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B Economic ties between the third world countries and their colonial masters had made it difficult for the member states to pursue an independent line. C Border disputes between neighboring member countries has weakened the course of the movement. E.g. between morocco and Algeria, North Korea and South Korea, Vietnam a... |
It was so called because it was fought not with weapons, but with words, propaganda, military and financial aid to enemies of the opposing sides. Although there was no actual physical confrontation, Cold War was characterized by a conflict of the most serious and deadly kind. Causes of the Cold War. Key notes for the t... |
By 1945, the USA was the only country that possessed atomic weapons. This created fear. COURSE OF THE COLD WAR. The cold war was fought in Europe Asia, Latin America and Africa, The course of the Cold War in Europe The cold war in Europe involved a conflict between the West and the East. The highlights of this conflict... |
In response to NATO, the Soviet Union signed the Warsaw Pact in Poland on 14th May 1955 with East Germany and six Eastern European countries. The existence of NATO and Warsaw Pact only intensified the hostilities. E The Berlin Blockade. Germany was divided into two zones, East and West. Russia treated East Germany as a... |
In 1948, the USA announced the formation of the Independent Democratic Republic of Korea in the South. The Russians formed the Peoples Republic of Korea in the north. On 25th June 1950, North Korea Forces invaded South Korea in an attempt to unite. UN condemned this and An American General, Douglas MacArthur led the UN... |
The discovery, by American president J. F. Kennedy in October 1962, of the Russian missile installations in Cuba was the beginning of the most serious cold war crisis. He declared that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be taken to be an attack by the USSR and USA would respond accordingly. USA declared a Naval... |
However this happened against the backdrop of the Cuban missile crisis. C The signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty The SALT Treaty in 1972. The treaty, signed between USA and Russia limited strategic arms to certain quantities. This was followed by the Improvement of the Chinese American relations in 1972 an... |
C. There was untold suffering to the people. Disease, poverty and refugee camps became common sights. D. There was destruction of the economy as infrastructure was destroyed by war. As communist systems failed to produce wealth, unemployment and poverty set in. E. It created mistrust and suspicion amongst nations. F. I... |
Besides, Africa no longer has a choice of donors who comprise mainly of western world countries. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 37 COOPERATION IN AFRICA Cooperation in Africa refers to the way African countries relate to each other. It is stimulated by the economic exploitation and polit... |
He developed the Pan-African philosophy in USA through which he sought to make Africans take pride in their blackness and cultural heritage. He founded the Negro Empire in New York in 1920. He organized a black convention in 1924 in New York during which he launched the Universal Negro Improvement Association UNIA whos... |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 40 He was the first black to receive a PHD Degree and become a professor of History, Economics and Sociology. He was also a renowned journalist. He greatly disagreed with Booker T. Washington s policy of accommodation and cooperation. In 1905, he establishe... |
The conference sent a Memorandum to the Queen of England demanding respect for the rights of Black People especially in the British Empire. B The 2nd Pan-African Conference, Paris, 1919. The conference coincided with the Paris Peace conference. The conference was convened by William Du bois who had been sent to Paris b... |
It was convened by the Pan African Federation which had been formed in 1944 by 13 organizations representing students welfare and political groupings. Leaders of the federation were George Padmore, Ras Makonnen Ethiopia . C.L.R Wallace Johnson and Jomo Kenyatta. The conference was greatly inspired by the liberation of ... |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 42 Pursuant to the conference resolutions, Kwame Nkrumah established the West African National Secretariat WANS on 15th December 1945 in England to act as a regional body for Pan African Federation, promote unity in West Africa. WANS published a newsletter,... |
E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could not champion pan-Africanism since they had their own internal problems and paid little attention to international matters e.g. Ethiopia and Liberia. F Lack of venue to hold meetings on the African soil since the colonial government would not have all... |
During the Manchester conference as a joint secretary with George Padmore, he allowed participation of trade Unions from Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Ghana and Gambia. I He participated in convening various pan-African conferences that led to the formation of O.A.U, an association of independent African states. NB- it is mos... |
D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent. E It laid the basis for the Formation of OAU, which later became the African Union AU . F The movement enabled African leaders to be more committed to African issues. For examp... |
I The deep economic connection between colonies and the mother countries hindered any meaningful cooperation. J Lack of venues to hold conferences in Africa especially before 1957 meant that the movement could not take root in Africa quickly. The far-away venues were inconveniencing. Key notes for the teacher and stude... |
7 The Monrovia conference, May 1961. It attracted both moderates and conservatives and aimed at uniting the antagonistic groups. The conference emphasized the absolute equality of all states. The conference succeeded in uniting the hostile groups through the undertaking of two crucial events; The Algerian Referendum of... |
Objectives of the OAU. A To provide African countries it a permanent organization through which they could discuss issues affecting them and lay strategies for solving them. B To provide identity for the newly independent countries of Africa in a world dominated and controlled by the white race. C To co-ordinate and as... |
