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Hallmarks of cancer , including rapid growth and aneuploidy , can result in non-oncogene addiction to the proteostasis network that can be exploited clinically . The defining example is the exquisite sensitivity of multiple myeloma ( MM ) to 20S proteasome inhibitors , such as carfilzomib . However , MM patients invari...	Cells have several mechanisms for removing proteins that have been damaged or are no longer needed . One of these mechanisms is carried out by a large protein complex called the proteasome . Drugs that block the proteasome are toxic to all cells , and a type of blood cancer called multiple myeloma is particularly sensi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Paradoxical resistance of multiple myeloma to proteasome inhibitors by decreased levels of 19S proteasomal subunits
The diverse transcriptional mechanisms governing cellular differentiation and development of mammalian tissue remains poorly understood . Here we report that TAF7L , a paralogue of TFIID subunit TAF7 , is enriched in adipocytes and white fat tissue ( WAT ) in mouse . Depletion of TAF7L reduced adipocyte-specific gene e...	The development of a single fertilized egg into a highly complex animal is determined by its genome , with a process called differential gene regulation exerting exquisite control over gene expression to ensure that various specialized cells are generated and that many types of tissue are produced . However , the mecha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Dual functions of TAF7L in adipocyte differentiation
The histone acetyltransferase ( HAT ) Mof is essential for mouse embryonic stem cell ( mESC ) pluripotency and early development . Mof is the enzymatic subunit of two different HAT complexes , MSL and NSL . The individual contribution of MSL and NSL to transcription regulation in mESCs is not well understood . Our geno...	Embryonic stem cells are special cells that have the ability to become many different types of cells , such as skin , muscle , or neuronal cells . This process is called differentiation . They can also undergo a process called self-renewal to produce more embryonic stem cells . These processes are controlled by a compl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression" ]	2014	Mof-associated complexes have overlapping and unique roles in regulating pluripotency in embryonic stem cells and during differentiation
How phenotypically distinct states in isogenic cell populations appear and stably co-exist remains unresolved . We find that within a mature , clonal yeast colony developing in low glucose , cells arrange into metabolically disparate cell groups . Using this system , we model and experimentally identify metabolic const...	Under certain conditions , single-celled microbes such as yeast and bacteria form communities of many cells . In some cases , the cells in these communities specialize to perform specific roles . By specializing , these cells may help the whole community to survive in difficult environments . These co-dependent communi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2019	Metabolic constraints drive self-organization of specialized cell groups
Lipid droplets are lipid storage organelles found in nearly all cell types from adipocytes to cancer cells . Although increasingly implicated in disease , current methods to study lipid droplets in vertebrate models rely on static imaging or the use of fluorescent dyes , limiting investigation of their rapid in vivo dy...	Organisms need fat molecules as a source of energy and as building blocks , but these ‘lipids’ can also damage cells if they are present in large amounts . Cells guard against such toxicity by safely sequestering lipids in specialized droplets that participate in a range of biological processes . For instance , these s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2021	An in vivo reporter for tracking lipid droplet dynamics in transparent zebrafish
Since the highly conserved exosome complex mediates the degradation and processing of multiple classes of RNAs , it almost certainly controls diverse biological processes . How this post-transcriptional RNA-regulatory machine impacts cell fate decisions and differentiation is poorly understood . Previously , we demonst...	Red blood cells supply an animal’s tissues with the oxygen they need to survive . These cells circulate for a certain amount of time before they die . To replenish the red blood cells that are lost , first a protein called stem cell factor ( SCF ) instructs stem cells and precursor cells to proliferate , and a second p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Exosome complex orchestrates developmental signaling to balance proliferation and differentiation during erythropoiesis
Alterations involving serine-threonine phosphatase PP2A subunits occur in a range of human cancers , and partial loss of PP2A function contributes to cell transformation . Displacement of regulatory B subunits by the SV40 Small T antigen ( ST ) or mutation/deletion of PP2A subunits alters the abundance and types of PP2...	Cells maintain a fine balance of signals that promote or counter cell growth and division . Two sets of enzymes – called kinases and phosphatases – contribute to this balance . In general , kinases “switch on” other proteins by tagging them with a phosphate molecule . This process is called phosphorylation . Phosphatas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	STRIPAK directs PP2A activity toward MAP4K4 to promote oncogenic transformation of human cells
Tendons are extracellular matrix ( ECM ) -rich structures that mediate muscle attachments with the skeleton , but surprisingly little is known about molecular mechanisms of attachment . Individual myofibers and tenocytes in Drosophila interact through integrin ( Itg ) ligands such as Thrombospondin ( Tsp ) , while vert...	Tendons , the tough connective tissues that link muscles to bones , are essential for lifting , running and other movements in animals . A matrix of proteins , called the extracellular matrix , connects the cells in a tendon , giving it the strength it needs to prevent muscles from detaching from bones during strenuous...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Thrombospondin-4 controls matrix assembly during development and repair of myotendinous junctions
CpG islands ( CGIs ) are associated with most mammalian gene promoters . A subset of CGIs act as polycomb response elements ( PREs ) and are recognized by the polycomb silencing systems to regulate expression of genes involved in early development . How CGIs function mechanistically as nucleation sites for polycomb rep...	Gene expression in eukaryotic cells can be controlled in a number of different ways , including various epigenetic mechanisms that do not involve making changes to DNA sequences that define the genes themselves . A well-known epigenetic mechanism for silencing genes in vertebrates is DNA methylation—the addition of a m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2012	KDM2B links the Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) to recognition of CpG islands
Neural computations underlying cognitive functions require calibration of the strength of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections and are associated with modulation of gamma frequency oscillations in network activity . However , principles relating gamma oscillations , synaptic strength and circuit computations ...	When electrodes are placed on the scalp , or lowered into the brain itself , rhythmic waves of electrical activity are seen that reflect the coordinated firing of large numbers of neurons . The pattern of the waves varies between different brain regions , and according to what the animal or person is doing . During sle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Noise promotes independent control of gamma oscillations and grid firing within recurrent attractor networks
