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35 Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report IPCC, 2023: Sections. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 35-115,...

37 Section 1 Introduction
38 Section 1 Section 1 This Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) summarises the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation, based on the peer-reviewed scientiﬁc, technical and socio-economic literature since the p...
Different regional classiﬁcation schemes61 are used for physical, social and economic aspects, reﬂecting the underlying literature. After this introduction, Section 2, ‘Current Status and Trends’, opens with the assessment of observational evidence for our changing climate, historical and current drivers of human-i...
The Special Reports cover scientiﬁc literature accepted for publication respectively by 15 May 2018, 7 April 2019 and 15 May 2019. 60 The Glossary (Annex I) includes deﬁnitions of these, and other terms and concepts used in this report drawn from the AR6 joint Working Group Glossary. 61 Depending on the climate info...
The following terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or result: virtually certain 99–100% probability; very likely 90–100%; likely 66–100%; more likely than not >50-100%; about as likely as not 33–66%; unlikely 0–33%; very unlikely 0–10%; and exceptionally unlikely 0–1%. Additional ter...
39 Introduction Section 1 Figure 1.1: The Synthesis Report ﬁgures key. Italicized ‘annotations’ Simple explanations written in non-technical language Axis labels Synthesis Report ﬁgures key these help non-experts navigate complex content GHG emissions Temperature Cost or budget Net zero °C net zero
40
41 Section 2 Current Status and Trends
42 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 2.1 Observed Changes, Impacts and Attribution Human activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse gases, have unequivocally caused global warming, with global surface temperature reaching 1.1°C above 1850–1900 in 2011–2020. Global greenhouse gas emissions have continued to i...
Observed Warming and its Causes Global surface temperature was around 1.1°C above 1850–1900 in 2011–2020 (1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]°C)64, with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]°C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]°C)65. Observed warming is human-caused, with warming from greenhouse gases (GHG), domin...
It is likely that well-mixed GHGs67 contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C, and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by ±0.1°C and internal variability changed it by ±0.2°C. {WGI SPM A.1, WGI SPM ...
Additionally, methodological advances and new datasets have provided a more complete spatial representation of changes in surface temperature, including in the Arctic. These and other improvements have also increased the estimate of global surface temperature change by approximately 0.1°C, but this increase does not ...
68 For 2021 (the most recent year for which ﬁnal numbers are available) concentrations using the same observational products and methods as in AR6 WGI are: 415 ppm CO2; 1896 ppb CH4; and 335 ppb N2O. Note that the CO2 is reported here using the WMO-CO2-X2007 scale to be consistent with WGI. Operational CO2 reporting ...
43 Current Status and Trends Section 2 Increased concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere Increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) b) a) c) Changes in global surface temperature Carbon dioxide Methane d) Humans are responsible 0 15 30 45 60 400 350 300 1000 1500 500 –0.5 –1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Observed –0.5...
Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) warmest multi-century period in more than 100,000 years 410 ppm CO2 1866 ppb CH4 332 ppb N2O 200 400 Parts per billion (ppb) Nitrous oxide °C 0 0.5 1 1.5 Key *Other human drivers are predominantly cooling aerosols, but also warming aerosols, land-use change (land-use reﬂect...
These emissions have led to increases in the atmospheric concentrations of several GHGs including the three major well-mixed GHGs CO2, CH4 and N2O (panel (b), annual values). To indicate their relative importance each subpanel’s vertical extent for CO2, CH4 and N2O is scaled to match the assessed individual direct ...
Prior to that, the next most recent warm period was about 125,000 years ago, when the assessed multi-century temperature range [0.5°C to 1.5°C] overlaps the observations of the most recent decade. These past warm periods were caused by slow (multi-millennial) orbital variations. Formal detection and attribution st...
44 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Average annual GHG emissions during 2010–2019 were higher than in any previous decade, but the rate of growth between 2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr-1) was lower than that between 2000 and 2009 (2.1% yr-1)69. Historical cumulative net CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019 were 2400 ±240 GtCO2. Of...
