cell activation when T cells are stimulated with agonist anti-CD3 antibodies. | - Extracellular ATP (eATP) accumulates substantially in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and rises further during immunotherapy.
- eATP exhibits paradoxical immunomodulatory roles as acutely, it acts as a pro-inflammatory “danger” signal that activates innate immune responses and facilitates adaptive immune priming.
- ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Extracellular ATP (eATP) accumulates substantially in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and rises further during immunotherapy."},{"label":"Title","value":"Increased level of extracellular ATP at tumor sites: in vivo imaging with plasma membrane luciferase"},{"label":"URL","value":"https:... |
Biology | Microbial Ecology / Plant Pathology | Free-Format Question | Phages indirectly maintain tomato plant pathogen defense through regulation of the commensal microbiome | https://doi.org/10.1093/ismeco/ycaf065 | April 18, 2025 | Researchers examined the ability of different components (cellular vs. phage) of the microbiome of tomato plants to limit infection of the plants by the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Leaves of six-month-old tomato plants were sonicated in bags of buffer solution (10 mM MgCl2) for 10 min to separate mic... | - P. syringae pv tomato (PT23) population sizes in tomato plant leave samples from 1) Microbiome + phages, 2) Microbiome, 3) Phage fraction, and 4) Control inoculated leaves, 24 hours post infection with P. syringae (Digital Droplet PCR). | Researchers examined the ability of different components (cellular vs. phage) of the microbiome of tomato plants to limit infection of the plants by the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Tomato phyllosphere microbial communities were sampled and their cellular vs. phage components were separated by filtrat... | The microbiome + phages experimental treatment (i.e. phage-depleted microbial community + phage fraction). | - Phages are viruses that infect bacteria, including in some cases plant pathogenic bacteria, and thus can serve as potential natural bio-control agents
- Pseudomonas syringae is a plant pathogenic species of bacterium with some particularly virulent pathovars of tomato plants
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Phages are viruses that infect bacteria, including in some cases plant pathogenic bacteria, and thus can serve as potential natural bio-control agents"},{"label":"Title","value":"A review of phage therapy against bacterial pathogens of aquatic and terrestrial organisms"},{"label":"URL","va... |
Biology | Immunology | MCQ | P2RY2 is a purinergic immune checkpoint linking extracellular ATP to immune
evasion and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681049v1 | Oct 10, 2025. | Researchers examined the role of extracellular ATP (eATP) concentration and eATP signaling with regard to how these influence immune response in the tumour microenvironment. For cocolture experiments, CEA CART-T cells and MART-1-TCR-T cells were generated. To generate CEA CAR-T cells, 7 million HEK293T cells were seede... | - T cell activation markers (CD25, CD137, CD69) from cocultures were quantified by flow cytometry in MART-1 TCR- or CEA CAR-transduced T cells with antigen-positive tumor cells under control, 200 μM ATP, or 200 μM non-hydrolyzable ATP analog (ATPγS / nhATP) conditions.
- T cell cytokine levels (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNFα) from ... | MART-1 TCR–transduced T cells were cocultured with MART-1 epitope–loaded BxPC-3 cells, and CEA CAR-transduced T cells were cocultured with SW480 tumour cells that constitutively express CEA for 24 hours in the absence or presence of 200 μM ATP or the non-hydrolyzable analogue ATPγS (nhATP). If we were to assess the T c... | A) Addition of exogenous eATP or ATPγS to the coculture will potently suppress T cell activation, evidenced by reduced expression of activation markers (CD25, CD137, CD69) and decreased production of effector cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNFα) compared to untreated controls. | - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the central energy currency of the cell, is typically confined intracellularly at millimolar concentrations, while extracellular ATP (eATP) is maintained at nanomolar levels in tissues under physiological conditions.
- eATP exhibits paradoxical immunomodulatory roles as acutely, it acts ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the central energy currency of the cell, is typically confined intracellularly at millimolar concentrations, while extracellular ATP (eATP) is maintained at nanomolar levels in tissues under physiological conditions.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Intracellul... |
Biology | Microbiology, Metabolomics | Numerical Values | Exploration of the mechanism of PCOS induced by microenvironmental changes in follicular fluid based on 16 S rRNA and metabolomics | https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-025-01781-5 | September 24, 2025 | Researchers measured the cilostazol content in Acinetobacter haemolyticus culture supernatant using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The standard strain of Acinetobacter haemolyticus was cultured under standard activation conditions and 100 µl of the activated strain culture was added to 300 µl of metha... | - Concentration (ng/mL) of cilostazol in Acinetobacter haemolyticus supernatant samples. | Researchers quantified the cilostazol content in the supernatant from a standard strain culture of Acinetobacter haemolyticus using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The supernatant was processed on a Zorbax Rx-C8 column and analysed on an AB 4500 mass spectrometer operating in positive ion and MRM modes... | [3.00 - 3.67] ng/mL, derived from the average concentration of 3.3387 ng/mL. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ±10% applied. | - Acinetobacter sp. are found in the follicular fluid microbiota of secondary infertility patients.
- Cilostazol is a 2-hydroxyquinolone derivative that can inhibit phosphodiesterase III and increase cyclic adenosine phosphate levels. It is also associated with inhibition of adenosine reuptake and multidrug resistance ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Acinetobacter sp. are found in the follicular fluid microbiota of secondary infertility patients."},{"label":"Title","value":"Microbiological composition of follicular fluid in patients undergoing IVF and its association with infertility"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wile... |
Biology | Neuroscience | Numerical Values | AETA peptide drives Alzheimer’s disease signature of synapse dysfunction | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671719v1 | Aug 25, 2025 | Researchers investigated the activation of p38 MAP kinase, a signaling protein implicated in synaptic spine shrinkage, in a mouse model expressing AETA peptides. The study used the AETA-m transgenic mouse model, which expresses human AETA in the hippocampus and cortex. For biochemical analysis, freshly dissected mouse ... | - Densitometric intensity of phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) in AETA-m and WT mouse models.
- Densitometric intensity of total p38 in AETA-m and WT mouse models.
- P-p38/p38 ratio in AETA-m and WT mouse models. | To investigate the activation of p38 MAP kinase in a mouse model expressing AETA peptides, researchers performed an immunoblotting analysis on hippocampal lysates. Freshly dissected hippocampi from AETA-m and wild-type (WT) mice were homogenized in a Tris buffer containing 2% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, and protease/phosphat... | ΔP-p38/p38 = [75 - 85] %, derived from WT = [~100%], AETA-m = [~180%]. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±5 pp applied. | * AETA (Aη-α and Aη-β) are peptides generated from the alternative η-secretase pathway of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing, which represents a non-amyloidogenic route associated with early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.
* MAP kinase is a signaling protein implicated in synaptic spine shrinkage.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"AETA (Aη-α and Aη-β) are peptides generated from the alternative η-secretase pathway of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing, which represents a non-amyloidogenic route associated with early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease."},{"label":"Title","value":"η-Secretase processi... |
Biology | Neuroscience | Numerical Values | Hyperexcitability in Alzheimers Disease triggers a compensatory neuroprotective response via TREK1 | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682816v1 | Oct 16, 2025 | To assess the effect of KCNK2 (TREK1) knockdown on inhibitory synapse markers, researchers used 3xTg mice. Animals received a stereotaxic injection into the hippocampus of either KCNK2 shRNA lentiviral particles (1 x 10⁶ IFU) or control shRNA lentiviral particles in a total injection volume of 5 μL. Brains were isolate... | - VGAT fluorescence intensity (AU) in 3xTG mice after shRNA treament (control shRNA or KNCK2 shRNA) | Researchers investigated the impact of KCNK2 (TREK1) knockdown on inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus of 3xTg mice. Lentiviral particles for KCNK2 shRNA or a control shRNA (1 x 10⁶ IFU in 5 μL) were stereotaxically injected. Brains were isolated 15 days post-injection following perfusion with 4% PFA. Tissues were th... | ΔVGAT = [20.1 - 20.5] AU, derived from control = [~185.7 AU], KCNK2 = [~165.4 AU]. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±0.2 AU applied. | * Alzheimer's disease display neuronal hyperexcitability with onset in early stages of the disease.
* 3xTg-AD mice exhibit early excitability phenotypes.
* Two-pore domain leak potassium channels (K2P) play a critical role in maintaining resting membrane potential and modulating excitability.
* TREK1 subfamily of K2P c... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Alzheimer's disease display neuronal hyperexcitability with onset in early stages of the disease. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Epilepsy and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer disease"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2812914/"},{"label":"Date","value":"Feb ... |
Biology | Immunology | Numerical Values | Pam3CSK4 as a Cross-Species Adjuvant for Polysaccharide Vaccines: Efficacy in Humanized Mouse and Non-Human Primate Models | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681501v1 | October 11, 2025 | The goal of the study was to evaluate whether MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88)-activating Toll-like receptor agonists are suitable as adjuvants for polysaccharide vaccines. Wild-type (WT), muMT, and MyD88⁻/⁻ mice on a C57BL/6 background were used for the experiments. Previously, bone marrow chimeras ... | - PPS3-specific IgM (ug/ml) levels after immunization [Pneumovax23 (Px) alone or Px + Salmonella minnesota MPL + squalene emulsion (SQ)] across different mice B cell chimera (WT or MyD88⁻/⁻).
- PPS3-specific IgG (ug/ml) levels after immunization [Pneumovax23 (Px) alone or Px + Salmonella minnesota MPL + squalene emulsi... | MyD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88)-activating Toll-like receptor agonists were analyzed to evaluate whether these are suitable as adjuvants for polysaccharide vaccines. The experiments were performed in bone marrow chimeras (BM chimeras), previously generated by lethal irradiation (950 rad) of WT mice,... | PPS3-IgG = [0.36 - 0.44] ug/ml, derived from PPS3-specific IgG ~0.4 ug/ml in WT B cell chimeras in 10 days. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±0.04 ug/ml applied.
| - Polysaccharide antigens (Ags) typically behave as T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags, which elicit rapid Ab responses primarily through innate-like B cell subsets, including marginal zone and B1 B cells.
- Adjuvants that can boost IgG responses to native polysaccharide.
- Salmonella typhimurium monophosphoryl lipi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Polysaccharide antigens (Ags) typically behave as T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags, which elicit rapid Ab responses primarily through innate-like B cell subsets, including marginal zone and B1 B cells. "},{"label":"Title","value":"B Cell Subsets Differentially Contribute to the T Cell-... |
Biology | Cell and Molecular Neurobiology | MCQ | Graphene Nanoplatelets Enhance Neuronal Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12123866 | April 10, 2025 | Researchers examined the effect of GNPs on hBMSC differentiation. For this, Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs; ATCC (PCS-500-012)) with passages 7–15 were used. The cells were cultured in a complete expansion medium containing low glucose DMEM supplemented with 2 mM l-glutamine, 10% FBS (heat-inactivated... | - Absorbance at 570 nm of hBMSC control cells, 0.2% gelatin-treated cells and GNP-treated hBMSC cells (concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 2, 5, and 10 μg/ml) for 1, 4, and 7 days using a microplate reader.
- Cell viability of hBMSC control cells, 0.2% gelatin-treated cells and GNP-treated hBMSC cells (concentration of 0.1... | Researchers examined the effect of GNPs on hBMSC differentiation. For this, Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs; ATCC (PCS-500-012)) with passages 7–15 were used. The cells were cultured in a complete expansion medium containing low glucose DMEM supplemented with 2 mM l-glutamine, 10% FBS (heat-inactivated... | A. DMSO used to homogenise GNP solutions affects hBMSCs' viability in a concentration-dependent manner. | - Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) hold significant promise due to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, and neuronal differentiation of hBMSCs is critical for studying human-specific conditions, drug discovery/screening/development, personalised therapies, biomark... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) hold significant promise due to their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, and neuronal differentiation of hBMSCs is critical for studying human-specific conditions, drug discovery/screening/development, p... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | Numerical Values | Novel curcumin nanocarrier for targeting drug delivery of mitochondria proves efficacy in in vivo experiments on hepatocellular carcinoma mice models | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12508462/ | Oct 8, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the antitumor efficacy of a curcumin-based mitochondria-targeted nanocarrier (TDC) in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model to assess its therapeutic potential and tumor-targeted delivery efficiency. The carrier was synthesized on a PAMAM G4 dendrimer, where triphenylphosphonium (TPP) was f... | - Tumor volume (mm³) measured over 45 days across five BALB/c mice groups (TDC, DC, FC, TD, Con) using a caliper
- Body weight monitored in all BALB/c mice groups (TDC, DC, FC, TD, Con) throughout treatment to evaluate systemic toxicity and tolerance | Female BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors (~100 mm³) were divided into five groups: untreated control (Con), blank nanocarrier (FC), free curcumin (DC), treatment drug (TD), and curcumin nanocarrier (TDC). Each group received intraperitoneal doses of 0.5 mg drug in 500 μL PBS every 4... | 4.5- 5.5 mm³ | - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of liver cancer.
- Curcumin is a flavonoid that has minimum side effects compared with other chemotherapeutics. It possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects.
- PAMAM G4 causes more stability and solubility of curcumin, and improves its a... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of liver cancer."},{"label":"Title","value":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: present status and future prospects"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(02)00432-4/fulltext"},{"label":"Date","valu... |
Biology | Ecology | MCQ | The impacts of almond pollination on honeybee viral dynamics | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.678657v1 | October 17, 2025 | Experimenters wanted to measure the occurrence and diversity of viruses in honeybees through the almond blooming and pollination season in California's Central Valley. Bees are shipped from all over the USA to the Central Valley to pollinate almond trees. Experimenters carried out an observational study of two populati... | - Viral diversity (viralOTU/species in hive) of treatment and control honey bees at Pre-bloom, Bloom, Post-Bloom, and Return time points using Shannon’s diversity index and Simpson’s diversity index.
- Viral abundance of treatment and control honey bees at Pre-bloom, Bloom, Post-Bloom, and Return time points.
- Viras r... | Experimenters carried out an observational study of two populations of honeybees, specifically carrying out RNAseq targeting viruses, to ascertain the viral diversity at four points through the pollination season: T1: Pre-bloom on February 7, T2: Bloom on February 22, T3: Post-Bloom on March 8, and T4: Return on March... | B) Bloom | - Honeybees provide critical pollination services, including the remarkable annual mass human-mediated intercontinental ‘migration’ where over half of all commercial honeybees in the United States are shipped to California's Central Valley to pollinate most of the world’s almond supply.
- Migrations enhance the geogra... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Honeybees provide critical pollination services, including the remarkable annual mass human-mediated intercontinental ‘migration’ where over half of all commercial honeybees in the United States are shipped to California's Central Valley to pollinate most of the world’s almond supply."},... |
Biology | Developmental Biology | MCQ | DNAH14 deficiency impairs sperm motility by reducing flagellar beat amplitude | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667185v1 | Jul 31, 2025 | To determine flagellar ultrastructure, researchers used a Dnah14 knockout mouse model (Dnah14-/-) generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which deleted exons 5-10 of the gene. Adut testis from Dnah14+/+ (control) and Dnah14-/- males were fixed overnight in a solution containing 1.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.5% paraformaldehyde, ... | * Presence of the 9+2 axonemal structure for Dnah14+/+ and Dnah14-/- males.
* Arrangement of the 9+2 axonemal structure for Dnah14+/+ and Dnah14-/- males.
| Researchers investigated the flagellar ultrastructure in Dnah14+/+ (wild-type; control) and Dnah14-/- (knock-out; KO) mice. Adut testes were fixed overnight, embedded in resin, and ultrathin sections were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy to observe the sperm flagellum cross-sections. Based on this ultrastru... | B. 9+2 arrangement with organized inner and outer microtubules | * DNAH14 is a single-headed inner-arm dynein, which is a core mechanochemical component of ciliary and flagellar motility.
* Flagellar motility is driven by the highly organized "9+2” microtubule axoneme, within which dynein axonemal heavy chain (DNAH) proteins serve as the core molecular motors generating sliding forc... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"DNAH14 is a single-headed inner-arm dynein, which is a core mechanochemical component of ciliary and flagellar motility"},{"label":"Title","value":"Flagellar and ciliary beating: the proven and the possible "},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/123/4/519/31... |
Biology | Animal behavior | Free-Format Question | Male social dominance affects access to mates but not female mate choice in a livebearing fish. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682567v1 | October 16, 2025 | Researchers investigated female mate choice in the pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, to test whether females prefer socially dominant males. Lab-reared descendants of a wild-caught population from the Johor State of Malaysia (Tebrau River) were maintained on a 12:12 light:dark cycle at 26-27°C and fed daily a mixture... | - Male dyads dominance hierarchy, estimated using a dominance index score calculated as: 1 - (Displacements by an aggressor male/Total number of displacements in the dyad).