Humans and other species have perceptual mechanisms dedicated to estimating approximate quantity: a sense of number . Here we show a clear interaction between self-produced actions and the perceived numerosity of subsequent visual stimuli . A short period of rapid finger-tapping ( without sensory feedback ) caused subj...	Humans and many other animals have the ability to make spontaneous and rapid estimates of the approximate number of items that they can see . This sense of number , or “numbersense” , is particularly important in humans , as evidence suggests that it lays the groundwork for acquiring mathematical skills . Researchers h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A shared numerical representation for action and perception
Malaria parasites use the RhopH complex for erythrocyte invasion and channel-mediated nutrient uptake . As the member proteins are unique to Plasmodium spp . , how they interact and traffic through subcellular sites to serve these essential functions is unknown . We show that RhopH is synthesized as a soluble complex o...	Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the family of Plasmodium parasites , which pass between mosquitoes and animals to complete their life cycle . With one bite , mosquitoes can deposit up to one hundred malaria parasites into the human skin , from where they enter the bloodstream . After increasing their numbers...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2021	Malaria parasites use a soluble RhopH complex for erythrocyte invasion and an integral form for nutrient uptake
Complex interspecies relationships are widespread among metazoans , but the evolutionary history of these lifestyles is poorly understood . We describe a fossil beetle in 99-million-year-old Burmese amber that we infer to have been a social impostor of the earliest-known ant colonies . Promyrmister kistneri gen . et sp...	Many animals live lives that are closely intertwined with those of other species . While a clown fish sheltering within the tentacles of a sea anemone may be a textbook example , ‘symbiotic’ interactions that occur inside ant nests are among some of the most dramatic . Known as myrmecophiles – after the Greek for ‘ant ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2019	A Mesozoic clown beetle myrmecophile (Coleoptera: Histeridae)
The joint activity of neural populations is high dimensional and complex . One strategy for reaching a tractable understanding of circuit function is to seek the simplest dynamical system that can account for the population activity . By imaging Aplysia’s pedal ganglion during fictive locomotion , here we show that its...	In all animals , neurons in the brain work together to generate movement . From a slug’s ability to crawl , to your ability to move your hand , movement is dependent on hundreds or thousands of neurons being active at the same time . Rhythmic movements such as crawling or swimming show this clearly: groups of neurons f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	A spiral attractor network drives rhythmic locomotion
Cells employ regulated transport mechanisms to ensure that their plasma membranes ( PMs ) are optimally supplied with cholesterol derived from uptake of low-density lipoproteins ( LDL ) and synthesis . To date , all inhibitors of cholesterol transport block steps in lysosomes , limiting our understanding of post-lysoso...	Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane made mostly from oily molecules known as lipids . One of these lipids , called cholesterol , is essential for keeping this membrane stable . Cholesterol is partly produced within the cells at a specialized structure called the endoplasmic reticulum , and partly imported from th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Continuous transport of a small fraction of plasma membrane cholesterol to endoplasmic reticulum regulates total cellular cholesterol
Nitrogen-containing-bisphosphonates ( N-BPs ) are a class of drugs widely prescribed to treat osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases . Although previous studies have established that N-BPs function by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway in osteoclasts , the mechanism by which N-BPs enter the cytosol from the extrac...	As some people age , their bones may become weak , brittle , and break easily . This condition is called osteoporosis . To treat osteoporosis , doctors often prescribe drugs called nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates ( NBPs ) . These drugs destroy cells called osteoclasts , which break down bone . This helps restore bo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "short", "report", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2018	Identification of a transporter complex responsible for the cytosolic entry of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates
Mammalian heart development requires precise allocation of cardiac progenitors . The existence of a multipotent progenitor for all anatomic and cellular components of the heart has been predicted but its identity and contribution to the two cardiac progenitor ‘fields’ has remained undefined . Here we show , using clona...	Most internal organs in the body are made up of several different kinds of cells . Understanding where these cells come from and how these different cells develop from a single cell in an embryo could help to guide regenerative therapies , where tissues grown in the laboratory are used to repair damage that the body ca...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	Early patterning and specification of cardiac progenitors in gastrulating mesoderm
Optical super-resolution microscopy techniques enable high molecular specificity with high spatial resolution and constitute a set of powerful tools in the investigation of the structure of supramolecular assemblies such as viruses . Here , we report on a new methodology which combines Structured Illumination Microscop...	Viruses are like the Trojan horses of the biological world; they sneak their genetic code into a living cell and then hijack it , forcing that cell to produce their own viral proteins . Yet , if scientists replace the harmful genes in a virus with other genes , the virus can be transformed into a powerful tool for biol...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Structured illumination microscopy combined with machine learning enables the high throughput analysis and classification of virus structure
Coordinated gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction is critical for proper nutrient absorption and is altered in a number of medical disorders . In this work , we demonstrate a critical role for the RGD-binding integrin α8β1 in promoting nutrient absorption through regulation of gastrointestinal motility . Smooth mu...	Animals absorb nutrients from the food they eat in a complicated process that involves multiple steps . In the mouth , teeth break down the food into smaller chunks . Then the food passes through the stomach and small intestine , where enzymes break it down into individual molecules that are small enough to be absorbed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	α8β1 integrin regulates nutrient absorption through an Mfge8-PTEN dependent mechanism
Sequencing studies have implicated haploinsufficiency of ARID1B , a SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling subunit , in short stature ( Yu et al . , 2015 ) , autism spectrum disorder ( O'Roak et al . , 2012 ) , intellectual disability ( Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study , 2015 ) , and corpus callosum agenesis ( Halgren e...	DNA does not just float freely inside our cells . Instead , it is wound around proteins called histones and packaged tidily into a form called chromatin . This packaging allows genes to be switched on or off by making it easier or harder to access different stretches of the genetic code . A group of proteins called the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Arid1b haploinsufficient mice reveal neuropsychiatric phenotypes and reversible causes of growth impairment