(high confidence) {WGIII SPM B1.1, WGIII SPM B.1.2, WGIII SPM B.1.3, WGIII Figure SPM.1, WGIII Figure SPM.2} Regional contributions to global human-caused GHG emissions continue to differ widely. Historical contributions of CO2 emissions vary substantially across regions in terms of total magnitude, but also in te...
Around 48% of the global population in 2019 lives in countries emitting on average more than 6 tCO2-eq per capita, 35% of the global population live in countries emitting more than 9 tCO2-eq per capita70 (excluding CO2-LULUCF) while another 41% live in countries emitting less than 3 tCO2-eq per capita. A substantia...
Average annual GHG emissions growth between 69 GHG emission metrics are used to express emissions of different GHGs in a common unit. Aggregated GHG emissions in this report are stated in CO2-equivalents (CO2-eq) using the Global Warming Potential with a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) with values based on the co...
{WGIII SPM footnote 8} 72 Comprising a gross sink of -12.5 (±3.2) GtCO2 yr-1 resulting from responses of all land to both anthropogenic environmental change and natural climate variability, and net anthropogenic CO2-LULUCF emissions +5.9 (±4.1) GtCO2 yr-1 based on book-keeping models. {WGIII SPM Footnote 14} 73 This...
Land overall constituted a net sink of –6.6 (±4.6) GtCO2 yr–1 for the period 2010–201972 (medium conﬁdence). {WGIII SPM B.2, WGIII SPM B.2.1, WGIII SPM B.2.2, WGIII TS 5.6.1} Human-caused climate change is a consequence of more than a century of net GHG emissions from energy use, land-use and land use change, life...
45 Current Status and Trends Section 2 Key Population (millions) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 5 10 15 20 Middle East Africa Eastern Asia South-East Asia and Paciﬁc Latin America and Caribbean Europe Southern Asia North America Australia, Japan and New Zealand Eastern Europe and West-Central Asia Africa Australia, Japan...
6 1.6 Consumption-based emissions (tCO2FFI per person, based on 2018 data) 0.84 11 6.7 6.2 7.8 2.8 7.6 17 2.5 1.5 Population (million persons, 2019) 1292 157 1471 291 620 646 252 366 674 1836 GHG per capita (tCO2-eq per person) 3.9 13 11 13 7.8 9.2 13 19 7.9 2.6 GDP per capita (USD1000PPP 2017 per person) 1 5.0 43 17 2...
2 Net GHG 2019 2 (production basis) CO2FFI, 2018, per person GHG emissions intensity (tCO2-eq / USD1000PPP 2017) 0.78 0.30 0.62 0.64 0.18 0.61 0.64 0.31 0.65 0.42 Africa Australia, Japan, New Zealand Eastern Asia Eastern Europe, West- Central Asia Europe Latin America and Caribbean Middle East North America...
46 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Figure 2.2: Regional GHG emissions, and the regional proportion of total cumulative production-based CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019. Panel (a) shows the share of historical cumulative net anthropogenic CO2 emissions per region from 1850 to 2019 in GtCO2. This includes CO2-FFI and CO2-...
The height of each rectangle shows per capita emissions, the width shows the population of the region, so that the area of the rectangles refers to the total emissions for each region. Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. In the case of two regions, the area for CO2-LULUCF is below the ...
Emissions from international aviation and shipping are not included. {WGIII Figure SPM.2} 2.1.2. Observed Climate System Changes and Impacts to Date It is unequivocal that human inﬂuence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have oc...
Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 [0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018. The average rate of sea level rise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1]mm yr-1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to 1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr-1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing to 3.7 [3.2 to –4.2] mm yr-1 between 2006 and 2018 (high conﬁdenc...
It is virtually certain that human-caused CO2 emissions are the main driver of current global acidiﬁcation of the surface open ocean. {WGI SPM A.1, WGI SPM A.1.3, WGI SPM A.1.5, WGI SPM A.1.6, WG1 SPM A1.7, WGI SPM A.2, WG1.SPM A.4.2; SROCC SPM.A.1, SROCC SPM A.2} Human-caused climate change is already affecting ma...
