DOMAIN stringclasses 3
values | FIELD stringlengths 6 92 | PQ_FORMAT stringclasses 3
values | TITLE stringlengths 39 204 | URL stringlengths 28 214 | PUBLISHING_DATE stringlengths 11 18 | EXPERIMENTAL_SETUP stringlengths 373 8.04k | MEASUREMENT_TAKEN stringlengths 43 1.32k | OUTCOME_PREDICTION_QUESTION stringlengths 174 4.41k | GTA stringlengths 4 544 | BACKGROUND_KNOWLEDGE stringlengths 84 1.67k | RELATED_PAPERS_DATA stringlengths 2 4.47k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemistry | Flow Chemistry, Catalysis | Numerical Values | CO-Degassing in a Segmented Slug Flow Reactor Enables Continuous Linear Alcohol Formation from Alkenes using a single, non-assisted Rh-catalyst by Switching Between Hydroformylation and Aldehyde Reduction | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/67efd8066dde43c9086929eb | April 8, 2025 | The experiment investigated a continuous tandem reductive hydroformylation of 1-octene to 1-nonanol using Rh(acac)(CO)₂ as precatalyst and Xantphos as ligand in a segmented slug-flow capillary reactor. The main intervention was the introduction of an in-line CO degassing step between the hydroformylation and reduction ... | - l-nonanol yield (%) at reactor outlet (75m) [T = 150 °C, pPIC1 = 10.0 bar, pPI2 = 11.5 bar; Rh(acac)(CO)₂/Xantphos; Rh/S = 1:200, Rh/P = 1:7; syngas 2.00 mL min⁻¹ for the first 15 m (hydroformylation) → AF2400 CO-degassing at 5 mbar → H₂ 1.00 mL min⁻¹ for the remaining 60 m (reduction); total residence time = 27.6 mi... | Under continuous-flow conditions at 150 °C and 10 bar (pPIC1), using Rh(acac)(CO)₂ as precatalyst and Xantphos as ligand (Rh/S = 1/200 mol/mol; Rh/P = 1/7 mol/mol) in toluene, 1-octene undergoes hydroformylation over the first 15 m of a segmented slug-flow capillary reactor, followed by continuous CO degassing through ... | l-nonanol yield = (62.1–72.1)% at reactor outlet (75m) [T = 150 °C, pPIC1 = 10.0 bar, pPI2 = 11.5 bar; Rh(acac)(CO)₂/Xantphos; Rh/S = 1:200, Rh/P = 1:7; syngas 2.00 mL min⁻¹ for the first 15 m (hydroformylation) → AF2400 CO-degassing at 5 mbar → H₂ 1.00 mL min⁻¹ for the remaining 60 m (reduction); total residence time ... | - Hydroformylation: is a catalytic reaction that adds a formyl group and a hydrogen atom across an alkene’s double bond to produce an aldehyde using synthesis gas (CO/H₂).
- Reductive hydroformylation: is a tandem process in which the aldehyde intermediate from hydroformylation is further hydrogenated to the correspon... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"FEP capillary modules: Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tubing segments connected in series to form the continuous-flow reactor, providing chemically inert channels for the segmented slug-flow reactions, including hydroformylation, CO degassing, and aldehyde reduction. "},{"label":"Tit... |
Physics | Physics/Optics | Numerical Values | Generation of UV-Vis correlated photon pairs using PP-LaBGeO₅ | https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2509.09887 | September 11, 2025 | Researchers conducted second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements of periodically poled LaBGeO5 (PP-LBGO) with 2.1 µm gratins. The device was 0.3 mm thick and 10 mm long, and the gratings were 1 mm wide. The chip was mounted to a temperature-controlled block on a three-axis translation stage and heated from room temp... | - SHG spectrum obtained with a spectrometer for different temperatures
- SHG power (in µW) as a function of temperature, from room temperature to 80 °C. | Researchers conducted second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements of periodically poled LaBGeO5 (PP-LBGO) with 2.1 µm gratins. A 532 nm diode-pumped laser was directed into the sample and the output was filtered with a stack of short pass filters to obtain a 266 nm signal. The intensity of this signal was measured wi... | [64.2-66.2] °C
Note: No CI/SE/SD provided -> a ±1.0 °C fallback was applied to the 65.2°C value reported by the authors. | - Periodically poled LaBGeO5 (PP-LBGO) is an interesting alternative for QPM devices, with a transparency extending to 195 nm and non-hygroscopicity. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Periodically poled LaBGeO5 (PP-LBGO) is an interesting alternative for QPM devices, with a transparency extending to 195 nm and non-hygroscopicity."},{"label":"Title","value":"PP-LBGO device with 2nd-order QPM structure for 266nm generation"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1364... |
Physics | Optics | Free-Format Question | Degeneracy-Locked Optical Parametric Oscillator | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00936 | May 02, 2025 | Researchers fabricated a degeneracy-locked counter-propagating optical parametric oscillator (CT-OPO) on a thin-film lithium niobate (LN) microresonator. The starting material consisted of a 50 nm-thick NbN layer on top of a silicon substrate, followed by a 2 µm PECVD SiO2 layer. A 600 nm z-cut
LN layer was bonded to t... | - The output power spectra of the signal and idler waves as a function of pump detuning at different temperatures.
- The operational state of the OPO (e.g., symmetric degenerate, asymmetric degenerate, or non-degenerate) as the temperature is varied. | A degeneracy-locked counter-propagating optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is fabricated using submicron periodically poled thin film lithium niobate and its operational stability is tested. The device's temperature is varied across a 3-dB temperature bandwidth of ~0.37 $^\circ$C. What is the expected effect of these ... | The system remains in a degenerate state despite the temperature variations, demonstrating its robust operation. | - An optical parametric oscillator, which can be built in a microresonator, converts a high-frequency pump photon into two lower-frequency photons, known as the signal and idler.
- Degenerate OPOs are challenging to operate in on-chip implementations due to temperature sensitivity and constraints such as phase matching... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"An optical parametric oscillator, which can be built in a microresonator, converts a high-frequency pump photon into two lower-frequency photons, known as the signal and idler."},{"label":"Title","value":"Parametric generation of tunable light from continuous-wave to femtosecond pulses"},{... |
Physics | Atomic Physics | MCQ | Single-frequency inverted Doppler-free resonance as a platform for chip-scale optical clock | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02219 | May 04, 2025 | An experiment compares two methods for generating a Doppler-free resonance in a vapor of isotopically enriched $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms contained in a glass cell at $60^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$. In the first method, the dual-frequency technique, the atoms are interrogated using complex, counter-propagating bichromatic laser ... | - The transmission spectrum of the Fg=2 - Fe=1 transition for the dual-frequency technique.
- The transmission spectrum of the Fg=2 - Fe=1 transition for the single-frequency technique.
- The contrast of the resonance for both techniques.
- The full-width at half-maximum (linewidth) of the resonance for both techniques... | An experiment compares two methods for generating a Doppler-free resonance in $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms: an established dual-frequency technique using bichromatic fields and a new, simplified single-frequency technique using a monochromatic field with orthogonal polarizations. The quality of the resonance from each meth... | A) The single-frequency method yields a resonance with a contrast-to-width ratio that is practically the same as the dual-frequency method. | 1. In atomic vapors, the thermal motion of atoms causes Doppler broadening, which obscures narrow spectroscopic features. Counter-propagating laser beams are used to perform Doppler-free spectroscopy on the stationary, zero-velocity group of atoms.
2. Alkali atoms like rubidium have a complex hyperfine structure. When... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"In atomic vapors, the thermal motion of atoms causes Doppler broadening, which obscures narrow spectroscopic features. Counter-propagating laser beams are used to perform Doppler-free spectroscopy on the stationary, zero-velocity group of atoms."},{"label":"Title","value":"Spectroscopy in ... |
Physics | Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics | Free-Format Question | Weak localization as probe of spin-orbit-induced spin-split bands in bilayer graphene proximity coupled to WSe₂ | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24632 | May 30, 2025 | Researchers tested whether bilayer graphene proximitized by tungsten diselenide shows proximity induced spin split bands that can be read out by weak localization. The device was a dual gate heterostructure where bilayer graphene and tungsten diselenide were encapsulated between hexagonal boron nitride crystals. A grap... | - Two terminal resistance and differential conductance versus top and bottom gate voltages (Vtg, Vbg) in the range of -2 V to 2 V.
- Low field magnetoconductance versus magnetic field (approx. -10 mT to 10 mT) to observe quantum interference effects and their transition under gate control.
- The effects of varying di... | Researchers constructed a dual gate bilayer graphene device proximitized by tungsten diselenide and recorded its low field magnetoconductance at 60 mK. What is the primary quantum interference effect observed as the Fermi level is tuned from the p-n-p cavity regime to a low hole density near the valence band edge? | A gate-tunable transition from weak anti-localization (WAL) to weak localization (WL) is observed. | - Bilayer graphene is a two dimensional material whose band structure can be tuned by an electric displacement field.
- Tungsten diselenide is a transition metal dichalcogenide with strong spin orbit coupling.
- Proximity to tungsten diselenide can induce spin splitting in bilayer graphene.
- Weak localization and w... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Bilayer graphene is a two dimensional material whose band structure can be tuned by an electric displacement field"},{"label":"Title","value":"The electronic properties of bilayer graphene"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/76/5/056503"},{"label":"Date","value":"Ap... |
Biology | Microbiology / Plant Pathology | MCQ | Fair-weather friends: Unequal partnerships between Parastagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis define disease dynamics in wheat | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681059v2 | October 10, 2025 | Researchers conducted sequential co-infection assays on wheat cultivar Scepter, which has moderate resistance to both pathogens, to investigate the role of temporal dynamics. Parastagonospora nodorum SN15 and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis M4 isolates were maintained on 90 mm V8 PDA plates at ambient temperature under a ... | - Infection necrosis in Scepter wheat across co-infection treatments (single-pathogen, simultaneous, P. nodorum followed by P. tritici-repentis and P. tritici-repentis followed by P. nodorum at 72 h).
- Pathogen biomass (µg) for P. nodorum and P. tritici-repentis via biomass model of dPCR quantification across co-infec... | Sequential co-infection assays were conducted on 12-day-old wheat seedlings (cv. Scepter). Attached leaves were inoculated with 15 µl of either 1x10^7 spores per ml of P. nodorum SN15 spores or 1x10^5 per ml of P. tritici-repentis M4 spores, suspended in 0.02% Tween 20. Staggered co-infection treatments involved one pa... | A. When P. tritici-repentis establishes first, it compromises subsequent resistance responses to P. nodorum. | - Parastagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis are the causal agents of septoria nodorum blotch and tan spot of wheat, respectively.
- In the colonisation of plant tissues, early arriving species modify environmental conditions and resource availability, altering biotic conditions that determine the traje... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"In the colonisation of plant tissues, early arriving species modify environmental conditions and resource availability, altering biotic conditions that determine the trajectory of community development."},{"label":"Title","value":"The Phyllosphere: Microbial Jungle at the Plant–Climate Int... |
Physics | Atomic Physics | Numerical Values | Single-atom imaging of 173Yb in optical tweezers loaded by a five-beam magneto-optical trap | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.07371 | May 12, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether a five beam magneto optical trap (MOT) in an orthogonal configuration could efficiently load and image single ¹⁷³Yb atoms in optical tweezers. A collimated thermal beam of neutral ytterbium atoms was generated by an oven kept at 380 °C, producing a flux of 1.5x10^12 atoms/s. A Zeeman slowe... | - Fluorescence photon counts collected during 50 ms imaging of trapped atoms
- Single-atom imaging/detection fidelity
- Survival probability of atoms after the imaging sequence
| Single ¹⁷³Yb atoms were loaded into 532 nm optical tweezers from a five beam magneto optical trap and illuminated with 399 nm light at approximately one hundredth of the saturation intensity for 50 ms. Fluorescence photons were collected with a high numerical aperture objective during the imaging interval. What is the ... | N_detected = [33.12-40.48] photons/atom
at I_399 = ~ [1.3 x 10^-2] I_s, over 50 ms (Fig. 5a, p. 8).
Note: no CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ± 3.68 applied. | - Ytterbium-173 (¹⁷³Yb) is a fermionic isotope of ytterbium used in atomic physics because of its nuclear spin and optical transitions.
- Contrary to six-beam MOTs, a five-beam configuration omits the down-propagating vertical beam and counteracts the push from the bottom beam by gravity alone. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Ytterbium-173 (¹⁷³Yb) is a fermionic isotope of ytterbium used in atomic physics because of its nuclear spin and optical transitions."},{"label":"Title","value":"Two-orbital S U(N) magnetism with ultracold alkaline-earth atoms"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics | Numerical Values | Stoichiometry control and epitaxial growth of AgCrSe2
thin films by pulsed-laser deposition | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21867 | May 28, 2025 | Researchers used pulsed laser deposition to epitaxially grow AgCrSe$_2$. The stoichiometry of the resulting thin films were studied by using stoichiometric and Ag-rich targets for laser ablation. Stoichiometric AgCrSe$_2$ targets were prepared using a solid-state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of starting materials... | - Ag/Cr ratio of the thin films deposited at substrate temperatures of 450, 500 K using the stoichiometric target.
- Ag/Cr ratio of the thin films deposited at substrate temperatures of 400, 425, 450, 475 and 500 K using the Ag-rich target. | Stoichiometric and Ag-rich AgCrSe$_2$ targets were ablated to grow thin films via pulsed laser deposition. The Ag-rich target has a Ag/Cr ratio of 2. What is the Ag/Cr ratio of the thin film grown at 450 $^\circ$C using the Ag-rich target? | ΔAg/Cr ratio = [0.94-0.98] at 450 $^\circ$C derived from estimating the error bar lengths, which represent the standard deviation of Ag/Cr ratio values. Note: No CI/SE/SD values reported in the study → fallback ±0.02 applied. | - AgCrSe$_2$ is a p-type and polar magnetic semiconductor
- Stoichiometric AgCrSe$_2$ thin films are difficult to fabricate due to the volatility of Ag
- The Ag-deficient phase is a common impurity in AgCrSe$_2$ thin films
- Structural characterization of AgCrSe$_2$ is similar to that of a similar compound PdCoO$_2$ fa... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"AgCrSe$_2$ is a p-type and polar magnetic semiconductor"},{"label":"Title","value":"Ionic and electronic processes in AgCrSe2"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0167273883901510"},{"label":"Date","value":"December, 1983"},{"label":"Justification... |
Biology | Plant Biology | MCQ | Antifungal activity and mechanism of limonene against Fusarium oxysporum, a pathogen of potato dry rot | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.675995v1 | October 6, 2025 | A group of post-harvest scientists wants to test the effectiveness of limonene in controlling the growth of hyphae of a potato pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. To do this, they developed an in vitro assay in a Petri dish with a final volume of 30 mL with a mix of PDA medium (200 g of potato, 20 g of glucose, and 15 g of a... | - Colony diameter (in cm) of Fusarium oxysporum from control group and limonene-treated groups (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 μL/mL) after 5 days of growth.
- Inhibition rate (%) of Fusarium oxysporum from control group and limonene-treated groups (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 μL/mL) after 5 days of growth.
- Disc ... | A group of post-harvest scientists wants to test the effectiveness of limonene in controlling the growth of hyphae of a potato pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. To do this, they developed an in vitro assay in a Petri dish with a final volume of 30 mL with a mix of PDA medium (200 g of potato, 20 g of glucose, and 15 g of a... | A. Only at 5 μL/mL | - Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most prevalent and virulent pathogens causing potato dry rot.
- Limonene, a bioactive compound, is a monoterpene widely distributed in plants and a key component of plant essential oils that is characterized by its lemon-like aroma.
- Limonene inhibits Fusarium species, specifically, ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most prevalent and virulent pathogens causing potato dry rot."},{"label":"Title","value":"Survey for potato wilt in Pennsylvania and Southern New York"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02911740"},{"label":"Date","value":"... |
Biology | Microbiomics | MCQ | Gut Microbiota Modulates and Predicts Disease Severity in Experimental Pemphigoid Disease
| https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679837v1 | October 1, 2025 | To verify the influence of the microbiota composition on the severity and progression of Pemphigoid Disease, researchers, using a passive model of bullous pemphigoid-like epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (BP-like EBA), compared C57BL/6J mice from two sources that differed in their baseline microbiota. A total of 90 fema... | - Relative abundance (%) of each operational taxonomic unit (OTU) across mice with differing disease severity scores (0–4 scale) under a passive model of bullous pemphigoid-like epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (BP-like EBA) following 16S rRNA gene sequencing of fecal DNA prior to disease induction. | To verify the influence of the microbiota composition on the severity and progression of Pemphigoid Disease, researchers, using a passive model of bullous pemphigoid-like epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (BP-like EBA), compared C57BL/6J mice from two sources that differed in their baseline microbiota. A total of 90 fema... | A. Researchers only found one OTU significantly associated with disease severity. | - Pemphigoid diseases can be induced in mice either by repeated injections of rabbit IgG against Col 17/ Col7 (passive models), or immunization of mice with recombinant fragments of murine Col 17/ Col7 (active models)
- Mice that did not develop clinical disease, although serum anti-Col7 IgG and tissue-bound IgG and C3... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Pemphigoid diseases can be induced in mice either by repeated injections of rabbit IgG against Col 17/ Col7 (passive models), or immunization of mice with recombinant fragments of murine Col 17/ Col7 (active models)"},{"label":"Title","value":"A passive transfer model of the organ-specific... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Potent antimicrobial activity of hydrogel loaded with the antimicrobial peptide, D-Bac8c2,5 Leu, against monospecies and polymicrobial biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1571649/full | April 24, 2025 | Researchers studied the effectiveness of five antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AMPs D-Bac8c2,5 Leu (RLWVLWRR, 1183.47 g/mol, +4), DRGN-1 (PSKKTKPVKPKKVA, 1535.95 g/mol, +7), 1037 (KRFRIRVRV, 1228.54 g/mol, +7), IDR-1018 (VRLIVAVRIWRR, 1535.93 g/mol, +5),... | - Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values across different antimicrobial peptide treatments (D-Bac8c2,5 Leu, DRGN-1, 1037, IDR-1018, RP557) and comparator antibiotics (fusidic acid, gentamicin, mupirocin) against bacterial strains (SH1000, BH48, USA300 LAC, BH1CC, PAO1). | In a MIC (minimum inhibitory concetration) assay, five antimicrobial peptides (AMPs): D-Bac8c2,5 Leu (RLWVLWRR, 1183.47 g/mol, +4), DRGN-1 (PSKKTKPVKPKKVA, 1535.95 g/mol, +7), 1037 (KRFRIRVRV, 1228.54 g/mol, +7), IDR-1018 (VRLIVAVRIWRR, 1535.93 g/mol, +5), RP557 (RFCWKVCYKGICFKKCK, 2139.73 g/mol, +7) were tested agai... | B. D-Bac8c2,5 Leu requires a higher MIC against P. aeruginosa compared to S. aureus | - AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) are emerging as treatment alternatives to antibiotic-resistant strains due to antimicrobial properties, immunomodulatory effects, and low toxicity. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) are emerging as treatment alternatives to antibiotic-resistant strains due to antimicrobial properties, immunomodulatory effects, and low toxicity."},{"label":"Title","value":"AMPs as anti-biofilm agents for human therapy and prophylaxis"},{"label":"URL","valu... |
Biology | Cancer Biology/Cell Biology | Free-Format Question | Loss of tumor suppressor p53 upregulates stem cell factor SOX9 via Notch signaling | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.05.27.656408v1 | May 31, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether p53 controls Notch signalling and thereby SOX9 expression. Experimentally, they analyzed the level of Notch signalling proteins between p53-WT and p53-KO MaSC organoids derived from mouse breast tissue. p53-WT and p53-KO organoids were treated with DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) control and 10 ... | - Protein expression levels of NOTCH, NICD1 and SOX9 (WT and p53-KO organoids in DMSO vs Nutlin) | Researchers grew mouse-derived mammary organoids in culture. Conditions included WT and p53 knockout organoids as well as control and Nutlin-3 treated. They were used to identify whether loss of P53 activates NOTCH signalling in these cultures. Would you expect there to be a significant change if NICD1 protein upon los... | In organoid culture, we could only see a modest increase in NICD1 levels upon p53 loss. | - In BLBC, TP53 is mutated in nearly 90% of the cases
- SOX9, a key developmental transcription factor of the luminal progenitor cells in mouse and human breast
- SOX9 expression has also been linked to cancer progression for various cancer types such as breast cancer 26,42-46
- NICD1 can regulate SOX9 by binding to ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"In BLBC, TP53 is mutated in nearly 90% of the cases "},{"label":"Title","value":"Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumors"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11412"},{"label":"Date","value":"September 23, 2012"},{"label":"Justification (\"Paywall... |
Biology | Cryobiology / Cancer Biology | MCQ | Enhancing cryopreservation of ex vivo 3D tumor models using vitrification strategies | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679784v1 | October 3, 2025 | Researchers determined the efficiency of the cryopreservation protocols, warm vitrification versus slow-freeze, by observing post-cryopreservation tissue viability in comparison with the results from fresh samples. The 2 cancer cell lines in the study are the human-derived ovarian (TOV112D) and prostate (49F). Each can... | - Quantitative data of the area and count of Ki-67 (proliferation) positively stained pixels relative to negative background pixels (%) of each preservation method (fresh sample, warm vitrification, and slow-freeze), of each cell line (49F and TOV112D).