Glucagon secretion dysregulation in diabetes fosters hyperglycemia . Recent studies report that mice lacking glucagon receptor ( Gcgr-/- ) do not develop diabetes following streptozotocin ( STZ ) -mediated ablation of insulin-producing β-cells . Here , we show that diabetes prevention in STZ-treated Gcgr-/- animals req...	After meals , digested food causes sugar to accumulate in the blood . This triggers the release of the hormone insulin from beta cells in the pancreas , which allows liver cells , muscle cells and fat cells to use and store the sugar for energy . Other cells in the pancreas , called alpha cells , release a hormone call...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2016	Blockade of glucagon signaling prevents or reverses diabetes onset only if residual β-cells persist
The glucose-sensing Mondo pathway regulates expression of metabolic genes in mammals . Here , we characterized its function in the zebrafish and revealed an unexpected role of this pathway in vertebrate embryonic development . We showed that knockdown of mondoa impaired the early morphogenetic movement of epiboly in ze...	In most animals , a protein called MondoA closely monitors the amount of glucose in the body , as this type of sugar is the fuel required for many life processes . Glucose levels also act as a proxy for the availability of other important nutrients . Once MondoA has detected glucose molecules , it turns genetic program...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	MondoA regulates gene expression in cholesterol biosynthesis-associated pathways required for zebrafish epiboly
Skeletal muscle regenerative potential declines with age , in part due to deficiencies in resident stem cells ( satellite cells , SCs ) and derived myogenic progenitors ( MPs ) ; however , the factors responsible for this decline remain obscure . TGFβ superfamily signaling is an inhibitor of myogenic differentiation , ...	Even in adulthood , injured muscles can repair themselves largely because they contain groups of stem cells known as satellite cells . These cells divide to produce progenitor cells that later develop , or differentiate , into new muscle fibers . However as muscles get older , this repair process becomes less effective...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2016	Smad4 restricts differentiation to promote expansion of satellite cell derived progenitors during skeletal muscle regeneration
Long-term potentiation ( LTP ) is arguably the most compelling cellular model for learning and memory . While the mechanisms underlying the induction of LTP ( ‘learning’ ) are well understood , the maintenance of LTP ( ‘memory’ ) has remained contentious over the last 20 years . Here , we find that Ca2+-calmodulin-depe...	How the brain stores information is a question that has fascinated neuroscientists for well over a century . Two general ideas have emerged . The first is that groups of neurons hold information by staying active . The second is that they hold information by strengthening their connections to one another , making it ea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Synaptic memory requires CaMKII
Phytochrome proteins control the growth , reproduction , and photosynthesis of plants , fungi , and bacteria . Light is detected by a bilin cofactor , but it remains elusive how this leads to activation of the protein through structural changes . We present serial femtosecond X-ray crystallographic data of the chromoph...	Plants adapt to the availability of light throughout their lives because it regulates so many aspects of their growth and reproduction . To detect the level of light , plant cells use proteins called phytochromes , which are also found in some bacteria and fungi . Phytochrome proteins change shape when they are exposed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	The primary structural photoresponse of phytochrome proteins captured by a femtosecond X-ray laser
Mechanical forces have emerged as coordinating signals for most cell functions . Yet , because forces are invisible , mapping tensile stress patterns in tissues remains a major challenge in all kingdoms . Here we take advantage of the adhesion defects in the Arabidopsis mutant quasimodo1 ( qua1 ) to deduce stress patte...	The parts of a plant that protrude from the ground are constantly shaken by the wind , applying forces to the plant that it must be able to resist . Indeed , mechanical forces are crucial for the development , growth and life of all organisms and can trigger certain behaviours or the production of particular molecules:...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2018	A tension-adhesion feedback loop in plant epidermis
Circadian clocks coordinate 24-hr rhythms of behavior and physiology . In mammals , a master clock residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) is reset by the light–dark cycle , while timed food intake is a potent synchronizer of peripheral clocks such as the liver . Alterations in food intake rhythms can uncouple ...	Humans and other animals have adapted their behavior and their biology to the daily cycle of light and dark . Groups of genes are reliably switched on or off at different times of the day , and act as internal , or ‘circadian’ , clocks that help these organisms to stay on a 24-hour cycle . External signals also synchro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Oxyntomodulin regulates resetting of the liver circadian clock by food
Multiple nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm are found in diverse tissues , organisms , and diseases . Yet , multinucleation remains a poorly understood biological property . Cytoplasm sharing invariably involves plasma membrane breaches . In contrast , we discovered cytoplasm sharing without membrane breaching in highly...	Most cells are self-contained – they have a cell membrane that delimits and therefore defines the cell , separating it from other cells and from its environment . But sometimes several cells interconnect and form collectives so they can pool their internal resources . Some of the best-known examples of this happen in a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2020	Cytoplasmic sharing through apical membrane remodeling
To understand a visual scene , the brain segregates figures from background by assigning borders to foreground objects . Neurons in primate visual cortex encode which object owns a border ( border ownership ) , but the underlying circuitry is not understood . Here , we used multielectrode probes to record from border o...	To understand a visual scene , the brain needs to identify objects and distinguish them from background . A border marks the transition from object to background , but to differentiate which side of the border belongs to the object and which to background , the brain must integrate information across space . An early s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Columnar processing of border ownership in primate visual cortex
Recent bacterial ( meta ) genome sequencing efforts suggest the existence of an enormous untapped reservoir of natural-product-encoding biosynthetic gene clusters in the environment . Here we use the pyro-sequencing of PCR amplicons derived from both nonribosomal peptide adenylation domains and polyketide ketosynthase ...	Many of the most useful medicinal drugs—including antibiotics and cancer drugs—are derived from bacteria living in the soil that produce these chemicals as part of their natural life cycle . Many of these chemicals have been found by culturing bacteria in the laboratory , but this approach is limited because it only pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease", "short", "report", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Global biogeographic sampling of bacterial secondary metabolism
The replicative DNA polymerase PolIIIα from Escherichia coli is a uniquely fast and processive enzyme . For its activity it relies on the DNA sliding clamp β , the proofreading exonuclease ε and the C-terminal domain of the clamp loader subunit τ . Due to the dynamic nature of the four-protein complex it has long been ...	DNA replication is complicated because the two strands that form its “double helix” structure run in opposite directions and need to be replicated at the same time . One of the new strands , the leading strand , is built continuously . While the other strand , called the lagging strand , is made in stretches that are a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	cryo-EM structures of the E. coli replicative DNA polymerase reveal its dynamic interactions with the DNA sliding clamp, exonuclease and τ