Marine heatwaves have approximately doubled 74 ‘Main driver’ means responsible for more than 50% of the change. {WGI SPM footnote 12} 75 See Annex I: Glossary. in frequency since the 1980s (high conﬁdence), and human inﬂuence has very likely contributed to most of them since at least 2006. The frequency and intens...
A.2} Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible75 losses, in terrestrial, freshwater, cryospheric and coastal and open ocean ecosystems (high conﬁdence). The extent and magnitude of climate change impacts are larger than estimated in previous assessments (high conﬁdence). Approxima...
Impacts in ecosystems from slow-onset processes such as ocean acidiﬁcation, sea level rise or regional decreases in precipitation have also been attributed to human-caused climate change (high conﬁdence). Climate change has contributed to desertiﬁcation and exacerbated land degradation, particularly in low lying c...
47 Current Status and Trends Section 2 Table 2.1: Assessment of observed changes in large-scale indicators of mean climate across climate system components, and their attribution to human inﬂuence. The colour coding indicates the assessed conﬁdence in / likelihood76 of the observed change and the human contribution as...
47 Current Status and Trends Section 2 Table 2.1: Assessment of observed changes in large-scale indicators of mean climate across climate system components, and their attribution to human inﬂuence. The colour coding indicates the assessed conﬁdence in / likelihood76 of the observed change and the human contribution as...
48 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Climate change has impacted human and natural systems across the world with those who have generally least contributed to climate change being most vulnerable a) Synthesis of assessment of observed change in hot extremes, heavy precipitation and drought, and conﬁdence in human contri...
SES (South-Eastern South America), SSA (Southern South America), Europe: GIC (Greenland/Iceland), NEU (Northern Europe), WCE (Western and Central Europe), EEU (Eastern Europe), MED (Mediterranean), Africa: MED (Mediterranean), SAH (Sahara), WAF (Western Africa), CAF (Central Africa), NEAF (North Eastern Africa)...
WCA (West Central Asia), ECA (East Central Asia), TIB (Tibetan Plateau), EAS (East Asia), ARP (Arabian Peninsula), SAS (South Asia), SEA (South East Asia), Australasia: NAU (Northern Australia), CAU (Central Australia), EAU (Eastern Australia), SAU (Southern Australia), NZ (New Zealand), Small Islands: CAR (Car...
SEAF CAU EAU SWS SES ESAF SAU NZ SSA MDG PAC Africa Asia Australasia North America Central America South America Europe Small Islands Small Islands NWN NEN GIC NEU RAR WNA CNA ENA WCE EEU WSB ESB RFE NCA MED WCA ECA TIB EAS SCA CAR SAH ARP SAS SEA NWS NSA WAF CAF NEAF NAU SAM NES WSAF SEAF CAU EAU SWS SES ESAF SAU NZ S...
49 Current Status and Trends Section 2 Terrestrial Freshwater Ocean Changes in ecosystem structure Terrestrial Freshwater Ocean Species range shifts Terrestrial Freshwater Ocean Changes in seasonal timing (phenology) Water availability and food production Health and wellbeing Cities, settlements and infrastructure ...
50 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Climate change has reduced food security and affected water security due to warming, changing precipitation patterns, reduction and loss of cryospheric elements, and greater frequency and intensity of climatic extremes, thereby hindering efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals...
Roughly half of the world’s population currently experiences severe water scarcity for at least some part of the year due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic drivers (medium conﬁdence) (Figure 2.3). Unsustainable agricultural expansion, driven in part by unbalanced diets77, increases ecosystem and human v...
6; SRCCL SPM A.2.8, SRCCL SPM A.5.3; SROCC SPM A.5.4., SROCC SPM A.7.1, SROCC SPM A.8.1, SROCC Figure SPM.2} 77 Balanced diets feature plant-based foods, such as those based on coarse grains, legumes fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and animal-source foods produced in resilient, sustainable and low-GHG emissi...