- Quantitative data of the area and count of CC3 (apoptosis) posit... | The efficiency of two cryopreservation methods, slow-freeze and warm vitrification, was evaluated by measuring post-cryopreservation proliferation levels and apoptosis levels of microdissected tissue explants (MDTs) derived from 2 cell lines, 49F (ovarian tumor) and TOV112D (prostate tumor), in comparison with the resu... | C) Proliferation level of 49F: Fresh sample > Slow-Freeze = Warm Vitrification; Apoptosis level of 49F: Fresh sample = Slow-Freeze > Warm Vitrification; Proliferation level of TOV112D: Fresh sample > Warm Vitrification = Slow-Freeze; Apoptosis level of TOV112D: Fresh sample > Warm Vitrification = Slow-Freeze | - Given the limited availability of tumor material from surgical or biopsy specimens, microdissected tissue explants (MDTs) from a single tumor sample maintained under microfluidic platforms would enable the study of multiple tailored treatment modalities on representative patient-derived tumor models.
- Slow freezing ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Given the limited availability of tumor material from surgical or biopsy specimens, microdissected tissue explants (MDTs) from a single tumor sample maintained under microfluidic platforms would enable the study of multiple tailored treatment modalities on representative patient-derived ... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | MCQ | Comparative Analysis of the Effects of PSPH and PHGDH Inhibitors on Tumor Cell Proliferation | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.04.28.650903v1 | Apr 30, 2025 | Researchers assessed the correlation between inhibition of serine metabolism and tumour growth. Cell proliferation was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. HCC-70 and BT-20 cells were grown in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium). All media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/... | - Cell proliferation was assessed on cell lines (HHC-70 and BT-20) treated with PSPH or PHGDH in DMEM medium lacking serine and glycine using CCK-8 assay.
| Researchers cultured HCC-70 and BT-20 cells in serine and glycine-free DMEM media containing either PSPH or PHGDH inhibitors at final concentrations of 40 or 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, 0.15625, or 0.07812 μM. After 4 days of treatment, 10 μL of CCK-8 solution was added to each well and incubated at 37°C for 2... | C. The PSPH inhibitors failed to significantly inhibit cell proliferation | - Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) converts 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (3PHP).
- PHGDH is also involved in several other critical metabolic processes, including one-carbon metabolism, redox homeostasis via NAD⁺/NADH balance, α-KG production, and nucleotide biosynthesis.
- PHGDH inhibiti... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) converts 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (3PHP). "},{"label":"Title","value":"Serine Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumorigenesis, Tumor Immunity, and Clinical Treatment"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/... |
Biology | Plant Developmental Biology, Crop Science | MCQ | The lag phase of seed development plays an important role in determining the maximum potential final seed weight in soybean (Glycine max L.) | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.679780v1 | October 7, 2025 | An experiment was conducted to investigate how genetic background and resource availability influence early soybean seed development. Researchers selected four maturity group-0 cultivars representing contrasting seed sizes (two small-seeded: C1 and C2; two large-seeded: C3 and C4). Plants were grown under either contro... | - Lag phase duration (days): temporal tracking from anthesis (open flower marking) until pods contained 3 mm seeds (measured via pod dissection and seed measurement); recorded for all four cultivars under both control and depodding conditions
| An experiment was conducted to investigate how genetic background and resource availability influence early soybean seed development. Researchers selected four maturity group-0 cultivars representing contrasting seed sizes (two small-seeded: C1 and C2; two large-seeded: C3 and C4) under two conditions: control (normal ... | A) Large-seeded cultivars exhibited significantly longer lag phase durations than small-seeded cultivars, regardless of treatment condition.
B) Lag phase duration showed a strong positive correlation with final seed weight across all cultivars and treatments. | - The lag phase is a plant developmental stage where embryo cells undergo continuous cell division to form preglobular, globular, and heart shapes, and reach the maximum number of cotyledon.
- Since the number of cotyledon cells generated during the lag phase is positively associated with seed weight, the length of the... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The lag phase is a plant developmental stage where embryo cells undergo continuous cell division to form preglobular, globular, and heart shapes, and reach the maximum number of cotyledon."},{"label":"Title","value":"Control of Seed Growth in Soya Beans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]"},{"label... |
Biology | Plant Biology | Free-Format Question | Jasmonate primes plant responses to extracellular ATP | https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.70514 | October 6, 2025 | Researchers analyzed how various plant stress hormones influence extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling differently. eATP-induced cytosolic Ca²⁺ levels after hormonal treatment (50 µM methyl jasmonate [MeJA], 300 µM salicylic acid [SA], 50 µM aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid [ACC], or 50 µM abscisic acid [ABA]) were measu... | - Summed cytosolic Ca²⁺-induced luminescence (nM) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing apoaequorin across treatments with plant stress hormones (50 µM MeJA, 300 µM SA, 50 µM ACC, 50 µM ABA) and a mock control, followed by ATP-induced bioluminescence. | Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings expressing the calcium reporter apoaequorin were used to measure eATP-induced cytosolic Ca²⁺ responses. On the 8th day after germination, individual seedlings were transferred to single wells of 96-well plates containing the apoaequorin substrate coelenterazine, 2 mM MES buffer... | MeJA treatment enhanced the eATP-induced cytosolic Ca²⁺ response, SA suppressed it, and ABA and ACC showed no significant effect compared to the mock treatment. | - Extracellular ATP (eATP) is a biologically active molecule that is normally maintained at low concentrations outside the cell, where it functions as a signaling molecule mediating processes such as cytosolic Ca²⁺ responses.
- Plant hormones like MeJa, SA, ABA and ACC mediate plant responses to environmental queues an... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Extracellular ATP (eATP) is a biologically active molecule that is normally maintained at low concentrations outside the cell, where it functions as a signaling molecule mediating processes such as cytosolic Ca²⁺ responses."},{"label":"Title","value":"Identification of a Plant Receptor for... |
Biology | Neuroscience | Free-Format Question | Minor Cannabinoids CBD, CBG, CBN and CBC differentially modulate sensory neuron activation | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.680148v1 | October 3, 2025 | Researchers prepared primary cultures of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from 8-12 week C57BL/6 (wild type), total TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1-/-), and conditional CB1R knockdown lines (CB1R flox Advillin-Cre or Nav1.8-Cre). Laboratory diet was freely available to mice ad libitum. Lumbar DRGs were dissociated... | - ΔF/F% (Intracellular Ca²+ response) for cannabinoid (cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC)) in cultured mouse DRG neurons (log dose-response curves).
- ΔF/F% (Intracellular Ca²+ response) of neurons classified as responders for each mouse line (C57BL/6 and TRPV1-/-)
- So... | Harvested adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from 8-12 week C57BL/6 were administered doses of 0.1-100 μM of differents cannabinoids: cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabichromene (CBC). Cannabinoids stock (2 mg/ml) was previously prepared (CBD in 1:1 ethanol:water; CBG/CBN/CB... | CBD shows an approximately linear increase in ΔF/F% across 0.1-100 μM, whereas CBN exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship. | - Minor cannabinoids are a diverse set of diterpene-related molecules derived from the plant Cannabis sativa that have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
- Sensory neurons are functionally distinguished by their unique properties of activation, typically requiring noxious thermal, chemical and/or mechanical st... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Minor cannabinoids are a diverse set of diterpene-related molecules derived from the plant Cannabis sativa that have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties."},{"label":"Title","value":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of cannabinoids, cannabis-based medicines, and endocannabinoid sy... |
Biology | Cancer Biology/Immunology | Numerical Values | Reduced CSF1R expression in myeloid cells has limited impact on chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.680920v1 | Oct 7, 2025 | Researchers investigated whether Csf1r (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor) expression impacts the growth of CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) in a mouse model. Csf1r+/- C57BL6J x C3Heb/FeJ mice were crossed with Eu-TCL1 C57BL/6J mice to create TCL1tg/wt Csf1r+/- (Csf1r haploinsufficient) and control TCL1tg/wt Csf1r... | - Percentage of CLL cells (%) in the spleen (CD45+, CD19+, and CD5+ cells relative to total CD45+ leukocytes) in WT vs. Csf1r-haploinsuffient mice. | Researchers investigated whether Csf1r (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor) expression impacts the growth of CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) in a mouse model. Csf1r+/+ C57BL6J x C3Heb/FeJ mice were crossed with Eu-TCL1 C57BL6J mice to create TCL1tg/wt Csf1r+/- (Csf1r haploinsufficient) and control TCL1tg/wt Csf1r... | 42% +/- 5 | - The tumor microenvironment is critical in supporting CLL cell survival.
- Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is critical for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes and acts exclusively through the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R).
- Preclinical studies have shown that blocking CSF1R can disru... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The tumour microenvironment is critical in supporting CLL cell survival"},{"label":"Title","value":"Role of the tumor microenvironment in CLL pathogenesis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196323000987?via%3Dihub"},{"label":"Date","value":"Jun... |
Biology | Neurobiology / Stem Cell Biology | Numerical Values | The Staufen2 modulates the temporal dynamics of human neurogenesis in vitro | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.02.679988v1.full.pdf | October 2, 2025 | Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines were used to generate STAU2 knockout (KO) and isogenic wild-type (WT) control lines. Functional STAU2 KO lines were produced by deleting exons 7 and 8 of the STAU2 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Following genome editing, cells were plated in mTeSR1 medium supple... | - Percentage of TUBB3-positive cells quantified by immunocytochemistry in STAU2 knockout (KO) and isogenic wild-type (WT) cells.
- Total cell count per image using DAPI nuclear staining in STAU2 knockout (KO) and isogenic wild-type (WT) cells. | Researchers generated functional STAU2 knockout (KO) human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using CRISPR/Cas9 to delete exons 7 and 8 of the STAU2 gene. These STAU2 KO lines and their isogenic wild-type (WT) controls were differentiated under identical neural induction conditions. On Day 11 of differentiation, cu... | Δ TUBB3⁺ neurons = [1.7 – 2.1] percentage points, derived from WT = [3.8 %], STAU2 KO = [5.7 %] at Day 11 of neural differentiation. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → fallback ± 0.2 pp applied (per Numeric Tolerance Policy). | - The Staufen (Stau) family of double-stranded RBPs is essential for neurogenesis and neuronal function across species
- Loss of STAU2 in the developing mouse cortex triggers premature cortical radial glial cells (RGCs) differentiation and mislocalization of key mRNAs such as Prox1 and Trim32
- Induced pluripotent stem... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The Staufen (Stau) family of double-stranded RBPs is essential for neurogenesis and neuronal function across species\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"Staufen2 regulates neuronal target RNAs"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24360961/"},{"label":"Date","value":"Dec 26, ... |
Biology | Biology/Animal Behavior | Free-Format Question | Sleep-wake cycle and behavioral disturbance in a mouse model of frustrative nonreward | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671819v2 | September 29, 2025 | Researchers studied how an unexpected reduction in reward value (sucrose) affects mice behavior. Mice were housed in a controlled environment with a 12-h light/dark cycle, at a temperature of 23 ±1 °C, and had ad libitum access to food, water, and nesting material. 16 mice were used for the consummatory reward downshif... | - Video tracking of time spent in the reward zone (1/3 of the cage area closest to the sucrose bottle nozzle) for 1 hr per session (10 pre-shift sessions during which downshifted mice received 16% sucrose and unshifted controls received 2% sucrose, followed by 5 post-shift sessions during which both groups received 2% ... | Behavior of 16 mice were evaluated based on a reduction of rewards, in this case a sucrose solution for 15 days of a consistent light/dark cycle. Eight of these mice were administered 2% sucrose solution for the 15-day duration of the experiment, while the other 8 were administered 16% sucrose solution for 10 days, and... | By the third downshift day, time in the reward zone should be back to roughly pre-shift levels. | - Predictability of a reward can work as a cue to organize activity patterns.
- Craving an expected reward can elicit strong anticipatory behavior that can persist after the reward is removed.
- Unexpected onmission of a reward can trigger a negative emotional state (frustration). | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Predictability of a reward can work as a cue to organize activity patterns."},{"label":"Title","value":"Random access to palatable food stimulates similar addiction-like responses as a fixed schedule, but only a fixed schedule elicits anticipatory activation"},{"label":"URL","value":"htt... |
Biology | Cancer Biology / Cell Biology | Numerical Values | Collagen-Based Tumor Spheroid Model for Investigating Tumor Macrophage Interactions through Extracellular Matrix Remodeling | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.01.679587v1 | October 03, 2025 | Researchers developed a 3D collagen-based tumor spheroid model to investigate the impact of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived macrophages on cancer cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cancer cell-macrophage interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
MDA-MB-231 GFP breast cancer cells were ma... | - Fold change of secreted proteins (MMP-9, Cathepsin B, Cathepsin D, Cathepsin S, CCL2, Osteopontin, Galectin-3, and Progranulin) in conditioned medium collected at day 5 from (TS+/Mφ-), (TS+/Mφ+), and (TS-/Mφ+) experimental conditions (Proteome Profiler Human Oncology Array). | Researchers developed a 3D collagen-based tumor spheroid model to investigate cancer cell-macrophage interactions. MDA-MB-231 GFP breast cancer cells embedded in Matrigel (1x10^5 cells/mL) were employed to generate tumour spheroids (TS). TS were transferred to a 3D hydrogel model derived from rat tail collagen I. Perip... | Osteopontin (OPN) fold-change (FC) [(TS+/Mφ+)/(TS+/Mφ-)] = 36 - 44. Note, no CI/SE/SD reported → ±10 % fallback applied over the FC value of ~ 40. | - Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial players, comprising up to 50% of tumor mass and associated with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer.
- The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support, mediates biochemical signaling, and dynamically interacts with cancer cells to influence tumor growth, ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial players, comprising up to 50% of tumor mass and associated with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer."},{"label":"Title","value":"Tumor-associated macrophages: unwitting accomplices in breast cancer malignancy"},{"label":"URL","value":"h... |
Biology | Cancer Biology/Cell Biology | Numerical Values | VH032 suppresses glioma proliferation by inhibiting the VHL/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12477846/ | Sep 18, 2025 | Researchers investigated the effects of the drug VH032 on glioma cell migration by wound healing assay. Human U87MG and U251GBM cell lines were cultured at 5% CO2 atmosphere conditions in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1 % antibiotics (streptomycin/penicill... | - Relative migration rate (%) in glioma cell lines (U87MG and U251) at 0 and 24 hours after the addition of serum-free medium with different reagents (Blank, DMSO, VH032). | Researchers investigated the effects of the drug VH032 on wound healing by measuring the relative migration rate of human U87MG and U251 cell lines, following injury. Previously, cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% antibiotics (streptomy... | 17.32%-21.16% | - Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an E3 ligase that functions primarily as a tumor suppressor gene and plays a crucial role in cancer prevention
- VHL is efficacious in cancer treatment, with findings highlighting its anti-tumor activity in ovarian cancer.
- VH032 can recruit the VHL protein. The cornerstone of this regulat... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is an E3 ligase that functions primarily as a tumor suppressor gene and plays a crucial role in cancer prevention"},{"label":"Title","value":"VHL, the story of a tumour suppressor gene"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc3844"},{"label":"Dat... |
Biology | Microbiology / Molecular Biology | Numerical Values | The Ubiquitination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3717 Promotes Proteasomal Degradation of Interleukin Enhancer-Binding Factor | https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101414 | October 14, 2025 | Researchers aimed to investigate the role of Rv3717 in Mycobacterium spp. pathogenicity. For this purpose, the recombinant strains rM.smeg (control) and rM.smeg/Rv3717 (Tg+ Rv3717) were constructed using electroporation of wild-type Mycobacterium smegmatis with pSUM_EGFP and pSUM_Rv3717-EGFP plasmids, respectively. The... | - Bacterial clearance rate (%): in dHTP-1 cells at 0, 1, 3, and 6h post-infection with rM.smeg and rM.smeg/Rv3717 | Researchers aimed to investigate the role of Rv3717 in Mycobacterium spp. pathogenicity. The recombinant strains rM.smeg (control) and rM.smeg/Rv3717 (Tg+ Rv3717) were constructed through transfection of wild-type Mycobacterium smegmatis with pSUM_EGFP and pSUM_Rv3717-EGFP plasmids, respectively. THP-1 cells different... | Ground Truth Answer (GTA): Bacterial clearance rate (rM.smeg/Rv3717; 3h) = 22.5 - 32.5 %. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported → ±5 % fallback applied over 27.5 %. | - Rv3717 has been identified as a peptidoglycan (PG) amidase, playing a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the mycobacterial cell wall
- Rv3717 has been implicated in facilitating bacillary dissemination to the spleen and promoting intracellular survival in murine infection models | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Rv3717 has been identified as a peptidoglycan (PG) amidase, playing a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the mycobacterial cell wall"},{"label":"Title","value":"Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3717 on cell division and cell adhesion"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.... |
Chemistry | Polymer Science | Free-Format Question | Ethylene and Alkyl Acrylate Copolymers Made-to-Order Using Dynamic Cation Switching Polymerization and Evidence for Improved Polymer Degradability with Low Polar Group Density | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c714a13e708a76490f3069 | September 18, 2025 | Given these polymers with the average molecular weight of ~20 kg/mol:
- polyethylene (PE-1)
- ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA-1), containing 0.8 mol% methyl acrylate
- ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA-2), containing 1.1 mol% methyl acrylate
- ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA-3), containing 1.4m... | -Tensile tests, performed on an Instron Model 5567 equipped with a 1000 N load cell.
The T-bone tensile specimen (ASTM D638, type V) was made by compression molding using a hydraulic press.
| The following polymers with an average molecular weight of ~20 kg/mol were subjected to tensile tests:
- polyethylene (PE-1)
- ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA-1), containing 0.8 mol% methyl acrylate
- ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers (EMA-2), containing 1.1 mol% methyl acrylate
- ethylene-methyl acrylate co... | % elongation at break: EMA-3<PE-1<EMA-1<EMA-2 | -Development of cation-tunable polymerization catalysts (using Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cs⁺), where changing the cation type or ratio modulates polymer properties.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Development of cation-tunable polymerization catalysts (using Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cs⁺), where changing the cation type or ratio modulates polymer properties."},{"label":"Title","value":"Fine-Tuning Nickel Phenoxyimine Olefin Polymerization Catalysts: Performance Boosting by Alkali Cations"},{"la... |
Chemistry | Organic chemistry | Numerical Values | Direct conversion of methane to value-added hydrocarbons using alkali metal-promoted cobalt catalysts | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/ra/d5ra02408k | July 7, 2025 | All catalysts were prepared using incipient wetness impregnation. The base catalyst consisted of 20 wt% Co supported on γ-Al₂O₃ (surface area: 75.32 m²/g), promoted with alkali metals Li, Na, K, or Rb at loadings ranging from 0.1-10 wt%. Metal nitrates served as precursors: LiNO₃, NaNO₃, KNO₃, RbNO₃, and Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O.... | Gas chromatography analysis of effluent gases
Flame ionization detector for hydrocarbons
Thermal conductivity detector for CO, CO₂, CH₄
Standard calibration curves (R² > 0.995)
%CH₄ conversion calculation
%C₂⁺ selectivity calculation
%C₂⁺ yield calculation
Repeatability testing (3+ runs)
Carbon balance verification | Predict the C₂⁺ yield (%) achieved when using the 4.6K–Co/Al₂O₃ catalyst under optimal reaction conditions (640°C, atmospheric pressure, CH₄:O₂ = 2:1, 40 mg catalyst, 40 mL min⁻¹ total flow rate) for the oxidative coupling of methane reaction. | 8.1%. Note: The fallback applied is +/-5% so any energy value inside the following range is also acceptable: [7.7%, 8.5%]. | -Despite its environmental impact, methane is also a valuable raw material for producing more complex and economically essential compounds. Efficient conversion of methane into higher-value chemicals can provide a dual benefit of mitigating climate impact and creating valuable products.