It implemented decisions passed by heads and prepared the OAU budget. The General Secretariat. Headed by the secretary general elected by the Assembly of Heads of state, it offered the administrative services to the organization on daily basis. The past secretaries were Kifle Wodajo of Ethiopia 1963-1964 , Diallo Telli... |
E It provided a forum for discussing Africa s common problems like desertification, foreign interference, and dependency and at the same time sought for solutions to the problems. F The organization embarked on common economic ventures for Africa. For example creation of the African Development Bank ADB which represent... |
There is also the problem of NeoColonialism in trade. H Interference by the big powers. This has caused dismay to the organization. I Emergence of dictators like Amin Dada of Uganda, Bakassa Jean Bedel of Central African Republic, And Mobutu of Congo. J Civil strife in various countries remained unresolved for a long t... |
An African Peer Review Mechanism APRM has been developed as a means through which countries can be held accountable on matters of security, development, stability and cooperation. D Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U has a broader development plan for Africa e.g. through the New Partnership for Africa s Development-NEPAD whose ... |
2. The Executive Council. It is made up of Foreign Ministers or the authorities designated by the member states. Its core function is to co-ordinate union policies ion areas of common interest like foreign trade, energy, industry, water resources and environmental protection. Such functions can be delegated to speciali... |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 51 The Court of Justice to deal with human rights abuses in Africa. Financial Institutions like The African Central Bank, the African Monetary Fund and the African Investment Bank. THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Founded on 6th June 1967, it comprises Kenya Ugan... |
Nyerere for example refused to recognize Amin as the president of Uganda. E National pride and interests. National interests were given more priority than the regional interests were. E.g Tanzania favoured railway transport while Kenya favoured road transport. F Boundary closures .Tanzania closed its common border with... |
It launched the first East African Cooperation development strategy 1997-2000 . G On 30th April 1998, the ninth meeting of the Permanent Tripartite Commission in Arusha launched the treaty for the establishment of the East African Community. H On 24th November 1998, the first East African Ministerial meeting on the Lak... |
This was the highest appellate court in the region. Other autonomous institutions established by the Council include; The East African Development Bank EADB . Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization LVFO Inter-University Council for East Africa IUCEA Challenges that have faced the EAC-2001. A Suspicion still exists over p... |
D Tariffs for industrial goods produced in East Africa have been reduced. E Investment procedures have been eased to enable all citizens to invest more easily within the community. F It has enhanced cooperation of the civil society leading to formation of the Law Society of East Africa and the Business Council of East ... |
E.g the Committee on industry, natural resources and Agricultural Matters, the Committee on Trade, Customs and Immigrations Matters, the Committee on Transport and Communication, the Committee on Culture and Social Affairs. Achievements of ECOWAS. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 55 a The ... |
The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Ivoire was viewed suspiciously by guinea. H Border closures. For example between Ghana and Togo and between Burkina Faso and Mali. THE COMMON MARKETS FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA It is an economic organization comprising 19 states and which was established on 8th... |
It comprises the designated ministers from member states. It meets once a year. It manages the affairs of the community. It monitors and ensures the proper functioning and development of COMESA. 3. The Court of Justice. It ensures proper interpretation and application of the provisions of the treaty. It was established... |
B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. C COMESA has established harmonized monetary, banking and financial policies in the region. D It has improved the administration of transport and communication to ease movement of goods, services and people. E It has ensu... |
The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. H Some members undermine their neighbours. For example Uganda and Rwanda have been accused of participating in the civil wars in the DRC. Reasons why Africa has been unable to achieve full economic integr... |
E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual social responsibility. That the spirit of service and not greed for personal gain motivate Kenyans. D A range of control to ensure that property is used in mutual interests of... |
C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption leads to negative attitude from people towards contributing to national development. HARAMBEE PHILOSOPHY Meaning and origin of Harambee philosophy. Harambee is a Kiswahili slogan, which means pulling tog... |
This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 61 e Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted foreign donors especially the NGO S f Has led to re-distribution of resources as people with more funds have... |
H Corruption and negative attitude from people. I Use of Harambee for political gains. NYAYOISM. Meaning and origin of Nyayoism. Nyayoism originally meant footsteps i.e. following the footsteps of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 62 This was a phrase coined by the forme... |
D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it preached love, unity and peace. Corruption was discouraged through the philosophy. E It discouraged all forms of discrimination based on religion, tribe, race, and social status. F The philosophy created respect for public property and functions. G It enabled the creation ... |
A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN KENYA SINCE INDEP... |