{WGII SPM footnote 29} In urban settings, climate change has caused adverse impacts on human health, livelihoods and key infrastructure (high conﬁdence). Hot extremes including heatwaves have intensiﬁed in cities (high conﬁdence), where they have also worsened air pollution events (medium conﬁdence) and limited fun...
{WGI SPM C.2.6; WGII SPM B.1.5, WGII Figure TS.9, WGII 6 ES} Climate change has adversely affected human physical health globally and mental health in assessed regions (very high conﬁdence), and is contributing to humanitarian crises where climate hazards interact with high vulnerability (high conﬁdence). In all re...
Panel (a) The IPCC AR6 WGI inhabited regions are displayed as hexagons with identical size in their approximate geographical location (see legend for regional acronyms). All assessments are made for each region as a whole and for the 1950s to the present. Assessments made on different time scales or more local spatia...
For hot extremes, the evidence is mostly drawn from changes in metrics based on daily maximum temperatures; regional studies using other indices (heatwave duration, frequency and intensity) are used in addition. For heavy precipitation, the evidence is mostly drawn from changes in indices based on one-day or ﬁve-day ...
Panel (c) Observed impacts on ecosystems and human systems attributed to climate change at global and regional scales. Global assessments focus on large studies, multi-species, meta-analyses and large reviews. Regional assessments consider evidence on impacts across an entire region and do not focus on any country in...
51 Current Status and Trends Section 2 (high conﬁdence) (Figure 2.3). Climate change impacts on health are mediated through natural and human systems, including economic and social conditions and disruptions (high conﬁdence). Climate and weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, Asia, North ...
Compound extreme events include increases in the frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high conﬁdence); ﬁre weather in some regions (medium conﬁdence); and compound ﬂooding in some locations (medium conﬁdence). Multiple risks interact, generating new sources of vulnerability to climate hazards, and compou...
Individual livelihoods have been affected through changes in agricultural productivity, impacts on human health and food security, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss of property and income, with adverse effects on gender and social equity (high conﬁdence). Tropical cyclones have reduced economic grow...
Cultural losses, related 80 See Annex 1: Glossary. 81 Governance: The structures, processes and actions through which private and public actors interact to address societal goals. This includes formal and informal institutions and the associated norms, rules, laws and procedures for deciding, managing, implementin...
LDCs and SIDS who have much lower per capita emissions (1.7 tCO2-eq, 4.6 tCO2-eq, respectively) than the global average (6.9 tCO2-eq) excluding CO2-LULUCF, also have high vulnerability to climatic hazards, with global hotspots of high human vulnerability observed in West-, Central- and East Africa, South Asia, Cen...
Between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from ﬂoods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability (high conﬁdence). In the Arctic and in some high mountain regions, negative impacts of cryosphere change have been especially felt among Indigenou...
52 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 International climate agreements, rising national ambitions for climate action, along with rising public awareness are accelerating efforts to address climate change at multiple levels of governance. Mitigation policies have contributed to a decrease in global energy and carbon intens...
The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with near universal participation, has led to policy development and target-setting at national and sub-national levels, particularly in relation to mitigation but also for adaptation, as well as enhanced transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence). ...
In addition, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted in 2015 by UN member states, sets out 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and seeks to align efforts globally to prioritise ending extreme poverty, protect the planet and promote more peaceful, prosperous and inclusive societies. If achieved, th...
Engaging Indigenous Peoples and local communities using just-transition and rights-based decision-making approaches, implemented through collective and participatory decision-making processes has enabled deeper ambition and accelerated action in different ways, and at all scales, depending on national circumstance...
Mitigation Actions to Date There has been a consistent expansion of policies and laws addressing mitigation since AR5 (high conﬁdence). Climate governance supports mitigation by providing frameworks through which diverse actors interact, and a basis for policy development and implementation (medium conﬁdence). Many...
53 Current Status and Trends Section 2 than single policies (high conﬁdence). Combining mitigation with policies to shift development pathways, policies that induce lifestyle or behaviour changes, for example, measures promoting walkable urban areas combined with electriﬁcation and renewable energy can create healt...