-Methane conversion can proceed... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Despite its environmental impact, methane is also a valuable raw material for producing more complex and economically essential compounds. Efficient conversion of methane into higher-value chemicals can provide a dual benefit of mitigating climate impact and creating valuable products."},{... |
Chemistry | Materials Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Nonaqueous formation mechanism of zirconium and hafnium oxo clusters | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c7d21e3e708a76493253b0 | Sep 23, 2025 | In order to follow the ester formation over time, a metal block was designed which can hold 20 mL vials. An additional plastic cover was used to minimize temperature fluctuations.
The metal block (with cover) was put onto a stirring plate inside a fridge (4◦C) and heated to 15◦C. In a standard Zr12-acetate synthesis, a... | - Concentration of ester, measured via solution NMR spectroscopy, in M. | To monitor ester formation over time, a special metal block was designed to hold 20 mL vials, with an additional plastic cover to minimize temperature fluctuations. During the reaction, aliquots were taken and mixed with CDCl3 cooled in brine for immediate NMR measurement. The ester concentration was calculated by inte... | The ester concentration does not exceed 0.67 M (= 1.33 equivalents). The ester is thus exclusively a byproduct of the cluster formation. | RBK 1 - Understanding how to use EXAFS and PDF data profiling. As EXAFS measures atomic environment, while PDF profiling is for short to medium range information, both track cluster formation in non-aqueous metal systems.
RBK 2 - Observing and identification of Trinuclear intermediates in Zr or Hf clusters. Trinuclear... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":" Understanding how to use EXAFS and PDF data profiling."},{"label":"Title","value":"Beyond crystallography: the study of disorder, nano crystallinity and crystallographically challenged materials with pair distribution functions"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/art... |
Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry / Materials Science | Numerical Values | Tuning the surface charge of cellulose super-bridging agents for improved performance during wastewater treatment | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68c8727e9008f1a467b917e2 | September 19, 2025 | Recycled cardboard was used as a starting material to prepare a suspension of cellulose fibers. Cardboard was torn into 5 cm pieces and soaked in warm tap water for 5 min before blending for 7 s in a Ninja blender at 40 g/L. The resulting suspension was poured over a 160 μm sieve and rinsed in Milli-Q water for 60 s be... | - Metal analysis: for processed samples collected from jar tests (after 30s and 180s of settling) meant to elucidate the removal of metals from all tested groups (Conventional: no fibers; Pristine: 150 mg/L unmodified fibers; Modified: 50 or 150 mg/L modified fibers) (iCAP 6000 series ICP Spectrometer, ThermoFisher Sci... | Cellulose fibers modified with quaternary ammonium groups were obtained by oxidation with (meta)periodate followed by quaternary ammonium functionalization with 2-hydrazinyl-2-oxoethyl)-trimethylazanium chloride (i.e., Girard’s reagent T). A jar test using synthetic wastewater (SWW) was employed to determine the perfor... | 53 - 63%. Note: no CI reported → fallback ±5 pp applied. | - The coagulation-flocculation process is the most commonly used physicochemical method in wastewater treatment plants. In this process, a hydrolyzing metal coagulant is used in conjunction with a polymeric flocculant to destabilize suspended particles and facilitate floc formation and subsequent settling.
- As jar te... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- The coagulation-flocculation process is the most commonly used physicochemical method in wastewater treatment plants. In this process, a hydrolyzing metal coagulant is used in conjunction with a polymeric flocculant to destabilize suspended particles and facilitate floc formation and sub... |
Physics | Physics, non-linear optics, nanotechnology | MCQ | Efficient and tunable frequency conversion using periodically poled thin-film lithium tantalate nanowaveguides | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03162 | May 06, 2025 | An experiment is conducted to characterize the thermal properties of a periodically poled thin-film lithium tantalate (PPLT) waveguide. The LT waveguide has a fixed width of 1µm and a thickness of 600nm with a 100nm thick unetched layer. The estimated poling period is 2.75µm at a pump wavelength of 1550nm. The device f... | - The peak wavelength of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) spectrum as a function of the waveguide's temperature.
- The absolute conversion efficiency of the SHG process as a function of on-chip pump power.
- The temperature-dependent resonant wavelength shift of a separate microring resonator device. | An experiment is conducted to characterize the thermal properties of a periodically poled thin-film lithium tantalate (PPLT) waveguide. The LT waveguide has a fixed width of 1µm and a thickness of 600nm with a 100nm thick unetched layer. The estimated poling period is 2.75µm at a pump wavelength of 1550nm. The bus wave... | c) The peak wavelength exhibits a strong linear dependence on temperature, with a blue shift. | - TFLN has certain limitations, like a low optical damage threshold and a strong photorefractive effect, restricting its performance under high power.
- TFLT demonstrates an enhanced optical damage threshold, a broader transparent window, and a lower birefringence, further enhancing its potential for devices such as el... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"TFLN has certain limitations like low optical damage threshold and strong photorefract effect, restricting its performance under high power."},{"label":"Title","value":"Erbium doping of lithium niobate on insulator using low-temperature ion exchange"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://opg.op... |
Chemistry | Nanoscience / Photoelectrochemistry | Numerical Values | A feasible, low temperature production of germanium nanowires: a photoelectrochemical study | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68ca71d43e708a7649a87938 | September 22, 2025 | Germanium nanowires (GeNWs) were prepared using thermal CVD of GeH₄ (Union Carbide, 98%) on copper substrates (Provetro, 99.99%). Substrates were first cleaned with No. 1200 abrasive paper, followed by ultrasonic cleaning in acetone (Lachner, 99.98%), dried with a heat gun, and placed into a glass tube with an inner di... | - Cyclic voltammetry (CV) (I [mA] vs E [V]) measured with a Biologic SP-150e potentiostat for Ge/Cu samples grown at 180–330 °C, scanned from –2.0 to –0.6 V under dark and illuminated (~5 Sun) conditions, using a two-electrode setup in 0.1 M K₂HPO₄ (pH ≈ 8.1) at 22 °C.
- Photocurrent (I [mA]) measured with a Biologic S... | Germanium nanowires (GeNWs) were synthesized via thermal CVD on copper substrates (99.99% purity) at 180, 220, 280, and 330 °C using germane (GeH₄, 98%) at 30 kPa for 60 min under 5–10 Pa pressure. Cyclic voltammetry (I [mA] vs E [V]) was measured with a Biologic SP-150e potentiostat in a two-electrode setup (GeNW/Cu w... | Photocurrent (I)= 0.25 ± 0.2 mA, for 220 ºC and -1.2V at illuminated conditions Note: confidence/standard error not reported → fallback uncertainty ± 0.2 mA applied. | - GeNW: Germanium nanostructures, most commonly germanium nanowires, synthesized by a variety of deposition techniques
- CVD method: GeNWs are grown on molten metal nanodroplets; the process is simple but causes unwanted metal doping that cannot be fully removed.
- Cyclic voltammetry (CV): is the electrochemical method... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- CVD method: GeNWs are grown on molten metal nanodroplets; the process is simple but causes unwanted metal doping that cannot be fully removed."},{"label":"Title","value":"Growth, Thermodynamics, and Electrical Properties of Silicon Nanowires†"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.or... |
Chemistry | Polymer Chemistry (ring-opening polymerization, organocatalysis & kinetics) | Numerical Values | Ureate anion-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of CO2-derived lactones: rapid catalysis through pKa matching | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/6887985423be8e43d66ebd05 | July 30, 2025 | Researchers investigated ureate-anion–catalyzed ROP of DEtP under neat conditions at 25 °C using U2 urea (1 mol %), KHMDS (1 mol %), and 1,4-benzenedimethanol (BDM, 1 mol %). To quantify impurity effects, rigorously purified DEtP was doped with defined 2-ethylheptanoic acid (EHA) loadings of 0.00, 0.10, 0.50, 0.75, and... | -Monomer conversion vs time tracked by ¹H NMR for DEtP under fixed catalyst/base/initiator loadings at 25 °C.
-Pseudo–first-order rate constant k_obs (min⁻¹) obtained from the slope of ln([DEtP]ₜ/[DEtP]₀) vs time.
-Focus condition for the prediction task: EHA = 0.10 mol % (others 1 mol %). | Under neat conditions at 25 °C with U2 (1 mol%), KHMDS (1 mol%), and 1,4-benzenedimethanol initiator (BDM, 1 mol%) for DEtP ring-opening polymerization, the monomer was deliberately doped with 0.10 mol % 2-ethylheptanoic acid (EHA). What single value did the authors report for the pseudo-first-order rate constant k_{o... | k_{obs} for DEtP ROP at 0.10 mol % EHA (U2 1 mol %, KHMDS 1 mol %, BDM 1 mol %, 25 °C, neat) = 0.11 min⁻¹, accept 0.10–0.12 min⁻¹. | -ROP monitoring by ¹H NMR: Conversion is calculated from relative integrals of monomer vs polymer resonances in the ¹H NMR spectrum.
-Definition of k_obs: The pseudo–first-order rate constant is obtained from the slope of ln([DEtP]ₜ/[DEtP]₀) vs time (units reported per table: h⁻¹ in Table 1; min⁻¹ in Table 2).
-pKₐ mat... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-pKₐ matching concept (urea/base): Rates increase as urea pKₐ approaches the base’s pKₐ-H; this mirrors prior Waymouth reports on (thio)urea-catalyzed ROP cited in the paper."},{"label":"Title","value":"Organic Ring-Opening Polymerization Catalysts: Reactivity Control by Balancing Acidity"... |
Physics | Physics/Nuclear Physics | Numerical Values | Measurement of 3,4He(K−,π0)3,4 Λ Hreaction cross section and evaluation of hypertriton binding energy | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16967 | September 21, 2025 | Researchers investigated the production of light hypernuclei (³ΛH and ⁴ΛH) via the in-flight (K⁻, π⁰) reaction on liquid ³He and ⁴He targets to determine the hypertriton binding energy.
A 1.0 GeV/cK⁻ beam was directed onto cryogenic ³He and ⁴He targets at J-PARC's K1.8BR beam line. The setup included a timing counter (... | - γ-ray energy recorded by the PbF₂ Cerenkov calorimeter to identify π⁰ decays from the (K⁻, π⁰) reaction.
- π⁻ momentum measured by the cylindrical drift chamber within the CDS to reconstruct mesonic weak decay of ³ΛH and ⁴ΛH.
- Beam particle timing obtained from the timing counter to synchronize the incident K⁻ beam ... | Researchers aimed to study the decay of hypernuclei ⁴ΛH; decay points (π⁻) are detected using a tracking system combined with a time-of-flight detector. To minimize contamination from muons, events are selected with mass-squared M² ≥ 0.015 (GeV/c²)², where M² is determined from the momentum and TOF measurements. Based ... | 94.5%-95.1% | - Hypernuclei are produced via the in-flight (K$^-$, $\pi^0$) reaction at a forward angle. A u-quark in the target proton is replaced by an s-quark, thereby converting the participant proton into a Λ hyperon.
- The production of $^{3,4}_\Lambda$ hypernuclei can be identified effectively by also considering the subseque... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The production of $^{3,4}_\\Lambda$ hypernuclei can be identified effectively by also considering the subsequent mono-energetic pions from $^{3,4}_\\Lambda$H → $^{3,4}$He + $\\pi^-$ two-body mesonic weak decay."},{"label":"Title","value":"Precise lifetime measurement of H hypernucleus usin... |
Physics | Nuclear Physics / Particle Physics | MCQ | Features of the EAR2 neutron beam following the spallation target upgrade at the n_TOF facility at CERN | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00042 | April 29, 2025 | Researchers characterized the EAR2 neutron beamline at CERN's n_TOF facility after installing a new spallation target. The previous target consisted of a monolithic solid lead cylinder, which limited cooling efficiency and neutron yield uniformity. The current design consists of a segmented solid lead spallation target... | - Neutron flux measured with SiMon2
- Resonance structures in 197Au(n,γ) and 56Fe(n,γ) reactions
- Beam interception factor for samples of different diameters
- Beam profile recorded by PPACMon at 19.95 m with 1.5 mm resolution.
- γ-flash timing is used to define neutron TOF and energy calibration.
- Target temperature... | After installation of a segmented lead spallation target with a flat wedge at CERN’s n_TOF EAR2 beamline, researchers conducted a complete characterization of the neutron beamline using SiMon2 (6Li), MGAS (10B and 235U), and PPACMon (235U and 238U) detectors.
The setup included a water moderator, vacuum window, and two... | A. The segmentation and wedge likely improved proton impact uniformity and moderation efficiency in water, resulting in generally enhanced low-energy flux below ~10 keV and a smoother energy-dependent flux profile across detectors, with resonance sharpness in 197Au and 56Fe largely preserved. | - Neutron flux is the number of neutrons per proton pulse integrated over the spatial profile of the neutron beam arriving at the experimental area.
- A spallation target is a heavy metal target where high-energy protons collide with nuclei to produce neutrons through spallation reactions.
- The n_TOF facility is a neu... | null |
Physics | Optics | MCQ | Observation of resonant doublet and variable finesse in a tabletop meter-scale linear three-mirror cavity | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03416 | May 06, 2025 | The experiment used a linear three-mirror Fabry–Perot cavity of 1.00 m total length, divided symmetrically into two 0.50 m sub-cavities. Mirrors M₁–M₃ were dielectric Laseroptiks mirrors with reflectivity R=90±2 and outer-mirror radii of curvature of 1 m. The central mirror (M₂) was fixed; M₁ and M₃ were mounted on Pie... | - The transmission spectrum of the symmetric three-mirror cavity as a function of the sub-cavity length scan.
- The relative amplitudes of the two peaks within the observed resonant doublets.
- The spectral widths of the two peaks within the observed resonant doublets. | In order to study resonance frequency splitting, researchers devised a linear three-mirror Fabry-Perot cavity of 1.00 m total length, divided symmetrically into two 0.5 m sub-cavities. The position of the non-central mirrors at each end was adjusted by piezo stages providing 10 µm travel. A coherent 1064 nm source illu... | B) The two peaks within a doublet exhibited a random and fluctuating asymmetry in their amplitudes. | - The first sub-cavity in the three-mirror system can be interpreted as a virtual mirror, whose effective reflection and transmission coefficients vary with its tuning.
- The reflectivity and transmissivity of the virtual mirror M′1 correspond to those of the Fabry-Perot cavity formed by M1 and M2.
- The symmetry is re... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The first sub-cavity in the three-mirror system can be interpreted as a virtual mirror, whose effective reflection and transmission coefficients vary with its tuning."},{"label":"Title","value":"Recent advances toward mesoscopic quantum optomechanics"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.... |
Physics | Physics/Non-linear dynamics | MCQ | Parametric resonance and nonlinear dynamics in a coupled double-pendulum system | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08509 | September 10, 2025 | Researchers investigated the nonlinear dynamics and parametric resonance phenomena in a collision-coupled double pendulum system (Lato Lato 2.0) to experimentally validate theoretical predictions derived from Lagrangian mechanics.
A reciprocating motor with adjustable frequency and amplitude was employed to provide ve... | - Time series of each pendulum angle recorded by high-speed video analysis | Researchers studied the maximum stabilized angle of a Lato Lato 2.0 coupled double pendulum. This pendulum comprised two 0.10644 kg steel balls connected through 0.245 m rigid rods to an axle indirectly attached to the base of a square piston. The piston was driven by a reciprocating motor of adjustable amplitude and f... | D. No discernible peaks are observed in the ω/ω_0 = 1.0-2.0 range. | - The solution to the equation of motion of the damped, rigid pendulum shows oscillatory amplitude growth that eventually saturates due to the transition to a non-linear regime.
- In other systems, such as discrete time crystals, parametric resonance occurs at driving frequencies that are integer multiples of the natur... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The solution to the equation of motion of the damped, rigid pendulum shows oscillatory amplitude growth that eventually saturates due to the transition to a non-linear regime."},{"label":"Title","value":"A magnetic pendulum for demonstrating Mathieu-type parametric resonance"},{"label":"UR... |
Physics | High energy particle physics | Free-Format Question | Measurement of muon neutrino induced charged current interactions without charged pions in the final state using a new T2K off-axis near detector WAGASCI-BabyMIND. | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.07814 | September 09, 2025 | The experiment was carried out using the T2K muon-neutrino beam produced at J-PARC. Protons of 30 GeV struck a graphite target, and the resulting secondary particles, mainly pions, were focused by magnetic horns before decaying in a 96 m decay pipe to produce a muon-neutrino flux. The WAGASCI-BabyMIND detector was posi... | - Flux-integrated total cross section per nucleon for νμ CC0π interactions on hydrocarbon (CH).
- Flux-integrated total cross section per nucleon for νμ CC0π interactions on water (H₂O).
- Differential cross section as a function of muon momentum (pμ).
- Differential cross section as a function of muon angle (cosθμ)... | Using the off-axis (1.5°) T2K νμ beam (flux peak ≈0.7 GeV) and the WAGASCI–BabyMIND detector on H₂O and CH targets, and noting that at these energies CC0π interactions are dominated by quasi-elastic νμ + n → μ⁻ + p on neutrons (so free hydrogen protons in CH do not contribute to νμ CC0π per nucleon), state in one short... | Comparable within typical experimental uncertainties
| - Muon-neutrino charged-current interactions (νμ CC): Muon neutrinos interact via the weak force, producing muons in CC events. This is fundamental to oscillation physics.
- CC0π event definition: CC0π refers to charged-current interactions where no charged pion is observed in the final state, a key category in neutri... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Muon-neutrino charged-current interactions (νμ CC): Muon neutrinos interact via the weak force, producing muons in CC events. This is fundamental to oscillation physics."},{"label":"Title","value":"The T2K Experiment"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1106.1238"},{"label":"Dat... |
Physics | Experimental Condensed Matter Physics | Free-Format Question | Effects of thermal treatment on micro-Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells prepared by one-stage selenization of sputter Cu–In–Ga precursor | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2515-7655/ae020e | September 19, 2025 | Researchers investigated the effects of microstructuring and thermal treatment on the properties of CIG absorbers and device performance. A 100 nm thick SiOxNyNa barrier was first deposited on soda-lime glass by RF magnetron sputtering, followed by a 500 nm Mo black contact bilayer. The SLG/SiOxNy/Mo substrates were cl... | - Current density-voltage (J-V) of the micro solar cell was measured under AM 1.5G illumination.
- Raman spectroscopy of the micro-CIGSe was measured with a laser power of 3 mW at 532 nm. | The effects of microstructuring and thermal treatment on the properties of CIG absorbers and device performance were studied. SLG/SiOxNy/Mo substrates were made and cleaned ultrasonically. PECVD deposited a SiOx layer, and a positive photoresist was spin-coated, patterned by direct laser writing, and developed. CIG pre... | The main dominant mode, A1, is red-shifted relative to the typical A1 position for CIGSe. | - CPV has achieved remarkably high efficiencies, with current records of 30.8% at 61× for flexible single-junction GaAs, 47.6% at 665× and four-junction GaAs concentrator solar cells, and 23.3% at 14.7× for thin-film CIGSe.
- In the top–down fabrication, co-evaporation is employed, yielding high-quality CIGSe micro-ab... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"CPV has achieved remarkably high efficiencies, with current records of 30.8% at 61× for flexible single-junction GaAs, 47.6% at 665× and four-junction GaAs concentrator solar cells, and 23.3% at 14.7× for thin-film CIGSe. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Flexible Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cells W... |
Biology | Immunology | MCQ | Hemoglobin alpha regulates T-lymphocyte activation and mitochondrial function | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.01.668160v2 | Aug 2, 2025 | Researchers investigated the role of T-lymphocyte-specific hemoglobin alpha-a1 (Hba-a1) in the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They used Wild-type C57BL/6J (shorthand WT) and B6.Cg-Tg(Cd4-cre)1Cwi/BfluJ (shorthand CD4-cre) mice. Conditional Hba-a1 knock-out mice were crossed with CD4-Cre mi... | - Daily clinical EAE disease severity scores (scale 0–5), tracked for each mouse up to 14 or 28 days.
- Daily body weight measurements for each mouse, up to 14 or 28 days.
- Circulating plasma cytokine levels at 14 and 28 days post-immunization.
- Percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in the spleen and inguinal lym... | Researchers tested whether T-lymphocyte-specific hemoglobin alpha-a1 knockout alters the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They used Wild-type C57BL/6J and B6.Cg-Tg(Cd4-cre)1Cwi/BfluJ (shorthand CD4-cre) mice. Conditional Hbα-a1 knock-out mice were crossed with CD4-Cre mice to generate pan-T-... | B. Mice lacking Hbα in T-lymphocytes exhibited delayed progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) compared to wild-type control animals | - Hemoglobin: A protein traditionally known for oxygen transport in erythrocytes, which is now recognized to be expressed in non-erythroid cells where it possesses diverse redox functions.