- Female mating preference, estimated using a strength of preference index (SOP), calculated as (Time in preferred male’s association zone - Time i... | Researchers investigated female mate choice in the pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, to test whether females prefer socially dominant males. They performed mate choice assays in dichotomous choice tanks (45 x 25 x 20 cm), consisting of one main chamber (45 x 15 x 20 cm) and three smaller stimulus chambers (each 15 x ... | Female strength of preference (SOP) was not influenced by male dominance status. | - Female preference for dominant males has been recorded for a variety of species.
- In many species, males that are more successful during male-male competition can monopolize access to females, constraining female choice.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Female preference for dominant males has been recorded for a variety of species"},{"label":"Title","value":"How is female mate choice affected by male competition?"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1017/S1464793105006809"},{"label":"Date","value":"March 15, 2... |
Biology | Toxicology | Free-Format Question | Exploring the Venom Diversity of Australian Taipans: Comparative Characterization of Oxyuranus microlepidotus and Oxyuranus scutellatus | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/10/488 | October 1, 2025 | The researchers compared the quantitative proteomic profiles of two taipan species in Australia. The venoms of Oxyuranus microlepidotus (Inland Taipan) and Oxyuranus scutellatus (Coastal Taipan) were obtained from adult specimens and promptly lyophilized following extraction. Before analysis, each venom sample was reco... | - Measured the area under the chromatographic peaks (%) for Oxyuranus microlepidotus and Oxyuranus scutellatus venoms using LCMSolution software (v 1.25). | A comparative quantitative bottom-up proteomic approach that integrates reversed-phase HPLC, LC–MS/MS and MALDI-TOF analysis was conducted to evaluate the venom composition of the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) with the Coastal Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus). Crude venoms (2 mg/mL) were subjected to fractiona... | O. scutellatus is dominated by PLA₂ with only a minor 3FTx component, whereas O. microlepidotus shows a much larger contribution from 3FTx and a less PLA₂-dominated profile. | - O. scutellatus and O. microlepidotus belong to a group of highly-venomous taipans found in Australian territory.
- Along with the taipoxin, taipans produce toxins in its venom which contributes to neurotoxic effects such as blocking of the voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV).
- Evidence has shown that O. microlepido... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- O. scutellatus and O. microlepidotus belong to a group of highly-venomous taipans found in Australian territory."},{"label":"Title","value":"The effects of antivenom on the in vitro neurotoxicity of venoms from the taipans Oxyuranus scutellatus, Oxyuranus microlepidotus and Oxyuranus scu... |
Biology | Molecular Biology | Free-Format Question | Molecular basis of the autoregulatory mechanism of motor neuron-related splicing factor 30 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12398788/ | July 25, 2025 | Flp-In T-REx 293 (293FTR) cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with high glucose (37 °C, 5% CO2). The culture media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, and 100 U/ml penicillin G. A plasmid expressing SPF30-FLAG-6×His (pcDNA5/FRT/TO SPF30 (WT)-FH) was gene... | - Relative RNA levels in the DNA fragments (coding sequence (CDS) or 3′-untranslated region (UTR)) across cells (SPF30-FLAG-inducible or non-inducible 293FTR) after treatment (Doxycycline - or Doxycycline+). | Flp-In T-REx 293 (293FTR) cells were transfected with a 6xHis-tagged variant of SPF30 (SPF30-FLAG-6×His) and pOG44 using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. Clonal cell lines were selected in a culture medium supplemented with 100 μg/ml hygromycin B. Expression of SPF30-FLAG was induced with 1 μg/ml doxycycline (Dox) for 48 ho... | The expression is reduced. | - SPF30 is a splicing factor
- Splicing factors can modify their own splicing variations to regulate their expression levels | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- SPF30 is a splicing factor"},{"label":"Title","value":"SMNrp is an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor required for the formation of the mature spliceosome"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC125440/"},{"label":"Date","value":"May 1, 2001"},{"label":"Justifi... |
Biology | Reproductive Biology, Molecular Genetics | Numerical Values | Mating-type locus structure affects gene expression in unidirectional mating-type switching fungi | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681704v1.full | Oct 11, 2025 | Researchers investigated how unidirectional mating-type switching (an endogenous mechanism inducing self-fertility that involves genomic rearrangements of the mating type genes) affects genome-wide gene expression in the fungus Ceratocystis albifundus. Starting with a self-fertile isolate (CMW4068, MAT-2 type) that nat... | - Gene expression levels (normalized counts or FPKM) measured by RNA sequencing in MAT-2 self-fertile and MAT-2 self-sterile isolates (three biological replicates each)
- Number of differentially expressed genes (simple count of genes) between MAT-2 self-fertile and MAT-2 self-sterile isolates determined by DESeq2 stat... | Researchers examined how mating-type locus configuration affects gene expression and fertility in Ceratocystis albifundus. The fungus C. albifundus isolate CMW4068 (MAT-2 self-fertile) was used as the parent strain. To obtain different mating-type forms (MAT-2 self-fertile, MAT-1 self-sterile, and MAT-2 self-sterile), ... | Number of genes differentially expressed between the MAT-2 self-sterile and MAT-2 self-fertile isolates: 931-1137 (no confidence interval reported / applicable; Numerical Tolerance Fallback Policy applied of +-10% for reported value of 1,034 genes) | - Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes is controlled by a genomic region called the mating-type (MAT1) locus, which contains genes encoding transcription factors that regulate sexual compatibility.
- Fungi exhibit two main reproductive strategies: heterothallic species require a partner of opposite mating type to reprodu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes is controlled by a genomic region called the mating-type (MAT1) locus, which contains genes encoding transcription factors that regulate sexual compatibility."},{"label":"Title","value":"Genetic Networks That Govern Sexual Reproduction in the Pezizomycoti... |
Biology | Ecology and Entomology | Numerical Values | The influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Development and Survival of Laboratory-Reared Anopheles arabiensis in Ethiopia | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.30.651405v1 | May 5, 2025 | Anopheles arabiensis strain mosquitoes were reared under varying conditions, with eggs exposed to temperatures ranging from 14.5 to 34.35°C and relative humidity (RH) levels of 64–84%, and compared with those reared under standard insectary conditions (25±2°C and a relative humidity of 80±10%). 8,000 eggs were distribu... | - Survival rates of adult mosquitoes under each temperature and humidity condition
- Mortality rates of adult mosquitoes under each temperature and humidity condition
- Average lifespan of mosquitoes (day) under each temperature and humidity condition | Anopheles arabiensis strain mosquitoes were reared under varying conditions, with eggs exposed to temperatures of 14.5–34.35°C and relative humidity (RH) levels of 64–84% and compared with the ones that reared under standard insectary conditions (25±2°C and a relative humidity of 80±10%). 8,000 eggs were distributed ac... | At 34.35℃ and 64% RH, the minimum survival time was = [11.4 - 12.6] days, obtained from 12 ± 5% days. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ± 5%. Acceptable range 12 ± 0.6 days, or between 11.4 to 12.6 days. | - In Ethiopia, Anopheles species have been documented, with Anopheles arabiensis identified as the primary malaria vector.
- Mosquito growth and population dynamics are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors, with temperature, humidity, and precipitation being the most critical abiotic drivers
- Temperature is t... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- In Ethiopia, Anopheles species have been documented, with Anopheles arabiensis identified as the primary malaria vector."},{"label":"Title","value":"Updated list of Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) by country in the Afrotropical Region and associated islands"},{"label":"URL","value... |
Biology | Oncology / Proteomics | Numerical Values | Proteomic Characterization of Primary Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines Following Long-Term Exposure to Gemcitabine | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7382/13/4/48 | October 1, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of gemcitabine exposure on the proteomes of human pancreatic cancer cells. Four such cell lines (PCC-1, PCC-2, PCC-7, and Mia PaCa-2) were cultured for 40 passages in DMEM (4.5 g/L glucose, GlutaMAX) supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% amphote... | - relative intensities of identified proteins (label-free quantitation (LFQ) values obtained from mass spectrometry analysis, for cell lines PCC-1, PCC-2, PCC-7, and Mia PaCa-2, under the two treatments of control vs. gemcitabine exposure, harvested at passages 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40)
- number of differentially abu... | Researchers evaluated the long-term exposure effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cell proteomes. Four human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PCC-1, PCC-2, PCC-7, and Mia PaCa-2) were cultured for forty passages in the presence of gemcitabine (50 nM for the initial 25 passages, followed by 150 nM for the subsequent... | Number of DAPs between PCC-2 treatments at passage 40: 348-426 (no CI/SE/SD reported or applicable; numerical tolerance fallback value for count data applied to reported value of 387)
| - When exposed to gemcitabine, pancreatic cancer cells quickly shift patterns of gene expression to supress drug transport, upregulate detoxification, and make other changes that lead to treatment failure.
- Proteomic profiling is a highly valued technique for profiling the protein biomarkers that characterize the resp... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"When exposed to gemcitabine, pancreatic cancer cells quickly shift patterns of gene expression to supress drug transport, upregulate detoxification, and make other changes that lead to treatment failure."},{"label":"Title","value":"Barriers and opportunities for gemcitabine in pancreatic c... |
Biology | Oncology and molecular biology | MCQ | Investigating the Potential of Propranolol as an Anti-Tumor Agent in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12346906/ | Aug 4, 2025 | Researchers assessed whether PRO (propranolol) treatment affects the viability of four colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines: (SW-480, HT-29, HCT-116, SW-620) in a dose-dependent manner. CRC cells were seeded in 24-well plates at a density of 5 × 10⁴ cells per well and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C in a humidified atmos... | - Cell viability (%) calculated as the ratio of viable cells in colorectal cancer cell lines (SW-480, HT-29, HCT-116, SW-620) treated (serial dilutions of propranolol; 2.5–160 µM) to those in untreated groups. | Researchers assessed whether PRO (propranolol) treatment affects the viability of four colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines: (SW-480, HT-29, HCT-116, SW-620) in a dose-dependent manner. CRC cells were seeded in 24-well plates and incubated for 24 hours. After incubation, the culture medium was replaced with serial diluti... | A. SW-480 is the most sensitive to PRO, followed by HT-29, then HCT-116, and SW-620 as the least sensitive | - Propranolol (PRO) is a non-selective beta-blocker (β-B).
- PRO exhibits anti-tumor effects, suppressing tumor proliferation. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Propranolol (PRO) is a non-selective beta-blocker (β-B) clinically used to treat cardiovascular diseases."},{"label":"Title","value":"Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO)—Propranolol as an anti-cancer agent"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/680-repurposing-... |
Biology | Cancer Biology, Pharmacology | MCQ | SLC25A39 regulates Hedgehog signaling to promote tumor progression and sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-20008-7 | Oct 15, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether combining SLC25A39 knockdown with sorafenib chemotherapy could enhance antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma using a mouse xenograft model. HCCLM3 liver cancer cells were stably transfected with either shSLC25A39 (to suppress SLC25A39 expression) or shControl (negative control)... | - Tumor volume (mm^3) at day 28, derived from longitudinal measurements of tumor long and short diameters recorded every 4 days (instrumentation and calculation not detailed), for four treatment groups: shControl+PBS, shSLC25A39+PBS, shControl+Sorafenib, and shSLC25A39+Sorafenib (n=6 mice per group) | Researchers investigated whether combining SLC25A39 knockdown with sorafenib treatment enhances antitumor efficacy in a hepatocellular carcinoma mouse xenograft model. Male nude mice (n = 6 per group) were injected subcutaneously with HCC cells that were stably transfected with either shControl or shSLC25A39. Mice rece... | A. Both shSLC25A39 knockdown alone (shSLC25A39 + PBS) and sorafenib monotherapy (shControl + sorafenib) significantly reduced tumor volume compared to control (shControl + PBS), but statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between these two monotherapy groups at day 28.
D. The combination therapy group (... | - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 80% of primary liver cancers and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with many patients diagnosed at advanced stages unsuitable for surgical intervention.
- Sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was the first FDA-approved systemic... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 80% of primary liver cancers and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with many patients diagnosed at advanced stages unsuitable for surgical intervention"},{"label":"Title","value":"Sorafenib in Advanced ... |
Biology | Plant biology, growth hormones | MCQ | Strigolactones coordinate barley tillering and grain size | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12509884/ | June 4, 2025 | The hvdwarf14.d (hvd14) strigolactone (SL) receptor mutant of the barley two-row spring cultivar "Sebastian" was compared with the wild type of the same cultivar. Both plants were grown under normal glasshouse conditions (16/8h long day lighting at 21/16 °C) in small sized (55 mm 0.22 litre tube) pots. 10 seeds each of... | - Tilled number of plants at harvest across strains (Wild type barley cultivar "Sebastian" (WT), and strigolactone receptor mutant of barley cultivar "Sebastian" (hvd14))
- Grain number of plants at harvest across strains (Wild type barley cultivar "Sebastian" (WT), and strigolactone receptor mutant of barley cultivar ... | Strigolactone signalling is used in plants to modulate growth, and this is thought to be through inhibition of tiller bud outgrowth. Strigolactone receptor mutant plants of barley cultivar "Sebastian" (hvd14) were grown and compared with the wild type (WT) of the same cultivar (n = 10 for each group) under normal glass... | C. The number of tilers will be greater in hvd14 than in WT. The number of grains will be greater in hvd14 than in WT.
| - Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that modulate plant growth by inhibiting tiller outgrowth
- Mutant barley "hvd14" is a mutant of the "Sebastian" cultivar created in a TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions In Genomes) population which carries a mutation in the HvDWARF14 gene which encodes the SL (strigolact... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that inhibit tiller outgrowth"},{"label":"Title","value":"Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18690209/"},{"label":"Date","value":"Sep 11, 2008"},{"label":"Justification (\"Paywalled\"... |
Biology | Ecology/ Microbiology | MCQ | Microbiome composition and function vary with depth in the Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella singularis | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.17.683177v1 | October 18, 2025 | Researchers investigated depth-related variations in the microbiome of the Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella singularis. Branch samples (10-15 cm long) were collected from 10 colonies at shallow depth (12m, n=5), and mesophotic depth, (57m, n=5) via SCUBA diving off the Banyuls-sur-Mer coast, in southern France, during... | - Relative abundance of prokaryotic fom mTAGs at genus level across depths (shallow 12m vs mesophotic 57m).
- Community composition similarity of prokaryotic microbiomes across depths (shallow 12m vs mesophotic 57m).
- Abundance of prokaryotic metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) across depths.
- Relative abundance of d... | To study depth-related variations in the prokaryotic microbiome of the gorgonian coral Eunicella singularis, researchers sampled branches from colonies at shallow (12m) and mesophotic (57m) depths in the South of France. From the samples, DNA was extracted and subjected to high-depth shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Tax... | B. Reduced diversity but unchanged dominance of Endozoicomonas across depths, indicating a stable core microbiome. | - Eunicella singularis is a photophilic octocoral present at depths of 10-70m in the Western Mediterranean.
- E. singularis harbors symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae dinoflagellates, whose function is to supply energy through photosynthesis and aid nutrient absorption in nutrient-poor environments
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Eunicella singularis is a photophilic octocoral present at depths of 10-70m in the Western Mediterranean."},{"label":"Title","value":"Size and spatial structure in deep versus shallow populations of the Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella singularis (Cap de Creus, northwestern Mediterranea... |
Biology | Molecular Biology, Metabolism | MCQ | The microprotein C16orf74/MICT1 promotes thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue | https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/s44318-025-00444-x
| April 30, 2025 | Researched examined how overexpression of MICT1, a microprotein expressed in brown adipose tissue, affects thermogenesis in cultured brown adipocytes. Confluent brown adipocyte precursor cells were differentiated for 4 days using DMEM containing 10% FBS, 850 nM insulin, 0.5 mM IBMX, 1 μM dexamethasone, 1 nM T3, 125 nM ... | - Heat production, measured as the percentage of ERthermAC-positive cells in high-temperature region (R1) using flow cytometry with ERthermAC thermosensitive fluorescent dye, for MICT1 vs GFP-infected cells, across two experimental treatments of (1) basal, or (2) β-adrenergic agonist stimulation (using forskolin)
- Oxy... | In the gain-of-function study where differentiated brown adipocytes were infected with MICT1 or GFP control virus, heat production was monitored by ERthermAC and mitochondrial respiration by Seahorse OCR under both basal and CL-316,243–treated conditions.
Based on the experimental description, which result was directly... | A. A higher percentage of ERthermAC⁺ cells in the high-temperature (R1) region and higher OCR values in all tested conditions. | - Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a type of fat tissue that generates heat instead of storing energy.
- Thermogenesis is the cellular process of heat production through mitochondrial activity.
- MICT1 is a microprotein in brown-fat that binds PP2B to enhance the PKA-driven heat production.