Design and process innovations in combination with the use of digital technologies have led to near-commercial availability of many low or zero emissions options in buildings, transport and industry. From 2010-2019, there have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy (by 85%), wind energy (by 55%...
Integrated design in construction and retroﬁt of buildings has led to increasing examples of zero energy or zero carbon buildings. Technological innovation made possible the widespread adoption of LED lighting. Digital technologies including sensors, the internet of things, robotics, and artiﬁcial intelligence can...
Annual tracked total ﬁnancial ﬂows for climate mitigation and adaptation increased by up to 60% between 2013/14 and 2019/20, but average growth has slowed since 2018 (medium conﬁdence) and most climate ﬁnance stays within national borders (high conﬁdence). Markets for green bonds, environmental, social and governan...
By 2020, over 20% of global GHG emissions were covered by carbon taxes or emissions trading systems, although coverage and prices have been insufﬁcient to achieve deep reductions (medium conﬁdence). Equity and distributional impacts of carbon pricing instruments can be addressed by using revenue from carbon taxes ...
While global net GHG emissions have increased since 2010, global energy intensity (total primary energy per unit GDP) decreased by 2% yr–1 between 2010 and 2019. Global carbon intensity (CO2-FFI per unit primary energy) also decreased by 0.3% yr–1, mainly due to fuel switching from coal to gas, reduced expansion o...
54 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Market cost, with range Adoption (note different scales) Fossil fuel cost (2020) Passenger electric vehicle Photovoltaics (PV) Onshore wind Offshore wind Key a) Market Cost b) Market Adoption Renewable electricity generation is increasingly price-competitive and some sectors are e...
The top panel (a) shows global costs per unit of energy (USD per MWh) for some rapidly changing mitigation technologies. Solid blue lines indicate average unit cost in each year. Light blue shaded areas show the range between the 5th and 95th percentiles in each year. Yellow shading indicates the range of unit costs ...
55 Current Status and Trends Section 2 At least 1.8 GtCO2-eq yr–1 of avoided emissions can be accounted for by aggregating separate estimates for the effects of economic and regulatory instruments (medium conﬁdence). Growing numbers of laws and executive orders have impacted global emissions and are estimated to ha...
Various tools, measures and processes are available that can enable, accelerate and sustain adaptation implementation (high conﬁdence). Growing public and political awareness of climate impacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities including adaptation in their climate policies and planni...
Some land-related adaptation actions such as sustainable food production, improved and sustainable forest management, soil organic carbon management, ecosystem conservation and land restoration, reduced deforestation and degradation, and reduced food loss and waste are being undertaken, and can have mitigation co-...
85 See Annex I: Glossary. 86 Irrigation is effective in reducing drought risk and climate impacts in many regions and has several livelihood beneﬁts, but needs appropriate management to avoid potential adverse outcomes, which can include accelerated depletion of groundwater and other water sources and increased so...
{WGII SPM C1.1} Globally tracked adaptation ﬁnance has shown an upward trend since AR5, but represents only a small portion of total climate ﬁnance, is uneven and has developed heterogeneously across regions and sectors (high conﬁdence). Adaptation ﬁnance has come predominantly from public sources, largely through...
{WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.5.4; WGII TS.D.1.6, WGII Cross-Chapter Box FINANCE; WGIII SPM E.5.4} There are adaptation options which are effective84 in reducing climate risks85 for speciﬁc contexts, sectors and regions and contribute positively to sustainable development and other societal goals. In the agriculture ...
56 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests); while afforestation and reforestation, restoration of high-carbon ecosystems, agroforestry, and the reclamation of degraded soils take more time to deliver measurable results. Signiﬁcant synergies exist between adaptation and mitigation, ...
Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems are effective adaptation options for extreme heat (high conﬁdence). Effective adaptation options for water, food and vector-borne diseases include improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to extreme ...
57 Current Status and Trends Section 2 2.3 Current Mitigation and Adaptation Actions and Policies are not Sufﬁcient At the time of the present assessment88 there are gaps between global ambitions and the sum of declared national ambitions. These are further compounded by gaps between declared national ambitions and cu...