Choice confidence , an individual’s internal estimate of judgment accuracy , plays a critical role in adaptive behaviour , yet its neural representations during decision formation remain underexplored . Here , we recorded simultaneous EEG-fMRI while participants performed a direction discrimination task and rated their...	While waiting to cross the road on a foggy morning , you see a shape in the distance that appears to be an approaching car . How do you decide if it is safe to cross ? We often have to make important decisions about the world based on imperfect information . What guides our subsequent actions in these situations is a s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions
Symbiotic microbes impact the function and development of the central nervous system ( CNS ) ; however , little is known about the contribution of the microbiota during viral-induced neurologic damage . We identify that commensals aid in host defense following infection with a neurotropic virus through enhancing microg...	Trillions of bacteria , fungi and viruses live inside us , forming what is known as our microbiota . Far from causing problems , these microbes benefit our health in many ways . Most of our microbiota lives in our gut , yet there is increasing evidence that it can influence how our central nervous system works . In par...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	The microbiota protects from viral-induced neurologic damage through microglia-intrinsic TLR signaling
Dnmt1 is critical for immediate postnatal intestinal development , but is not required for the survival of the adult intestinal epithelium , the only rapidly dividing somatic tissue for which this has been shown . Acute Dnmt1 deletion elicits dramatic hypomethylation and genomic instability . Recovery of DNA methylatio...	Genes in a cell can be switched on or off at different times depending on the cell’s requirements . Small chemical groups can be attached to the gene’s DNA , which dictates whether it is activated or inactivated . For example , methyl groups can be attached to DNA by enzymes known as DNA methytransferases in a process ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2016	The ‘de novo’ DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3b compensates the Dnmt1-deficient intestinal epithelium
Acid-base conditions modify artery tone and tissue perfusion but the involved vascular-sensing mechanisms and disease consequences remain unclear . We experimentally investigated transgenic mice and performed genetic studies in a UK-based human cohort . We show that endothelial cells express the putative HCO3–-sensor r...	Restricted blood flow in the heart or brain can deprive these vital organs of oxygen , thereby causing a heart attack or stroke . However , the body has compensatory mechanisms to mitigate damage: if the blood flow is reduced in one blood vessel , acidic waste accumulates locally . This causes nearby blood vessels to w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	PTPRG is an ischemia risk locus essential for HCO3–-dependent regulation of endothelial function and tissue perfusion
Vascular network density determines the amount of oxygen and nutrients delivered to host tissues , but how the vast diversity of densities is generated is unknown . Reiterations of endothelial-tip-cell selection , sprout extension and anastomosis are the basis for vascular network generation , a process governed by the...	Many animals have a network of blood vessels that supplies oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body . Each organ contains a unique pattern of blood vessels; some have lots of densely packed vessels , while others have fewer vessels that are more widely spaced . New blood vessels typically form by sprouting from t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "short", "report", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2016	Temporal modulation of collective cell behavior controls vascular network topology
Familial Advanced Sleep Phase ( FASP ) is a heritable human sleep phenotype characterized by very early sleep and wake times . We identified a missense mutation in the human Cryptochrome 2 ( CRY2 ) gene that co-segregates with FASP in one family . The mutation leads to replacement of an alanine residue at position 260 ...	Sleep is an essential process in animals . In humans , the disturbance of normal sleep-wake cycles through shift-work or long-term sleep disorders increases the risk of developing conditions including mental illness , cancer and metabolic syndromes . Understanding how sleep-wake behavior is controlled within cells may ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	A Cryptochrome 2 mutation yields advanced sleep phase in humans
The amyloid β peptide ( Aβ ) is a key player in the etiology of Alzheimer disease ( AD ) , yet a systematic investigation of its molecular interactions has not been reported . Here we identified by quantitative mass spectrometry proteins in human brain extract that bind to oligomeric Aβ1-42 ( oAβ1-42 ) and/or monomeric...	Treating Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias is one of the major challenges currently facing healthcare providers worldwide . A hallmark of the disease is the formation of large deposits of a specific molecule , known as amyloid beta ( Aβ ) , in the brain . However , more and more research suggests that smaller a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Somatostatin binds to the human amyloid β peptide and favors the formation of distinct oligomers
Cystic fibrosis ( CF ) is caused by mutations in CF transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) . The most frequent mutation ( F508del-CFTR ) results in altered proteostasis , that is , in the misfolding and intracellular degradation of the protein . The F508del-CFTR proteostasis machinery and its homeostatic regulati...	Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that commonly affects people of European descent . The condition is caused by mutations in the gene encoding a protein called “cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator” ( or CFTR for short ) . CFTR forms a channel in the membrane of cells in the lungs that help transport ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Unravelling druggable signalling networks that control F508del-CFTR proteostasis
Certain forms of translational regulation , and translation itself , rely on long-range interactions between proteins bound to the different ends of mRNAs . A widespread assumption is that such interactions occur only in cis , between the two ends of a single transcript . However , certain translational regulatory defe...	Genes encode the instructions needed to make proteins and other molecules . To make a protein , the DNA within a gene is copied to produce molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) that are then used as templates to build proteins via a process called translation . This process – which involves protein machines ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Community effects in regulation of translation
Design of complex alpha-beta protein topologies poses a challenge because of the large number of alternative packing arrangements . A similar challenge presumably limited the emergence of large and complex protein topologies in evolution . Here , we demonstrate that protein topologies with six and seven-stranded beta s...	A protein is made up of a sequence of amino acids and must fold into a specific three-dimensional structure if it is to work correctly . The structure is formed by segments of the protein adopting specific shapes , the two most common shapes being alpha helices and beta strands . Beta strands commonly interact with eac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Precise assembly of complex beta sheet topologies from de novo designed building blocks