- Oxygen consumption rate (OCR)... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a type of fat tissue that generates heat instead of storing energy."},{"label":"Title","value":"Protein kinase A induces UCP1 expression in specific adipose depots to increase energy expenditure and improve metabolic health"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://jo... |
Biology | Molecular Biology/Plant development | MCQ | Enhanced auxin signaling promotes root-hair growth at moderately low temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana | https://www.cell.com/plant-communications/fulltext/S2590-3462(25)00112-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2590346225001129%3Fshowall%3Dtrue | June 9, 2025 | Researchers sought to determine whether auxin levels are altered during enhanced root growth under low-temperature conditions.
Arabidopsis seedlings expressing 35S:DII-Venus reporter were germinated on 0.5×Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium agar plates supplemented with MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) and grown... | - Fluorescence intensity of reporter 35S:DII-Venus in root regions (the meristematic and the differentiation zone) for control (22 °C) and low-temperature (10 °C) treated Arabidopsis seedlings. | To assess whether auxin levels are altered during enhanced root growth under low-temperature conditions, researchers used the 35S:DII-Venus reporter. Arabidopsis seedlings expressing this reporter were subjected to cold treatment (5 days at 22 °C followed by 3 days at 10 °C) with controls (8 days at 22 °C). Fluorescenc... | B. Fluorescence intensity decreased significantly in the differentiation zone, while the meristematic zone showed only a slight, nonsignificant increase. | - Auxin plays a complex and multifunctional role in RH growth, involving systemic auxin metabolism localized primarily in the root meristem and root cap, intercellular auxin transport through the root epidermis, and localized signaling in root hairs.
- The 35S:DII-Venus reporter is used to determine whether auxin level... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Auxin plays a complex and multifunctional role in RH growth, involving systemic auxin metabolism localized primarily in the root meristem and root cap, intercellular auxin transport through the root epidermis, and localized signaling in root hairs."},{"label":"Title","value":"Auxin: simp... |
Biology | Cell Biology/ Autophagy | Free-Format Question | Role of Autophagy Induced by Pmel17 in the Pathogenesis of Vitiligo | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12523692/#cit0003 | October 11, 2025 | Four-week-old SPF grade female C57BL/6 mice, weighing 15–18 g, were selected. Vitiligo was induced in the mice by shaving a 2×2 cm area on the abdomen and applying 40% monobenzone cream (4-benzyloxy phenol, Sigma) until fully absorbed. Application of the cream was discontinued on day 50 and observation continued until ... | - Number of melanosomes
- Number of autophagosomes
| Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group injected with Lv-sh-NC (Control group), control group injected with Lv-sh-Pmel17 (Pmel17-shRNA group), monobenzone group injected with Lv-sh-NC (Monobenzone group) and monobenzone group injected with Lv-sh-Pmel17 (Monobenzone+shRNA group). Skin tissue was harve... | The results revealed a higher number of melanosomes in the Control group, the Pmel17-shRNA, Monobenzone, and Monobenzone+shRNA groups all showed a marked reduction in melanosomes. Additionally, the Monobenzone+shRNA group showed significant autophagosome formation. | - Vitiligo is a depigmentation disease where patients exhibit opalescent spots with clear boundaries, which tend to occur on the face, limbs and other exposed areas caused by the loss of functional melanocytes in the epidermis.
- Melanocytes are melanin producing cells found in the epidermis of the skin.
- Premelanos... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Melanosomes are melanin producing cells found in the epidermis of the skin."},{"label":"Title","value":"Vitiligo: a focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications."},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1346-8138.15743"},{"label":"Date","value":"Jan... |
Biology | Biology, algal physiology
| Free-Format Question | Modulation of PUFA and PUA production in coastal diatoms by varying light and phosphate availability | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221192642500476X/ | October 8, 2025
| Cultures of the diatom Skeletonema pseudocostatum were grown in 3.5 L sterilized glass bottles under controlled conditions (20 °C; artificial light intensity of 75–100 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹; 14:10 h light:dark cycle; continuous aeration with sterile air filtered through 0.22 μm PTFE). The experiment tested the effects of... | - Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentration (fmol
cell− 1) of S. pseudocostatum cultures in exponential and stationary growth phase under different culture conditions (L1, L2 and L3 light conditions in high and low phosphate concentration), determined from FAME profiles obtained by GC–MS (Agilent 7890A system co... | Researchers tested the effects of phosphate availability and light regime on fatty acid composition in a Skeletonema pseudocostatum culture. Two nutrient conditions were established: high phosphate (P+; 32.42 ± 0.57 μM) and low phosphate (P-; 5.55 ± 0.16 μM). Cultures were exposed to three light treatments: cool white ... | P+L2 presented the highest PUFA concentration. | - Interestingly, in certain diatom species, a rapid decline in PUFA content has been directly related to polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) production, as some PUFA serve as precursors into PUA.
- It is well established that environmental conditions, particularly nutrient availability and light, play a critical role in re... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Interestingly, in certain diatom species, a rapid decline in PUFA content has been directly related to polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) production, as some PUFA serve as precursors into PUA."},{"label":"Title","value":"Lipid Profile, Antioxidant and Antihypertensive Activity, and Computatio... |
Biology | Immunology | MCQ | The C. elegans immune switch proteins PALS-25 and PALS-22 localize to mitochondria and regulate fragmentation. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.13.682198v1 | October 15, 2025 | The C. elegans worms used in the research were maintained at 20°C on Nematode Growth Media (NGM) plates seeded with streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli OP50-1.
To ensure the worms were synchronised at the same life stage, gravid adults from NGM + OP50-1 plates were washed with M9 media into a 15ml conical tube. Th... | - Subcellular localization of PALS22::GFP following treatment with control or pals-25 RNAi knockdown.
- Subcellular localization of PALS25::GFP following treatment with control or pals-22 RNAi knockdown. | For determining the subcellular location of PALS-22 or PALS-25 proteins upon RNAi knockdowns, TransgeneOme constructs (which are a resource collection of specific C. elegans genes tagged at their C termini with GFP, surrounded by approximately 20 kb of endogenous regulatory region) for PALS-22(PALS-22::GFP) and PALS-25... | C) PALS-25::GFP maintains its mitochondrial association, but rather forms puncta. | - PALS-22 and PALS-25 proteins localize to mitochondria, with PALS-25 being required for PALS-22 localization to mitochondria
- PALS-22 is a negative regulator that restrains pals-25, which serves as a positive regulator of immunity.
- PALS-22 mutants have slowed development and shortened lifespan, which is reversed by... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- PALS-22 mutants have slowed development and shortened lifespan, which is reversed by mutations in pals-25, indicating that PALS-22 and PALS-25 control a physiological switch from a growth state to a defence state."},{"label":"Title","value":"Antagonistic paralogs control a switch between... |
Biology | Cancer Biology, Molecular Oncology | Numerical Values | SENP1 drives glycolysis and cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer via desumoylating ENO1 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12506269/ | Oct 8, 2025 | Researchers investigated the effect of SENP1 overexpression on gastric cancer cell invasion. HGC-27 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37°C under 5% CO2. For invasion assays, 10,000 cells in 200 µL serum-free medium were seeded into the upper chamber of transwell plat... | - Number of invaded GC cells per microscopic field (cells/field), across two experimental groups: NC (non-targeted control) and SENP1-OE (SENP1 overexpression) | Researchers investigated the effect of SENP1 on gastric cancer cell invasion. HGC-27 cells (10,000 cells in 200 µL FBS-free medium) were seeded into the upper chamber of a transwell plate, with 600 µL culture medium containing 10% FBS added to the lower chamber. After incubation, invaded cells on the bottom surface of ... | Δ invaded cells = [90-110] cells/field after incubation (no confidence interval readable in paper; numerical tolerance fallback policy for count data applied to value of (400-300) = 100, derived from visual readouts of values for SENP1-OE = 400, and NC = 300) | - Gastric cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy and ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in China.
- SENP1 (sentrin-specific protease 1) is a desumoylation enzyme that is highly expressed in various tumors and promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in breast, colon, liver, a... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Gastric cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy and ranks as the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in China."},{"label":"Title","value":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries"},{"label":"URL","valu... |
Biology | Microbiology, Microbial Ecology | Free-Format Question | Microbiome composition modulates the lethal outcome of Drosophila A virus infection | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682821v1 | October 16, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supplementation affects survival of flies harboring different persistent viral infections. Female w1118 flies (1-2 days old) were either uninfected or carried persistent infections with Drosophila A virus (DAV), Nora virus, or Drosophila C virus (DCV). Thes... | - Fly lifespan (days), measured by daily visual mortality counts, across 8 treatment groups: uninfected, Nora virus, DAV, or DCV persistent infections, each with L. plantarum supplementation or MRS control; n=36-76 flies per group | Researchers investigated whether Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supplementation affects fly survival during persistent infections with different RNA viruses. Female w1118 flies persistently infected with Drosophila A virus (DAV), Nora virus, or Drosophila C virus, as well as uninfected controls, were maintained at 29°C.... | Only flies persistently infected with Drosophila A virus (DAV) showed reduced survival with L. plantarum supplementation compared to control. | - Microbiomes shape host responses to viral infections across diverse biological systems.
- Drosophila melanogaster provides a simple, manipulable model for studying tripartite host-microbe-pathogen interactions, having gut microbiomes typically containing only 1-30 bacterial taxa.
- Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Microbiomes shape host responses to viral infections across diverse biological systems."},{"label":"Title","value":"The interplay between the host microbiome and pathogenic viral infections"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/mbio.02496-21"},{"label":"Date",... |
Biology | Biochemistry / Molecular oncology | Free-Format Question | Methylated 1,2-naphthoquinone derivative SJ006 as an inhibitor of human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-20702-6 | October 21, 2025 | Researchers aimed to determine the cytotoxic effects of 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives on non-small cell lung cancer cells. For this purpose, human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, NCI-H292 ([H292] mucoepidermoid carcinoma; ATCC No. CRL-1848) and A549 (adenocarcinoma; ATCC No. CCL-185) were cultured in Du... | - Proportion of apoptotic cells in H292 and A549 cells after 48h treatment with 0 µM or 20 µM of SJ006 (Flow cytometry).
- Apoptosis fold-change (over control group) in H292 and A549 cells after 48h treatment with 0 µM or 20 µM of SJ006 (Flow cytometry).
| Researchers aimed to determine the cytotoxic effects of 1,2-naphthoquinone derivatives on non-small cell lung cancer cells. The chemical compound SJ006 (2-methyl-2,3-dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione) was applied to H292 and A549 cells at a concentration of 20 µM for 48 h, while untreated cells (0 µM) served as the ... | The expected fold-change in apoptotic cell proportion for A549 cells treated with 20 µM SJ006 for 48 h is of 1.14 (±1.1). For the case of H292 cells treated under the same conditions, the expected fold-change is 1.92 (±1.9). | - A549 and H292 represent distinct histological subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer cells which differ in their redox metabolism and baseline G6PD expression.
- 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ) derivatives are chemical compounds that have diverse biological activities and anticancer properties.
- SJ006 (2-methyl-2,3-dihy... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- SJ006 (2-methyl-2,3-dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione) is a 1,2-naphthoquinone derivative synthesized from lapachol, with demonstrated anticancer activity in human leukemia cell lines."},{"label":"Title","value":"Potent antileukemic action of naphthoquinoidal compounds: evidence for a... |
Biology | Animal Behavior and Cognition | MCQ | Habituation-Induced Expression of Immediate Early Genes in the Octopus Brain | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.16.682951v1 | Oct 19, 2025 | The researcher aimed to identify brain regions potentially involved in memory-related gene activation in Octopus bimaculoides, combining a novel behavioral habituation task with whole-mount Hybridization Chain Reaction. For the behavioral habituation task, O. bimaculoides subjects were divided into three age groups: 2 ... | - Total time (seconds) the octopus in each group (two-, six- and 12-month) spent physically manipulating the crab during each trial in the habituation test.
- Havitation curves of the octopus in each group (two- and six-months) from physically manipulating the crab during each trial in the memory retention trial.
| O. bimaculoides subjects were divided into three age groups: 2 months (n = 5), 6 months (n = 5), and 12 months (n = 2) and each group interacted with the fake crab, and their handling time was measured across trials. All groups underwent an initial trial, in which the prey was dropped near their den six times. After th... | B) The younger animals spent more time manipulating the crab in the habituation trial. | - Octopuses have relatively advanced cognitive abilities when compared to other invertebrate groups and memory is the most extensively studied. They have been shown to perform well in passive avoidance tasks, navigate mazes, learn to solve problems with increased efficiency, such as opening jars or manipulating objects... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Octopuses have relatively advanced cognitive abilities when compared to other invertebrate groups and memory is the most extensively studied. They have been shown to perform well in passive avoidance tasks, navigate mazes, learn to solve problems with increased efficiency, such as openin... |
Biology | Aquaculture | Numerical Values | Comparison of Different Microalgae Biomass Typologies Used in Rotifers Enrichment for Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae Nutrition | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1155/anu/5351038 | June 6, 2025 | Researchers compare the effects of rotifers enriched with three different industrially produced microalgae species (i.e., Nannochloropsis oceanica, Tetraselmis chui, and Tisochrysis lutea) using paste and freeze-dried powder. First, Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, type L) were grown in a semicontinuous culture using 5... | - Survival rate of TcPA feed larvae at 15 dpf.
- Survival rate of microdiet standardised for zebrafish feed larvae at 15 dpf. | Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis, type L) were grown in a semicontinuous culture using 5-L Erlenmeyer flasks at 20 ppt, with a temperature controlled at 24°C under slight aeration conditions. Culture quality was maintained by replacing 20% of the total water volume with artificial saltwater, and 20% of the rotifer cultu... | Survival rate of larvae fed with TcPA at 15dpf =[83.67 - 93.67]%. No CI given. Fallback of ±5 pp applied. | - Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1882), is the second most used animal model due to its many advantages, such as a fully sequenced genome, fast larval development, and short generation time.
- Microalgae are valuable nutritional resources, presenting a balanced profile regarding proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates a... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1882), is the second most used animal model due to its many advantages, such as a fully sequenced genome, fast larval development, and short generation time."},{"label":"Title","value":"The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research: Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, ... |
Biology | Ecology | MCQ | Macroecological patterns in experimental microbial communities | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013044
| May 8, 2025 | Researchers aimed to investigate the macroecology (i.e., statistical ecological patterns) of an experiment where a large number of microbial communities were maintained over time. Close to 100 replicate microbial communities were assembled in a laboratory environment from a common progenitor soil community, using minim... | - Abundance of community members (as ASVs) across treatments and timescales (transfer cycles 12 and 18), obtained via 16S rRNA sequencing. Taylor’s Law exponent (b) was estimated.
| Researchers aimed to investigate the macroecology (i.e., statistical ecological patterns) of an experiment where many microbial communities were maintained over time. Two migration treatments were applied: A) “regional migration”, where aliquots of the progenitor community were mixed with aliquots from the previous tra... | C. The exponent remained approximately constant across both treatments. | - The generality of macroecology is a useful feature that permits the construction of a working theory of microbial ecology. However, there is a trade-off between this generality and the ability of macroecology to provide causal connections between ecological mechanisms and observed patterns (e.g., the exponent of Tayl... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The generality of macroecology is a useful feature that permits the construction of a working theory of microbial ecology. However, there is a trade-off between this generality and the ability of macroecology to provide causal connections between ecological mechanisms and observed patterns... |
Biology | Molecular Biology, Oncology | MCQ | Naringenin Inhibits Cellular Proliferation, Arrests Cell Cycle and Induces Pro-Apoptotic Autophagy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12318615/ | Aug 3, 2025 | Researchers investigated the relationship between naringenin-induced autophagy and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by inhibiting autophagy initiation and quantifying key protein markers. MCF-7 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin ... | - Relative protein expression of Cleaved PARP: arbitrary units (densitometry ratio obtained from ChemiDoc, Bio-Rad enhanced chemiluminescence data) for treatments: Control, 150 µM NAR, 150 µM NAR + 3-MA
- Relative protein expression of LC3-II: arbitrary units (densitometry ratio obtained from ChemiDoc, Bio-Rad enhanced... | An experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between Naringenin (NAR)-induced apoptosis and autophagy in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cells were treated for 24 hours with 150 µM NAR to induce maximal cytotoxic effects. In a parallel treatment arm, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was co-... | B. Cleaved PARP (C-PARP) expression is reversed, reflecting reduced apoptotic commitment that is secondary to inhibition of pro-death autophagy signaling when the upstream vesicle nucleation step is blocked.
D. Expression of LC3-II is decreased, indicating that autophagosomal membrane recruitment is attenuated due to t... | - Naringenin results in activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which leads to induction of autophagy. and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells.
- A significant increase in C PARP expression is a key indicator of apoptosis.