(high conﬁdence) 88 The timing of various cut-offs for assessment differs by WG report and the aspect assessed. See footnote 1 in Section 1. 89 See CSB.2 for a discussion of scenarios and pathways. 90 See Annex I: Glossary. 2.3.1. The Gap Between Mitigation Policies, Pledges and Pathways that Limit Warming to 1.5°C...
Modelled pathways that are consistent with NDCs announced prior to COP26 until 2030 and assume no increase in ambition thereafter have higher emissions, leading 88 The timing of various cut-offs for assessment differs by WG report and the aspect assessed. See footnote 58 in Section 1. 89 See CSB.2 for a discussion...
{WGIII SPM footnote 26} 93 In this report, ‘unconditional’ elements of NDCs refer to mitigation efforts put forward without any conditions. ‘Conditional’ elements refer to mitigation efforts that are contingent on international cooperation, for example bilateral and multilateral agreements, ﬁnancing or monetary and/o...
{WGIII SPM B.6, WGIII SPM B.6.1, WGIII SPM B.6.3, WGIII SPM B.6.4, WGIII SPM C.1.1} Policies implemented by the end of 2020 are projected to result in higher global GHG emissions in 2030 than those implied by NDCs, indicating an ‘implementation gap94’ (high conﬁdence) (Table 2.2, Figure 2.5). Projected global emiss...
58 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Projected cumulative future CO2 emissions over the lifetime of existing fossil fuel infrastructure without additional abatement95 exceed the total cumulative net CO2 emissions in pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot. They are approximately equal t...
{WGI Table SPM.2} Table 2.2 Projected global emissions in 2030 associated with policies implemented by the end of 2020 and NDCs announced prior to COP26, and associated emissions gaps. Emissions projections for 2030 and gross differences in emissions are based on emissions of 52–56 GtCO2-eq yr–1 in 2019 as assumed in ...
(medium conﬁdence) {WGIII Table SPM.1} (Table 3.1, Cross-Section Box.2) 95 Abatement here refers to human interventions that reduce the amount of GHGs that are released from fossil fuel infrastructure to the atmosphere. {WGIII SPM footnote 34} 96 WGI provides carbon budgets that are in line with limiting global warm...
59 Current Status and Trends Section 2 a) Global GHG emissions b) 2030 10 20 30 0 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 0 40 50 60 70 GHG emissions (GtCO2-eq/yr) 2020 2025 2015 2010 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Limit warming to 2ºC (>67%) or 1.5 (>50%) after high overshoot with NDCs until 2030 Trend from implemented policies 2019 Limit war...
Panel a shows global GHG emissions over 2015-2050 for four types of assessed modelled global pathways: - Trend from implemented policies: Pathways with projected near-term GHG emissions in line with policies implemented until the end of 2020 and extended with comparable ambition levels beyond 2030 (29 scenarios acro...
- Limit to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot: Pathways limiting warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot (C1, WGIII Table SPM.2 C1). All these pathways assume immediate action after 2020. Past GHG emissions for 2010-2015 used to project global warming outcomes of the modelled pathways are shown by a blac...
60 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 Cross-Section Box.1: Understanding Net Zero CO2 and Net Zero GHG Emissions Limiting human-caused global warming to a speciﬁc level requires limiting cumulative CO2 emissions, reaching net zero or net negative CO2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other GHG emissions (see 3.3....
{WGI SPM D.1.8; WGIII Box TS.6, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 2} Achieving global net zero GHG emissions requires all remaining CO2 and metric-weighted98 non-CO2 GHG emissions to be counterbalanced by durably stored CO2 removals (high conﬁdence). Some non-CO2 emissions, such as CH4 and N2O from agriculture, cannot be fully...
(high conﬁdence) {WGIII Box TS.6, WGIII Cross-Chapter Box 3} The adoption and implementation of net zero emission targets by countries and regions also depend on equity and capacity considerations (high conﬁdence). The formulation of net zero pathways by countries will beneﬁt from clarity on scope, plans-of-action, an...