Cytoplasmic microtubules ( cMT ) control mitotic spindle positioning in many organisms , and are therefore pivotal for successful cell division . Despite its importance , the temporal control of cMT formation remains poorly understood . Here we show that unlike the best-studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , position...	Before a cell divides , it needs to duplicate its genetic material to provide the new daughter cell with a full set of genetic information . To do so , the cell forms a complex of proteins called the spindle apparatus , which is made up of string-like microtubules that divide the chromosomes evenly . In many organisms ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Polo-like kinase Cdc5 regulates Spc72 recruitment to spindle pole body in the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha
Centrioles play critical roles in organizing the assembly of the mitotic spindle and templating the formation of primary cilia . Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle and is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 ( PLK4 ) . Although significant progress has been made in understanding centriole composition , we have...	A cell’s DNA is the chemical instruction manual for everything it does . Each cell in our bodies contains over two meters of DNA , which is divided into 46 packages of information called chromosomes . When the body needs to make more cells , for example during growth or repair , existing cells divide in two in order to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2019	PLK4 promotes centriole duplication by phosphorylating STIL to link the procentriole cartwheel to the microtubule wall
Transcription initiation of archaeal RNA polymerase ( RNAP ) and eukaryotic RNAPII is assisted by conserved basal transcription factors . The eukaryotic transcription factor TFIIE consists of α and β subunits . Here we have identified and characterised the function of the TFIIEβ homologue in archaea that on the primary...	Life on Earth is often categorized into three domains: the eukaryotes ( which include plants , animals and fungi ) , the bacteria and a group of unusual , single-celled microorganisms called the archaea . But several recent discoveries suggest that the origin of the eukaryotes lies within the archaeal domain . The gene...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Archaeal TFEα/β is a hybrid of TFIIE and the RNA polymerase III subcomplex hRPC62/39
Complex biological systems rely on cell surface cues that govern cellular self-recognition and selective interactions with appropriate partners . Molecular diversification of cell surface recognition molecules through DNA recombination and complex alternative splicing has emerged as an important principle for encoding ...	To create a protein , a gene is first copied to form an RNA molecule that contains regions known as introns and exons . Splicing removes the introns and joins the exons together to form a molecule of ‘messenger RNA’ , which is translated into a protein . Over the course of evolution , many groups—or families—of protein...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Quantitative isoform-profiling of highly diversified recognition molecules
During amphibian gastrulation , presumptive endoderm is internalised as part of vegetal rotation , a large-scale movement that encompasses the whole vegetal half of the embryo . It has been considered a gastrulation process unique to amphibians , but we show that at the cell level , endoderm internalisation exhibits ch...	In most animals , the early embryo consists of a single layer of cells that forms a hollow sphere . This simple structure first gains complexity by organising into multiple layers that are fated to become specialised tissues in the adult , such as muscle or skin . To form the primitive gut , a group of cells known as t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Ingression-type cell migration drives vegetal endoderm internalisation in the Xenopus gastrula
Animals vary considerably in size , shape , and physiological features across individuals , but yet achieve remarkably similar behavioral performances . We examined how animals compensate for morphophysiological variation by measuring the system dynamics of individual knifefish ( Eigenmannia virescens ) in a refuge tra...	People come in different shapes and sizes , but most will perform similarly well if asked to complete a task requiring fine manual dexterity – such as holding a pen or picking up a single grape . How can different individuals , with different sized hands and muscles , produce such similar movements ? One explanation is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Variability in locomotor dynamics reveals the critical role of feedback in task control
We investigated the structural development of superficial-layers of medial entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum in rats . The grid-layout and cholinergic-innervation of calbindin-positive pyramidal-cells in layer-2 emerged around birth while reelin-positive stellate-cells were scattered throughout development . Layer-3 ...	Many animals , from rats to humans , need to navigate their environments to find food or shelter . This ability relies on a kind of memory known as spatial memory , which provides a map of the outside world within the animal’s brain . Specifically , cells in a part of the brain called the medial entorhinal cortex act l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Structural development and dorsoventral maturation of the medial entorhinal cortex
Phosphorylation of eIF2α controls translation initiation by restricting the levels of active eIF2-GTP/Met-tRNAi ternary complexes ( TC ) . This modulates the expression of all eukaryotic mRNAs and contributes to the cellular integrated stress response . Key to controlling the activity of eIF2 are translation factors eI...	All cells sense and react to changes in the world around them . One way that cells react to threats to their health is by switching off genes required for their normal activity and diverting this energy to switching on genes that deal with the specific stress . A protein called eIF2 controls this general response , whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	Fail-safe control of translation initiation by dissociation of eIF2α phosphorylated ternary complexes
Cerebellar plasticity underlies motor learning . However , how the cerebellum operates to enable learned changes in motor output is largely unknown . We developed a sensory-driven adaptation protocol for reflexive whisker protraction and recorded Purkinje cell activity from crus 1 and 2 of awake mice . Before training ...	Rodents use their whiskers to explore the world around them . When the whiskers touch an object , it triggers involuntary movements of the whiskers called whisker reflexes . Experiencing the same sensory stimulus multiple times enables rodents to fine-tune these reflexes , e . g . , by making their movements larger or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2018	Potentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells facilitates whisker reflex adaptation through increased simple spike activity
Insulin secretion from β-cells is reduced at the onset of type-1 and during type-2 diabetes . Although inflammation and metabolic dysfunction of β-cells elicit secretory defects associated with type-1 or type-2 diabetes , accompanying changes to insulin granules have not been established . To address this , we performe...	Diabetes is a disease that occurs when sugar levels in the blood can no longer be controlled by a hormone called insulin . People with type 1 diabetes lose the ability to produce insulin after their immune system attacks the β-cells in their pancreas that make this hormone . People with type 2 diabetes develop the dise...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Distinct insulin granule subpopulations implicated in the secretory pathology of diabetes types 1 and 2