- Chemiluminescence data from Western blotting can be used to establish protein expression ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Naringenin results in activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which leads to induction of autophagy and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells."},{"label":"Title","value":"Naringenin Induces ROS-Mediated ER Stress, Autophagy, and Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines"},{"label":"UR... |
Biology | Ecology | Free-Format Question | Volatile cues from pathogenic, mutualistic and saprotrophic fungi cause specific, fungus-dependent responses in poplar | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680861v1 | Oct 7, 2025 | To determine whether plants can detect and differentiate among pathogens, mycorrhizal fungi, and saprotrophs solely through volatile organic compounds (VOCs), researchers used Populus × canescens (INRA clone 717–1B4) and three fungi with distinct lifestyles: the pathogen Heterobasidion annosum, the mycorrhizal Laccaria... | - Volatile organic compound profiles produced under monoculture conditions across treatments (H. annosum, L. bicolor, P. placenta) at Weeks 3 and 6.
- Volatile organic compound profiles produced under poplar addition across treatments (Control, H. annosum, L. bicolor, P. placenta) at Weeks 3 and 6.
- Volatile organic c... | Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed to determine whether the plant Populus × canescens (INRA clone 717–1B4) can detect and differentiate three fungi with distinct lifestyles: the pathogen Heterobasidion annosum, the mycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor (S238N), and the saprotroph Postia placenta. A pot-in-pot (PiP)... | Saprotroph Postia placenta | - Mycorrhizal fungi help plants stimulate acquisition of nutrients and stress endurance.
- Pathogens fungi impair host performance by triggering immune responses or transmitting effectors that interfere with host physiology.
- Saprophytes fungi help by decomposing and reforming the soil structure.
- Volatile organic co... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Mycorrhizal fungi help plants stimulate acquisition of nutrients and stress endurance."},{"label":"Title","value":"Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.esalq.usp.br/lepse/imgs/conteudo_thumb/Water-relations--drought-a... |
Biology | Physiology | Free-Format Question | DNA-based delivery of incretin receptor agonists using MYO Technology leads to durable weight loss in a diet-induced obesity model | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.30.656889v2 | June 3, 2025 | Researchers tested the efficiency of MYO ("Make Your Own") Technology-delivered IRAs (incretin receptor agonists) in promoting long-lasting weight control in mouse models of diet-induced obesity. 6/8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD;ResearchDiet D12451) for 8 weeks. Before study initiation, all... | - Body weight (% of baseline or placebo-adjusted %) across diet group (high-fat diet vs. standard diet) and treatment group (electroporated vs. control) under weekly monitoring following intramuscular pDNA-GLP-1 electroporation. | Researchers tested the efficiency of MYO Technology-delivered IRAs in promoting long-lasting weight control in mouse models of diet-induced obesity. 6/8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Then, all mice were weighed and separated into treatment groups. Before being electroporated wi... | By week 3, the HFD electroporated mice gained weight at the same rate as controls. | - Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an emerging glucose control and weight loss drug, which is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity
- Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has a short half-life, which is about 2-5 minutes in vivo
- Current GLP-1 class of drugs used in the clinic (with modifications cap... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has a short half-life, which is about 2-5 minutes in vivo"},{"label":"Title","value":"Recent updates on GLP-1 agonists: Current advancements & challenges"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332218327537"},{"label"... |
Biology | Microbiology
| Numerical Values | Free-Living Protozoa and Legionella spp. Coexistence and Bacterial Diversity in Drinking Water Systems in Apartment Buildings and Hotels in Riga and Its Surroundings | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/10/1485 | May 14, 2025 | Water samples were collected from apartment buildings in Riga, Salaspils, and Jurmala (cold water: n=41; hot water: n=40) and hotels in Riga and Jurmala (n=50 hot water samples) between August 2019 and August 2020. Total DNA was extracted from 1 L filtered water samples from bulk tap water. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing... | - 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of V3–V4 regions (464 bp) in hot and cold water tap samples from apartment buildings in Riga, Salaspils, and Jurmala (cold water: n=41; hot water: n=40) and hotels in Riga and Jurmala.
- Bacterial alpha diversity indices (Shannon's) calculated using BV-BRC Taxonomic Classification Service... | Researchers investigated how water temperature influences bacterial community diversity in apartment building tap water systems. Based on 16S rRNA bacterial diversity analysis of water samples (cold water: n=41; hot water: n=40), taken from apartment buildings in Riga, Salaspils, and Jurmalav and hotels in Riga, Salasp... | 0.42-0.52 | - Shannon's diversity index is an alpha diversity metric that quantifies both species richness and evenness of bacterial abundances in a community; higher values indicate greater diversity and ecosystem stability.
- Water temperature influences bacterial community composition; cold water systems typically exhibit highe... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Shannon's diversity index is an alpha diversity metric that quantifies both species richness and evenness of bacterial abundances in a community; higher values indicate greater diversity and ecosystem stability."},{"label":"Title","value":"Bioindices of Bacterial Communities"},{"label":"UR... |
Biology | Mycology | Numerical Values | Growth variation of an ambrosia fungus on different tree species indicates host specialization | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.08.674918v1.article-info | September 8, 2025 | For a serial of experiments a fungus strain, Dryadomyces montetyi (F80052), isolated from Platypus cylindrus on an oak stump near Freiburg, Germany, was used. The fungal growth was compared across five media: nutrient-rich synthetic yeast extract–malt extract agar (SYEMA; 3 g yeast extract, 10 g malt extract, 15 g agar... | - Biomass (µg) of Dryadomyces montetyi on SYEMA medium (incubation for 4 days, dried for 5 days).
- Colony area (mm^2) of Dryadomyces montetyi on SYEMA medium (incubation for 4 days). | For a serial of experiments a fungus strain, Dryadomyces montetyi (F80052), isolated from Platypus cylindrus on an oak stump near Freiburg, Germany, was used. The fungal growth was compared across five media: nutrient-rich synthetic yeast extract–malt extract agar (SYEMA; 3 g yeast extract, 10 g malt extract, 15 g agar... | Tissue density (µg mm⁻²) = 5.163 - 6.311 µg mm⁻², derived from the tissue density of D. montetyi on SYEMA medium = 5.737 µg mm⁻².
Note: +/- 10% fallback applied.
| - The fungus Dryadomyces montetyi is the primary ambrosia symbiont of Platypus cylindrus, which colonizes oak (Quercus robur) and other broad-leaved trees in Europe. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The fungus Dryadomyces montetyi is the primary ambrosia symbiont of Platypus cylindrus, which colonizes oak (Quercus robur) and other broad-leaved trees in Europe."},{"label":"Title","value":"Fungi of Raffaelea genus (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales) associated to Platypus cylindrus (Coleop... |
Biology | Biological and Medicinal Chemistry | Numerical Values | Repurposing an antifungal drug as an effective insulin aggregation inhibitor | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68e8987a5dd091524fbc095f | October 14, 2025 | The experimental setup involved using Sprague-Dawley albino rats (10 to 14 weeks old) as an in vivo model to test the biological efficacy of the stabilised insulin formulations. Diabetes was intentionally induced in the rats by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) at a dosage of 65 mg/kg. Rats were confirmed as diabetic if t... | -Blood glucose level in mg/dL, in diabetic rats for Lantus incubated with equimolar concentration of Nys at 37°C for 36 h and 1 week, at 1,2,3,4,and 5 hours after injection.
-Blood glucose level in mg/dL, in diabetic rats for NovoRapid incubated with equimolar concentration of Nys at 37°C for 36 h and 1 week, at 1,2,3,... | For the in vivo efficacy study, when diabetic rats were administered the NovoRapid formulation that had been incubated with Nystatin (1:1 ratio) for 1 week at 37 °C, what would be the approximate mean blood glucose concentration, in mg/dL, recorded precisely at the 4-hour time point after subcutaneous injection?
| At the 4-hour time point, the approximate mean blood glucose concentration for the NovoRapid formulation incubated with Nystatin for 1 week at 37 °C returned to the pre-treatment level of approximately 350mg/dL -range between 300 and 400 mg/dL. (fallback not provided by the paper). | - Streptozotocin (STZ) is a common agent used to induce diabetes in rats by damaging the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, leading to decreased natural insulin production and elevated blood glucose levels
-Commercial insulin is prone to fibrillation over extended periods, particularly at sites of repetitive i... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Streptozotocin (STZ) is a common agent used to induce diabetes in rats by damaging the insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, leading to decreased natural insulin production and elevated blood glucose levels."},{"label":"Title","value":"Advancements in Injectable Hydrogels for Controll... |
Biology | Cellular and Molecular Immunology | Numerical Values | Infiltrating macrophages replace Kupffer cells and play diverse roles in severe alcohol-associated hepatitis | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-025-01343-1 | September 17, 2025 | For this research, three groups, namely, healthy controls (n = 9), patients with sAH (n = 10) and patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) (n = 10) with ages ranging from 49 - 64 years, were used. Liver samples were obtained from all groups to determine the population of liver macropages in the liver. Multiplex ... | - Number of liver cells across groups (healthy controls (n = 9), alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) patients (n = 9), and alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH) patients (n = 10))
- Number of IBA1⁺ Kupffer cells across groups (healthy controls (n = 9), alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC) patients (n = 9), and alcohol-associa... | Liver tissues from healthy controls (n = 9), patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH; n = 10), and patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH; n = 10), with ages ranging from 49 to 64 years. Multiplex immunofluorescence staining was performed on liver sections for the following marker: a) Ionised ca... | IBA1⁺/total cells-sAH = [35 - 45]% derived from IBA1⁺/total cells-sAH = [40] %. Note: no CI reported → fallback ±5 % applied. | - Multiplex immunofluorescence staining analysis can be used to identify substantial infiltration of inflammatory cells, predominantly consisting of macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, in sAH livers. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Multiplex immunofluorescence staining analysis can be used to identify substantial infiltration of inflammatory cells, predominantly consisting of macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, in sAH livers."},{"label":"Title","value":"Distinct histopathological phenotypes of severe alcoholic h... |
Biology | Cancer biology | MCQ | Determinants of membrane sensitivity to the peptide MP-1 (Polybia paulista) | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676910v1 | September 19, 2025 | Researchers determined the sensitivity of cell lines derived from either human cancers or from non-transformed origins, to the membrane-disrupting peptide Mastoparan-1 (MP-1) derived from wasp Polybia paulista. MP-1 peptide was synthesized by Bio-Synthesis Inc., Lewisville, TX, USA to >95% purity with counterion exchan... | - Absorbance at 570 nm of the cancer cell lines (BT474, AU565, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HepG2, and PC-3) and non-cancer cell lines (MCF10A, HB-2, HUVEC, HEK-293, WI-38, HFFF2, and 3T3) after MP-1 treatment at different concentrations (0 – 100 µM).
- IC50 values (µM) of the cancer cell lines (BT474, AU565, MDA-MB... | The membrane-disrupting peptide Mastoparan-1 (MP-1) derived from wasp Polybia paulista was previously reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against prostate and bladder cancer cell lines without inducing hemolysis. Therefore, the researchers aim to determine the sensitivities of other human cancer cell lines (BT474, AU565, ... | D) Cancer cell lines were not significantly more sensitive to MP-1 than non-cancer cell lines. The IC50 values among all of the tested cell lines varied greatly, ranging from 19 to 111 µM. | - Mastoparan-1 (MP-1, [IDWKKLLDAAKQIL-NH2]) is an amphiphilic peptide derived from the wasp Polybia paulista. MP-1 has exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines including prostate and bladder cancer, without inducing hemolysis.
- The membrane selectivity of MP-1 has been shown to be enhanced by the pre... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Mastoparan-1 (MP-1, [IDWKKLLDAAKQIL-NH2]) is an amphiphilic peptide derived from the wasp Polybia paulista. MP-1 has exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines including prostate and bladder cancer, without inducing hemolysis."},{"label":"Title","value":"Antitumor effects,... |
Biology | Immunology | Numerical Values | Zika virus induces persistent phenotypic changes in natural killer cells distinct from dengue virus infection | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.15.676203v1 | September 16, 2025 | Researchers collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a Panamanian cohort of adult participants naturally infected with ZIKV. Samples were obtained at two time points: during the acute phase (1–5 days after symptom onset) and during the post-acute phase (1–6 weeks after symptoms), allowing longitudinal ... | - Cell viability in PBMC samples of healthy controls, ZIKV acute phase groups and ZIKV post-acute phase group.
- Cell Number in PBMC samples of healthy controls, ZIKV acute phase groups and ZIKV post-acute phase group.
- NK cells number in PBMC samples of healthy controls, ZIKV acute phase groups and ZIKV post-acute ph... | Researchers collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a Panamanian cohort of adult participants naturally infected with ZIKV. Samples were obtained at two time points: during the acute phase (1–5 days after symptom onset) and during the post-acute phase (1–6 weeks after symptoms), allowing longitudinal ... | Nk Cells percentage in acute ZIKV PBMCs = [13.1 - 23.1]%. No CI or SE given. Fallback of ± 5% applied | - Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus of global concern due to its ability to cause congenital neurological defects in infants, and as part of orthoflaviviruses, remains a significant public health risk, causing an estimated 400 million infections annually.
- Natural killer (NK) cells are a mediator o... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus of global concern due to its ability to cause congenital neurological defects in infants, and as part of orthoflaviviruses, remains a significant public health risk, causing an estimated 400 million infections annually."},{"label":"Ti... |
Biology | Microbiology / Proteomics | Numerical Values | Temporal and Spatial Profiling of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Surface Proteome: Insights into Intestinal Colonisation Dynamics In Vivo | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7382/13/4/52 | October 10, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to characterize the surface proteome of E. coli O157:H7 across four distinct in vivo conditions. Adult male FVB mice (5-6 weeks old) underwent ileal loop surgery, entailing the ligation of (1) a 6 cm ileal segment; and (2) the entire colon. The ligated anatomy was then inoculated with a bact... | - Protein identities (named matches against the E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 database, in all four experimental treatments of: (1) ileum harvested at 3 h post-infection; (2) ileum at 10 h post-infection; (3) colon at 3 h post-infection; and (4) colon at 10 h post-infection)
- Proteome overlap (simple count of the number of i... | Researchers investigated the composition of the surface proteome of E. coli O157:H7 across four distinct experimental treatments. 6 cm ileal segments and entire colons of adult male FVB mice (5-6 weeks old) were ligated and inoculated with 5×10⁸ CFU/mL of E. coli (10 mM, pH 8). The four treatment categories were: (1) i... | Number of proteins shared by all treatments: 12-14 (Note: no CI reported or applicable, numeric tolerance fallback for counts applied) | - Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a severe gastrointestinal pathogen whose virulence is linked to its ability to tightly adhere to host intestinal epithelial cells.
- Surface adhesion, as well as colonisation, resistance and persistence of E. coli are mediated by its surface proteins, which are relativel... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a severe gastrointestinal pathogen whose virulence is linked to its ability to tightly adhere to host intestinal epithelial cells."},{"label":"Title","value":"A Brief Overview of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Its Plasmid O157"},{"label":"URL","... |
Biology | Antimicrobial activity of natural products | MCQ | Extraction of essential oil, phytochemical screening, and antimicrobial activity study of Eucalyptus globulus | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.07.669139v1.full.pdf | August 9, 2025 | The in vitro antimicrobial activity of a hexane extract of Eucalyptus globulus was evaluated agains three microbial strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739),
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P), and Candida albicans (ATCC 2091), using the well diffusion method. Mueller-Hinton agar plates were inoculated with bacterial cult... | - Zone of inhibition (cm) across strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans) after hexane extract treatment from Eucalyptus globulus. | To evaluate the effect of a hexane extract (100 mg/mL) of Eucalyptus globulus on the in vitro growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, the well diffusion method was used in inoculated Mueller-Hinton plates by loading 100 µL of the extract. Kanamycin (5 mg/mL) was used as a positive contr... | B) The zone of inhibition of S. aureus will be the lowest after incubation with hexane extract, compared to E. coli and C. albicans. | - Eucalyptus globulus essential oils exhibits potent activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains like Candida albicans. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Eucalyptus globulus essential oils exhibits potent activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal strains like Candida albicans. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of... |
Biology | Molecular Biology / Structural Biology | MCQ | Context-Dependent Variability Of HIF Heterodimers Influences Interactions With Macromolecular And Small Molecule Partners | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.29.656908v2.article-info | May 30, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the ability of various known HIF-2a or ARNT binding compounds to disrupt HIF-2 heterodimers using AlphaScreen (Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogenous Assay Screen). HIF-2a-ARNT heterodimers with FLAG-tagged ARNT subunits were bound to 20 bp HRE (Hypoxia Response Element) biotinylated DNA fragm... | - Luminescence intensity between donor and acceptor beads (streptavidin donor and anti-FLAG acceptor) inidicating proximity of the HIF-2 heterodimer and HRE DNA fragment incubated with different concentrations of small molecule HIF-2 binder.