1n 1969, KPU was banned following riots in Kisumu. In 1975, Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. MP for Kinangop was found brutally murdered in Ngong Forest. In October 1975 martin Shikuku and the deputy speaker, Jean Marie Seroney, were arrested and detained for making claims in the house that KANU and parliament were dead. In 1976... |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 65 The better part of 1991 witnessed a series of tribal clashes involving Kalenjin and Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Luhyia and Luos. Kenya s political developments from 1991 up to 2011. In December 1991, a parliamentary act repealed the one-party system provisions ... |
On 28th February 2008 the former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan succeeded in brokering a power sharing deal between the incumbent President, Mwai Kibaki, and the opposition leader, Raila Odinga thus bringing to end the political violence. On April 17, 2008, Raila Odinga, from Orange Democratic Movement, was sworn as P... |
The senate and regions were also abolished. In 1966, the voting majority to change the Constitution was lowered to two-thirds of the MPs. The term region was replaced with province. In 1966, a constitutional amendment abolished the Bicameral Legislature and replaced it with a Unicameral Legislature, chosen directly by ... |
Steps towards realization of a new constitution in Kenya since 1997 In 1997, Parliament passed the Constitution of Kenya Review Act that set the pace for comprehensive constitutional reforms. The Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CKRC was established to provide civic education, seek public input and prepare a dra... |
Factors that led to the development of multi-party democracy in Kenya after 1991 a International pressure from multilateral and bilateral donors. The western donors took advantage of the collapse of the Soviet Union to set the stringiest conditionalties for aid on the government, for democratic reforms. B Disunity in K... |
E Opposition parties provide a system of scrutinizing government expenditure through public accounts committee and public investment committee. F Opposition parties make the government more accountable to the people through constant criticism. G Opposition parties provide checks and balances to abuse and misuse of powe... |
D It encourages the politics of destabilization. E Political statements deadlocks on debates and tensions become too common. F Decisions take too long to be made and implemented. G Encourages use of violence in a state since opposition party members will be regarded as traitors by the government. The government will be... |
Land set aside for public utility use or land that is occupied by the State organ as lessee. Land transferred to the State by way of sale, reversion or surrender; Land to which no individual or community ownership is traceable. Land which no heir can be identified. All minerals and mineral ores. Government forests, gam... |
Property held in trust will only be recognized as being held by a citizen if all the beneficial interest of the trust is held by the persons who are citizens. Land policies since independence. Two type of programme that characterized land reforms exercise that commenced in 1963 in Kenya were; 1 Transfer of land from Eu... |
B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land. C The reforms enabled thousands of landless people to own land. D Dairy and cash crop production increased. Land ownership by non-citizens. A non-citizen can only own land in the country on the basis of leasehold ... |
E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. G The Government has established the National Land Commission which manages pub... |
B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. C From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically yet the inputs remained expensive. D Corruption and mismanagement of the cooperatives leading to meager earnings for key c... |
F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary linkKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 75 between the material producing zones , indust... |
G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities. Further reading on industrial development should be done with reference to evolving world book 4 pages 162164 Social Development ... |
In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. Byb1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000. In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witness... |
H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services. The ministry promotes cultural and social values. B The syllabus has been tailored to include c... |
In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed t... |
In April 2002, through a power sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress. During theKey notes for the teacher and ... |
When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme t... |
A Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy fore... |
Nyerere became the party chairman. In 1978-1979, president Idi Amin invaded Tanzania to annex the Kagera Province, which he claimed, was a Ugandan territory. Nyerere swiftly repulsed Ugandan soldiers. In 1985, Nyerere retired as president and was replaced by Ali Hassan Mwinyi who had succeeded Jumbe as head of Zanzibar... |
The collapse of the East African Community also affected the economy of the country. After 1985, Nyerere s economic policies began to be challenged openly by scholars and economists When president Mwinyi took over, he undertook to reform the economy of Tanzania. Political challenges that Tanzania has faced since indepe... |
They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production. Other producers reverted to the black market. ... |
This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations. B Overdependence on primary exports. The African e... |
The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills. DEVOLVED GOVERN MENT. Devolution This refers to the granting of power from... |
C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests an... |
E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must n... |
The recommendations are incorporated If the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a by-law of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the coun... |
H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. . J The Govern... |
D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government. A C... |
E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 90 settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at national level has ... |
D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties. F The county g... |
The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet ... |
B Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country. D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee,... |
The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where ... |
F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize t... |
E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 Page 95 County government expenditure. County governments spend their monies in the following ways; a... |
G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up. E.g the public procurement oversight autho... |
By elections in the event of resignation, death or resignation of a member of parliament. There are also local elections in which representatives of local authorities councillors are voted for are held every 4 years. The local authorities include the District Councils, London Boroughs, Metropolitan districts and Region... |
G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats. The candidates are either nominated by respective parties or stand as independent candidates and need not reside in the constituencies as long as they register as v... |
E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardon... |
C Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the executive. Has powers to remove any unpopular government from office. D It approves government revenue and expenditure. It is the only institution empowered to approve government budget. E Decisions of parliament are binding to all. They cannot be overruled or nullif... |
It is the major legislative arm of the government. It comprises 650 elected members representing constituencies. The leader of the House is the P.M. The chief officer is the speaker who is elected at the start of a new parliamentary session. Functions of the House of Commons. Key notes for the teacher and students- Che... |
E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. G He she is the leader of the House of Commons. H He she initiates both domestic and foreign policies. The Cabinet. The cabinet is made of the ministers appointed by the P.M with the approval of the monarc... |
Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. Civil servants are taken to be carrying out the instructions of minister. Ministers get all the credit for all good, as well as censure for all that is criticized. B The principal of civil service impartiality. Those civil services ar... |
G Does not provide for secession of a member state. H Federal government and individual states share power through their senators in congress i.e. in making laws. I The president is the head of the federal government and governors are heads of state. J It is the supreme law of the land. K Amendment can only be done thr... |
B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. C The federal government and independent states share the power of formulating and enforcing laws. D All states have their constitutions but they should not be contradicting to the Federal Constitution. E The Supreme Court inter... |
A He is the head of the federal government b He is the leader of the house to which he belongs. He can be either a member of the rajya sabha upper house or lok sabha.c As head of the council of ministers, the prime minister oversees the work o all the ministries.d Chairs cabinet meetings, which are normally held in the... |
E Lack of store of value for some goods which cannot be stored for a long time since they are perishable. E.g. milk, vegetables. F Lack of measures of value; a specific quantity of goods cannot be measured vis- -vis other goods. Advantages of barter system. A Poor countries without adequate foreign currencies benefit f... |
Money however becomes valuable only when those using it have confidence that it will continue to retain its value during the period it is in possession. Technology today has made the use of currency easier. There is the use of Visa Card and Mobile money services like Mpesa and Airtel Money to carry out transactions. Di... |
Factors that facilitated development of local trade. A Availability of capital for investments in trade to generate more wealth. B Specialization and improved technology, e.g. specialization in production, in technology and in marketing. Sometimes people even exchanged their skills for money. C Demand and supply; the g... |
It involves people who specialize mainly in trade as their means of livelihood. Larger Varieties of goods are involved. In regional trade there existed established markets but goods did not have to be sold on a particular market days like the case of local trade. It also involved large volumes of trade as compared to l... |
J There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Saharan trade. The trade goods in the trans-Saharan trade. From western Sudan;Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 6 a Gold- this was by far the most important commodity that originated from t... |
C Traveling under extreme weather conditions; too hot during the day and too cold at night. D Scarcity of water and food during the journeys. The traders suffered serious sickness due to such extreme weather variations. E There were constant Attacks by hostile communities who sometimes robbed them of their merchandize.... |
The University of Timbuktu for example, teaching mainly Islamic syllabus, was one of the institutions that emerged as a result of the trade. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2012-2013 8 k Sharia law was introduced in the states that accepted Islam in western Sudan. L The trade led to the introduction of ... |
I Anti-slave trade pressure from the British and eventual abolition of slave trade reduced trade profits. J The establishment of commercial ports on the western African coast and the use of navigable rivers by the 16th century AD rendered caravan trade unpopular as it was slow, cumbersome and risky. International trade... |
The suppliers of the slaves at the fort were the Moors. The Portuguese ventured into the gold coast in search of gold in 1471. They built a fort at Elmina in 1482 The Portuguese then established trading contacts with the king of Congo who even accepted Christianity and Portuguese culture. He baptized his son Afonso Bem... |
They were supplying slaves to new sugar plantations in the British Colony of Barbados and the French Caribbean colonies of Martinique of Guadalupe. The British and the French used merchant companies to conduct the slave trade having been motivated by the fortunes the Dutch were making. E.g, the Royal African Company wa... |
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