- Hbα (Hemoglobin alpha): A specific subunit of the hemoglobin protein that is expressed in T-lymphocytes, where its expression is... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Hemoglobin has been shown to possess varying redox functions and regulatory mechanisms throughout its diverse cellular potency"},{"label":"Title","value":"Hemoglobin Expression in Nonerythroid Cells: Novel or Ubiquitous?"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates can encode plastic-degrading enzymes that allow survival on plastic and augment biofilm formation | https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(25)00421-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124725004218%3Fshowall%3Dtrue | May 27, 2025 | Researchers investigated how a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-W23), which produces a novel polycaprolactone (PCL)- degrading enzyme, forms biofilms in the presence of PCL. PA-W23 was shown to include a PCL-degrading enzyme (pap1). The biofilm assay tested Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate WT PA-W2... | - Absorbance at 570 nm of biofilms formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (PA-W23, Δpap1, cΔpap1, PA14) grown with and without PCL beads.
- Biofilm formation (%) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (PA-W23, Δpap1, cΔpap1, PA14) grown with and without PCL beads. | Scientists performed a biofilm assay to investigate how a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (WT PA-W23), which produces a novel polycaprolactone (PCL)-degrading enzyme, forms biofilms in the presence of PCL. They tested the clinical isolate PA-W23, Δpap1 (pap1 deletion mutant), cΔpap1 (Δpap1 complemented with ... | B. When cultured without PCL beads, Δpap1 produced biofilm biomass statistically indistinguishable from WT. | - Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a synthetic polyester that is biodegradable, biocompatible, and bioresorbable with a variety of medical uses, such as in sutures, as a composite for dental fillings, and as a collagen-stimulator dermal filler. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"PCL is a biodegradable polycaprolactone commonly used as surgical mesh and sutures."},{"label":"Title","value":"Monocryl® suture, a new ultra-pliable absorbable monofilament suture"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/014296129593577Z"},{"label":"... |
Biology | Toxicology / Natural products | MCQ | Oral Exposure to Chlorella sorokiniana Detoxifies Deoxynivalenol, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisin B1 In Vitro and In Vivo | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/318 | June 23, 2025 | Researchers examined the capacity of Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) powder to adsorb and diminish the intestinal absorption of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in vivo. The heated-air-dried CS powder utilized for in vivo mice administration was obtained from commercially sourced dried biomass of C... | - Plasma levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) after 30 min, 2 h, and 24 h of oral co-administration of 5 mg/kg of DON and either 500 mg/kg of CS powder or vehicle control (LC–MS/MS).
- Plasma levels of DON after 30 min, 2 h, and 24 h of oral co-administration of 5 mg/kg of FB1 and either 500 mg/kg of CS powder or vehicle con... | The detoxification efficacy of Chlorella sorokiniana (CS) dry powder against various mycotoxins was assessed through an in vivo experiment. Male ICR mice (7 weeks old; n = 5 per group) were orally fed either 5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON) or 5 mg/kg fumonisin B1 (FB1), with or without 500 mg/kg CS, following a 3-hour fas... | B) DON plasma levels decreased significantly only after 30 minutes. | - Most deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites rapidly eliminated via urinary excretion in rodents.
- Chlorella spp. exhibits detoxifying activities against various environmental pollutants such as dioxin.
- Chlorella spp. possess thick and highly resilient cell walls composed of complex polysaccharides which contribu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Most deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites rapidly eliminated via urinary excretion in rodents."},{"label":"Title","value":"Sex Is a Determinant for Deoxynivalenol Metabolism and Elimination in the Mouse"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/8/240"},{"label":"Date... |
Biology | Animal behaviour and cognition | MCQ | Environmental enrichment accelerates cortical memory consolidation
| https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.28.667332v1 | July 31, 2025 | Researchers compared the functional characteristics of cortical ensembles after 9 weeks between environmentally enriched and exercise-matched control mice learning a virtual spatial foraging task. Ten male transgenic Thy1-GCaMP6s mice were randomly split into enriched (N=5) and control groups (N=5) and housed in standa... | - Running performance on the treadmill (laps/minute) between environmentally enriched mice and exercise-matched control mice for each session after 9 weeks of training.
- Anticipatory response to the reward site (changes in running speed near the reward site) between environmentally enriched mice and exercise-matched c... | Researchers compared the functional characteristics of cortical ensembles between environmentally enriched and exercise-matched control mice learning a virtual spatial foraging task. Ten male transgenic Thy1-GCaMP6s mice were randomly split into enriched and control groups. Following nine weeks of training, all animals... | C. Only after six days of performing on the treadmill, the enriched group exhibited substantially stronger anticipatory responses than the control group. | - Environmental enrichment improves spatial learning and the ability to predict reward locations.
- Learning performance can be effectively quantified through anticipatory behaviors, such as licking or decelerating before reward delivery
- Rodents that have been exposed to complex environments with more opportunities f... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Environmental enrichment improves spatial learning and the ability to predict reward locations"},{"label":"Title","value":"Exposure to Enriched Environment Improves Spatial Learning Performances and Enhances Cell Density but Not Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in the Hippocampus of Vent... |
Biology | Evolutionary Biology | Free-Format Question | Population Consequences of Single-Cell Damage Dynamics: Theory and Experiment under Glucose Limitation in E. coli | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.25.678661v1.full.pdf | Sep 27, 2025 | Researchers investigated the effects of glucose limitation on Escherichia coli MG1655, which carries a chromosomal PrpoS-GFP reporter. Cells were cultured in M9 minimal medium containing $0.2\%$ Casamino Acids, $0.075\%$ Tween-20, and $1~\mu\text{g}/\text{ml}$ propidium iodide (PI), at 37°C. Two conditions were tested:... | - Division rate (in divisions per hour) estimated from active single-cell lineages ($r > 0.25$) across glucose-rich and glucose-limited conditions.
- Single-cell mortality rate (estimated via growth arrest criterion and PI fluorescence) over time.
- RpoS promoter activity (GFP fluorescence normalized to cell area) ov... | Researchers cultured Escherichia coli MG1655 carrying a PrpoS-GFP reporter in M9 minimal medium supplemented with $0.2\%$ Casamino Acids, $0.075\%$ Tween-20, and $1~\mu\text{g}/\text{ml}$ propidium iodide at 37°C, under two conditions: (1) glucose-rich ($0.4\%$ glucose) and (2) glucose-limited ($0.0\%$ glucose). Using ... | In glucose-limited conditions, mortality rises sharply within a few hours and plateaus around $0.01/\text{h}$, whereas in glucose-rich conditions, mortality remains low for approximately 24 hours before gradually increasing. | - RpoS (sigma factor S) is an overall stress-response regulator in Escherichia coli that governs the expression of genes that are related to survival in adverse environments, including nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, and the stationary phase.
- Propidium iodide (PI) is a fluorescent DNA-binding dye, which is un... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- RpoS (sigma factor S) is an overall stress-response regulator in Escherichia coli that governs the expression of genes that are related to survival in adverse environments, including nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, and the stationary phase."},{"label":"Title","value":"Identificati... |
Biology | Neuroscience | Free-Format Question | Adolescent alcohol exposure disrupts extinction learning and retrosplenial cortex physiology in adult males | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679287v1 | October 1, 2025 | To verify whether adolescent alcohol exposure would produce lasting alterations in extinction recall behavior, researchers exposed male and female C57Bl/6J mice (n = 72) to air or adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) vapor via air or ethanol vapor chamber on a 2 days-on, 2 days-off schedule, for 16 hrs/day beginning a... | - Freezing behavior duration (% of time immobile) in female mice exposed to adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) or air control under trace fear extinction recall. | To verify whether adolescent alcohol exposure would produce lasting alterations in extinction recall behavior, researchers exposed male and female C57Bl/6J mice (n = 72) to air or adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) vapor in air or ethanol vapor chambers on a 2 days-on, 2 days-off schedule for 16 h/day, from postnata... | Extinction recall was not significantly changed in female mice following adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure. | - Initiation of binge drinking during adolescence is one of the single greatest predictors of comorbid affective disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder in adulthood
- Trace fear conditioning is ideally suited for the examination of complex memory formation and extinction
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Initiation of binge drinking during adolescence is one of the single greatest predictors of comorbid affective disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder in adulthood"},{"label":"Title","value":"Age at First Alcohol Use: A Risk Factor for the Development of Alcohol Disorders"},{"lab... |
Biology | metabolic pathways, plant biology | Numerical Values | RETICULATA1 is a plastid-localized basic amino acid transporter | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12449267/ | Aug 22, 2025 | Mutant Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) seeds deficient in the gene 'RE1' via T-DNA insertion - Salk_084529, referred to as re-6 hereafter were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC). The seeds were surface-sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and subjected to cold stratification for 2 days at 4°C befo... | - Mature silique length (mm) across genotypes (Col-0, re-6, re–6 × rer1 (–/+) #22, and re–6 × rer1 (–/+) #23)
| The RE1 transporter gene affects plant growth (causing reticulate leaf growth phenotype) and is though to be related to amino acid transport. A homologous gene, RER1 was identified and was hypothesised to have a similar function. To test this, a knockout line of both homozygous knockout RE1 (re-6) and hemizygous knocko... | ΔSilique = [8.1 - 9.9] mm, derived from re-6 = [~14 mm], re–6 × rer1 (–/+) #23 = [~5 mm]. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±0.90 mm applied. | - RETICULATA1 (RE1) is a member of the RETICULATA (RE) protein family, which comprises eight plastid-localized membrane proteins in Arabidopsis. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"RETICULATA1 (RE1) is a member of the RETICULATA (RE) protein family, which comprises eight plastid-localized membrane proteins in Arabidopsis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3668055/"},{"label":"Title","value":"Functional Redundancy and Divergence within ... |
Biology | Neuroscience, Chronobiology | Free-Format Question | Caffeine induces age-dependent increases in brain complexity and criticality during sleep | https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-025-08090-z | April 30, 2025 | An experiment was carried out to investigate how caffeine changes brain dynamics during sleep by measuring electrophysiological features and their discriminative power. Forty healthy adults aged 20 to 58 years spent two non-consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory, receiving 200 mg caffeine in double-blind crossover fa... | - Spectral power (five frequency bands): µV²/Hz, measured using Welch's method with FOOOF aperiodic removal applied to sleep-scored NREM epochs from 256 Hz EEG, caffeine vs placebo
- Entropy and complexity indices (spectral entropy, sample entropy, spectral sample entropy, and Lempel-Ziv complexity): dimensionless, com... | An experiment was carried out to investigate how caffeine alters brain dynamics during sleep. Forty healthy adults ingested 200 mg caffeine or placebo during an experimental sleep session, and whole-night EEG was recorded and scored into NREM and REM stages. A random forest classifier was trained on all extracted featu... | Entropy/complexity measures ranked highest, followed by criticality metrics, then spectral power. | - While caffeine enhances alertness and cognitive performance, it disrupts sleep quality by increasing sleep latency (time to fall asleep), decreasing sleep efficiency, and reducing time spent in deep sleep.
- Caffeine works primarily as an adenosine antagonist, blocking the natural sleep-promoting effects of adenosine... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"While caffeine enhances alertness and cognitive performance, it disrupts sleep quality by increasing sleep latency (time to fall asleep), decreasing sleep efficiency, and reducing time spent in deep sleep.\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical ... |
Chemistry | Catalysis | MCQ | REVERSIBLE TEMPERATURE-INDUCED SHAPE TRANSITION OF PT NANOPARTICLES SUPPORTED ON AL2O3 | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68d9f47e3e708a7649bab114 | Oct 01, 2025 | γ-Al₂O₃-supported Pt catalyst (5 wt % Pt; average nanoparticle diameter ~1.8 nm; denoted “Pt 1.8 nm/Al₂O₃”) pre-reduced in H₂. Room-temperature HAADF-STEM and 35 °C CO/H₂ chemisorption were used to characterize the sample prior to in-situ studies. In-situ Pt L₃-edge XAS (EXAFS/XANES) was collected between 35–400 °C in ... | - HAADF-STEM, RT): Recorded particle size distribution and morphology images of Pt/Al₂O₃ at room temperature.
- Volumetric chemisorption (35 °C): Measured CO and H₂ irreversible uptake on the catalyst.
- EXAFS (in-situ, Pt L₃-edge): Collected k²-weighted χ(k) and Fourier transforms over ∆k = 3–12 Å⁻¹ to extract first-s... | Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Al2O3 have a significant effect on their shape at different temperatures. Please advise on the observations found on the shape of this cluster if the temperature were to increase? Which of the following outcomes is most likely?
A) Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Al2O3 transition from a flatt... | B) Pt Nanoparticles Supported on Al2O3 transition from a hemispherical shape to flatter 2-2.5D rafts irrespective of the chemical environment of He or H2. | - Supported metal nanoparticles are fluxional. Small supported clusters can change shape and electronic structure as a function of temperature and the adsorbates present.
- Meaning of “2–2.5D rafts.”: “2–2.5D” refers to clusters that are one or a few atomic layers thick, i.e., fewer layers than a hemispherical nanopart... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Supported metal nanoparticles are fluxional. Small supported clusters can change shape and electronic structure as a function of temperature and the adsorbates present."},{"label":"Title","value":"Shape Changes of Supported Rh Nanoparticles During Oxidation and Reduction Cycles"},{"label... |
Biology | Immunology/Cell Biology | Numerical Values | Impaired IFNγ responsiveness of lung monocyte-derived cells limits immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.06.680719v1 | Oct 06, 2025 | Researchers explored how distinct subsets of lung mononuclearphagocytes (MNPs) respond to interferon-γ (IFNγ) during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The MNP populations analysed included alveolar macrophages (AM), monocyte-derived CD11c low (MNC1), and monocyte-derived CD11c high (MNC2) cells, which... | - Mean fluorescence intensity of pSTAT1 in lung single cell samples (AM, MNC1 and MNC2) obtained from Mtb-infected mice (28 dpi), treated with or without IFNγ.
- Relative fold change in median fluorescence intensity of pSTAT1 in lung single cell samples (AM, MNC1 and MNC2) obtained from Mtb-infected mice (28 dpi), tre... | Researchers investigated whether different subsets of lung mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) respond differently to interferon-γ (IFNγ) during murine chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection (28 days). The MNP subsets used were alveolar macrophage (AM), monocyte-derived CD11c low (MNC1) and monocyte-derived CD11c ... | Δ Relative fold change of pSTAT1 after treating AM cells with IFNγ = [4.9 - 5.3], derived from 5.1. No CI reported. Fallback of ±0.2 applied. | -Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the respiratory pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease worldwide.
- Mtb infects multiple subsets of lung mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), among them, monocyte-derived cells (MNC) serve as the major bacterial reservoir during c... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Mtb infects multiple subsets of lung mononuclear phagocytes (MNP), among them, monocyte-derived cells (MNC) serve as the major bacterial reservoir during chronic infection."},{"label":"Title","value":"Heterogeneity in lung macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is modulated by ... |
Chemistry | Organometallic Chemistry / Analytical Chemistry | MCQ | A Novel Schiff Base Probe Based on Fluorescein for Fluorometric and Colorimetric Dual-Mode Rapid Detection of Cu2+ | https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30183824 | September 20, 2025 | Fluorescein (1.66 g, 5 mmol) was introduced into a three-necked flask containing 50 mL of ethanol. Excess hydrazine hydrate (2.5 mL) was then slowly added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was heated to 80 °C and refluxed while stirring for 6 h to obtain a dark red transparent solution. The dark red solution was sub... | - UV-Visible absorption spectra: before and after Cu2+ (12 µM) addition to probe AH (10 µM) in ethanol/HEPES (9:1, v/v, 20 mM HEPES) system with different pH values (2 - 12) (Cary 8454 UV-Vis spectrophotometer).
- Fluorescence spectra: before and after Cu2+ (12 µM) addition to probe AH (10 µM) in ethanol/HEPES (9:1, v... | Researchers synthesized a novel compound (probe AH) using fluorescein hydrazide and 8-hydroxyjulonidine-9-carboxaldehyde as raw materials. In order to investigate the influence of solution pH on the luminescence performance of AH probe (10 µM), the changes in fluorescence intensity and absorbance of the probe during th... | D) The fluorescence intensity (512 nm) approaches zero within the pH range of 7–12, while absorbance (452 nm) stabilized within the pH range of 5–9. | - Schiff base substances exhibit remarkable advantages in the detection of heavy metal ions due to the presence of lone electron pairs on the nitrogen atom within the imine bond in their structure, and their robust coordination ability with metal ions.
- Fluorescein and its derivatives are frequently employed as key ma... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Fluorescein and its derivatives are frequently employed as key materials for fabricating metal ion detection probes, owing to their superior photochemical properties, including high fluorescence quantum yield, extended absorption and emission wavelengths, excellent photostability, favora... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry | MCQ | Raoult’s Law Comparison of Liquid Mixtures Using UV−vis Spectroscopy: A Physical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c01373?ref=article_openPD | April 17, 2025 | Researchers investigated which binary liquid mixture, acetone/toluene or acetone/ethyl acetate, behaves more ideally according to Raoult’s law. Approximately 50 mL of each pure liquid (acetone, toluene, and ethyl acetate) were provided to prepare mixtures. Each binary system was prepared at six mole fractions of the se... | - Absorbance of each mixture at characteristic wavelengths (278 nm for acetone, 258 nm for toluene, and 209 nm for ethyl acetate) was recorded using UV–vis spectroscopy (Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer). | Two binary liquid mixtures, acetone/toluene and acetone/ethyl acetate, were prepared with mole fractions of 0.0–1.0 for the second component. UV–vis spectra of the vapor phase were analyzed and fitted to second-order polynomials to evaluate deviations from Raoult’s law.
Based on the experimental results, which of the f... | A. The acetone/ethyl acetate mixture behaves more ideally.
C. Both mixtures show negative deviations from Raoult’s law. | - Raoult's Law: used to assess the behavior of an ideal liquid mixture, where for a binary system the total vapor pressure is given by p = xApA + xBpB.
- Ideal liquid mixture: An ideal liquid mixture is one in which A···B intermolecular forces are identical to those of A···A and B···B, and the vapor pressure of each co... | [] |
Chemistry | Photochemistry | Free-Format Question | Synthesis and Photophysics of 5-(1-Pyrenyl)-1,2-Azoles | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/7/4/120 | July 27, 2025 | A 10 μM solution of 5-(pyren-1-yl)isoxazole (compound 3) is prepared in acetonitrile at ~20°C. The compound exhibits strong fluorescence with absorption at 351 nm and emission at 398 nm when excited at 300 nm. To investigate acid-base interactions, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 0.1 M) is added incrementally in varying qua... | -Absorption spectra recorded from 300-480 nm after each TFA addition to compound 3
-Fluorescence emission spectra recorded from 325-550 nm (λexc = 300 nm) after each TFA addition to compound 3
-Limit of detection calculations using 3σ/slope relationship from linear calibration plots | TFA is added incrementally in varying quantities (0.1-300 μL) to a 5-(pyren-1-yl)isoxazole (compound 3) solution in acetonitrile. Predict the spectroscopic changes that will occur in the fluorescence emission spectrum, upon adding TFA to compund 3. | Upon TFA addition, the emission band at 398 nm dramatically decreases, accompanied by a new emission band emerging at 350 nm. | -Isoxazole ring basicity and protonation at the sp² nitrogen atom
-The N-heterocyclic core incorporation as an electron-donating group (EDG) and an electron withdrawing group (EWG) extends π-electron delocalization and promotes intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), aggregation-induced emission/quenching (AIE/AIQ), or ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Isoxazole ring basicity and protonation at the sp² nitrogen atom"},{"label":"Title","value":"Access to Five-Membered N-Heteroaromatic Compounds: Current Approach Based on Microwave-Assisted Synthesis"},{"label":"URL","value":"http://dx.medra.org/10.17374/targets.2022.25.436\n"},{"label":"D... |
Chemistry | Physical Chemistry / Electrochemistry / Materials Chemistry | Free-Format Question | Time-resolved photo-electrochemical measurements to study band bending of BiVO₄ photoanodes. | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68b1a2e2728bf9025e19a17e | September 05, 2025 | Polycrystalline monoclinic BiVO₄ thin films (~100 nm) were deposited on single-side-polished Nb-doped SrTiO₃ substrates (⌀ 5 mm, 0.5 mm) by pulsed-laser deposition using a KrF excimer laser (248 nm, 1.5 J·cm⁻², 10 Hz) at room temperature and vacuum; ~5000 pulses were used, followed by ex-situ annealing in air at 450 °C... | - Disk current transients under chopped AM 1.5G. During the CV sweep (0–2.5 V vs RHE; 20 mV s⁻¹; 1600 rpm), record time-resolved disk photocurrent with 1 s on / 1 s off chopping; acquisition resolution ≈ 0.83 ms (time) and 50 µV (potential); LED switching transient ~3 ms.