- Luminescence due to interaction between donor and acceptor molecules fused t... | Researchers evaluated the effects of different small molecules on the disruption of HIF-2a/ARNT heterodimers bound to 20 bp HRE (hypoxia response element) DNA fragments. The small molecules tested were KG-548, KG-279 and PT2385, which are known HIF-2a or ARNT binders. They used an AlphaScreen assay, in which the ARNT s... | C. KG-548 > KG-279 > PT2385 | - HIF-2 is a heterodimer formed of HIF-2a and ARNT.
- HIF-2 is a transcription factor that interacts with an HRE (Hypoxia Response Element) DNA sequence.
- The role of HIF-2 in a range of cancers has led to the development of several small molecules that disrupt HIF-2a/ARNT interaction.
- KG-548 is a small molecule tha... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"1. HIF-2 is a heterodimer formed of HIF-2a and ARNT."},{"label":"Title","value":"Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) pathway"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/stke.4072007cm8"},{"label":"Date","value":"October 9, 2007"},{"label":"Justification (\"Paywalled\", \"O... |
Biology | Pharmacology | MCQ | Low Dose GLP-1 Therapy Attenuates Pathological Cardiac and Hepatic Remodelling in HFpEF Independent of Weight Loss | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.26.678829v1 | September 29, 2025 | Researchers aimed to investigate the effects of Semaglutide on weight loss in rats. They utilized 10-week-old male ZSF1 obese rats, which spontaneously exhibited heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and randomly assigned them to two groups; a 6-rat vehicle group receiving phosphate-buffered saline (P... | - Body weight (g) in HFpEF male ZSF1 obese rats treated with Semaglutide (30 nmol/kg biweekly; 16 weeks) vs. vehicle-treated control (PBS + 0.05% Tween-80). | Researchers aimed to investigate the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist Semaglutide on weight loss in rats. The researchers utilized twelve 10-week-old male ZSF1 obese rats, which spontaneously exhibited HFpEF (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction), and randomly assigned them to one of the two groups. A 6-rat ... | C) Body weight remained unchanged throughout treatment | - Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 RA (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist) approved for weight loss (reduction of around 15%).
- HFpE (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) is the most common form of heart failure with limited treatment options. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 RA (glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist) approved for weight loss (reduction of around 15%). "},{"label":"Title","value":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa... |
Biology | Molecular Immun-oncology | Free-Format Question | Detecting Biomarkers of Radiation Pneumonitis in Exhaled Breath During Chemoradiotherapy for Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Results of a Prospective Feasibility Study | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12543010/ | Sep 22, 2025 | Researchers investigated the presence and the concentration of radiation pneumonitis biomarkers in serum and Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer patients during chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Whole blood was collected in 8-mL EDTA tubes at baseline and at 2-, 6-, and 10-weeks after initiat... | - Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) concentrations (in pg/mL) of TGF-β1, IL-6 and IL-1α (in pg/mL) from stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer patients during chemoradiotherapy (CRT) using an ELISA kit at timepoints W0, W2, W6, and W10, respectively.
- Serum concentrations of TGF-β1, IL-6 and IL-1α (in pg/mL) from stage II... | Authors investigated the difference in TGF-β1, IL-6 and IL-1α (in pg/mL) between Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and serum in 8 patients with stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer during each time point (W0, W2, W6 and W10) of chemoradiotherapy (CRT). If we measured the EBC and serum concentrations of TGF-β1, IL-6 and I... | The concentration of TGF-β1 in EBC will increase from W0 to W10. | - Definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by consolidative immunotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), which includes radiation pneumonitis (RP) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF) occurs with variable severity.
- Serum biomarkers, in... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by consolidative immunotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), which includes radiation pneumonitis (RP) and pulmonary fibrosis (PF) occurs with variable seve... |
Biology | Microbiology/Toxicology | Free-Format Question | Effects of Low and High Doses of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Histology, Metabolites, and Microbial Community in Adult Rats | https://www.mdpi.com/3272182 | April 16, 2025 | Researchers tested the dose-dependent effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on rat health. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=32) were divided into four groups after 1 week of acclimation: control group (CON) fed a basal diet, the T1 group fed a basal diet + 0.5 mg/L DON, the T2 group fed a basal diet + 50 mg/L DON, a... | - Fibrosis measured as % area of collagen-postive tissue (liver, kidney, muscle, jejunum, and abdominal fat) via Masson' trichrome-staining across treatment groups: control group (basal diet), T1 (basal diet + 0.5 mg/L DON), T2 group (basal diet + 50 mg/L DON), and T3 group (basal diet + 100 mg/L DON). | Researchers tested the dose-dependent effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on rat health. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n=32) were divided into four groups after 1 week of acclimation: control group (CON) fed a basal diet, the T1 group fed a basal diet + 0.5 mg/L DON, the T2 group fed a basal diet + 50 mg/L DON, a... | Fat tissue showed the highest levels of fibrosis, followed by muscle, jejunum, kidney, and liver tissue in decreasing order of severity. | - Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that contaminates a variety of crops (maize, wheat, barley).
- DON’s physiological effects in animals include reduced feed intake, growth suppression, intestinal damage, and metabolic stress.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species that contaminates a variety of crops (maise, wheat, barley)."},{"label":"Title","value":"Mycotoxin Occurrence, Toxicity, and Detoxifying Agents in Pig Production with an Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol"},{"label":"... |
Biology | Protein Engineering / Fluorescence Imaging | Free-Format Question | Bright and photostable yellow fluorescent proteins for extended imaging | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58223-5 | April 4, 2025 | Researchers aimed to engineer yellow fluorescent proteins (YFPs). For this purpose, the mVenus-derived YFP variant mGold was modified via high-throughput protein engineering. Two different versions of the original mGold protein were obtained: mGold2s and mGold2t. The mutations introduced in mGold protein to render mGol... | - Brightness of five YFP variants (mGold, mGold2s, mGold2t, mVenus, and mCitrine) transfected in HEK293A cells (YFP/EBFP2 fluorescence).
- Photobleaching half-life (s) of five YFP variants (mGold, mGold2s, mGold2t, mVenus, and mCitrine) transfected in HEK293A cells, across five different irradiance levels (2.4, 17, 38,... | Researchers introduced mutations to the mVenus-derived yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) variant mGold to engineer the YFP protein variants mGold2s and mGold2t. The mutations introduced in mGold protein to render mGold2s were: V1A, V22I, H77N, Q80R, K101E, D117G, I123V, S147C, Y151F, K156R, K158Q, A163V, D173V, and G232... | Both mGold2s and mGold2t variants displayed superior photostability but exhibited similar brightness, in comparison with mVenus protein. | - Many fluorescent proteins face a critical limitation: rapid photobleaching under repeated or prolonged illumination, reducing signal-to-noise ratios and constraining experiment duration; which is particularly problematic in advanced imaging techniques, such as super-resolution microscopy.
- Notably, yellow fluoresce... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Many fluorescent proteins face a critical limitation: rapid photobleaching under repeated or prolonged illumination, reducing signal-to-noise ratios and constraining experiment duration; which is particularly problematic in advanced imaging techniques, such as super-resolution microscopy... |
Biology | Cognitive Neuroscience | MCQ | Intermittent Cocaine Use Patterns, Not Total Intake, Predict Cue-induced Drug Seeking in Rats | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683821v1 | Oct 23, 2025 | To challenge the assumption that total drug intake drives relapse propensity, researchers used an intermittent-access (IntA) paradigm, which models human binge-like use. Female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine ($0.5~\text{mg}/\text{kg}/\text{infusion}$) under two different daily session lengt... | - Cumulative cocaine intake ($\text{mg}/\text{kg}$): Total drug consumed across all IntA sessions, compared between Short-IntA and Long-IntA groups.
- Cue-induced drug-seeking (DS+): Total active lever presses during the 6 minutes (3x 2-min presentations) of response-independent DS+ cue presentation during the seeking ... | Previous studies suggest that longer continuous access to cocaine (e.g., 6h vs 2h) causes higher total intake and greater cue-induced relapse. To test if total intake or drug-use pattern is more important, researchers trained rats on an Intermittent Access (IntA) paradigm. Two groups (Short-IntA: 2h/day; Long-IntA: 4h/... | B) Both groups showed significant DS+-induced seeking, and there was no significant difference in the number of lever presses between the Short-IntA and Long-IntA groups. | Intermittent-access (IntA) vs continuous-access paradigms:
IntA cocaine self-administration involves short, repeated drug-access periods separated by no-drug intervals, producing binge-like intake patterns that enhance dopamine sensitization and addiction-like behaviors compared to continuous long-access exposure.
Dis... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Intermittent-access (IntA) vs continuous-access paradigms"},{"label":"Title","value":"Intermittent access cocaine self-administration produces psychomotor sensitization: effects of withdrawal, sex and cross-sensitization"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC72... |
Biology | Microbiology, Virology | Free-Format Question | Arginine Metabolism Supports De Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis to Block DNA Damage and Maintain Epstein-Barr Virus Latency | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683727v1 | October 21, 2025 | Scientists investigated how arginine metabolism regulates Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latency and reactivation. EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma cells (P3HR-1) were cultured for five days under two conditions: 1) Arginine-replete medium – standard SILAC-RPMI 1640 (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell Culture) base ... | - EBV genome copy number cultured in arginine-replete vs. arginine-free medium and in the presence/absence of acyclovir, using qPCR and targeting the BALF5 gene.
| Scientists studied how arginine metabolism regulates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency and reactivation. They cultured EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma cells (P3HR-1) for 5 days on either arginine-replete or arginine-free RPMI medium supplemented with dialyzed fetal calf serum to remove free amino acids. Afterward, they ex... | Arginine restriction increased EBV genome copy number in acyclovir treated cells. | - Many EBV-infected tumors cells, including Burkitt and gastric carcinoma cells, exhibit high levels of DNA CpG hypermethylation, which support viral latency.
- Upon lytic reactivation, the EBV-encoded immediate early genes BZLF1 and BRLF1 are first to be expressed, which are transcription activators that induce expres... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Upon lytic reactivation, the EBV-encoded immediate early genes BZLF1 and BRLF1 are first to be expressed, which are transcription activators that induce expression of ~35 early lytic viral genes."},{"label":"Title","value":"Lytic cycle switches of oncogenic human gammaherpesviruses"},{"lab... |
Biology | Pharmacology/Cancer Biology | Numerical Values | Cephalomannine as in vitro and in vivo anticancer agent in mesothelioma cells: mechanisms of action | https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-025-14902-6 | October 22, 2025 | Researchers assessed the efficacy of cephalomannine on six-week-old female non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice xenografted with REN mesothelioma cells (malignant pleural) and evaluated the overall survival. Cephalomannine (2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intraperitoneally once da... | - Median survival time (days) determined from Kaplan-Meier plot in (NOD-SCID) mice xenografted with REN mesothelioma cells (malignant pleural) treated with cephalomannine. | Researchers assessed the efficacy of cephalomannine on six-week-old female non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice xenografted with REN mesothelioma cells (malignant pleural) and evaluated the overall survival. Cephalomannine (2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intraperitoneally once da... | 75 days; (Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±7.5 days) | - Cephalomannine (CPM) is a highly toxic compound, exhibiting cytotoxic effects in both permanent and patient-derived primary cell lines.
- CPM induces mitotic arrest, leading to cell death by affecting microtubule dynamics. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Cephalomannine (CPM) is a highly toxic compound, exhibiting cytotoxic effects in both permanent and patient-derived primary cell lines.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Drug-repositioning screening identified fludarabine and risedronic acid as potential therapeutic compounds for malignant p... |
Biology | Biology, genetics | MCQ | Loss of miRNA-153 promotes endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and compromises lung vascular integrity | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.14.682369v1 | October 15, 2025 | Researchers sought to determine if miR-153 is necessary to maintain normal endothelial survival in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells under normoxic conditions. Cells were cultured in T25 flasks, pre-coated with 0.1% gelatin and maintained in VascuLife basal medium without antimicrobials or phenol red. ... | - DNA fragmentation (% TUNEL-positive nuclei normalized to total cell number in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells (miR-153 inhibitor vs. negative control oligonucleotide) under normoxic conditions ( 21% O2; 72 hr post transfection) measured by TUNEL assay. | Researchers sought to determine if miR-153 is necessary to maintain normal endothelial survival in primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells under normoxic conditions. Cells were cultured in T25 flasks, pre-coated with 0.1% gelatin and maintained in VascuLife basal medium without antimicrobials or phenol red. ... | B) The percentage of TUNEL-positive nuclei decreased significantly | - Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a biological process in which lung vascular endothelial cells (ECs) undergo transdifferentiation into mesenchymal-like cells.
- MicroRNAs (miRs) have recently emerged as critical regulators of EndMT, acting as fine-tuners of EC identity and responsiveness to profibroti... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a biological process in which lung vascular endothelial cells (ECs) undergo transdifferentiation into mesenchymal-like cells.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Reassessing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular diseases."},{"l... |
Biology | Ecology / Plant Biology | MCQ | Fertilizer and fungicide reduce herbicide efficacy and enhance growth of invasive common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0333818 | October 22, 2025 | Researchers sought to understand how the application of fertilizer and fungicide could impact the growth of the invasive plant species Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy), via the control of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment (starting mid June 2022) was conducted in a research pasture (Boreal Transition e... | - Species cover estimates (% of plot total cover) (tansy, grasses, legumes, and other broadleaf plants) in all tested experimental conditions (Control - Control; Fertilizer - Control; Fungicide - Control; Control - 2,4-D; Fertilizer - 2,4-D; Fungicide - 2,4-D; Control - ACP+MS; Fertilizer - ACP+MS; Fungicide - ACP+MS; ... | Researchers sought to understand how the application of fertilizer and fungicide could impact the growth of the invasive plant species Tanacetum vulgare (common tansy), via the control of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The experiment (starting mid June 2022) was conducted in a research pasture (52.69°N, 104.97°W) ... | A. In July 2023, Fertilizer - Picloram and Fungicide - Picloram groups showed the lowest tansy biomass compared to Fertilizer - Control, Fungicide - Control, Fertilizer - 2,4-D, Fungicide - 2,4-D, Fertilizer - ACP+MS and Fungicide - ACP+MS groups. | - Common tansy is a tall, broadleaf plant that can be highly competitive
- Symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide Asteraceae plants with nutrients and improve pathogen resistance
- Fungicides can be used to suppress AMF, which can reduce the abundance of AMF dependent species
- Both picloram and ACP + MS ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Common tansy is a tall, broadleaf plant that can be highly competitive"},{"label":"Title","value":"Intense mowing management suppresses invader, but shifts competitive resistance by a native to facilitation"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13483"}... |
Biology | Animal behavior / Microbiology | MCQ | Faecal transplantation from exuberant toddlers increases exploratory behaviour in rats | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.10.681629v1 | October 11, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether microbiota from toddlers expressing temperament extremes (exuberant or inhibited) induced changes in exploratory and activity-related behaviours in juvenile male rats. Faeces were obtained from 2.5-year-old (± 2 months) toddlers with high exuberance/approach (Overall Exuberance score -1... | - Overall locomotion (total movement within the hole-board arena; 6 minutes) quantified automatically using EthoVision XT tracking software for each group: control, faecal microbiota transplantation from exuberant donors, and faecal microbiota transplantation from inhibited donors | Faeces obtained from 2.5-year-old (± 2 months) toddlers with high exuberance/approach (Overall Exuberance score -1.42 to -2.26) or high behavioural inhibition (Overall Exuberance score 0.31 to 1.21) in the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (LabTAB) bubbles-episode were used in a faecal microbiota transplantatio... | A. Rats that received faeces from the exuberant group showed the same amount of locomotion as both the control rats and the rats receiving faeces from inhibited toddlers | - Temperament refers to the biologically-based differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation that can be detected during the first year of life
- Gut microbiota composition is linked with an early emerging behavioural phenotype
- The gut microbiota is an organ-like system that is postulated to drive differenc... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Temperament refers to the biologically-based differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation that can be detected during the first year of life"},{"label":"Title","value":"Temperament, Development, and Personality"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Resolving plasmid-encoded carbapenem resistance dynamics and reservoirs in a hospital setting through nanopore sequencing | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.20.671332v1 | August 25, 2025 | Carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter isolates carrying KPC and/or OXA-48-like carbapenemases were obtained from patient (rectal and urine) and environmental (sink and shower drain) samples collected at the Technical University Hospital, Munich. The patient samples were plated out on BD® MacConkey (Becton Dickinson GmbH, He... | - Bacterial species identification from patients and environmental samples after Nanopore sequencing. | Carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter isolates carrying KPC and/or OXA-48-like carbapenemases were identified from patient (rectal and urine) and environmental (sink and shower drain) samples through Nanopore sequencing.