Members of the Tolloid family of metalloproteinases liberate BMPs from inhibitory complexes to regulate BMP gradient formation during embryonic dorsal-ventral axis patterning . Here , we determine mechanistically how Tolloid activity is regulated by its non-catalytic CUB domains in the Drosophila embryo . We show that ...	The body of an animal is a highly organised structure of tissues and organs that contain cells with specialised roles . To achieve this level of organisation , it is important that the cells in the embryo know their location and receive the correct instructions on how to develop , when to divide or move . Many animals ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Synthetic enzyme-substrate tethering obviates the Tolloid-ECM interaction during Drosophila BMP gradient formation
The role of pro-inflammatory macrophage activation in cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) is a complex one amenable to network approaches . While an indispensible tool for elucidating the molecular underpinnings of complex diseases including CVD , the interactome is limited in its utility as it is not specific to any cell t...	When human cells or tissues are injured , the body triggers a response known as inflammation to repair the damage and protect itself from further harm . However , if the same issue keeps recurring , the tissues become inflamed for longer periods of time , which may ultimately lead to health problems . This is what coul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Context-enriched interactome powered by proteomics helps the identification of novel regulators of macrophage activation
Natural killer ( NK ) cells belong to the innate immune system; they can control virus infections and developing tumors by cytotoxicity and producing inflammatory cytokines . Most studies of mouse NK cells , however , have focused on conventional NK ( cNK ) cells in the spleen . Recently , we described two populations ...	Our immune system has white blood cells that migrate throughout the body in search of invading microbes or diseased and damaged cells . When these events are encountered , the white blood cells move into the affected tissue and launch an immune response to eliminate the threat . Natural killer cells are white blood cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells are cell lineages distinct from thymic and conventional splenic NK cells
Autocatalytic activation of epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) coupled to dephosphorylating activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases ( PTPs ) ensures robust yet diverse responses to extracellular stimuli . The inevitable tradeoff of this plasticity is spontaneous receptor activation and spurious signaling . We ...	In living tissue , the ability of individual cells to grow is influenced by signal molecules in the environment around each cell . For example , after an injury , a molecule called epidermal growth factor can stimulate cells to grow to repair the wound . Epidermal growth factor binds to and activates a receptor protein...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	EGF-dependent re-routing of vesicular recycling switches spontaneous phosphorylation suppression to EGFR signaling
Large Ca transients cause massive endocytosis ( MEND ) in BHK fibroblasts by nonclassical mechanisms . We present evidence that MEND depends on mitochondrial permeability transition pore ( PTP ) openings , followed by coenzyme A ( CoA ) release , acyl CoA synthesis , and membrane protein palmitoylation . MEND is blocke...	Cells use a process called endocytosis to absorb proteins and other molecules . There are many forms of endocytosis , but they usually involve the molecule of interest becoming tucked into a bud that forms in the cell membrane . This bud is then pinched off to leave the molecule inside a vesicle that is inside the cell...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Massive endocytosis triggered by surface membrane palmitoylation under mitochondrial control in BHK fibroblasts
The receptor tyrosine kinase ( RTK ) AXL is induced in response to type I interferons ( IFNs ) and limits their production through a negative feedback loop . Enhanced production of type I IFNs in Axl-/- dendritic cells ( DCs ) in vitro have led to speculation that inhibition of AXL would promote antiviral responses . N...	The immune system must be ever vigilant to ward off infections . Immune cells called T-cells can identify and eliminate microbes , but if they are too aggressive , they can damage the body . To prevent this , the body has systems that control immune responses . For example , another type of immune cell called a dendrit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is required for T cell priming and antiviral immunity
Malaria has been a major driving force in the evolution of the human genome . In sub-Saharan African populations , two neighbouring polymorphisms in the Complement Receptor One ( CR1 ) gene , named Sl2 and McCb , occur at high frequencies , consistent with selection by malaria . Previous studies have been inconclusive ...	Malaria kills more than half a million children in Africa every year . The disease is caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite , and mosquitos infected with the parasites spread them to humans when they bite . Once inside a human , the parasites infect the red blood cells . In severe cases , these red blood cells c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Two complement receptor one alleles have opposing associations with cerebral malaria and interact with α+thalassaemia
Cdk5 is a post-mitotic kinase with complex roles in maintaining neuronal health . The various mechanisms by which Cdk5 inhibits and promotes neurodegeneration are still poorly understood . Here , we show that in Drosophila melanogaster Cdk5 regulates basal autophagy , a key mechanism suppressing neurodegeneration . In ...	Cells have a problem that we recognize from our own homes: if nobody cleans up , garbage accumulates . Unwanted material in cells can include proteins that clump together and can no longer carry out their normal tasks . If left to build up , these protein aggregates can damage the cell and even kill it . Many neurodege...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Stress-induced Cdk5 activity enhances cytoprotective basal autophagy in Drosophila melanogaster by phosphorylating acinus at serine437
An important challenge of crop improvement strategies is assigning function to paralogs in polyploid crops . Here we describe the circadian transcriptome in the polyploid crop Brassica rapa . Strikingly , almost three-quarters of the expressed genes exhibited circadian rhythmicity . Genetic redundancy resulting from wh...	Like animals , plants have internal biological clocks that allow them to adapt to daily and yearly changes , such as day-night cycles or seasons turning . Unlike animals , however , plants cannot move when their environment becomes different , so they need to be able to weather these changes by adjusting which genes th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2020	Expansion of the circadian transcriptome in Brassica rapa and genome-wide diversification of paralog expression patterns
Intrinsically disordered proteins/regions ( IDPs/IDRs ) are proteins or peptide segments that fail to form stable 3-dimensional structures in the absence of partner proteins . They are abundant in eukaryotic proteomes and are often associated with human diseases , but their biological functions have been elusive to stu...	DNA contains instructions to make all the proteins and other molecules that drive essential processes in cells . To issue such specific sets of instructions , a section of DNA—called a gene—is first copied to make molecules of messenger ribonucleic acid ( or mRNA for short ) in a process called transcription . This pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	Chemical perturbation of an intrinsically disordered region of TFIID distinguishes two modes of transcription initiation