- Switching-induced capacitive features. At ea... | When BiVO₄ photoanodes were subjected to chopped AM 1.5G illumination, how did the switching-induced capacitive peaks behave across the four potential regions (I, II, IIIa, IIIb), specifically in terms of their sign and presence at light switch-on and switch-off? | In Region I (≤0.5 V_RHE), the switch-on peak was negative and the switch-off peak was positive.
In Region II (0.5–0.95 V_RHE), the switch-on peak was negative and the switch-off peak was positive, with a magnitude about one order of magnitude smaller than Region I.
In Region IIIa (0.95–1.25 V_RHE), the switch-on peak w... | - Flat-band potential (E_fb): the potential at which band bending vanishes in a semiconductor/electrolyte interface.
- Mott–Schottky pitfalls: Mott–Schottky analysis assumes depletion-layer capacitance dominates and that interface states and frequency dispersion are negligible. When surface states or parallel Helmholt... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Flat-band potential (E_fb): the potential at which band bending vanishes in a semiconductor/electrolyte interface."},{"label":"Title","value":"Flat band potential determination: avoiding the pitfalls"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2019/ta/c9ta09569a"}... |
Physics | High-Energy Experimental Physics | MCQ | Testing perturbative QCD calculations with beauty-mesonproduction in proton–proton collisions with ALICE | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00458 | August 30, 2025 | Researchers measured the production cross section of B⁰ mesons to test perturbative QCD calculations. The model system used proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of √s=13.6 TeV, provided by the LHC and recorded by the ALICE experiment during Run 3. B⁰ mesons were fully reconstructed via their decay c... | - The production cross section of B⁰ mesons, measured as a function of transverse momentum (Pt) in the range 1<Pt<23.5 GeV/c and at a midrapidity (∣y∣<0.5).
- The ratio of B⁰ meson production cross section at midrapidity (ALICE) to the B⁺ mesons production cross section at forward rapidity (LHCb), as a function of Pt.
... | The production cross section of B⁰ mesons was measured in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV, down to a very low transverse momentum of 1 GeV/c at midrapidity. This low Pt region is challenging for perturbative QDC calculations. When compared to state-of-the-art theoretical predictions, whi... | a) The measured cross section is found to be same as with all considered theoretical predictions, within their respective uncertainties across the measured Pt range. | - The production cross section of B0 mesons is measured in the rapidity range |y| < 0.5 and the 1 < pT < 23.5 GeV/c interval, and is computed from the B0 raw yields, which include particles and antiparticles, extracted in each pT interval via a fit to the invariant mass distribution of selected candidates.
- The B0 pr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The production cross section of B0 mesons is measured in the rapidity range |y| < 0.5 and the 1 < pT < 23.5 GeV/c interval, and is computed from the B0 raw yields, which include particles and antiparticles, extracted in each pT interval via a fit to the invariant mass distribution of selec... |
Physics | Physics/Condensed Matter Physics | MCQ | Assessment of transparent conductive oxides as back contacts for inline-fabricated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2515-7655/adfd86 | September 16, 2025 | The researchers examined the use of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) as transparent back contacts (TBCs) in Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) thin-film solar cells fabricated through an industrial inline co-evaporation process. Different TCO materials were deposited on glass substrates, followed by absorber growth, buffer and wi... | • Electrical performance (JV):
• Under one-sun AM1.5G illumination (WACOM solar simulator).
• Bifacial JV with dual LED simulators for front/back illumination.
• Efficiency (PCE), fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current density (JSC).
• Optical characterization:
• Tran... | Which transparent conductive oxide (TCO) back contact produced the best-performing Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cell when fabricated in the industrial inline process?
A. Indium tin oxide (ITO)
B. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)
C. Indium–zinc oxide (IZO)
D. Zirconium-doped indium oxide (IZrO)
| D. Zirconium-doped indium oxide (IZrO)
| • Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) Thin-Film Solar Cells are Semiconductor absorber materials composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium used in high-efficiency thin-film photovoltaics.
• Transparent Back Contact (TBC) is a conductive and optically transparent layer that replaces the conventional opaque molybdenum (Mo) ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) Thin-Film Solar Cells are Semiconductor absorber materials composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium used in high-efficiency thin-film photovoltaics."},{"label":"Title","value":"Efficiency boost of bifacial Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells for flexible and tan... |
Chemistry | Environmental Chemistry / Interfaces | Numerical Values | Size Dependent Uncatalyzed Sulfite Oxidation in Aqueous Microdroplets | https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c01509 | September 11, 2025 | Researchers investigated the uncatalyzed oxidation of sulfite to sulfate by O2 in aqueous microdroplets deposited on a superhydrophobic substrate, as a function of size, gas-phase composition, and temperature, utilizing in situ micro-Raman spectroscopy. The superhydrophobic substrate, with a contact angle of 160.1 ± 3.... | - Inverse sulfate formation time scale (1/τsulfate, min–1): for microdroplets of different radii (1.5 - 112 μm) at 0, 9, 21% O2 and 298 K (micro-Raman spectrometer). | Researchers investigated the uncatalyzed oxidation of sulfite to sulfate by O2 in aqueous microdroplets deposited on a superhydrophobic substrate, as a function of size, gas-phase composition, and temperature, utilizing in situ micro-Raman spectroscopy. Microdroplets (1.5 - 112 μm radii) were generated from the bulk so... | 1/τsulfate (8.3 μm, 21% O2, 298K) = 2.56 - 3.12 x 10^-3 min^-1. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±10% applied. | - Aqueous aerosol microdroplets are unique microreactors; compared to bulk phase solutions, the air−water interface in these systems enhances reaction rates and enables redox chemistry.
- S(IV) oxidation is accelerated in micron-sized aqueous aerosols compared to bulk solutions.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Aqueous aerosol microdroplets are unique microreactors; compared to bulk phase solutions, the air−water interface in these systems enhances reaction rates and enables redox chemistry."},{"label":"Title","value":"Organic Reactions in Microdroplets: Reaction Acceleration Revealed by Mass S... |
Physics | Quantum Physics | Free-Format Question | Experimental observation of subabsorption | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09872 | June 11, 2025 | The experiment is performed inside an ultrahigh vacuum chamber which is kept at a base pressure of ~10⁻⁹ torr. The model system was ultracold rubidium-87 atoms prepared in a magneto-optical trap at low optical depth and a dilute density of about 0.01 atoms per cubic wavelength. The main intervention was exposing the en... | - Time dependent absorption of resonant laser pulses
- Transmission with and without atoms (single photon counting module)
- Absorption rise time under varied conditions (optical depth, atomic temperature, laser detuning), obtained from exponential fits | Researchers prepared ultracold rubidium-87 atoms in a magneto-optical trap at a temperature of about 40 microkelvin and low optical depth. The atoms were illuminated with weak resonant laser pulses on the D2 line at 780 nanometers, each pulse generated by an acousto-optic modulator with an 8-nanosecond rise time and co... | At an optical depth of 0.1, the measured absorption rise time will decrease when the atomic temperature is increased from 60 to 80 μK. | - By controlling the atomic positions in a cavity using a nano-patterned mask, they demonstrated that the atomic ensemble can absorb photons in the cavity mode at a rate faster than what is dictated by single-atom physics.
- An ensemble of atoms may interact with light in a way that is qualitatively different than how ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"By controlling the atomic positions in a cavity using a nano-patterned mask, they demonstrated that the atomic ensemble can absorb photons in the cavity mode at a rate faster than what is dictated by single-atom physics."},{"label":"Title","value":"Realization of superabsorption by time re... |
Physics | Nanophotonics Physics | MCQ | Distance dependent interaction between a single emitter and a single dielectric nanoparticle using DNA origami | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03580 | May 06, 2025 | An experiment investigates the potential of a 140 nm crystalline silicon nanoparticle using a DNA origami scaffold. A 7249-nucleotide-long scaffold extracted from the M13mp18 bacteriophage was folded into the desired shape using 243 staples in 1xTAE, 12 mM MgCl2, pH 8 buffer. It was mixed in a 10-fold excess of staples... | - The fluorescence lifetime ($\tau$) of single molecules at distances of ≈7 nm and ≈20 nm from the silicon nanoparticle.
- The overall fluorescence intensity of single molecules at distances of ≈7 nm and ≈20 nm from the silicon nanoparticle. | In the experiment, a single fluorescent molecule is placed at short distances (≈7 nm and ≈20 nm) from a dielectric (silicon) nanoparticle. What is the combined effect on the molecule's fluorescence lifetime ($\tau$) and its overall fluorescence intensity?
A) The fluorescence lifetime is significantly reduced, while th... | A) The fluorescence lifetime is significantly reduced, while the overall fluorescence intensity remains essentially unchanged. | - An optical antenna modifies the emission of a nearby light source (emitter) by altering its local electromagnetic environment. This typically speeds up the emitter's decay processes, resulting in a reduced fluorescence lifetime.
- Plasmonic antennas, made from metals like gold or silver, suffer from high ohmic losses... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"An optical antenna modifies the emission of a nearby light source (emitter) by altering its local electromagnetic environment. This typically speeds up the emitter's decay processes, resulting in a reduced fluorescence lifetime."},{"label":"Title","value":"Plasmonic Nanoantennas: Fundament... |
Physics | Applied Physics | Numerical Values | Spalled barium titanate single crystal thin films for functional device applications | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04045 | May 7, 2025 | A ~20 μm thick, ~0.5 x 1.5 mm² barium titanate (BTO) film was fabricated by spalling a (001)-oriented bulk crystal previously coated with a Ti and Au seed layer and electroplated with Ni. The spalled film was analyzed with the Teng-Man technique using an incident light of wavelength 1520 nm, polarized at 45°, to obtain... | - The DC and modulated output intensities of a reflected laser beam as a function of the modulating voltage, modulating frequency and phase retardation. | The electro-optic Pockels coefficient $r_{33}$ of a spalled and poled barium titanate (BTO) thin film was characterized using two different measurement configurations. One measurement averaged the response over a large, multi-domain area of the film. A second, separate measurement used lenses to probe a much smaller, l... | 120-200 pm/V | - Barium titanate (BTO) is a perovskite oxide material with exceptional electro-optic properties suitable for photonic devices.
- Spalling is a fabrication technique where a thin, single-crystal layer is exfoliated from a bulk substrate using a metal stressor layer.
- The Pockels effect is a linear electro-optic effect... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Barium titanate (BTO) is a perovskite oxide material with exceptional electro-optic properties suitable for photonic devices."},{"label":"Title","value":"Barium Titanate Nanostructures and Thin Films for Photonics"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202001249"},{"label":... |
Physics | Semiconductor Physics | Numerical Values | Direct Bandgap Photoluminescence of GeSn grown on Si(100) substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy Growth | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04096 | May 07, 2025 | Different GeSn layered structures were grown on a 2-inch wafer Si(100) utilizing the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with Knudsen cells made of pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN) crucibles, loaded with ultra-high (7N) pure intrinsic Ge and metallic Sn respectively. The samples were grown in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) MBE chamb... | - The depth profile of Ge and Sn concentration, measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).
- Thickness of the GeSn layer for different Sn concentrations. | Two multi-layered GeSn samples, S1 and S2, were grown on Si substrates using MBE in a UHV chamber through a multi-step annealing process. Two Ge buffer layers were grown in The first GeSn layer was grown after cooling the substrate to ~180°C. What is its measured GeSn layer thickness (in nm) for sample S2, whose second... | GeSn layer thickness = [473-578] nm.
No CI/SE/SD reported → a fallback ±10% applied. | - Germanium-Tin (GeSn) is a Group IV semiconductor alloy that is of interest for silicon-based photonics because its bandgap can be tuned to become a direct-gap material by increasing the Sn concentration.
- Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) is a crystal growth technique used to deposit high-quality, single-crystal thin fil... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Germanium-Tin (GeSn) is a Group IV semiconductor alloy that is of interest for silicon-based photonics because its bandgap can be tuned to become a direct-gap material by increasing the Sn concentration."},{"label":"Title","value":"Si-Ge-Sn alloys: From growth to applications"},{"label":"U... |
Physics | Soft Condensed Matter | Numerical Values | Negative drag force on beating flagellar-shaped bodies in active fluids | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.13129 | Aug 18, 2025 | Researchers examined how a translating, periodically beating “virtual flagellum” alters drag in an active colloidal bath by projecting a dynamic light pattern (length 275 µm, thickness 35 µm, waveform amplitude 10 µm with 1.75 oscillations, period 2π/ω ) that moved at constant speed u along −x . The model system was a ... | - Mean x-component of drag force on the flagellum, ⟨F_x⟩ , as a function of translational speed u , measured at fixed beating frequency ω=0.013Hz and varying active-particle propulsion speed v_0
- Active-particle density maps near the flagellum - particle tracking from time-lapse microscopy with spatial binning/phas... | In a quasi-2D bath of light-driven Janus colloids (7.89 µm SiO₂, 60 nm carbon) with self-propulsion set by a scanned 532 nm spot, a translating, periodically beating virtual flagellum (L = 275 µm, d = 35 µm, A₀ = 10 µm, period = 2π/ω) moves at speed (u); the x-component of the time-averaged force (\langle F_x\rangle) i... | The zero-drag crossing speed (u^*) of (\langle F_x\rangle(u)) is 0.18–0.22 µm s⁻¹ (No CI/SE/SD is given; The fallback is ±0.02 µm s⁻¹ )
| - When these particles are illuminated with laser light (λ = 532nm) the carbon caps are selectively heated above TC, which leads to local demixing and eventually to self-propulsion.
- We note that our experimental approach neglects possible hydrodynamic interactions between APs and a physical body, however, whose int... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"When these particles are illuminated with laser light (λ = 532nm) the carbon caps are selectively heated above TC, which leads to local demixing and eventually to self-propulsion"},{"label":"Title","value":"Tuning the motility and directionality of self-propelled colloids"},{"label":"URL",... |
Biology | Microbiology/Infectious Diseases | MCQ | A novel approach to studying infective endocarditis: Ultrasound-guided wire injury and bacterial challenge in mice. | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318955 | April 7, 2025 | Researchers tested whether endothelial injury plus bacteremia induces murine infective endocarditis. Male and female C57BL/6-J mice (10-12 weeks) underwent ultrasound-guided wire injury of the aortic valve via right carotid access using an Abbott HI-TORQUE 0.014 guidewire that moved 50 times across the valve, with 100 ... | - Incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) by group (WI + BC vs BC only).
- Bacterial load (CFU) in blood and aortic valve tissue by group, dose (10⁴, 10⁵, or 10⁶ CFU), and time post-challenge (1 d, 3 d); assay: culture on blood agar.
- Valve vegetations (present/absent) and aortic regurgitation grade by echocardiogra... | Researchers tested whether endothelial injury plus bacteremia induces murine infective endocarditis (IE). Male and female C57BL/6J mice (10–12 weeks) either underwent aortic valve wire injury (WI) or no injury (BC-only). At 24 h or 72 h post-procedure, mice received an intravenous Staphylococcus aureus challenge of 10⁴... | B) In WI+BC, IE induction and valve burden rise from 10⁴ to 10⁵ and then plateau between 10⁵ and 10⁶; BC-only shows dose-dependent IE with substantial induction at 10⁶ | - Infective endocarditis (IE) is a bacterial infection that primarily involves the heart valves and can form vegetations composed of fibrin and platelets with bacteria.
- Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium capable of colonizing tissues and producing virulence factors relevant to IE.
- Intact valvular end... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Infective endocarditis (IE) is a bacterial infection that primarily involves the heart valves and can form vegetations composed of fibrin and platelets with bacteria. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Infective endocarditis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201659"},... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Growth Optimization Predicts Microbial Success in a Permafrost Thaw Experiment | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.01.673550v2 | September 4, 2025 | The researcher conducted controlled thaw experiments on permafrost cores from three Alaskan sites: the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel (AT), the CRREL Farmers Loop Experimental Station (FL), and the Barrow Experimental Observatory (BEO). Two cores were taken per site, with four replicate subsamples each. Cores were thawed at 2... | - Number and quality of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs).
- Predicted minimum doubling time of each high-quality MAG to compare fast vs. flow growing taxa.
- Changes in abundance from day 0 to 96 of each MAG quantified.
- Community classification by genomic trait grouping (oligotropic vs. copiotrophic) from genomic... | Researchers obtained permafrost cores from three Alaskan sites: the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel (AT), the CRREL Farmers Loop Experimental Station (FL), and the Barrow Experimental Observatory (BEO). They were thawed at 2 °C for 96 days under controlled conditions. DNA was extracted, sequenced and assembled. Metagenome-asse... | A) A small percentage (~10-15%) of oligotrophic bins increased in relative abundance | - Upon rapid thawing of permafrost, changes in biophysical conditions lead to a large shift in microbial communities. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Upon rapid thawing of permafrost, changes in biophysical conditions lead to a large shift in microbial communities. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Metagenomic analysis of a permafrost microbial community reveals a rapid response to thaw"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.com/arti... |
Biology | Ecology | MCQ | Soil microbial legacies and cultivar compatibility modulate the responses of wheat to drought | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679177v1 | September 30, 2025 | Researchers tested how long-term farming (organic vs conventional) and climate (ambient vs future) histories of soil microbiomes influence wheat performance. Soil samples were provided by a large multi-year field experiment in (51° 23’ 30N, 11° 52’ 49E, 116 m a.s.l.), a field containing 50 plots (16 m x 24 m each) arra... | - Germination rate (percentage of seeds that sprouted each day) for all groups (CA, CF, OA, OF, and control) over a period of 6 days.
- Germination time (mins) for all groups (CA, CF, OA, OF, and control) over a period of 6 days.
| Researchers examined how long-term farming practices (organic vs. conventional) and climate histories (ambient vs. simulated future) affect wheat performance through influences on soil microbiomes. Soil samples came from a multi-year experiment with 50 field plots arranged into 10 main plots, each subdivided into diffe... | B. Seeds inoculated with microbes originating from conventional farming exhibited the highest germination rates on day 5. | - Plant genotype-specific exudation patterns chemoattract and selectively enrich microbial taxa that can either mitigate drought effects or strengthen plant stress responses.
- Repeated drought events have been shown to enrich soil and plant microbiomes for taxa with better survival traits.
- Stress‐experienced microbe... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Plant genotype-specific exudation patterns chemoattract and selectively enrich microbial taxa that can either mitigate drought effects or strengthen plant stress responses"},{"label":"Title","value":"Rhizodeposition under drought and consequences for soil communities and ecosystem resilien... |
Biology | Ecology, Biogeography | MCQ | From lowlands to highlands: how elevation and habitat complexity drive anuran multidimensional diversity? | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12514998/ | Oct 8, 2025 | Researchers evaluated how elevation affects the optimal altitudes and altitudinal range size of anuran species (frogs and toads). The study was a test of the applicability of Rapoport's Altitudinal Rule, which states that, as a general principle, species living at higher elevations usually occupy wider altitudinal rang... | - Precise altitude of each identified anuran specimen: metres above sea level, obtained by GPS coordinates cross-referenced with a topographic map; specimens distributed across 24 transects located in four elevation bands (low 200–300 m, mid 400–500 m, mid-high 600–700 m, high 800–900 m)
- Altitudinal range-size distri... | A study was conducted to assess how geographic elevation affects anuran species occurences and altitudinal range size distributions. Researchers sampled anuran assemblages along an elevational gradient from 200 to 950 m in the Atlantic Forest, recording the altitude at which identified specimens were found. From this d... | B. Species with higher optimal altitudes have narrower range-size distributions. | - Altitudinal gradients are changes in environmental conditions like temperature and habitat with increasing elevation, which can create zones of different flora and fauna.
- Rapoport's Rule is a hypothesis suggesting that, as a general principle, species at higher altitudes (or latitudes) have broader geographical ran... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Altitudinal gradients are changes in environmental conditions like temperature and habitat with increasing elevation, which can create zones of different flora and fauna."},{"label":"Title","value":"Habitat amount and ambient temperature dictate patterns of anuran diversity along a subtrop... |
Biology | Gynecologic Cancer | MCQ | Efficacy and Safety of Avutometinib ± Defactinib in Recurrent Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: Primary Analysis of ENGOT-OV6o/GOG-3052/RAMP 201 | https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO-25-00112 | July 11, 2025 | Patients aged ≥18 years with low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) were assigned to different groups to evaluate the efficacy and safety of avutometinib alone or in combination with defactinib. Kirsten rat sarcoma virus homolog (KRAS) mutation status was previously validated in all patients before enrollment. Tumor r... | - KRAS oncogene variant (mutant or wild-type) in patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC).