Samples were previously cultured on different media: a) Patient samples on BD MacConkey agar (37 °C, 20–... | c) Citrobacter farmerii | - Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections, including Citrobacter spp., present significant clinical challenges due to limited therapeutic options, leading to delayed or ineffective treatment and increased morbidity and mortality.
- Environmental reservoirs of CREs within healthcare facilities serve as pe... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections, including Citrobacter spp., present significant clinical challenges due to limited therapeutic options, leading to delayed or ineffective treatment and increased morbidity and mortality."},{"label":"Title","value":"Global burden of ... |
Biology | Cancer Biology, Pharmacology | MCQ | BMAL2 is a druggable target for ARID1A-wildtype ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.21.683700v1.full.pdf | October 22, 2025 | Researchers investigated the effects of olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, on the cytotoxicity of GW833972A, a BMAL2-degrading compound, in ARID1A-wildtype ovarian clear cell carcinoma. JHOC5 cells (an ARID1A-wildtype OCCC line) were seeded at 2000 cells per well in 96-well plates and maintained in DMEM/F12 supplemented with ... | - JHOC5 Cell viability: Relative percentage (normalized to vehicle control) measured by CCK-8 assay (absorbance at 450 nm quantified by Sunrise, TECAN microplate reader) across experimental treatments: vehicle control, GW833972A (10 or 20 µM), olaparib (2.5 or 5 µM), and all combinations thereof | Researchers investigated the influence of the PARP inhibitor olaparib on the cytotoxic effects of GW833972A, a BMAL2-degrading compound, in ARID1A-wildtype ovarian clear cell carcinoma. JHOC5 cells were plated in 96-well plates and, after attachment, were exposed for 72 h to vehicle control, GW833972A (10 or 20 µM), ol... | A. Treatment with 20 µM GW833972A alone reduced viability to approximately 40% of vehicle control, demonstrating substantial single-agent cytotoxicity.
B. Adding 2.5 µM olaparib to 20 µM GW833972A did not produce significantly greater cytotoxicity than 20 µM GW833972A alone.
C. GW833972A exhibited dose-dependent cytoto... | - Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a chemoresistant subtype of ovarian cancer with poor prognosis at advanced stages, and effective targeted therapies remain limited, especially for tumors retaining wild-type ARID1A function.
- Approximately 50% of OCCC cases harbor mutations in ARID1A, a chromatin remodeling fac... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a chemoresistant subtype of ovarian cancer with poor prognosis at advanced stages, and effective targeted therapies remain limited, especially for tumors retaining wild-type ARID1A function."},{"label":"Title","value":"Clear cell carcinoma of the ovar... |
Biology | Immunology / Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Malnutrition drives infection susceptibility and dysregulated myelopoiesis that persists after refeeding intervention | ERROR: type should be string, got " https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.19.608575v2" | April 25, 2025 | Researchers evaluated organ-specific outcomes in chronically underfed mice. Female C57Bl6 mice (6 to 8 weeks of age) were assigned randomly to ad libitum (AL) feeding or chronic dietary restriction (40RD) after one week of acclimation and baseline measurements (range of +/- 1.5 g weight). AL mice were allowed unrestric... | - Liver organ mass (g per mouse) across feeding groups (ad libitum vs. 40% dietary restriction) until undernourished (10-15% initial body weight loss after 4 weeks) after euthanasia. | Researchers evaluated organ-specific outcomes in chronically underfed mice. Female C57Bl6 mice (6 to 8 weeks of age) were assigned randomly to ad libitum (AL) feeding or chronic dietary restriction (40RD) after one week of acclimation and baseline measurements (range of +/- 1.5 g weight). AL mice were allowed unrestric... | Liver mass (g per mouse) was similar between ad libitum (AL) and 40% diet-restricted (40RD) mice at the undernourished endpoint (10–15% loss of initial body weight after ~4 weeks). | - Chronically undernourished individuals have demonstrated atrophy of immune organs. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Chronically undernourished individuals have demonstrated atrophy of immune organs."},{"label":"Title","value":" Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471-4906(16)30006-0"},{"label":"Date","va... |
Biology | Biomedical biology | Free-Format Question | Transdermal Semaglutide Administration in Mice: Reduces Body Weight by Suppressing Appetite and Enhancing Metabolic Rate | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/5/575 | May 20, 2025 | Researchers developed a GLP-1 transdermal patch that combines the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists with the convenience and improved patient adherence offered by transdermal delivery and compared it with conventional injection methods. Eighteen male C57BL/6J mice (8–12 weeks old) were housed individuall... | - Body weight measured at 7:00 p.m. weekly in grams (nearest 0.1g) over 7 weeks for the vehicle control group.
- Body weight measured at 7:00 p.m. weekly in grams (nearest 0.1g) over 7 weeks for the positive control group.
- Body weight measured at 7:00 p.m. weekly in grams (nearest 0.1g) over 7 weeks for the TDDS (Tra... | Eighteen male C57BL/6J mice (8–12 weeks old) were housed individually in plastic cages (29 cm × 18 cm × 16 cm) with sawdust bedding and maintained under standard laboratory conditions (23 ± 1◦C, 12:12 h light/dark cycle, lights on at 08:00). All animals had unlimited access to water and a high-calorie diet (22.0 kJ/g;... | The control group will be the highest, followed by the injection group (positive group) and finally, the TDDS group. | - Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), such as liraglutide, exenatide, and semaglutide, have emerged as effective treatments for obesity and its related metabolic decrease.
- Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that shows significant efficacy in treating obesity.
- Transde... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), such as liraglutide, exenatide, and semaglutide, have emerged as effective treatments for obesity and its related metabolic decrease."},{"label":"Title","value":"Liraglutide and obesity: a review of the data so far"},{"label":"URL","valu... |
Biology | Entomology | Free-Format Question | Persistent viral infections impact key biological traits in Drosophila melanogaster | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12530575/ | October 9, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether persistent viral infections in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have consequences on reproductive output, defined as the number of viable offspring per female. They tested populations that had already established persistent mono-infections of Drosophila melanogaster with four differ... | - Number of viable offspring (counted daily until 17dpe) from Nora, DAV, DCV or Bloomfield infected female Drosophilas.
- Number of viable offspring (counted daily until 17dpe) from uninfected female Drosophilas.
- Total offspring per female from Nora, DAV, DCV or Bloomfield infected female Drosophilas.
- Total offspri... | To evaluate whether persistent viral infections in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have consequences on reproductive output, researchers evaluated the reproductive output of an uninfected population and populations with established persistent mono-infections of Drosophila melanogaster with four different enteri... | The highest cumulative offspring per female was from DCV-infected flies. | - In the RNA virosphere, thousands of previously unknown viruses across diverse environments, including the most extreme habitats worldwide, have been identified. Many of these newly discovered viruses naturally infect Drosophila melanogaster.
- Some novel viruses can maintain persistent infections that represent a me... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- In the RNA virosphere, thousands of previously unknown viruses across diverse environments, including the most extreme habitats worldwide, have been identified. Many of these newly discovered viruses naturally infect Drosophila melanogaster.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"The discovery, d... |
Biology | Neuroscience | Free-Format Question | Human neural stem cell-derived exosomes activate PINK1/Parkin pathway to protect against oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury in ischemic stroke | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11971779/ | April 5, 2025 | The study investigated the neuroprotective effects of human neural stem cell–derived exosomes (hNSC‑Exos) in both cell culture and animal models of ischemic stroke. In vitro, mouse hippocampal HT22 neurons were first cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high-glucose medium (Meilun-Bio, MA0560), fetal bov... | - Exosome quantity (μg) isolated from culture supernatant of hNSCs cultured for 3 days.
- Confocal Images of exosome internalisation process of PKH26-labelled hNSC-Exos (concentrations of 1 μg, 5 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg, 40 μg) co-cultured with OS-induced HT22 cells at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h, and 12 h using a fluorescence microscope. | Mouse hippocampal HT22 neurons were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high-glucose medium (Meilun-Bio, MA0560), fetal bovine serum, penicillin and streptomycin and placed in the incubator at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Oxidative stress (OS)-induced neuronal injury was established by treating HT22 cells with H2... | While internalisation of exosomes increased with time, the most significant was at 6 h. | - hNSC-Exos, by delivering bioactive molecules, exhibit remarkable promise in neuroprotection, injury repair, and disease treatment for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
- Mitochondria play a critical role in oxidative stress (OS)-induced neuronal injury during ischemic stroke (... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- hNSC-Exos, by delivering bioactive molecules, exhibit remarkable promise in neuroprotection, injury repair, and disease treatment for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)."},{"label":"Title","value":"Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as ... |
Biology | Molecular Biology, Epigenetics | Free-Format Question | Automethylation of lysine methyltransferase SETDB1 on H3K9-like motifs regulates interactions with chromodomain proteins and controls its functions | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.22.683908v1 | October 22, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether SETDB1 automethylation affects its methyltransferase activity through parallel in vitro and cellular functional approaches.
For in vitro enzymatic assays, Myc-tagged wild-type (WT) and automethylation-deficient (AA; K1186A/K1194A) mouse SETDB1 constructs were transiently expressed in S... | - Histone H3 methylation activity: Radioactive signal intensity (arbitrary units), measured by autoradiography after in vitro methylation assay with immunoprecipitated Myc-SETDB1 from MEFs, for wild-type (WT) and automethylation-deficient (AA) variants (n=3 replicates each).
- H3K9me3 enrichment at target loci (Ct valu... | To investigate whether SETDB1 automethylation affects its catalytic activity, researchers compared wild-type and automethylation-deficient mutant (AA; K1186A/K1194A) SETDB1 using two experimental contexts. First, they immunoprecipitated Myc-tagged WT and AA mouse SETDB1 from mouse embryonic fibroblast lysates and measu... | The AA mutant showed catalytic activity comparable to wild-type in vitro but substantially reduced H3K9me3 deposition at target loci in cells. | -SETDB1 (SET Domain Bifurcated 1) is a histone methyltransferase that specifically catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3), a hallmark of transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin.
-H3K9me3 (Histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation) is a histone modification associated with gene silencing, heterochro... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"SETDB1 (SET Domain Bifurcated 1) is a histone methyltransferase that specifically catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3), a hallmark of transcriptionally repressive heterochromatin."},{"label":"Title","value":"ATF7IP regulates SETDB1 nuclear localization and increase... |
Biology | Toxicology/ Mycotoxins | Numerical Values | Assessment of Maternal Exposure to Mycotoxins During Pregnancy Through Biomarkers in Fetal and Neonatal Tissues | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/10/518 | October 21, 2025 | Researchers measured mycotoxins in liver tissues and serum samples obtained from 43 autopsy specimens (20 stillbirths and 23 neonates) at the Clinical Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. All subjects were enrolled based on a suspicion of maternal exposure to dietary mycotoxins during pregnancy.
Liver ... | - Mycotoxins (aflatoxins (AFM1, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2), zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites (α-ZEL, β-ZEL), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin) quantified in liver tissues (ng/g), and serum samples (ng/mL), obtained from 43 stillbirth and neonate autopsy specim... | In a quantitative toxicology study, researchers examined a broad panel of mycotoxins in liver tissue and serum samples from 43 human autopsy specimens (20 stillbirths and 23 neonates). These specimens were collected based on a suspicion of maternal exposure to dietary mycotoxins during pregnancy, considering the observ... | The percentage of liver tissue samples that had a quantifiable level of mycotoxins = [15.9 – 25.9] % derived from the exact percentage of liver tissue samples with quantifiable mycotoxins per total number of liver tissue samples = [(9/43) x 100 = 20.9%]. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±5 pp applied.
| -The mycotoxins: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and trichothecenes (DON, T-2, HT-2) are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species.
-Mycotoxins are known to cross the placenta. This exposes the fetus to toxins that can lead to intrauterine growth r... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-The mycotoxins: aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and trichothecenes (DON, T-2, HT-2) are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species. These are prevalent in tropical and subtropical food systems."},{"label":"Title","valu... |
Biology | Molecular Biology | Numerical Values | Checkpoint-Dependent Sensitivities to Nucleoside Analogues Uncover Specific Patterns of Genomic Instability | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/9/756 | September 12, 2025 | Researchers evaluated how deficiencies in DNA damage and replication checkpoints affected the sensitivity of S. pombe to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). S. pombe cells (rad3Δ: h+ rad3∆::ura4+ leu1–32::hENT1-leu1+ (pJAH29) his7–366::hsv-tk-his7+ (pJAH31) ura4-D18 ade6-M210) were grown overnight at 30 °C in pombe minimal glutamat... | - OD600 of S. pombe rad3Δ strain after 48 h of culture under 0, 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 25, 50, 125, 250, 375, or 500 µM 5-fluorouracil treatments (Spectrophotometry).
- IC50 value (µM) of 5-fluorouracil of S. pombe rad3Δ strain after 48 h of culture under 5-fluorouracil treatments (calculated from OD600 data). | Researchers investigated how deficiencies in the DNA damage and replication checkpoint of S. pombe affected sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). S. pombe rad3Δ strain was cultured overnight at 30 ºC in pombe minimal glutamate media supplemented with uracil (225 mg/ml) and adenine (225 mg/ml). After overnight incubatio... | 5-Fluorouracil IC50 (S. pombe rad3Δ - 48h) = 27.0 - 44.1 µM. Note: 95% CI provided for average IC50 value of 34.5 µM. | - S. pombe (or Schizosaccharomyces pombe) is a rod-shaped, unicellular eukaryote that is phylogenetically distinct from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- 5-fluorouracil is a thymidine nucleoside analogue that disrupts dNTP and mRNA synthesis.
- Rad3 is a kinase in S. pombe that initiates the DNA replication... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- S. pombe (or Schizosaccharomyces pombe) is a rod-shaped, unicellular eukaryote that is phylogenetically distinct from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae."},{"label":"Title","value":"A Primer on the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Model System"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://academic.... |
Biology | Microbiology | Numerical Values | Survival of Filamentous Cyanobacteria Through Martian ISRU: Combined Effects of Desiccation and UV-B Radiation | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1083 | May 7, 2025 | Filamentous cyanobacterial strains (Desmonostoc muscorum UTAD N213, Anabaena cylindrica UTAD A212 and an uncharacterized Desmonostoc sp.) isolated from freshwater were first maintained in Synthetic Woods Hole growth medium under 10 μmol m−2 s−1 continuous light intensity under no agitation. Two Martian regolith simulan... | - Fluorescence Intensity (AU) of Cyanobacteria species (D. muscorum, A. cylindrica and Desmonostoc sp.) grown with or without Martian Regolith Simulants (MGS-1, MMS-2 and PR) every 3 days during the early stages of growth and weekly once growth stabilized.
| Filamentous cyanobacterial strains (Desmonostoc muscorum UTAD N213, Anabaena cylindrica UTAD A212 and an uncharacterized Desmonostoc sp.) isolated from freshwater were first maintained in Synthetic Woods Hole growth medium under 10 μmol m−2 s−1 continuous light intensity under no agitation. Two Martian regolith simulan... | Peak growth for A. cylindrica in both growth medium and dH2O while in contact with PRT = [40 - 50] day derived from the 45-day mark. No CI or SE given. Fall back of ± 5 days applied. | - Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes capable of performing oxygenic photosynthesis, making them invaluable for space exploration.
- Cyanobacteria can produce other valuable compounds such as aminoacids, polysaccharides, lipids and pigments.
- Mars Global Simulant (MGS-1) and Mojave Mars Simulant (MMS-1/MMS-2) are commercial... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes capable of performing oxygenic photosynthesis, making them invaluable for space exploration."},{"label":"Title","value":"Niche partitioning among Prochlorococcus ecotypes along ocean-scale environmental gradients\n"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi... |
Chemistry | Nanochemistry | MCQ | High-density covalent immobilisation of DNA on plasma-activated surfaces for biosensing applications | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f01cac5dd091524fada540 | October 17, 2025 | DNA probes with different linkers (polyA, amine, amine-PEG, glycine-PEG, m-PEG, OH-PEG, and polyT), produced via strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), were immobilised on plasma-activated coating (PAC) surfaces under varying pH conditions (pH 3–8). DNA immobilisation was followed by hybridisation with flu... | - Hybridised DNA surface density (molecules/cm²), for immobilisation efficiency and hybridisation yield, using Fluorescence quantification of Alexa Fluor 647-labelled complementary DNA after hybridisation. Comparative parameters: Linker type (polyA, amine, amine-PEG, glycine-PEG, m-PEG, OH-PEG, polyT) and immobilisatio... | Based on DNA immobilisation and hybridisation efficiency across different linker types, which linker–pH combination is expected to yield the highest hybridised DNA density on PAC-treated surfaces?