Dynamic post-transcriptional control of RNA expression by RNA-binding proteins ( RBPs ) is critical during immune response . ZFP36 RBPs are prominent inflammatory regulators linked to autoimmunity and cancer , but functions in adaptive immunity are less clear . We used HITS-CLIP to define ZFP36 targets in mouse T cells...	The immune system must quickly respond to anything that may cause disease – from cancerous cells to viruses . For instance , a type of white blood cell called a T cell patrols the body , looking for potential threats . If a T cell identifies such a threat , it “activates” and undergoes various changes so that it can he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	ZFP36 RNA-binding proteins restrain T cell activation and anti-viral immunity
Pathogens rely on proteins embedded on their surface to perform tasks essential for host infection . These obligatory structures exposed to the host immune system provide important targets for rational vaccine design . Here , we use a systematically designed series of multi-domain constructs in combination with small a...	Vaccines encourage the immune system to develop a protection against disease-causing bacteria and viruses . Some types of immune cells release antibodies , which recognize particular proteins on the surface of the invading microbe . A vaccine that contains these surface proteins allows immune cells to develop the antib...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Extended low-resolution structure of a Leptospira antigen offers high bactericidal antibody accessibility amenable to vaccine design
RNA granules are non-membrane bound cellular compartments that contain RNA and RNA binding proteins . The molecular mechanisms that regulate the spatial distribution of RNA granules in cells are poorly understood . During polarization of the C . elegans zygote , germline RNA granules , called P granules , assemble pref...	Animal cells contain many smaller compartments known as organelles that perform particular roles . For example , a compartment called the nucleus stores most of the cell’s genetic information . The nucleus and many other organelles form inside layers of membrane that physically separate them from the rest of the cell ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Spatial patterning of P granules by RNA-induced phase separation of the intrinsically-disordered protein MEG-3
Healthy pregnancy depends on proper placentation—including proliferation , differentiation , and invasion of trophoblast cells—which , if impaired , causes placental ischemia resulting in intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia . Mechanisms regulating trophoblast invasion , however , are unknown . We report th...	The placenta is an organ that develops with the baby during pregnancy and links the baby with his or her mother . This connection allows mom and baby to communicate throughout the pregnancy to share nutrition and growth signals , and to coordinate their immune systems . Abnormal placental growth can have lasting , harm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Inverted formin 2 regulates intracellular trafficking, placentation, and pregnancy outcome
The yeast Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 ( TORC1 ) plays a central role in controlling growth . How amino acids and other nutrients stimulate its activity via the Rag/Gtr GTPases remains poorly understood . We here report that the signal triggering Rag/Gtr-dependent TORC1 activation upon amino-acid uptake is the coupled...	Cells adapt their growth rate depending on the amount of nutrients available . The protein complex called TORC1 plays a central role in this . When nutrients are abundant , TORC1 is very active and stimulates the production of proteins and other molecules needed for the cell to grow . However , when nutrients such as a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2018	The yeast H+-ATPase Pma1 promotes Rag/Gtr-dependent TORC1 activation in response to H+-coupled nutrient uptake
Decision-making behavior is often characterized by substantial variability , but its source remains unclear . We developed a visual accumulation of evidence task designed to quantify sources of noise and to be performed during voluntary head restraint , enabling cellular resolution imaging in future studies . Rats accu...	Perceptual decision-making , i . e . making choices based on observed evidence , is rarely perfect . Humans and other animals tend to respond correctly on some trials and incorrectly on others . For over a century , this variability has been used to study the basis of decision-making . Most behavioral models assume tha...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Acknowledgments" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Sources of noise during accumulation of evidence in unrestrained and voluntarily head-restrained rats
TANGO1 binds and exports Procollagen VII from the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . In this study , we report a connection between the cytoplasmic domain of TANGO1 and SLY1 , a protein that is required for membrane fusion . Knockdown of SLY1 by siRNA arrested Procollagen VII in the ER without affecting the recruitment of ...	Collagens are long proteins that join individual cells together to build tissues and organs . They also provide strength and elasticity to bones , tendons , and blood vessels . Like many other proteins , collagens are produced inside cells: they are folded in a compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum , and then pa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	SLY1 and Syntaxin 18 specify a distinct pathway for procollagen VII export from the endoplasmic reticulum
Though neurotransmitters are essential elements in neuronal signal transduction , techniques for in vivo analysis are still limited . Here , we describe an organic electrochemical transistor array ( OECT-array ) technique for monitoring catecholamine neurotransmitters ( CA-NTs ) in rat brains . The OECT-array is an act...	Cells in the nervous system pass messages using a combination of electrical and chemical signals . When an electrical impulse reaches the end of one cell , it triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters , which pass the message along . Neurotransmitters can be either activating or inhibitory , determinin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2020	Organic electrochemical transistor arrays for real-time mapping of evoked neurotransmitter release in vivo
Natural signaling circuits could be rewired to reprogram cells with pre-determined procedures . However , it is difficult to link cellular signals at will . Here , we describe signal-connectors—a series of RNA devices—that connect one signal to another signal at the translational level . We use them to either repress o...	Cells respond to signals from their surrounding environment . External signals activate a sequence of events inside the cell that can change how it behaves . These events are often called signaling pathways and they typically change the cell’s behavior by changing the activity of its genes . A major objective of the fi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2018	Synthesizing artificial devices that redirect cellular information at will
Selective relationships are fundamental to humans and many other animals , but relationships between mates , family members , or peers may be mediated differently . We examined connections between social reward and social selectivity , aggression , and oxytocin receptor signaling pathways in rodents that naturally form...	What factors drive the formation of social relationships can vary greatly in animals . While some individuals may be motivated to find social partners , others may just tolerate being around others . A desire to avoid strangers may also lead an individual to seek out acquaintances or friends . Sometimes a mix of these ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Social selectivity and social motivation in voles