- Objective response rate (ORR) following administration of avutometinib (3.2 mg twice weekly) and defactinib (200 mg twice daily) in patients with KRAS-mutant and KRAS wild-type tumors.
- Complete response following... | Patients with low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) participated in a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of avutometinib alone or in combination with defactinib. KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus homolog) mutation status was assessed prior to enrollment. Archival tissue was used to evaluate tumor response accordin... | A) KRAS wild-types will have the lowest ORR in both avutometinib alone and in combination with defactinib groups compared to KRAS mutants.
C) KRAS mutant will have the highest ORR in both avutometinib alone and in combination with defactinib groups compared to KRAS wild-types. | - Low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) is often driven by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutations, the most common of which are Kirsten rat sarcoma virus homolog (KRAS) mutations.
- Avutometinib is an oral rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)/MEK clamp that inhibits MEK (i.e., mitogen-activated extracell... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Low-grade serous ovarian cancer is often driven by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutations, the most common of which are Kirsten rat sarcoma virus homolog (KRAS) mutations."},{"label":"Title","value":"Genomic profiling in low grade serous ovarian cancer: Identification of novel... |
Biology | Infectious Disease | Free-Format Question | Antibacterial and wound healing effects of PEG-coated ciprofloxacin-loaded ZIF-8 nanozymes against ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa taken from burn wounds | https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1556335/full | September 10, 2025 | Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from burn patients. Sixty ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were selected based on MIC (CLSI 2023); species identity was confirmed by oprL PCR. ZIF-8 was synthesized from zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 2-methylimidazole, then loaded with ciprofloxacin (1 mg/mL, 6 h, ... | - Disk diffusion (in vitro antibacterial activity): Inhibition zone diameter (mm) on Mueller–Hinton agar after 24 h at 37 °C (tested concentrations 10–50 mg/mL for each formulation).
- MBEC (biofilm eradication): Minimum concentration (mg/mL) that eradicates 1-, 3-, and 5-day biofilms after treatment, quantified by TT... | Researchers tested the cytotoxicity of PEG-coated ciprofloxacin-loaded ZIF-8 nanozymes against ciprofloxacin ZIF-8 nanozymes in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF cells) using the MTT assay. They were tested at concentrations of 10 to 100,000 ng/mL and measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours. How would you expect the cytotoxicit... | PEG-ZIF-8-CIP was consistently less cytotoxic than ZIF-8-CIP in human foreskin fibroblasts, with the most significant safety advantage observed at 24–48 hours. However, by 72 hours, both treatments reached similarly high cytotoxicity levels, with no significant difference between them. | - ZIF-8 (zeolite imidazolate framework-8) is a zinc-based metal organic framework used for drug delivery.
- ZIF-8-based formulations can exhibit antibacterial activity; in this work antibacterial performance is empirically measured (disk diffusion, MBEC), without assigning a specific mechanistic pathway
- Pegylation in... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"ZIF-8 (zeolite imidazolate framework-8) is a zinc-based metal organic framework used for drug delivery."},{"label":"Title","value":"The resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and new approaches for enhancing the efficacy of this antibiotic."},{"label":"URL","value":"https:... |
Biology | Neuroscience | MCQ | Shedding light on left hippocampal mGlu5 in Alzheimer's disease | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680254v1 | October 3, 2025 | To investigate the contribution of hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) to memory deficits in J20 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mice, researchers assessed mGlu5 expression in the hippocampus using western blotting after performing a spatial novelty preference tasks. Hemizygous J20 mice were bred on a C57BL... | - Total time (sec) spent by wild-type and J20 mice during the spatial novelty preference task.
- Percentage of time (%) spent by wild-type and J20 mice in the novel arm, serving as an indicator of spatial memory.
- Protein concentration (ug) from homogenised brain hippocampus of wild-type and J20 mice immediately afte... | Researchers investigated how hippocampal mGlu5 receptor expression relates to memory deficits in J20 Alzheimer’s disease mice. J20 and wild-type mice (bred on a C57BL/6J background) were maintained under standard conditions and given ad libitum food and water. Mice underwent a spatial novelty preference maze test: they... | B. Researchers found that in J20 mice, mGlu5 expression is selectively reduced in the left hippocampus compared to wild-type controls. | - Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.
- The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) is critically involved in the regulation of both long-term potentiation and long-term depression in th... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes."},{"label":"Title","value":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.... |
Biology | Molecular Biology / Human Genetics | Numerical Values | Sex differences in alpha galactosidase protein processing and its impact on disease severity in Fabry disease | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676554v1 | September 17, 2025 | Researchers measured total α-galactosidase A (GLA) enzymatic activity in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Fabry disease (FD) patients and healthy controls. PBMCs were isolated from 10 mL of blood by gradient separation. PBMCs were grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium with... | - Total α-galactosidase A (GLA) activity (nmol/hr/mg) across Fabry disease patients (female vs. male) and healthy controls under fluorometric assay of cultured PBMC lysates using fluorometry. | Researchers measured total α-galactosidase A (GLA) enzymatic activity in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Fabry disease (FD) patients and healthy controls. PBMCs were isolated from 10 mL of blood by gradient separation. PBMCs were grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium with... | 17.3 - 21.1 nmol/hr/mg, derived from median total GLA activity measurements in female Fabry disease patients = 19.2 nmol/hr/mg. Note: no SD/SE/CI reported; ±10 % fallback rule applied. | • The GLA protein is synthesized as a precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and undergoes glycosylation and processing to become a mature, active enzyme in the lysosome.
• Fabry disease is characterized by a deficiency in α-galactosidase A (GLA) enzyme activity due to GLA mutations that result in a range of pheno... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The GLA protein is synthesized as a precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and undergoes glycosylation and processing to become a mature, active enzyme in the lysosome."},{"label":"Title","value":"Synthesis and processing of alpha-galactosidase A in human fibroblasts. Evidence for dif... |
Biology | Neuroscience / Neuropathology | Free-Format Question | The Impact of Formic Acid Treatment on Brain Tissues for Prion Inactivation | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.16.676643v1 | September 17, 2025 | Researchers investigated the morphological effects of formic acid treatment on mouse brain tissues used for prion inactivation. Mouse brain hemispheres from three different models (wild-type C57Bl/6N, 5xFAD Alzheimer's model, and Cer-PrP-225SS chronic wasting disease model) were treated with 95% formic acid for 1 hour ... | • Cortical width measurements (in millimeters) between formic acid-treated and control tissues across different brain regions
• Hippocampal surface area measurements (in square millimeters) between formic acid-treated and control tissues across different brain regions
• Tissue structural integrity and morphological pre... | After formic acid treatment (95% for 1 hour) and H&E staining with microscopic analysis, what would you expect to happen to the cortical width in wild-type mouse brain tissues compared to untreated control samples? | Formic acid treatment significantly reduces cortical width in wild-type mouse brain tissues by 24% compared to untreated controls. | • Prions are infectious, misfolded proteins that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases and are highly resistant to standard inactivation methods
• Formic acid is commonly used for prion decontamination but its effects on tissue morphology are not well-documented
• Histological assessment using H&E staining requires pr... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Prions are infectious, misfolded proteins that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases and are highly resistant to standard inactivation methods"},{"label":"Title","value":"Prions"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.23.13363"},{"label":"Date","value":"November 10, 1998... |
Biology | Botany / Ecology | Numerical Values | Pollination and abiotic stress alter the distribution of variation in floral longevity and opportunities for adaptation | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.07.674481v1.full | September 12, 2025 | Researchers experimentally manipulated pollination rates in a wild population of Sabatia angularis (Gentianaceae) to assess how pollination influences floral longevity. The study was conducted in a large population (>1,000 plants) of S. angularis. Prior to flowering, plants were randomly assigned to one of four pollina... | - Floral longevity calculated as the number of days from petal opening to wilting (curling of all five petals) in tagged buds of S. angularis plants assigned to different pollination treatments (pollinated, control, emasculated, and bagged).
- Day of flower opening in tagged buds of S. angularis plants under different ... | Researchers experimentally manipulated pollination rates in a wild population of Sabatia angularis (Gentianaceae) to assess how this influences pollen gain curves, the phenotypic distribution of floral longevity, trait correlations, and potential costs. This study was conducted in a large (>1,000 plants) population of ... | 7 days (+/- 2.2 SD) | - Empirical studies have shown an inverse correlation between floral longevity and pollinator visitation rates across species or populations.
- In many species, pollination shortens floral lifespan by triggering petal wilting.
- Longer-lived flowers incur costs via resource demands of flower maintenance that are expect... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Empirical studies have shown an inverse correlation between floral longevity and pollinator visitation rates across species or populations"},{"label":"Title","value":"Functional role of long-lived flowers in preventing pollen limitation in a high elevation outcrossing species"},{"label":"U... |
Biology | Molecular Biology/Geroscience | Free-Format Question | Knockdown of the fly spliceosome component Rbp1(orthologue of SRSF1) extends lifespan | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.18.677196v1 | September 21, 2025 | Researchers compared whether the same spliceosome or spliceosome-regulatory genes were differentially expressed in both the mTOR suppression and dietary restriction (DR) datasets, and whether they were modulated in a concordant direction. To test whether spliceosome components associated with both pro-longevity treatme... | - Survival across different female fly lines (daughterless-GeneSwitch driver line, UAS-barc RNAi, UAS-CG4896 RNAi, UAS-CG7974 RNAi, UAS-Rbp1 RNAi, UAS-Prp5 RNAi, UAS-Sf3b1 RNAi) with RU486 (200 µM) versus ethanol controls in Drosophila melanogaster females.
| Researchers identified spliceosome genes upregulated under both mTOR suppression and dietary restriction (DR) and tested whether knocking them down affected lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Using the daGS driver with RU486 to induce RNAi in adults on a rich diet, they targeted barc, Sf3b1, CG4896, CG7974, Prp5, and... | Knockdown of CG4896 and CG7974 did not affect the lifespan, knockdown of barc, Prp5, and Sf3b1 significantly reduced lifespan, whilst Rbp1 knockdown significantly extended lifespan. | - The two best studied treatments which positively impact health and lifespan across species are restriction (DR) and suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
- A shared feature of both mTOR suppression and DR is that they both exert widespread effects on alternative splicing irrespective of species
- A gen... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The two best studied treatments which positively impact health and lifespan across species are restriction (DR) and suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) "},{"label":"Title","value":"Comparative idiosyncrasies in life extension by reduced mTOR signalling and its distinctivene... |
Biology | Microbiology | Numerical Values | Bacillus cereus-derived α-amylase disrupts biofilm formation and quorum sensing in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae | https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-025-04301-z | Jul 29, 2025 | Clinical respiratory Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (n = 25) were evaluated alongside the biofilm-positive control strain ATCC 700603. A purified soil-derived Bacillus cereus α-amylase was tested against a commercial Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase comparator. Antibacterial activity was determined by MIC (lowest e... | - MIC (growth inhibition): lowest enzyme concentration with no visible growth.
- MBC (bactericidal endpoint): no colonies after subculture from wells at or above the MIC.
- Biofilm screening: tube method (crystal violet) and Congo red agar (morphology-based positivity).
- Biofilm inhibition (24 h CV assay): enzyme at ½... | In a microtiter plate assay, mature (5-day) Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms were treated for 48 h at 37 °C with a purified Bacillus cereus-derived α-amylase at concentrations of 16–512 µg/mL in a 96-well plate. Using the MBEC definition (≥99% eradication confirmed by negative subculture), what enzyme concentration (µg/m... | 115.2–140.8 µg/mL | - Fimbriae, encoded by the fim and mrk gene clusters, are heavily involved in biofilm development and pathogenesis.
- α-amylase is an enzyme that degrades extracellular polysaccharides. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Fimbriae, encoded by the fim and mrk gene clusters, are heavily involved in biofilm development and pathogenesis."},{"label":"Title","value":"The Biological Effect of Rosmarinus officinelis L. Essential Oil on Biofilm Formation and Some Fimbrial Genes (fimH-1 and mrkD) of Klebseilla pneumo... |
Biology | Plant genetics | Numerical Values | A deep-time landscape of plant cis-regulatory sequence evolution
| https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.17.676453v1
| September 19, 2025 | Researchers developed "Conservatory", an algorithm that leverages microsynteny and iterative alignments to map conserved non-coding sequences (CNS) - gene associations over evolution. To determine the functional role of CNS-gene association in development, they focused on evaluating the ancient CNS S217 from SlWOX9, an... | - Count number of aberrant phenotypes (shoot apical meristem (SAM) termination, cotyledon defects (multiple cotyledons, lobed cotyledons, and fused cotyledons), leaf fusion, and phyllotaxis defects)
- Comparison of vegetative defects (%) across F2 families with slwox9^(Pro-Reg1-TFBS) allele.
- Genotyping by PCR amplif... | Researchers investigated the functional role of the conserved non-coding sequence (CNS)-gene association in tomato development by identifying CNSs using their newly developed bioinformatic tool, “Conservatory.” They selected S217 as the CNS associated with the SlWOX9 homeotic gene, an ancient and conserved transcriptio... | VD = [ 70 - 80] %. Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±5 pp applied. | - WUSCHEL-HOMEOBOX 9 (WOX9) is an ancient and conserved transcription factor important for embryogenesis that has functions in development, and null mutants in tomato are embryonic lethal.
- S217 is a conserved non-coding sequence from SlWOX9.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"WUSCHEL-HOMEOBOX 9 (WOX9) is an ancient and conserved transcription factor important for embryogenesis that has functions in development, and null mutants in tomato are embryonic lethal."},{"label":"Title","value":"Conserved pleiotropy of an ancient plant homeobox gene uncovered by cis-reg... |
Chemistry | Analytical chemistry | Free-Format Question | Direct infusion acoustic droplet ejection mass spectrometry (diADE-MS): enabling high-throughput shotgun lipidomics | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68b6d7d3a94eede15419aaf9 | September 08, 2025 | Researchers optimized the ADE-MS/MS workflow for high-throughput lipidomics using lipid extracts prepared from human plasma. To evaluate the effect of solvent choice on signal intensity and lipid coverage, five solvents octanol, pentanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and heptanol were tested. Eac... | - Signal intensity of lipid ions measured under ADE-MS/MS conditions using octanol, pentanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and heptanol. as sample solvents at room temperature.
- Lipid coverage determined from precursor ion scans in both positive and negative electrospray ionization modes (+5500 ... | During the optimization of the ADE-MS/MS workflow for high-throughput lipidomics using human plasma extracts, researchers evaluated various solvents octanol, pentanol, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and heptanol, to determine which provided the most stable ion signal and effective lipid ejection. E... | Octanol demonstrated larger lipid coverage in terms of signal intensity. | - ADE-MS/MS: couples high-speed acoustic droplet ejection with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ZenoTOF) via an OPI.
- Solvent: key factor for achieving a stable spray and consistent ionization in the ADE-MS system.
- Electrospray Ionization (ESI): The ADE-MS flow is directed to the ESI source for direct infu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Lipidomics Basics: Lipid species (TG, LPE, SM, etc.) and their variation in human plasma."},{"label":"Title","value":"Analytical Methods in Lipidomics and Their Applications"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ac403554h"},{"label":"Date","value":"November 11, 1... |
Chemistry | Nanomaterials Chemistry | MCQ | Aluminum-Rich Reconstructed Sapphire as a High-Quality Substrate for Tungsten Disulfide Synthesis | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68cd0d2b23be8e43d613d1ae | September 24, 2025 | An AIXTRON cold-wall MOCVD reactor (CCS2D) was used for high-temperature annealing of sapphire substrates. To form the aluminum-rich (√31 × √31)R±9º reconstructed surface (reconstructed sapphire), sapphire substrates (C-plane (0001) 0.2º off M-axis, 2-inch wafers, Silian optoelectronics) were heated >1200 ºC temperatur... | - Crystal size and nucleation density of WS₂ on reconstructed vs standard sapphire, from optical micrographs (optical microscopy).
- PL maps/spectra of WS₂ on both substrate types, before and after transfer to SiO₂/Si: Renishaw inVia; excitation 532 nm, grating 1800 l/mm, objective 100×, NA 0.85, spot ~0.77 µm; record ... | In a CVD experiment, tungsten disulfide (WS₂) was synthesized on two types of sapphire substrates: Standard sapphire and Al-rich reconstructed sapphire. Both substrates were exposed to WO₃ and sulfur precursors under identical furnace conditions. Also, some samples were transferred to SiO2/Si substrates. Which of the f... | A) WS₂ crystals on reconstructed sapphire were significantly larger and denser than on standard sapphire.
B) Photoluminescence (PL) of WS₂ grown on reconstructed sapphire was quenched in the center and enhanced at the edges.
C) Transfer of WS₂ crystals onto SiO₂ substrates removed the edge–center PL difference, confirm... | - In the aluminum-rich (√31 × √31)R±9º reconstructed surface, oxygen atoms are removed from the first few layers of the material, leaving an excess of aluminum (Al) atoms on the surface, having metallic properties which should be beneficial for the synthesis of 2D materials.
- The low-energy tail and the slight red-shi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- In the aluminum-rich (√31 × √31)R±9º reconstructed surface, oxygen atoms are removed from the first few layers of the material, leaving an excess of aluminum (Al) atoms on the surface, having metallic properties which should be beneficial for the synthesis of 2D materials."},{"label":"Ti... |
Chemistry | Radiocarbon chemistry | MCQ | Towards online ramped oxidation (ORO)-AMS for thermal dissection and serial radiocarbon analysis of complex organic matter | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/towards-online-ramped-oxidation-oroams-for-thermal-dissection-and-serial-radiocarbon-analysis-of-complex-organic-matter/D4ABF56D7E4759B9137234637A2F793E | Apr 4, 2025 | Researchers present a compact, online ramped oxidation (ORO) setup, where CO₂ fractions resulting from environmental organic sample combustion are directly collected and transferred for ¹⁴C content measurement using an AMS equipped with a gas ion source. The instrumental configuration consists of an online ramped oxida... | Conversion factors, calculated using the relationship M=sA, where M (mg) is the mass of carbon loaded, s (mg⋅ppm⁻¹⋅s⁻¹) is a flow-rate-specific conversion factor, and A (ppm⋅s) is the area of the thermogram. | ACE and PHA standard materials were oxidized at several masses ranging from ∼0.1 to 0.8 mg with a complete combustion, independent of loaded mass. Using these thermograms, the researchers estimate the conversion factor.
Which of the following outcomes is most likely?
A) The conversion factor of ACE is higher than the... | A) The conversion factor of ACE is higher than the PHA one because the oxidation is slower, decreasing the gas flow in the CO₂ sensor, thus increasing the integrated CO₂ signal. | • Ramped oxidation involves serial organic carbon (OC) combustion while increasing the temperature to ∼900°C at a constant ramp rate. This method separates OC as a function of thermal stability.
• The concentration of evolved CO₂ is monitored continuously as a function of temperature to yield a so-called “thermogram... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":" Ramped oxidation involves serial organic carbon (OC) combustion while increasing the temperature to ∼900°C at a constant ramp rate. This method separates OC as a function of thermal stability."},{"label":"Title","value":"A Study of Soil Organic Matter Stability Using Derivatography and Lo... |
Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Numerical Values | Potassium Hydrogen Sulfate - Promoted One-Pot Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)alkanes from α-keto Carboxylic acids and Indole Derivatives: Experimental and Computational Studies | https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/68de2ca7f4163037703af14d | Oct 5, 2025 | Researchers developed a green, metal-free one-pot synthesis of 3,3′-bis(indolyl)alkane derivatives from α-keto carboxylic acids and indole derivatives promoted by potassium hydrogen sulfate (KHSO₄) in methanol as both reagent and solvent. The optimized experiment was conducted by combining indole (1 equiv.), glyoxylic ... | • ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), ¹³C NMR (125 MHz), and HRMS (ESI) for structural confirmation
• Reaction yield (%) measured after completion of each reaction to evaluate product formation efficiency under varying conditions.
• Catalyst loading (equivalents of KHSO₄) varied systematically to determine optimal acid concentr... | A metal-free one-pot synthesis of 3,3′-bis(indolyl)alkane derivatives was achieved using potassium hydrogen sulfate (KHSO₄) as a green catalyst in methanol. The reaction combined indole and glyoxylic acid at room temperature (25 °C) under open air, optimized for different reagent ratios, solvent, and acid equivalents. ... | Number of equivalents that may be used to obtain a minimum yield of 80%: [0.3-0.7] equivalents.
Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> fallback ±0.2 equivalents applied. | -Brønsted acids are widely applied as homogeneous catalysts in hydrolysis and esterification, but their use in carbon–carbon bond formation remains limited and is often constrained by safety and environmental concerns.