A) PolyA linker at pH 4
B) Amine linker at pH 4
C) Amine-PEG linker at pH 8
D) Glycine-PEG linker at pH 8 | D) Glycine-PEG linker at pH 8 | 1. Plasma-Activated Coatings (PAC): Thin films generated via plasma deposition that introduce surface radicals enabling covalent biomolecule immobilisation.
2. DNA Linker Chemistry: Chemical modifications (e.g., PEG or amino linkers) alter charge and spacing, affecting DNA orientation and hybridisation on surfaces.
3. ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"1. Plasma-Activated Coatings (PAC): Thin films generated via plasma deposition that introduce surface radicals enabling covalent biomolecule immobilisation."},{"label":"Title","value":"Free radical kinetics in a plasma immersion ion implanted polystyrene: Theory and experiment"},{"label":"... |
Biology | Pharmacology and Toxicology | Numerical Values | CSF1R inhibitors pexidartinib and sotuletinib induce rapid glial ablation despite their limited brain penetrability | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.11.681780v1 | October 13, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to investigate microglial depletion following CSF1R inhibitor treatment. Eight-week-old C57BL/6JrJ mice received five consecutive days of oral gavage dosing with either (1) sotuletinib (170 mg/kg/day) dissolved in 20% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; or (2) pexidartinib (80 mg/kg/day), dissol... | - cortex IBA+ cell density (units of cells * 0.25mm^2, calculated from cell counts by eye of images of 500 × 500 µm appropriately stained brain regions, for each of the three experimental treatments of control (vehicle gavage), sotuletinib gavage, or pexidartinib gavage.
- cortex P2RY12+ cell density (units of cells * ... | After five daily oral gavage doses of pexidartinib (80 mg/kg/day) or sotuletinib (170 mg/kg/day), 8-week-old C57BL/6JrJ mice were sacrificed. Their brains were prepared for analysis by immunohistochemical staining of paraffin-embedded 4 µm brain sections, using either P2Y12 (1:100 dilution) or IBA1 (1:2000 dilution) an... | Microglial numbers percent reduction = 80 - 93 (%, using fallback range of +- 5% for reported averages between 85% and 88% for both drug treatments with either staining method) | - Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors play a role in modulating brain-resident immune cells called microglia.
- CSF1R inhibitors must be transported across the blood-brain barrier in order to exert effects on microglial density; these transport abilities are poorly characterized.
- Because CSF1R inh... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors play a role in modulating brain-resident immune cells called microglia."},{"label":"Title","value":"Inhibition of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: opport... |
Biology | Plant Ecology | Numerical Values | Elevated CO2 and enriched nitrogen proportionallydecrease species richness most at small spatial scales in a grassland experiment
| https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.70128 | August 5, 2025 | This experiment leverages the BioCON experiment located at the Cedar Creek reserve in Minnesota. It was planted in 1997 and uses a fully factorial cross of biodiversity x CO2 x nitrogen addition. BioCON was planted with 16 perennial plant species that represented four functional groups: C3 grasses, C4 grasses, forbs, ... | -Species richness given by the number of species present per patch size (from 0.01 to 3.24 m^2) of treatment groups (AC-AN, AC-EN, EC-AN and EC-EN) across plots. | This experiment leverages the BioCON experiment located at the Cedar Creek reserve in Minnesota. It was planted in 1997 and uses a fully factorial cross of biodiversity x CO2 x nitrogen addition. BioCON was planted with 16 perennial plant species that represented four functional groups: C3 grasses, C4 grasses, forbs, ... | Srich = [6.95 - 7.35] derived from an approximate species richness value of ~7.15 under AC-AN treatment. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported > fallback ±0.2 applied.
| - Increased nitrogen (N) deposition negatively influences species richness.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) can result in the loss of species diversity, especially in tandem with increased levels of N availability.
- The impact of global changes on diversity at different spatial scales can be assessed by comparing species–area ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Increased nitrogen (N) deposition negatively influences species richness."},{"label":"Title","value":"The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation\n"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | MCQ | Discovery and Synthesis of Flueggeacosines D–F and Securingine J | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68ec6ba9dfd0d042d138c4a4 | Oct 15, 2025 | Phyllantidine (30 mg, 0.129 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and isobutyraldehyde (0.10 mL, 0.645 mmol, 5.0 equiv.) were added to a solution of tetra-n-butylammonium decatungstate
(21 mg, 6.45×10-3 mmol, 0.05 equiv.) in 0.32 mL anhydrous acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C with the irradiation of Kessil lamp (PR16... | - ¹H (400 MHz, CDCl₃) and ¹³C (101 MHz, CDCl₃) NMR for identification of the product
- HRMS (ESI-TOF) for identification of the product.
- TLC (hexane : ethyl acetate = 7 : 3) for identification of the product.
- Optical rotation for characterization of the product.
- Yield of the product. | Phyllantidine (1.0 equiv.) and isobutyraldehyde (5.0 equiv.) were added to a solution of tetra-n-butylammonium decatungstate (0.05 equiv.) in anhydrous acetonitrile. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23 °C with the irradiation of Kessil lamp (wavelength: 370 nm, 100% intensity). After 16 hours, the resulting mixture ... | A) 23 | - Reductive cleavage of the N-O bond is catalysed by Mo(CO)₆. Following reductive cleavage of the N-O bond, a rearrangement occurs.
- The basic scaffold of monomeric securinega alkaloids has evolved into more highly oxidized and structurally complex downstream congeners. The flueggeacosines are
dimeric high-oxidation ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Reductive cleavage of the N-O bond is catalysed by Mo(CO)₆. Following reductive cleavage of the N-O bond, a rearrangement occurs."},{"label":"Title","value":"Total Synthesis of Altemicidin: A Surprise Ending for a Monoterpene Alkaloid"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1... |
Chemistry | Electrochemistry | Free-Format Question | Integrating Flow Field Geometries within Porous Electrode Architectures for Enhanced Flow Battery Performance
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/687378c5728bf9025e3ad47f | April 1, 2025 | Researchers were aiming to determine the electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) of test micro-patterned carbon electrodes that they previously synthesized using a non-solvent induced phase separation method, where they incorporated a porous structure and imprint groove and pillar micro-patterns (1000 μm for both ... | - The electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) was estimated from impedance spectra measured in a 2 M HCl solution using a Bio-Logic VMP3 potentiostat. | A micro-patterned carbon electrode using non-solvent induced phase separation, incorporating porous structure was synthesized. The electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA) of the porous electrodes was evaluated based on the equivalent double layer capacitance (EDLC) using a Bio-Logic VMP3 potentiostat. EIS was carr... | The introduction of micro-patterns will lead to a reduction in volumetric electrochemical specific surface area (ECSA). | - Redox flow batteries (RFB) are electrochemical energy storage system used for grid-scale applications. A typical RFB reactor consists of two porous electrodes separated by a membrane, with flow plates, current collectors, and end plates completing one electrochemical cell in a stack.
- A critical component of a redox... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Redox flow batteries (RFB) are electrochemical energy storage system used for grid-scale applications. A typical RFB reactor consists of two porous electrodes separated by a membrane, with flow plates, current collectors, and end plates completing one electrochemical cell in a stack."},{"l... |
Chemistry | Electrochemistry | Free-Format Question | Investigation of copper binding competition between a potential anti-Alzheimer's drug and Aβ(1–16) based on voltametric and chemometric analysis
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68ed61a1bc2ac3a0e0ca33c8 | October 16, 2025 | The chemical TDMQ20 (N1-(2-(8-amino-5,7-dichloroquinolin-2-yl)ethyl)-N2, N2-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine hydrochloride) was investigated by researchers for its ability to chelate Cu(II) ions from the peptide Aβ(1-16). For the experiments, the concentrations of the metal-free Aβ(1-16) peptide, TDMQ20, and their subsequent... | - SWV measurements conducted on solutions containing TDMQ20, Aβ(1-16), TDMQ20 and Aβ(1-16) Cu(II) complexes, and TDMQ20 added to Aβ(1-16)-Cu(II) complex, using an Autolab PGSTAT204 potentiostat controlled by NOVA software
- Determination of contributions solutions components to electrochemical behavior from PCA and MCR... | Researchers conducted square wave voltammetry on 0.5mM solutions of TDMQ20, Aβ(1-16), their individual Cu(II) complexes, and TDMQ20 was added to Aβ(1-16)-Cu(II) solution with a 2 mV step, 50 mV modulation amplitude, and 25 Hz frequency, from 0.2 to 1.3 V. A glassy carbon disk electrode (GCE) as the working electrode, a... | For the TDMQ20 molecule, one mainoxidation peak at 0.68 V and a second wide peak at a potential of ~1 V vs. Ag|AgCl would be observed. The TDMQ20-Cu(II) complex also exhibit two oxidation signals: a peak at the Emax of 0.49 V, and a wave centred at 0.87 V vs. Ag|AgCl. | -TDMQ molecules efficiently extract Cu(II) from Cu(II)-Aβ complexes, by the formation of new 1:1 metal: ligand Cu(II)-TDMQ complexes.
-Square wave voltammetry (SWV) is commonly used to monitor the aggregation process, particularly the oxidation of specific amino acids present in the peptide coupled with residue analysi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-TDMQ molecules efficiently extract Cu(II) from Cu(II)-Aβ(1–42) complexes, by the formation of new 1:1 metal: ligand Cu(II)-TDMQ complexes."},{"label":"Title","value":"Preparation of Tetradentate Copper Chelators as Potential Anti-Alzheimer Agents"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://chemistr... |
Chemistry | Polymer Chemistry / Materials Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Oxidation-degradable resins for 3D-printing of cell-responsive biomaterials | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68a7e618728bf9025eb65992 | August 28, 2025 | Researchers formulated and characterized UV-photopolymerizable resins from synthesized thioketal (TK) dithiols and commercial alkene crosslinkers. Short-chain TK (SCTK) and long-chain TK (LCTK) dithiol oligomers were synthesized by adding p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (5.6823g) to a 1000mL tri-neck round bottom fl... | - Viscosity (mPA/s) of freshly-made and 30-days-stored (4ºC or 25ºC) SCTK-MA, LCTK-MA, and SCTK-AE resin formulations (Shear sweep tests, TA Discovery HR20 rheometer). | Researchers formulated and characterized UV-photopolymerizable resins from synthesized thioketal (TK) dithiols and commercial alkene crosslinkers. Short-chain TK (SCTK) and long-chain TK (LCTK) dithiol oligomers were synthesized in-house and three TK resins, denoted as SCTK-MA, LCTK-MA, and SCTK-AE, were formulated as ... | The LCTK-MA resin showed negligible differences in terms of viscosity after 30 days of storage at 25ºC, in comparison with the initial values obtained from its fresh counterpart. | - Thioketals (TKs) are easily synthesized polymers that show stability in non-oxidative conditions, and susceptibility to a relatively wide range of reactive oxygen-species (ROS) molecules.
- Phenyl bis(2 4 6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO) is a type 1 photo initiator with strong photo-initiation in the near ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Thioketals (TKs) are easily synthesized polymers that show stability in non-oxidative conditions, and susceptibility to a relatively wide range of reactive oxygen-species (ROS) molecules.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":" Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://w... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry / Electrochemistry | Numerical Values | Nickel-catalysed Carbon Hybrids with a Nasal Vestibular-Like Microstructure from a Preceramic Polymer Route as an Advanced Electrode for Supercapacitors. | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c867d73e708a764949e92a | September 24, 2025 | Researchers synthesized nickel-functionalized polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) materials based on silicon oxycarbide (SiOC). Commercially available polymethylphenylsilsequioxane ([PMPS], SILRES® H44 (Wacker Silicones, Burghausen, Germany)), was employed as preceramic polymer. 4 g of PMPS (H44) were completely dissolved by... | - Current density (A/g) of the Ni-SiOC-C-derived working electrodes in a potential window of -0.6 to 0.4 V at the scan rates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, and 100 mV/s (Cyclic voltammetry).
- Specific capacitance (F/g) of the Ni-SiOC-C-derived working electrodes at the scan rates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 100 mV/s. | Researchers synthesized nickel-functionalized polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) materials based on silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) by mixing polymethylphenylsilsequioxane (PMPS) (4 g) and N220 conductive nanocarbon (4g) in 40 mL of isopropanol, and adding 10 mL NiCl2·6H2O (15% w/v) in isopropanol to the solution. The solution wa... | Specific capacitance (Ni-SiOC-C-derived WE; 2 mV/s)= 507 - 619 F/g. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ±10% applied over the value of 563 F/g. | - The polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) method is an approach that involves crosslinking preceramic polymer at temperatures ranging from 200°C-400°C under an inert atmosphere, utilizing the organosilicon polymers as precursors. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) method is an approach that involves crosslinking preceramic polymer at temperatures ranging from 200°C-400°C under an inert atmosphere, utilizing the organosilicon polymers as precursors."},{"label":"Title","value":"Polymer-Derived Ceramics: 40 Years of ... |
Chemistry | Nanoscience | Numerical Values | Selective Growth of (6,5)- and (9,8)- Enriched Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68e5856fdfd0d042d1609d9b | Oct 14, 2025 | Researchers studied single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth by chemical vapor deposition using a cobalt–sulfur (Co–S) catalyst supported on magnesium oxide (MgO) [Co-S/MgO catalyst]. To prepare the catalyst, Co precursor together with sulfate additive were loaded on MgO by co-precipitation combining impregnation. ... | - Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) product diameter (nm).
- Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) product diameter distribution (%). | Researchers studied single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth by chemical vapor deposition using a cobalt–sulfur (Co–S) catalyst supported on magnesium oxide (MgO) [Co-S/MgO catalyst]. To prepare the catalyst, Co precursor together with sulfate additive were loaded on MgO by co-precipitation combining impregnation. ... | Relative abundance SWCNTs (0.7 - 0.8 nm diameter) = 23 - 33 %. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → Fallback ±5% applied over the 28% value. | - Among the preparation methods for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is highly tunable, making it one of the primary techniques for SWCNTs synthesis.
- The choice of carbon source significantly affects the chirality distribution of the as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes.
- S... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Among the preparation methods for single-walled carbon nanotubes, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is highly tunable, making it one of the primary techniques for SWCNT synthesis."},{"label":"Title","value":"Diameter controlled growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes"},{"label":"URL","val... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Experiment and modeling of concentration dependent diffusion in a solution with dual transport-phase flow for paper-based sensing | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12134741/ | Jun 4, 2025 | Researchers studied concentration-dependent diffusion in paper-based microfluidic channels using Whatman No. 1 filter paper laminated with polymer film and laser-cut into 10 × 10 mm reservoirs connected to 3 × 80 mm channels. KMnO₄ solutions (10–50 mM) were tested under three configurations-vertical (IVS), horizontal (... | - Flow front position (mm) of the KMnO₄ analyte measured over time from video frames to quantify diffusion and wicking rates.
- Concentration (mM) varied across 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mM KMnO₄ solutions to study concentration-dependent transport behavior.
- Geometric configuration tested under three flow setups-IVS (... | A paper-based microfluidic system was developed to study concentration-dependent diffusion using Whatman No. 1 filter paper patterned into reservoirs and channels. KMnO₄ solutions (10–50 mM) were tested under vertical, horizontal, and finite-source setups, with front propagation recorded at 30 fps and analyzed by image... | 30±5 mM | - Capillary wicking law (Lucas–Washburn model) states that liquid rise in porous media is proportional to the square root of time.
- In geometric control strategies, different wicking behavior is achieved by changing the dimension of the paper strips. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Capillary wicking law (Lucas–Washburn model) states that liquid rise in porous media is proportional to the square root of time."},{"label":"Title","value":"Lucas−Washburn Equation-Based Modeling of Capillary-Driven Flow in Porous Systems"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | MCQ | Synthesis of keto hexafluoro alkyl sulfonyl amides via radical ring-opening polymerization of aryl-substituted vinyl cyclohexafluoropropane-1,3-bis(sulfonyl)amides followed by hydrolysis | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f0e63c5dd091524fc9e455 | Oct 17, 2025 | Researchers were aiming to synthesize fluoroalkyl sulfonyl amide compounds. As a model substrate, they used a vinyl-substituted cyclohexafluoropropane-1,3-bis(sulfonyl)imide (c-HFSI-H), named 1a. To prepare a reaction solution, they added 1 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl) to 0.25 mmol of 1a and 5.0 equivalents of... | - Number average molecular weight (Mn) of the obtained polymer using Gel-permeation chromatography (GPC, polystyrene standards)
- Yield percentage of the desired product (a fluoroalkyl sulfonyl amide compound) | Researchers were aiming to synthesize fluoroalkyl sulfonyl amide compounds. To prepare a reaction solution, they added 1mL of 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl) to 0.25 mmol of a vinyl-substituted cyclohexafluoropropane-1,3-bis(sulfonyl)imide and 5.0 equivalents of 1-octene. The solution was heated at 90°C for 3 h using 0... | A. Gel-permeation chromatography will indicate a Mn = 3,200 for the obtained polymer, and the desired product will be isolated in 59% yield. | - Cyclic monomers having vinyl groups can be polymerized via a radical addition–cleavage (ring-opening) mechanism to introduce functional groups into the polymer backbone.