61 Current Status and Trends Section 2 Many countries have signalled an intention to achieve net zero GHG or net zero CO2 emissions by around mid-century (Cross-Section Box.1). More than 100 countries have either adopted, announced or are discussing net zero GHG or net zero CO2 emissions commitments, covering more ...
Current development pathways may create behavioural, spatial, economic and social barriers to accelerated mitigation at all scales (high conﬁdence). Choices made by policymakers, citizens, the private sector and other stakeholders inﬂuence societies’ development pathways (high conﬁdence). Structural factors of nati...
Low-emission innovation along with strengthened enabling conditions can reinforce development beneﬁts, which can, in turn, create feedbacks towards greater public support for policy (medium conﬁdence). Persistent and region-speciﬁc barriers also continue to hamper the economic and political feasibility of deployin...
101 Maladaptation refers to actions that may lead to increased risk of adverse climate-related outcomes, including via increased greenhouse gas emissions, increased or shifted vulnerability to climate change, more inequitable outcomes, or diminished welfare, now or in the future. Most often, maladaptation is an uninte...
Many funding, knowledge and practice gaps remain for effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation and current adaptation efforts are not expected to meet existing goals (high conﬁdence). At current rates of adaptation planning and implementation the adaptation gap will continue to grow (high conﬁdence). {WGI...
Transitioning from incremental to transformational adaptation can help overcome soft adaptation limits (high conﬁdence). {WGII SPM C.3, WGII SPM C.3.1, WGII SPM C.3.2, WGII SPM C.3.3, WGII SPM.C.3.4, WGII 16 ES} Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching s...
62 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 ﬁre-adapted ecosystems, or hard defences against ﬂooding) and human settlements (e.g. stranded assets and vulnerable communities that cannot afford to shift away or adapt and require an increase in social safety nets). Maladaptation especially affects marginalised and vulnerable gro...
Inequity and poverty also constrain adaptation, leading to soft limits and resulting in disproportionate exposure and impacts for most vulnerable groups (high conﬁdence). The largest adaptation gaps exist among lower income population groups (high conﬁdence). As adaptation options often have long implementation ti...

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YAML Metadata Warning:The task_categories "text2text-generation" is not in the official list: text-classification, token-classification, table-question-answering, question-answering, zero-shot-classification, translation, summarization, feature-extraction, text-generation, fill-mask, sentence-similarity, text-to-speech, text-to-audio, automatic-speech-recognition, audio-to-audio, audio-classification, audio-text-to-text, voice-activity-detection, depth-estimation, image-classification, object-detection, image-segmentation, text-to-image, image-to-text, image-to-image, image-to-video, unconditional-image-generation, video-classification, reinforcement-learning, robotics, tabular-classification, tabular-regression, tabular-to-text, table-to-text, multiple-choice, text-ranking, text-retrieval, time-series-forecasting, text-to-video, image-text-to-text, image-text-to-image, image-text-to-video, visual-question-answering, document-question-answering, zero-shot-image-classification, graph-ml, mask-generation, zero-shot-object-detection, text-to-3d, image-to-3d, image-feature-extraction, video-text-to-text, keypoint-detection, visual-document-retrieval, any-to-any, video-to-video, other

Dataset Card for GTimothee/my-knowledge-base

This repository was created using the giskard library, an open-source Python framework designed to evaluate and test AI systems.

This dataset comprises a giskard's KnowledgeBase containing 310 documents. If embeddings were generated before the saving process, they are included and will be automatically loaded into a vector store when required.

Usage

You can load this knowledge base using the following code:

from giskard.rag import KnowledgeBase
kb = KnowledgeBase.load_from_hf_hub("GTimothee/my-knowledge-base")

Configuration

The configuration details for this Knowledge Base (can also be found in the config.json file):

{
    "columns": null,
    "chunk_size": 2048,
    "min_topic_size": 8,
    "language": "en",
    "seed": null,
    "embedding_model": null
}

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