- Potassium hydrogen sulfate (KHSO₄) acts as a mild, solid Brønsted acid catalyst that can activate ... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Brønsted acids are widely applied as homogeneous catalysts in hydrolysis and esterification, but their use in carbon–carbon bond formation remains limited and is often constrained by safety and environmental concerns."},{"label":"Title","value":"Acid Catalysts in Industrial Hydrocarbon Che... |
Physics | Nuclear Experiment | MCQ | Laser Mossbauer spectroscopy of 229 Th
| https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00041 | August 23, 2025 | Researchers excited the $^229$Th nuclear clock transition in CaF₂ single crystals using vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) pulsed laser light near 148 nm and monitored de-excitation photons with a solar-blind photomultiplier. Three crystals were used with $^229$Th concentrations of $4 \times 10^14$ mm⁻³ (C10), $8 \times 10^14$ m... | - VUV nuclear excitation spectrum (photon counts vs. excitation frequency) by laser scan with solar-blind PMT detection.
- Time-resolved de-excitation photon counts (isomer lifetime) by delayed photon counting with PMT.
- Site-selective spectral components (crystal-field/quadruple sublevels) by laser Mössbauer excitati... | VUV laser Mossbauer spectroscopy (60 s irradiation / 300 s detection per frequency step) of $^229$Th:CaF₂ single crystals resolves four thorium doping sites, namely S1, S2, S3, and S4 with electric field gradient $V_{zz}$ of 0 V/$\AA$, 110 V/$\AA$, -320 V/$\AA$, and 260 V/$\AA$, respectively. Site-selective excitation ... | C) Lifetime is ~630 s and site-independent; quenching lifetime for S2 is at least twice that of S1. | - ^229Th possesses an unusually low-energy nuclear isomeric transition in the vacuum-ultraviolet, enabling direct optical excitation and making it a candidate for a solid-state nuclear clock.
- Incorporating Th⁴⁺ into wide-band-gap fluoride crystals (e.g., CaF₂) creates local lattice environments and electric-field g... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"^229Th possesses an unusually low-energy nuclear isomeric transition in the vacuum-ultraviolet, enabling direct optical excitation and making it a candidate for a solid-state nuclear clock."},{"label":"Title","value":"Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in Th-229"},{"label"... |
Physics | High Energy Physics/ Detector Physics | Free-Format Question | Preparation and measurement of an 37Ar source for liquid xenon detector calibration | https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.04829 | Sep 5, 2025 | High purity (99.935%) ³⁶Ar was sealed in a quartz ampoule with a diameter of 1 cm, length of 4 cm and wall thickness of 1 mm to an inner pressure of 0.4 bar. The sealing was done by cooling the bottom side of the quartz ampoule and applying a high-temperature hydrogen torch to the other side. The ampoule was irradiated... | - Peak leading time (in ns) and area (in PE) obtained from the processed PMT signals. | A sample of ³⁶Ar gas was irradiated in a thermal neutron flux. The reactor neutron source generated a thermal neutron flux. The target gas was sealed in a quartz ampoule under slightly negative pressure. After exposure, the ampoule was cooled. The ³⁷Ar decay activity was characterized using a gaseous xenon time project... | The largest density is observed for ionization signals (S2) from K-shell decay. | - The radioactive isotope ³⁷Ar, with a half-life of 35.01 days, can decay to ³⁷Cl and neutrinos via the electron capture process.
- Thermal neutron irradiation of ³⁶Ar is an effective technique for preparing radioactive isotopes 37Ar. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The radioactive isotope ³⁷Ar, with a half-life of 35.01 days, can decay to ³⁷Cl and neutrinos via the electron capture process. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Table of Radionuclides (Vol. 1 - A = 1 to 150)"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/FOIAREQ/168372-A45.pdf"},{"label":"D... |
Physics | Physics/Optics | Free-Format Question | Terahertz amplification by injection locking of waveguide resonant tunneling diode | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.14377 | September 17, 2025 | Researchers investigated terahertz amplification by injection locking a waveguide resonant tunneling diode (RTD) to a low-phase-noise dual-wavelength Brillouin laser (DWBL). A waveguide-mounted RTD (ROHM semiconductor) biased at 620 mV produced about 40 µW of power at 260 GHz. The output passed through a WR-3.4 isolato... | - RTD terahertz frequency and output power measured using a fundamental mixer and electrical spectrum analyzer.
- Intermediate frequency (IF) spectra recorded.
- Phase noise power spectral density measured with a phase noise analyzer for both free-running and injection-locked conditions.
- Bias voltage dependence of R... | An investigation of terahertz amplification is conducted by injecting a waveguide resonant tunneling diode (RTD) into a low-phase-noise, dual-wavelength Brillouin laser (DWBL). The output was passed through a WR-3.4 isolator and then into a fundamental mixer. A DWBL drove the local oscillator (LO) of the mixer, turned ... | Under low-injection conditions, residual phase noise was much more significant. | - Frequencies at or above 1THz tend to show much lower output power, dropping to ~ 10nW at 3THz.
- Injecting an RTD with a low-noise photomixed source has been shown to considerably improve the linewidth of an RTD.
- The DWBL exhibited lower instability than the RTD at all timescales, and thus did not affect the meas... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":" Frequencies at or above 1THz tend to show much lower output power, dropping to ~ 10nW at 3THz. "},{"label":"Title","value":"Collector Series-Resistor to Stabilize a Broadband 400 GHz Common-Base Amplifier."},{"label":"URL","value":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9573439"},{"label":"... |
Physics | Physics / Nuclear Physics | Free-Format Question | High-spin spectroscopy and the onset of quasicollective structures in 69Ga | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01423 | October 1, 2025 | High-spin states in 69-Ga were populated using the fusion-evaporation reaction 26-Mg (48-Ca, p4nγ) at a beam energy of 195 MeV—the experiment utilized the Gammasphere multidetector array in conjunction with the Fragment Mass Analyzer. The measurement used a highly enriched (>98%), self-supporting 26-Mg target with a th... | - γ-ray energies recorded by the Gammasphere HPGe detector array to identify de-excitation transitions from the ²⁶Mg(⁴⁸Ca, p4nγ) reaction populating ⁶⁹Ga.
- Recoil ions separated by the Fragment Mass Analyzer (FMA) using mass-to-charge (A/Q) selection and time-of-flight data from the PPAC detector.
- Angular distributi... | High-spin states in 69-Ga were populated using the fusion-evaporation reaction 26-Mg at a beam energy of 195 MeV. Particle detectors were incorporated into the experimental setup alongside Gammasphere to facilitate the clean selection of reaction exit channels. Neutrons were measured using a Neutron Shell made of liqui... | The gamma-ray energies of the most intense observed transitions are (574.5±0.3) keV and (1337.3±1.2) keV. | - Results from (3He,d) reactions on 64, 66, 68, 70Zn targets showed significant shifts in transition strengths and excitation energies for low-lying states in 71Ga when compared to 65, 67, 69Ga.
- There is a sharp rise in excitation energy of the 1/2− state from 320 keV in 69Ga to 1109 keV in 71Ga. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Results from (3He,d) reactions on 64, 66, 68, 70Zn targets showed significant shifts in transition strengths and excitation energies for low-lying states in 71Ga when compared to 65, 67, 69Ga."},{"label":"Title","value":"The reactions 68, 70Zn(3He, d)69, 71Ga and level systematics of the o... |
Physics | Condensed Matter Physics/ Microwave Engineering | Free-Format Question | Development of composite material with epoxy resin–magnetite for dielectric resonator antenna | https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article/138/13/134901/3366161 | October 3, 2025 | Researchers developed epoxy resin-magnetite (Fe3O4) composite materials with four different weight percentages of magnetite, which have 32.25% (ER/M1), 48.78% (ER/M2), 58.82% (ER/M3), and 65.57% (ER/M4) powder, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic polymer material, and BaFe12O19. The composite was prepared by mixing epo... | - Permittivity of ER/M1, ER/M2, ER/M3, ER/M4 measured across 8 to 12 GHz.
- Permeability of ER/M1, ER/M2, ER/M3, ER/M4 measured across 8 to 12 GHz.
- Loss tangent of ER/M1, ER/M2, ER/M3, ER/M4 measured across 8 to 12 GHz.
- Density (kg/m3) of ER/M1, ER/M2, ER/M3, ER/M4 measured.
| An epoxy resin-magnetite (Fe3O4) composite material with four different weight percentages of magnetite, which have 32.25% (ER/M1), 48.78% (ER/M2), 58.82% (ER/M3), and 65.57% (ER/M4) powder, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic polymer material, and BaFe12O19 was prepared. The composite was prepared by mixing epoxy resi... | Both permittivity and density increase with the increasing weight percentages of magnetite, while permeability and loss tangent are not significantly affected. | - Dielectric resonator antennas are suitable for ultrawideband applications due to their wide bandwidth and design flexibility.
- 3D printed DRAs are popular due to their simple fabrication process.
- Metamaterial-based antennas are reported to enhance bandwidth and improve isolation in MIMO configurations.
| [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Dielectric resonator antennas are suitable for ultrawideband applications due to their wide bandwidth and design flexibility."},{"label":"Title","value":"Balanis, C. A. (2016). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Antenna+Theory%3A+Analy... |
Physics | Physics / Material Science | MCQ | Superlubricity of Borophene: Tribological Properties in Comparison to hBN | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07716 | July 10, 2025 | Researchers prepared Ir(111) single crystals by repeated cycles of sputtering (Ar+ ions at an energy of 1 keV) and annealing at 1250 K. $\chi_6$-borophene and borophene-hBN heterostructures were grown on Ir(111) by dosing diborane and/or borazine while keeping the substrates at high temperature. The growth of the borop... | - Lateral force (nN) of $\chi_6$ borophene and borophene hBN layers on Ir(111) for backward and forward traces spanning 10 nm under loads below 120 nN. | Consider an experiments, where researchers grow $\chi_6$ borophene and hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) domains, separately, on top of Ir(111) crystals by dosing diborane and or borazine while keeping the substrates at high temperature. By changing the normal force in contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements fro... | B) Superlubricity: $\chi_6$ borophene. Low-friction: hBN. | - Borophene has been theoretically studied as a potential tribological material.
- Different polymorphs of borophene can be formed, depending on the growth method, the support material, or other treatments that can influence the desired properties.
- Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is established as lubricant or as an in... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Borophene has been theoretically studied as a potential tribological material."},{"label":"Title","value":"Disclosing boron’s thinnest side"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad7021"},{"label":"Date","value":"December 18, 2015"},{"label":"Justification (... |
Physics | Optics | Free-Format Question | Holographic Gaseous Lenses for High-Power Lasers | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02659 | October 3, 2025 | Researchers conducted an experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure to demonstrate the performance of diffractive gaseous lenses capable of withstanding high-energy laser pulses. The lenses were formed by the interference of two ultraviolet (266 nm) write laser pulses within a controlled gas flow and were teste... | - UV interference patterns of write beams for different focal position of one of the write beams to vary the fringe curvature
- Focusing and defocusing of the read beam for varying UV interference fringe curvatures | An experiment uses two interfering 266-nm ultraviolet "write" beams to create a holographic gaseous lens inside an ozone-based gas mixture. This UV interference pattern "writes" a transient phase grating into the gas via refractive index variations. This structure is then used to manipulate a separate 532-nm "read" bea... | Reversing the sign of the interference fringe curvature converts the optic's function from a focusing (positive) lens to a defocusing (negative) lens. Instead of converging the "read" beam to a real focal point after the gas, this change will cause the beam to diverge, making it appear as if it is emanating from a virt... | - Two overlapping "write" pulsed laser beams transiently write interference fringe patterns into a gas, creating a structure that diffracts the "read" beam.
- Laser driven gratings can be designed to create holographic optics such as a diffractive lens.
- Fringe curvature makes the gaseous structure behave like a focu... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Two overlapping \"write\" pulsed laser beams transiently write interference fringe patterns into a gas, creating a structure that diffracts the \"read\" beam."},{"label":"Title","value":" Ultra high damage threshold optics for high power lasers"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.... |
Physics | Experimental condensed matter / materials science (spintronics-focused thin-film magnetism). | MCQ | Altermagnetic band splitting in 10 nm epitaxial CrSb thin films | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.00239 | May 1, 2025 | Researchers tested whether altermagnetic band splitting persists in ultrathin CrSb by growing CrSb(0001) films on SrTiO₃(111) with an ≈2 nm Sb₂Te₃ buffer using MBE (UHV < 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ mbar). STO substrates were ultrasonically cleaned (acetone, isopropanol, DI water; 2 min each), DI-water treated (90 °C, 45 min), HCl (25% ... | - ARPES band dispersions of 10 nm CrSb(0001) vs photon energy (synchrotron, p-polarized; kz-tuned cuts along bulk Γ–A; ~10 K).
- ARPES in-plane band maps at 21.2 eV (~300 K): K̄–Γ̄–K̄, P̄–Γ̄–P̄, M̄–Γ̄–M̄ directions (in-vacuo He-lamp)
- Fermi-surface map (hexagonal Brillouin zone) to identify high-symmetry nodal lines.... | Epitaxial CrSb(0001) films (10 nm with an ≈2 nm Sb₂Te₃ buffer on SrTiO₃(111)) were grown by MBE and measured in-vacuo by ARPES (synchrotron kz-tuned at low T; He-lamp at room T). Which of the following outcomes is most likely?
A. “The distinct altermagnetic band structure required for potential spin-transport applicat... | A. The distinct altermagnetic band structure required for potential spin-transport applications survives down to the -10 nm thin film limit at room temperature. | - Altermagnets are collinear antiferromagnets that break PT symmetry and exhibit spin-split electronic bands without net magnetization.
- In altermagnets the sign of the spin splitting reverses with momentum direction (d-/g-/i-wave symmetry) and does not arise from strong spin–orbit coupling.
- CrSb (NiAs phase) is a... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"In altermagnets the sign of the spin splitting reverses with momentum direction (d-/g-/i-wave symmetry) and does not arise from strong spin–orbit coupling."},{"label":"Title","value":"Recent progress on correlated electron systems with strong spin–orbit coupling"},{"label":"URL","value":"h... |
Physics | Biological Physics | MCQ | Confinement reduces surface accumulation of swimming bacteria
| https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.08092 | October 9, 2025 | Researchers loaded e. coli suspensions at concentrations varying from 0.1*n0 to 1*n0 (where n0 = 8×10^8 bacteria per mL) into closed chambers formed by two horizontal parallel plates separated by a height "H" ranging from 5µm to 160 µm.
The e. coli express green fluorescent protein and the researchers used spinning-d... | - Height, z, of bacterial body from bottom of plate
- Area occupied by bacterial body at a height z, A(z)
- Vertical density profile, Ψ(z)
| For any given value "H", researchers measured the vertical density profile Ψ(z) = A(z)/∫ 0H A(z′)dz′, where z is the height from the bottom plate and A(z) is the area occupied by bacterial bodies at z.
To quantify the effect of confinement on surface accumulation, the researchers calculate the ratio of bacterial dens... | B) At H=40 µm, sustained surface accumulation starts to be observed. | - As the plate separation decreases, bacterial accumulation near the surfaces reduces and can even shift into the bulk.
- The profile Ψ(z) varies progressively from surface accumulation in thick chambers to bulk accumulation under strong confinement.
- To quantify the effect of confinement on surface accumulation, we c... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The profile Ψ(z) varies progressively from surface accumulation in thick chambers to bulk accumulation under strong confinement."},{"label":"Title","value":""}] |
Physics | Physics/Superconductivity | Numerical Values | Effect of decorating NiO nanoparticles on superconducting properties of YBCO | https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14322 | Oct 16, 2025 | A series of YBa₂Cu₃O_{7 - delta) (YBCO) samples were synthesized with NiO nanoparticle additions ranging from 0.1 to 6 wt.% (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0 wt.%). The parent YBCO compound was produced via a conventional solid-state synthesis route using Y₂O₃, BaO, and CuO precursors. The NiO nanoparticles, having an a... | - Magnetization measured while heating from 77 to 100 K in an applied field of 100 Oe after zero-field cooling for all NiO concentrations and an undoped sample.
- Magnetization measured at 77 K under applied fields ranging from -15 to +15 kOe for all NiO concentrations and an undoped sample.
- YBCO granule size determi... | Researchers investigated the enhancement of superconducting performance of YBCO caused by the addition of NiO nanoparticles. Under a magnetic field H, the critical current density of the samples can be determined from the width of the magnetic hysteresis loop (ΔM) and the granule size D using the formula J_c(H) = 3ΔM/D... | Maximum increase in J_c by a factor of 1.22-1.50.
Note: No CI/SE/SD reported -> ±10% fallback applied to the 1.36 factor reported. | - Critical current density can increase significantly when incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into superconductors.
- Placing nanoparticles in the surface of the superconductor can reduce chemical interactions that lead to degradation. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Critical current density can increase significantly when incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into superconductors."},{"label":"Title","value":"Practical Magnetic Pinning in YBCO"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2009.2017861"},{"label":"Date","value":"June 5, 2009"},{... |
Physics | Instrumentation and Detectors | Free-Format Question | High-resolution multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer for exotic nuclei at IGISOL | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.10048 | Aug 12, 2025 | Researchers investigated the performance of a Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-ToF-MS) at the IGISOL facility. A continuous beam of ions entered a RFQ cooler-buncher through injection electrodes. The main cooling section potential was closely
matched with the 30 kV acceleration potential of IGISOL ... | - Time-of-flight (ToF) of (39)K+ ions constructed from the time differences of the signal of ion impact on a DM291 MagneToF-detector and a initial timing signal matched with the buncher extraction time.
- Number of revolutions that the ions completed inside the spectrometer. | Researchers used a Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (MR-ToF-MS) to analyze the behavior (39)K+ ions. From the ToF data, they estimated the mass-resolving power as a function of the number of revolutions of ions completed inside the spectrometer, for different pulsed drift-tube voltage (\lambda). Based ... | For \lambda = 6 eV, the mass-resolving power initially increases with the number of revolutions, peaks at approximately n=300 revolutions, and then gradually trails off. | - Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MR-ToF-MS): A technique for mass separation where ions are reflected multiple times along a defined path. This method significantly extends the flight path and time, enabling high-resolution mass measurements based on the ions' unique time-of-flight.
- IGISOL: A rese... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MR-ToF-MS): A technique for mass separation where ions are reflected multiple times along a defined path. This method significantly extends the flight path and time, enabling high-resolution mass measurements based on the ions' unique time... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiome and host immune markers before, during, and after metronidazole treatment for bacterial vaginosis | https://journals.asm.org/doi/epub/10.1128/msystems.00380-25 | July 3, 2025 | Seven women (across nine symptomatic bacterial vaginosis episodes) participated in a 10-week longitudinal study, collecting daily vaginal swabs around the time of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV) and metronidazole treatment. Samples were taken two days before symptom onset, at BV diagnosis (BVDX), during early and ... | - Bacterial DNA concentration and total 16S rRNA copy number for DL species (L. crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, L. paragasseri, L. mulieris), L. iners, BV taxa (Gardnerella, Prevotella, F. vaginae, M. lornae, Ca. Lachnocurva vaginae).
- Sequence read counts per sample.
- Reads mapped to bacterial genes against VIRG... | Seven women (across nine symptomatic bacterial vaginosis episodes) participated in a 10-week longitudinal study, collecting daily vaginal swabs around the time of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV) and metronidazole treatment. Samples were taken two days before symptom onset, at BV diagnosis (BVDX), during early and ... | A. DL species increased; L. iners remained relatively stable; Gardnerella, Prevotella, and F. vaginae decreased, while M. lornae and Ca. Lachnocurva vaginae showed little or no change | -Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is defined by an imbalanced vaginal microbiome, where beneficial Lactobacillus species are reduced and a diverse community of anaerobic bacteria, particularly Gardnerella species, dominates.
-Lactobacillus species that produce D-lactic acid, such as L. crispatus, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri, f... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"-Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is defined by an imbalanced vaginal microbiome, where beneficial Lactobacillus species are reduced and a diverse community of anaerobic bacteria, particularly Gardnerella species, dominates."},{"label":"Title","value":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women"... |
Biology | Bat ecology, Immunoecology | MCQ | Presence of white-nose syndrome in bats from Southern Mexico | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318461 | May 19, 2025 | Researchers evaluated the thermotolerance of the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome. The P. destructans reference strain ATCC MYA 4855 was cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) in Petri dishes. A 4 mm mycelium disk was placed in the center of each Petri dish and incubate... | - Colony diameter (cm) of P. destructans reference strain ATCC MYA 4855 on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates measurement across four temperature conditions (5°C, 17°C, 20°C, and 28°C) over a 60-day period.