- Cyclohexafluoropropane-1,3-bis(sulfonyl)imide (c-HFSI-H) is a strong acid that has been used in various acid-catalyzed reactions. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Cyclic monomers having vinyl groups can be polymerized via a radical addition–cleavage (ring-opening) mechanism to introduce functional groups into the polymer backbone."},{"label":"Title","value":"Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization: Scope, Limitations, and Application to (Bio)Degradable ... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Quantification of Brominated Flame Retardants in Synthetic Polymers via Direct Mass Spectrometric Analysis | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12019777/ | April 11, 2025 | The experiment investigates the effect of adding decaBDE, TBBPA, and HBCD as Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) into polymer matrices.
HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) or ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) resin is melt-blended with varying amounts of decaBDE, TBBPA, or HBCD. Sb₂O₃ is added in a 1:2 mass ratio to the ... | -Elemental Bromine Concentration: Measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the polymer samples.
-Brominated Flame Retardant (BFR) Quantification: Measured using Direct Insertion Probe Mass Spectrometry (DIP-MS), to determine the signal intensity of the BFRs and their correlation with elemental bromine content. Normal... | ABS containing decaBDE with a bromine content ranging from 0.1 wt % to 10 wt %, is analyzed using DIP-MS quantification to determine elemental bromine content. What is the most likely limit of detection of Br (in ppm) for decaBDE in the ABS matrix? | [90-110] ppm
±10% fallback applied | -Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are common additives used to inhibit ignition and combustion. They are often incorporated into engineering plastics, such as high-impact
polystyrene (HIPS) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) copolymer for applications requiring compliance with fire safety regulations.
-Rapid a... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Direct Insertion Probe Mass Spectrometry (DIP-MS) is a mass spectrometric technique that allows for the analysis of solid samples with minimal sample preparation. \n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Direct Insertion Probe – Mass Spectrometry in the Characterization of Opportunity Crudes"},{"lab... |
Chemistry | Catalysis / Electrocatalysis | MCQ | Magnetic Field Sensitivity of Active Sites: A Universal Metric for Distinguishing Spin-Dependent Effects in OER | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f1ad2abc2ac3a0e077a560 | Oct 20, 2025 | Ferromagnetic CoFe microchains were hydrothermally synthesized using FeCl₂·4H₂O (5 mM) and CoCl₂·6H₂O (45 mM) in ethylene glycol, reduced with N₂H₄·H₂O at 200 °C for 3 h under a 1.0 kOe magnetic field to direct nanoparticle assembly into chain structures. Catalyst ink was drop-cast (100 μL) onto a polished Au disk elec... | -LSV polarization curves at varying magnetic field strengths (0 to ±8.5 kOe, perpendicular orientation).
-Overpotential from iR-corrected LSV data.
-Magnetic field-induced potential shifts (ΔE) measured at selected field strengths during magnetization sequences ΔE | In the ferromagnetic CoFe microchain catalyst during oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH using a flow cell with forced convection, a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the electrode surface and swept during a complete magnetization cycle (0 → 8.5 → –8.5 → 0.5 kOe). At which values of ΔE (in mV) are const... | B) -0.6 and -1.3 mV | -The application of external magnetic fields to ferromagnetic catalysts substantially enhances OER performance, achieving doubled current densities in some cases.
-Critical experimental factors include precise control of magnetic field parameters (field strength, orientation, and uniformity), rigorous temperature mana... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-The application of external magnetic fields to ferromagnetic catalysts substantially enhances OER performance, achieving doubled current densities in some cases."},{"label":"Title","value":"Direct magnetic enhancement of electrocatalytic water oxidation in alkaline media"},{"label":"URL",... |
Chemistry | Materials Science/ Optical Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Penta-twinned gold nanoparticles under pressure: a comprehensive study | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.13236 | Jun 16, 2025 | Penta-twinned gold nanoparticles (PT-AuNPs) with three different geometries - rods, decahedra, bipyramids – with sizes ranging from 10 to 60 nm were synthesized, followed by surface functionalization with thiolated poly(ethylenglycol). Then, optical extinction spectra were recorded for PT-AuNP MeOH-EtOH colloids that w... | * Optical extinction spectra at ambient conditions were recorded using a Cary6000i spectrophotometer with fused silica cuvettes (0.1 mm light path).
* High-pressure optical extinction spectra were collected in a home-built fiber-optic, two reflective objective-based microscope.
| High pressure was applied on PT-AuNPs (decahedra, rods, and bipyramids) having a size range of 10-60 nm up to 30 GPa. What was the effect of increasing pressure on the longitudinal localized surface plasmon resonance (LLSPR) of these PT-AuNPs in their optical extinction spectra? | With an increase in pressure, the LLSPR showed a red shift | *Mechanical deformation significantly affects the plasmonic response of NPs because their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and extinction coefficients are highly sensitive to changes in NP size and shape induced by external forces.
*PT-AuNPs adopt either tetragonal or orthorhombic structures due to elastic s... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Mechanical deformation significantly affects the plasmonic response of NPs because their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and extinction coefficients are highly sensitive to changes in NP size and shape induced by external forces."},{"label":"Title","value":"Tuning surface plasmo... |
Chemistry | Nanoscience / Materials Science | MCQ | Following the Light: Enhancing Block Copolymer-Encapsulated Perovskite Nanocrystals Through In Situ Photoluminescence Measurements | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68f22617dfd0d042d1154c20 | Oct 21, 2025 | polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) block copolymer (BCP) micelles of the composition PS₁₃₆-P2VP₁₉₉ and methyl ammonium MAPbBr₃ as the nanocrystalline perovskite species. The synthesis approach commences by dissolving the BCP in toluene. Then, Methylammonium Bromide (MABr) and Lead Bromide (PbBr₂) are adde... | -Absorbance and photoluminescence emission spectra during perovskite formation. Photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY in %). λ exc= 360 nm.
-Emission linewidth (FWHM in meV) from PL spectra at peak maximum, as an indicator of the size polydispersity in the dispersion.
-Micelle size and inter-micelle distance, using SAN... | Absorbance and PL spectrum were measured of a purified BCP-PbBr₂ precursor with a stoichiometry of P2VP:Pb of 1:1. At which wavelengths are the peaks obtained?
A) Absorbance: 270 and 326 nm; PL: 590 nm
B) Absorbance: 285 and 326 nm; PL: 590 nm
C) Absorbance: 270 and 310 nm; PL: 570 nm
D) Absorbance: 285 and 310 nm; PL:... | B) Absorbance: 285 y 326 nm; PL: 590 nm | Block Copolymer Self-Assembly: Amphiphilic polymers (like PS-b-P2VP) organize themselves in certain solvents to form tiny spherical structures called micelles. The inner (hydrophobic) part of these micelles can be used as a site to grow nanocrystals.
Perovskite Nanocrystal Formation: Halide perovskites (such as MAPbBr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Block Copolymer Self-Assembly: Amphiphilic polymers (like PS-b-P2VP) organize themselves in certain solvents to form tiny spherical structures called micelles. The inner (hydrophobic) part of these micelles can be used as a site to grow nanocrystals."},{"label":"Title","value":"Design of b... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry | MCQ | Anharmonic infrared spectra of cationic pyrene and superhydrogenated derivatives | https://arxiv.org/html/2504.11898v1 | Apr 16, 2025 | Researchers recorded gas-phase IR action spectra of pyrene cations and their hydrogenated derivatives (pyrene, THP, HHP, PHP) at the FELIX facility using infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in a modified 3D quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (Bruker Amazon Speed ETD) coupled to the FELIX laser... | - Gas-phase IR action spectra of pyrene cations and hydrogenated derivatives (pyrene, THP, HHP, PHP) recorded using infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in the 600–1800 cm⁻¹ (5.5–16.6 µm) range with a 3 cm⁻¹ step size at room temperature.
- Ion mass distribution of precursor and fragment species ... | Gas-phase IR spectra of pyrene cations and hydrogenated derivatives (THP, HHP, PHP) were recorded using IRMPD spectroscopy at the FELIX facility. Ions generated by APCI were analyzed in a 3D quadrupole ion trap coupled to the FELIX free-electron laser, with spectra collected from 600–1800 cm⁻¹ to probe vibrational feat... | B) The harmonic spectrum predicts the most intense band around 600 cm⁻¹, but the experimental spectrum exhibits extremely low intensities for all bands below 800 cm⁻¹. | - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generally regarded as the carriers of infrared emission bands (so-called aromatic infrared bands, AIBs) at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.7, 11.3 and 12.7 µm, which are observed in a wide variety of astronomical objects
- One of the most common methods of computing anharmonic IR spectr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are generally regarded as the carriers of infrared emission bands (so-called aromatic infrared bands, AIBs) at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.7, 11.3 and 12.7 µm, which are observed in a wide variety of astronomical objects"},{"label":"Title","value":"A Spectros... |
Chemistry | Organometallic Chemistry | Free-Format Question | On-surface synthesis of organometallic nanorings linked by unconventional intermediates of the Ullmann reaction
| https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/sc/d5sc01269d | Apr 21, 2025 | Researchers investigated the on-surface synthesis of 10,13-dibromodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DBP-Br) molecules on a Cu(111) surface under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions. Approximately 0.5 monolayer (ML) of DBP-Br was deposited onto the clean Cu(111) substrate held at room temperature. The samples were annealed at 333 K... | - Structural morphology of products by temperature condition (room temperature vs 353 K) determined by STM.
| Researchers deposited approximately 0.5 monolayer of 10,13-dibromodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (DBP-Br) on a Cu(111) surface held at room temperature, forming C–Cu–Br–Cu–C bonded nanorings. The sample was then annealed at 333 K and 353 K for 20 minutes. What would you expect to happen to the C–Cu–Br–Cu–C bonded intermediates ... | The C–Cu–Br–Cu–C species are transformed to the conventional C–Cu–C bond upon further annealing. | - On-surface synthesis: provided an unprecedented opportunity for the visualization of reaction intermediates and products at the single-molecule level.
- Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM): A technique used to visualize reaction intermediates and products at the single-molecule level.
| [] |
Chemistry | Environmental chemistry, surface chemistry | Free-Format Question | Copper (II) Complex Decorated PVDF Membranes for Enhanced Removal of Organic Pollutants from Textile and Oily Wastewater | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/17/20/2988 | October 16, 2025 | Researchers prepared [Bis-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)salicylaldiminate]copper(II) (CuL) incorporated poly-dopamine hydrochloride (PDA) doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (PVDF/PDA/CuL) for studying the removal of pollutants from water. Market available poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes with 47mm diameter and... | - Absorption of DRX6BN solution at 516nm utilizing Shimadzu UV-1800 UV–Vis spectrophotometer
- Concentration of DRX6BN analysis based on absorbed intensity at 516 nm | Researchers prepared pristine PVDF, PVDF/PDA, PVDF/PDA/CuL-4, PVDF/PDA/CuL-20, and PVDF/PDA/CuL-40 membranes for testing the Drimaren Red X-6BN adsorption capacity. DRX6BN concentration was determined over time by UV-Vis at the absorption wavelength 516 nm. For membranes with a copper-based coordination compound as a ... | Adsorption capacity: PVDF/PDA/CuL-4>PVDF/PDA/CuL-20> PVDF/PDA/CuL-40 | -Surface modification aims to enhance the antifouling properties of membranes. Surface modification with catalysts enables chemical reactions to occur on the membrane surface.
-Coordination compounds, especially those based on copper(II), are particularly attractive because they can operate over a wider pH range, incl... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Surface modification aims to enhance the antifouling properties of membranes. Surface modification with catalysts enables chemical reactions to occur on the membrane surface."},{"label":"Title","value":"A Comprehensive Review on Membrane Fouling: Mathematical Modelling, Prediction, Diagnos... |
Chemistry | Biochemistry / Medicinal Chemistry | Numerical Values | From Inert to Active: Charge-Compensated Metallacarboranes with High Toxicity and Anticancer Potential
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/681cbd08e561f77ed4a31d4f | May 14, 2025 | Researchers were aiming to determine the in vitro antiproliferative activity (expressed in IC50 values) of a compound [8-NH-(CH3)2-8’-I-3,3’-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2] that they previously synthesized, using human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). For that purpose, the A549 cells were seeded on 384-well pl... | - Proliferation inhibition (in crude absorbance data) using a Biotek Hybrid H4 reader (BioTek Instruments) at a wavelength of 540 nm
- IC50 values (reported in nM units) in GraphPad Prism 10.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) using the ‘[Inhibitor] vs.response − Variable slope (four parameters)’ model | Researchers were aiming to determine the in vitro antiproliferative activity (expressed in IC50 values) of a [8-NH-(CH3)2-8’-I-3,3’-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2] molecule they previously synthesized, using human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). For that purpose, they applied that compound in incubated A549 c... | 2.29 - 3.40 nM
| - Inorganic metallacarboranes (cobalt bis(dicarbollide) derivatives) with simple organic side groups attached to the cluster’s boron atom via nitrogen show higher in vitro antiproliferative activity (expressed IC50) in comparison to the parental molecule.
- Metallacarboranes’ lipophilic character allows them to cross l... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Inorganic metallacarboranes (cobalt bis(dicarbollide) derivatives) with simple organic side groups attached to the cluster’s boron atom via nitrogen show higher in vitro antiproliferative activity (expressed IC50) in comparison to the parental molecule."},{"label":"Title","value":"Metallac... |
Chemistry | Electrochemistry | Numerical Values | Activity of MXene Single Flakes in situ using SECCM | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/6883b69023be8e43d6fdd0b1 | Aug 18, 2025 | To study the activity of Ti3C2 singles flakes, mixed single layer and multilayer, researchers synthesized Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene flakes by selectively etching Ti₃AlC₂ (MAX phase, 1 g, 200 µm, Carbon Ukraine) in a mixed-acid solution containing concentrated Hydrofluoric acid (49-51 % HF, VWR Chemical), Hydrochloric acid (36.5%, ... | • Current map from 0 to -0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy (HEKA ElProScan).
• Surface area in µm2 using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a Multimode 8 (Bruker). | To study the electrocatalytic activity of Ti3C2Tx flakes, 600 µL of a delaminated Ti3C2 solution was spincoated on the surface of an HOPG crystal. Then, the electrocatalytic activity of the HOPG-supported MXene flakes was characterized using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. A pipet probe filled with 100 mM HCl... | [-0.40 to -0.25] V vs Ag/AgCl |
- MXenes are two-dimension (2D) transition metal carbides
- Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), a versatile nanopipet-based technique that enables high-resolution electrochemical imaging of an electrode surface
-MXenes open structure provides numerous electrochemically active sites and allows rapid ele... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- MXenes are two-dimension (2D) transition metal carbides\n\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"25th Anniversary Article: MXenes: A New Family of Two-Dimensional Materials"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201304138"},{"label":"Date","value":"Dec... |
Chemistry | Analytical Chemistry | Numerical Values | Dried Milk Spots: A viable approach for assessing the chemical exposome in mothers and their infants by targeted LC-MS/MS
| https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68dfeddcdfd0d042d1d8e3c1 | October 07, 2025 | Researchers developed and evaluated a sample preparation protocol and a liquid-chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for determining the chemical exposome of mothers and their infants, by (semi-)quantitively assessing >200 xenobiotics in dried-milk spots (DMS).
For this purpose, human breast milk... | - Stability of xenobiotic compounds ([%] normalized to -80 ºC samples) in dried milk spots stored for 2 days, 2 weeks and 2 months at -80 ºC, -20 ºC, 4 ºC, 18 ºC, and 37 ºC (LC-MS/MS). | Researchers developed and evaluated a sample preparation protocol and a liquid-chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for determining the chemical exposome of mothers and their infants, by (semi-)quantitively assessing >200 xenobiotics in dried-milk spots (DMS). A human pooled breast milk sample wa... | 33% [28% - 38%] | - The exposome is the totality of endogenous and exogenous environmental influences acting on an individual from conception onwards.
- Dried matrix spots (DMS) are a type of samples prepared by placing and drying a few drops of a liquid matrix (e.g. whole blood, milk, etc) directly onto a filter paper, followed by tra... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The exposome is the totality of endogenous and exogenous environmental influences acting on an individual from conception onwards.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Complementing the Genome with an “Exposome”: The Outstanding Challenge of Environmental Exposure Measurement in Molecular Epide... |
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