- Fungal micromorphology as a visual characterization of fungal structures (e.g., conidia shape, hyphae) for ea... | Researchers cultured the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (strain ATCC MYA 4855) on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar plates at four different temperatures: 5°C, 17°C, 20°C, and 28°C for 60 days. They measured the fungal colony diameter daily and examined its microscopic structures to assess growth and morphological changes a... | D. The fungus grew at all four temperatures, but with the fastest rate at 5°C and the slowest at 28°C, and its microscopic structures changed with temperature. | - White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) is caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans and is a significant threat to vespertilionid bat populations in North America.
- Pseudogymnoascus destructans has the capacity to thrive in climates across a wide range of temperatures (5–28 °C) and its ease of dispersal via migratory spe... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) is caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans and is a significant threat to vespertilionid bat populations in North America."},{"label":"Title","value":"Spread of white-nose syndrome on a network regulated by geography and climate"},{"label":"URL","value":... |
Biology | Physiology | MCQ | The effect of cold exposure on energy expenditure of mice fed an obesogenic diet | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.29.679278v1 | October 01, 2025 | Researchers investigated the response to cold exposure between mice fed a standard (normal-fat) diet and a higher-fat diet. C57BL/6J mice were housed in micro-isolator cages with 4 mice per cage, kept at 25ºC, prior to temperature manipulations, and under a 12 h light/dark cycle. Water and food were provided ad libitum... | - Oxygen consumption (VO2) for both groups of mice (standard diet vs higher-fat diet) using the TSE PhenoMaster System at different timepoints for each group during cold treatment 1 and 2..
- Carbon dioxide production (VCO2) for both groups of mice (standard diet vs higher-fat diet) using the TSE PhenoMaster System at ... | C57BL/6J mice were housed in micro-isolator cages with 4 mice per cage, kept at 25ºC, prior to temperature manipulations, and under a 12 h light/dark cycle. Water and food were provided ad libitum. Mice fed the standard diet (13.1% kcal from fat)(n = 4) were singly housed at 10.5 weeks of age and exposed to a gradual t... | B. For both groups, energy expenditure increased in response to temperature decrease, and the values obtained for mice fed with a higher-fat diet were only slightly lower than those for mice fed a standard diet | - Thermogenic adipose tissue is specialized for the oxidation of nutrient substrates to generate heat through non-shivering thermogenesis.
- Thermogenic adipose tissue plays a critical role in regulating systemic energy balance in mice.
- Cold exposure is the most powerful physiologic stimuli for activating thermogenic... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Thermogenic adipose tissue plays a critical role in regulating systemic energy balance in mice."},{"label":"Title","value":"Emerging debates and resolutions in brown adipose tissue research"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1550413124004480"... |
Biology | Microbiology | MCQ | Interactions between Streptococcus agalactiae and Candida albicans affect persistence and virulence | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.07.681024v1 | Oct 8, 2025 | To examine how interactions between Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) and Candida albicans affect virulence, researchers utilized a larval zebrafish (wild-type ZF1 strain) model to investigate differences in solo infections vs co-infections with both pathogens in vivo. The Streptococcus agalactiae strain GBS 515 was inocu... | - Zebrafish survivability (as a percentage) monitored every 24 hours for 72 hours post-infection.
- Survival curves for larvae in solo GBS, solo C. albicans, and GBS + C. albicans co-infection groups.
- Pathogen inoculum concentration (cfu/mL) for each infection group, confirmed by serial dilution and plating.
- Final ... | To examine how interactions between Streptococcus agalactiae (strain GBS 515) and Candida albicans (strain SC5314-NEON) affect virulence, researchers utilized a larval zebrafish (wild-type ZF1 strain) model to investigate differences in solo infections vs co-infections with both pathogens in vivo. Zebrafish embryos wer... | B. Co-infections of GBS and C. albicans by yolk sac injection were as virulent as solo infections with either pathogen | - Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS): A Gram-positive, opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the gastrointestinal and/or vaginal tract of many healthy people. While often commensal, it can cause severe, life-threatening infections in high-risk patients like newborns.
- Candida albicans: An opportunistic pathogenic yeast t... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS): A Gram-positive, opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the gastrointestinal and/or vaginal tract of many healthy people. While often commensal, it can cause severe, life-threatening infections in high-risk patients like newborns."},{"label":"Title","value"... |
Biology | Cancer Biology | MCQ | Targeting the Glucose–Insulin Link in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Induces Cytotoxic Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Cancer Growth | https://aacrjournals.org/cancerrescommun/article/5/6/921/762850/Targeting-the-Glucose-Insulin-Link-in-Head-and | June 06, 2025 | Researchers evaluated whether treatment with streptozotocin (STZ) alters the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Six-week-old male NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID gamma mice were individually marked and weighed, and baseline tail-vein blood glucose was measured with a OneTo... | - Baseline blood glucose concentration measured from tail-vein samples using a glucometer (pre-STZ vs. post-STZ induction; STZ-treated vs. buffer-treated controls).
- Plasma insulin concentration measured by ELISA from terminal blood samples
- Tumor volume measured by digital calipers 2-3 times per week for up to thre... | Researchers evaluated whether streptozotocin (STZ) treatment alters the growth and molecular characteristics of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts in immunodeficient mice. Six-week-old NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID gamma mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of STZ or buffer for five days. FaDu c... | B. Tumors in STZ-treated mice show decreased Ki67and pS6 staining compared with controls | - HNSCC is a malignancy derived from the squamous epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, often displaying metabolic reprogramming toward elevated glycolysis and oxidative stress tolerance.
- Streptozotocin is a nitrosourea compound that selectively destroys pancreat... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"HNSCC is a malignancy derived from the squamous epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, often displaying metabolic reprogramming toward elevated glycolysis and oxidative stress tolerance."},{"label":"Title","value":"Head and neck squamou... |
Biology | Immunology | MCQ | P2RY2 is a purinergic immune checkpoint linking extracellular ATP to immune
evasion and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.09.681049v1 | October 10, 2025 | Scientists investigated how extracellular ATP (eATP) and its non-hydrolyzable analog (nhATP) protect tumor cells by suppressing T-cell activation and cytotoxicity. In this research, the coculture of tumor cells (BxPC-3 or SW480 cells) and T cells (MART-1-TCR-T and CEA CAR-T) was used. For the cocultures of tumor cells ... | - Tumor cell proliferation for monoculture experiments (T-cell growth rate with ATP, nhATP, and controls).
- Tumor cell viability for coculture experiments (tumor cells culture with T-cells with ATP or nhATP).
| Scientists investigated how extracellular ATP (eATP) and its non-hydrolyzable analog (nhATP) protect tumor cells by suppressing T-cell activation and cytotoxicity. They cocultured tumor cells (BxPC-3 or SW480 cells) and T cells (MART-1-TCR-T and CEA CAR-T) in the absence or presence of 200 μM ATP or non-hydrolyzable AT... | D) Both ATP and nhATP enhanced tumor cell survival in coculture, while neither had an impact on proliferation in monoculture | - Extracellular ATP (eATP) accumulates in the tumor microenvironment and rises during immunotherapy.
- eATP exhibits paradoxical immunomodulatory roles, as it acts as a pro-inflammatory “danger” signal that activates innate immune responses and facilitates adaptive immune priming, while persistently high concentrations... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Extracellular ATP (eATP) accumulates in the tumor microenvironment and rises during immunotherapy."},{"label":"Title","value":"Increased level of extracellular ATP at tumor sites: in vivo imaging with plasma membrane luciferase"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/... |
Biology | Neuropharmacology / Electrophysiology | MCQ | Positive Modulators of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor: Structure-Activity Relationship Study on Steroidal C-17 and C-20 Oxime Ethers | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680025v1 | October 3, 2025 | Researchers synthesized a series of pregn-5-ene and androst-5-ene derivatives and evaluated their positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). For this aim, HEK293 cells were plated in 24-well plates at a density of 2 × 10^5 cells per well. The next day, the cells were transf... | - Degree of modulation (%) of the glutamate-evoked current, in GluN1-1a + GluN2B co-transfected HEK293 cells, under application of compound 12 (20-Oxo-pregn-5-en-3β-yl hemiglutarate O-ethyloxime) or pregnenolone sulfate (PES) (0.3 - 100 μM).
- Maximal potentiation values (Emax) (%) of compound 12 (20-Oxo-pregn-5-en-3β-... | Under whole-cell recordings at -60 mV from HEK293 cells co-expressing rat GluN1/GluN2B, glutamate (1 μM) + glycine (30 μM) were rapidly applied with 0.3-100 μM of a neurosteroid (20-Oxo-pregn-5-en-3β-yl hemiglutarate O-ethyloxime) named compound 12. Relative to pregnenolone sulfate (PES), which quantitative profile bes... | C. High-gain positive allosteric modulator: E_max ≈ 670% with EC_50 ≈ 9 μM. Both more efficacious and more potent than PES. | - Endogenous neurosteroids such as pregnanolone sulfate and pregnenolone sulfate are well-established modulators of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
- For steroidal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulators, planar 3β-hydroxy-Δ5,6-ene scaffolds are associated with potentiation, and bent 3α-hydroxy-5β scaffolds are assoc... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Endogenous neurosteroids such as pregnanolone sulfate and pregnenolone sulfate are well-established modulators of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors."},{"label":"Title","value":"Neurosteroid modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Molecular mechanism and behavioral effects"},{"label":"... |
Biology | Molecular Biology | Free-Format Question | Molecular determinants underlying functional divergence of TBP homologs | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.10.03.680374v1 | October 4, 2025 | To examine the evolutionary divergence of TATA-box binding protein (TBP) homologs in different species, researchers determined the ability of murine TBP and its paralogs to complement endogenous TBP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To generate a TBP replacement system, a S. cerevisiae strain with a temperature-sensitive TB... | - Normalized reads around the transcription start site (± 2kb) for all genes of S. cerevisiae (tsTBP) strains transformed HA-yTBP, HA-mTBP, HA-mTBPc and empty vector control, after 3h of culture under restrictive temperature (36.5 ± 0.5 ºC) (spike-in normalized HA ChIP-seq)
- RNA polymerase II promoter occupancy in S. ... | To examine the evolutionary divergence of TATA-box binding protein (TBP) homologs, a S. cerevisiae strain with a temperature-sensitive TBP allele (tsTBP), conditionally inactivated at the restrictive temperature of 36.5 ± 0.5 ºC, was transformed with HA-tagged constructs expressing wild-type yeast TBP (HA-yTBP), mouse ... | HA-yTBP bound strongly at promoters of expressed genes, while both HA-mTBP and HA-mTBPc bound RNA Pol II promoters, though globally at only ~28% HA-yTBP levels. HA-mTBPc displayed a modestly higher promoter occupancy than HA-mTBP. | - Eukaryotes share three RNA Pols (Pol I-III), largely responsible for ribosomal, messenger, and transfer RNA (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA), respectively.
- The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) is the only general transcription factor required by all three RNA Pols (Pol I-III): The RNA polymerase I transcription factor, upstream bi... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Eukaryotes share three RNA Pols (Pol I-III), largely responsible for ribosomal, messenger, and transfer RNA (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA), respectively."},{"label":"Title","value":"Evolution of multisubunit RNA polymerases in the three domains of life"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.nature.co... |
Biology | Cytotoxic natural products | Free-Format Question | Pomegranate root extract possesses anti-metastatic potential by suppressing invasiveness and vasculogenic mimicry capability of cancer cells | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12505693/pdf/main.pdf | Sep 26, 2025 | Cell viability in A549 lung cancer cells was measured by seeding cells into 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 10 4 cells/well and incubated for 24 h. After that, cells were incubated with leaf extract (PL) (0.1 µg/ml), root extract (PR) (0.1 µg/ml), and without extract (control) for 24 hs. At the end of treatment, cu... | - Number of viable A549 cells after treatment with extracts (Leaf extract or pomegranate root extract).
- Cell viability (%) of A549 cells after treatment with extracts (Leaf extract or pomegranate root extract). | Researchers treated A549 lung cancer cells (1x10⁴ cells/well) grown in vitro with 0.1 µg/ml of pomegranate leaf (PL) and root (PR) extracts in order to determine the cell viability after treatment with these extracts. After 24 h, culture media was replaced with media containing MTT and incubated for 2 h. Formazan prod... | Pomegranate root extract | - Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit tree that has been reported to prevent cancer metastasis of various cancers.
- Pomegranate leaf extract induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion in non-small cell lung carcinoma. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit tree that has been reported to prevent cancer metastasis of various cancers."},{"label":"Title","value":"Molecular targets of pomegranate (Punica granatum) in preventing cancer metastasis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/art... |
Biology | Microbiology | Free-Format Question | Investigating Bacterial Vaginosis Pathogenesis Using Peptide Nucleic Acid-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization With a Focus on the Roles of Gardnerella Species, Prevotella bivia, and Fannyhessea vaginae | https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/12/9/ofaf556/8246403 | September 3, 2025 | Researchers tracked bacterial colonization dynamics before, during, and after incident bacterial vaginosis (iBV) in women. Over the course of 60 days, vaginal specimens were collected twice daily from women (heterosexual, non-pregnant, aged 18-45, optimal microbiota at enrollment) who developed incident bacterial vagin... | - Prevotella bivia bacterial cell count (number of bacteria per microscopic field) in incident BV (iBV) cases vs. matched controls -14 to +3 days relative to iBV diagnosis under fluorescence microscopy after PNA-FISH staining. | Researchers tracked bacterial colonization dynamics before, during, and after incident bacterial vaginosis (iBV) in women. Over the course of 60 days, vaginal specimens were collected twice daily from women (heterosexual, non-pregnant, aged 18-45, optimal microbiota at enrollment) who developed incident bacterial vagin... | The relative abundance of Prevotella bivia is expected to show no significant change from the pre-infection to post-infection phases in women who develop iBV. | - Prevotella bivia is thought to be an early colonizer of the BV (bacterial vaginosis) biofilm.
- Mechanistically, BV is characterized by loss of protective, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus spp. (eg, Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri) and an overgrowth of facultative (Gardn... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Prevotella bivia is thought to be an early colonizer of the BV (bacterial vaginosis) biofilm.\n\n\n"},{"label":"Title","value":"An updated conceptual model on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/220/9/1399/5542783"},{"lab... |
Biology | Pharmacology/ Biotechnology | Numerical Values | Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Vicia faba aqueous extract with cytotoxic activity against human acute T cell leukemia | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-03679-0 | Sep 30, 2025 | The researchers aimed to evaluate whether anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and aqueous extract of Vicia faba is concentration-dependent. The effect of AgNPs and aqueous extract of Vicia faba on the human acute T-cell leukemia cell line Jurkat was evaluated. Previously, seed coats from V. faba beans d... | - Cell viability (%) of Jurkat cells across concentrations (0.375, 0.750, 1.5, 3, 6 mg/mL) in AgNPs vs Vicia faba extract compared to control cells after 24 hours of exposure.
- Inhibitory concentration (IC50) after treatment with AgNPs or Vicia faba extract across concentrations (0.375, 0.750, 1.5, 3, 6 mg/mL) in Jurk... | Jurkat cells (human acute T-cell leukemia cells) were cultured in 48-well plates and exposed to five different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) or Vicia faba aqueous extract: 0.375, 0.750, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/mL. After 24 hours of incubation, cell viability was determined using the trypan blue dye-exclusion ... | 2.04-2.50 | - AgNPs are extremely small particles of silver with unique properties that can target cancer cells.
- A method of producing nanoparticles is the green synthesis using plant extract. | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- AgNPs are extremely small particles of silver with unique properties that can target cancer cells."},{"label":"Title","value":"Applications of nanoparticles in treatment and diagnosis of leukemia"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092849311400663... |
Biology | Molecular Biology, Cell Biology | Free-Format Question | Vector-free DNA transfection by nuclear envelope mechanoporation | https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2510.02468 | October 2, 2025 | An experiment was carried out to compare the temporal dynamics of EGFP expression in HeLa cells following transfection by three different delivery methods.
HeLa S3 cells were suspended in OptiMEM. EGFP-encoding plasmid DNA (gWiz-GFP) was added to the suspension at 0.1 mg/ml. The cell-DNA mixture was flowed through a m... | - EGFP expression level: percentage of total viable HeLa cells analyszed expressing EGFP, as measured by GFP fluorescence flow cytometry with a BD FACSCelesta Cell Analyzer, under four treatments (NEST device, PEI transfection, Lipofectamine 2000 transfection, negative control), at 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours post-tre... | Researchers investigated the temporal dynamics of protein expression following transfection of HeLa cells with EGFP-encoding plasmid DNA. Three delivery methods were evaluated: (1) a NEST microfluidic device operating at 28 psi flow pressure; (2) polyethylenimine (PEI)-based chemical transfection; and (3) Lipofectamine... | NEST treatment results in substantial EGFP expression by 4 hours that further increases by 12 hours, while PEI and Lipofectamine transfection show no detectable expression at 4 hours and only begin to show expression by the 12-hour time point. | - The most common transfection methods for producing genetically modified cells, using viral vectors, have a number of drawbacks, such as low throughput and immunogenicity.
- Mechanical delivery systems are an alternative to viral transfection, but typically have other drawbacks such a cell damage and imprecise deliver... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The most common transfection methods for producing genetically modified cells, using viral vectors, have a number of drawbacks, such as low throughput and immunogenicity."},{"label":"Title","value":"Transfection types, methods and strategies: a technical review"},{"label":"URL","value":"ht... |
Biology | Neurobiology / Animal Behavior and Cognition. | MCQ | Dopamine supports reward prediction to constrain reward seeking | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.08.22.671841v1 | Aug 24, 2025 | Researchers tested whether cue-evoked nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine at cue onset shapes Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer test (PIT) behavior using Long-Evans rats (Th-Cre⁺ and wild-type littermates). Th-Cre⁺ rats received bilateral ventral tegmental area (VTA) injections of AAV-FLEX-ArchT-tdTomato (opsin) or a flu... | - Reward Seeking (Lever Presses): Lever presses measured during the $15\text{-s}$ analysis window ($10\text{-s}$ cue $+ 5\text{-s}$ post-cue period) compared to the $15\text{-s}$ pre-cue baseline period.
- Reward Checking (Food-Port Entries): Food-port checking responses measured during the $15\text{-s}$ analysis wind... | Rats were trained on Pavlovian short-delay conditioning with two 10-s auditory cues predicting a 45-mg pellet at 30% (CS30) or 90% (CS90), then on instrumental lever pressing. In a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) test (lever present; no rewards), Th-Cre⁺ rats expressing ArchT in VTA dopamine neurons received b... | B) Optical inhibition of cue-evoked VTA-DA→NAc activity elevated the reward-seeking motivational response to both cues, and decreased cue-evoked reward checking during the high-probability cue. | • Reward prediction & dopamine. Reward-predictive cues evoke brief dopamine signals that convey expected value; these transients can bias how animals pursue rewards.
• Mesolimbic pathway (VTA→NAc). Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens, a hub that shapes goal-directed approa... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"The human gut microbiome exerts both local and distant effects involving hormonal intermediates, metabolites, and immunologic pathways."},{"label":"Title","value":"Role of the Microbiota in Immunity and Inflammation"},{"label":"URL","value":"https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(14... |
Biology | Behavioral ecology | Numerical Values | Foraging competence and scrounging tolerance enhance social relationships in a socially tolerant wild primate | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.06.12.659242v1 | June 13, 2025 | To investigate the influence of an individual’s role (in a foraging context) on its social relationships, researchers conducted experiments on four groups of human habituated red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), comprising a total of 31 individuals. The study animals were marked with a collar and a tag for individua... | - Video record annotation of scrounging behaviour (duration) of members of the four groups of human habituated red-fronted lemurs during a session.
- Video record annotation of manipulating behaviour (duration) of members of the four groups of human habituated red-fronted lemurs during a session.
- Video record annota... | To investigate the influence of an individual’s role (in a foraging context) on its social relationships, researchers conducted experiments on four groups of human habituated red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), comprising a total of 31 individuals. The study animals were marked with a collar and a tag for individua... | Individuals scrounged for successful openings on average = [3.89 - 48.38] % obtained from 26.12 ± 22.26%. SD was provided and used as a fallback. | - Non-human primates are able to monitor and recognise the expertise of others and adapt their own behaviour in a fine-tuned manner to take advantage of these capabilities.
- Social learning is defined as changes in an individual's behaviour that result from exposure to another individual's behaviour or its products.
-... | [{"label":"RBK Item","value":"- Non-human primates are able to monitor and recognise the expertise of others and adapt their own behaviour in a fine-tuned manner to take advantage of these capabilities."},{"label":"Title","value":"Group Responses To Specially Skilled Individuals in a Macaca Fascicularis Group"},{"label... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.