Down syndrome ( DS ) results in various degrees of cognitive deficits . In DS mouse models , recovery of behavioral and neurophysiological deficits using GABAAR antagonists led to hypothesize an excessive activity of inhibitory circuits in this condition . Nonetheless , whether over-inhibition is present in DS and whet...	Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21 . Affected individuals show delayed growth , characteristic facial features , altered brain development; with mild to severe intellectual disability . The exact mechanisms underlying the intellectual disability in Down syndrome ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	Alterations of specific cortical GABAergic circuits underlie abnormal network activity in a mouse model of Down syndrome
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors ( NMDARs ) are an important receptor in the brain and have been implicated in multiple neurological disorders . Many non-selective NMDAR-targeting drugs are poorly tolerated , leading to efforts to target NMDAR subtypes to improve the therapeutic index . We describe here a series of negat...	The neurons in the brain form networks that can change in response to experience , causing new connections to form between certain neurons and breaking the connections between others . This remodeling process underlies learning and memory . However , in certain neurological disorders , such as schizophrenia and epileps...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2018	An NMDAR positive and negative allosteric modulator series share a binding site and are interconverted by methyl groups
Lamin B receptor ( LBR ) is a polytopic membrane protein residing in the inner nuclear membrane in association with the nuclear lamina . We demonstrate that human LBR is essential for cholesterol synthesis . LBR mutant derivatives implicated in Greenberg skeletal dysplasia or Pelger-Huët anomaly fail to rescue the chol...	In humans , mutations in the gene that encodes a protein called Lamin B receptor can lead to diseases ranging from harmless anomalies of blood cells to fatal developmental defects . The severity of the disease depends on the nature of the specific mutation , and whether one or both copies of the gene are affected . Lam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The Lamin B receptor is essential for cholesterol synthesis and perturbed by disease-causing mutations
Acidotoxicity is common among neurological disorders , such as ischemic stroke . Traditionally , Ca2+ influx via homomeric acid-sensing ion channel 1a ( ASIC1a ) was considered to be the leading cause of ischemic acidotoxicity . Here we show that extracellular protons trigger a novel form of neuronal necroptosis via AS...	What happens in the minutes and hours after a stroke can determine how much brain damage occurs . In some types of stroke , a blood clot cuts off the blood supply to part of the brain , depriving the brain cells of oxygen and other nutrients , including glucose . One of the consequences is that the blood-starved brain ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Tissue acidosis induces neuronal necroptosis via ASIC1a channel independent of its ionic conduction
Measuring nascent macromolecular synthesis in vivo is key to understanding how cells and tissues progress through development and respond to external cues . Here we perform in vivo injection of alkyne- or azide-modified analogs of thymidine , uridine , methionine , and glucosamine to label nascent synthesis of DNA , RN...	Cells often respond to changes in their environment by producing new molecules and building new cell components , such as proteins , which perform most tasks in the cell , or DNA and RNA , which carry genetic information . Complex tissues – such as limbs , which are made up of muscles , tendons , bones and cartilage – ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	3D visualization of macromolecule synthesis
During mitosis , transcription is shut off , chromatin condenses , and most transcription factors ( TFs ) are reported to be excluded from chromosomes . How do daughter cells re-establish the original transcription program ? Recent discoveries that a select set of TFs remain bound on mitotic chromosomes suggest a poten...	A kidney cell functions differently from a skin cell despite the fact that all the cells in one organism share the same DNA . This is because not all of the genes encoded within the DNA are active in the cells . Instead , cells can turn on just those genes that are specific to how that cell type works . One way that ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	A dynamic mode of mitotic bookmarking by transcription factors
Lung disease causes significant morbidity and mortality , and is exacerbated by environmental injury , for example through lipopolysaccharide ( LPS ) or ozone ( O3 ) . Toll-like receptors ( TLRs ) orchestrate immune responses to injury by recognizing pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns . TLR4 , the protot...	Immune cells in the lung help guard against infections . On the surface of these cells are proteins called TLR receptors that recognize dangerous molecules or DNA from disease-causing microbes such as bacteria . When the immune cells detect these invaders , the TLR receptors spring into action and trigger an inflammato...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2020	TLR5 participates in the TLR4 receptor complex and promotes MyD88-dependent signaling in environmental lung injury
The evolutionary increase in size and complexity of the primate neocortex is thought to underlie the higher cognitive abilities of humans . ARHGAP11B is a human-specific gene that , based on its expression pattern in fetal human neocortex and progenitor effects in embryonic mouse neocortex , has been proposed to have a...	The human brain owes its characteristic wrinkled appearance to its outer layer , the cerebral cortex . All mammals have a cerebral cortex , but its size varies greatly between species . As the brain evolved , the neocortex , the evolutionarily youngest part of the cerebral cortex , expanded dramatically and so had to f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Human-specific ARHGAP11B induces hallmarks of neocortical expansion in developing ferret neocortex
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 ( mTORC1 ) stimulates a coordinated anabolic program in response to growth-promoting signals . Paradoxically , recent studies indicate that mTORC1 can activate the transcription factor ATF4 through mechanisms distinct from its canonical induction by the integrated stress re...	When building healthy tissue , the human body must carefully control the growth of new cells to prevent them from becoming cancerous . A core component of this regulation is the protein mTORC1 , which responds to various growth-stimulating factors and nutrients , and activates the chemical reactions cells need to grow ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	The mTORC1-mediated activation of ATF4 promotes protein and glutathione synthesis downstream of growth signals
Hedgehog signaling plays very important roles in development and cancers . Vertebrates have three transcriptional factors , Gli1 , Gli2 and Gli3 . Among them , Gli3 is a very special transcriptional factor which closely resembles Cubitus interruptus ( Ci , in Drosophila ) structurally and functionally as a ‘double agen...	Cells in mammals need to be able to communicate with each other to enable them to work together in tissues and organs . A signaling pathway called Hedgehog signaling plays a crucial role in carrying information between cells in developing embryos , but if it is active at other times it can also promote the development ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2016	Set7 mediated Gli3 methylation plays a positive role in the activation of Sonic Hedgehog pathway in mammals
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma ( OAC ) is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths . Barrett’s oesophagus ( BO ) is the only known precancerous precursor to OAC , but our understanding about the molecular events leading to OAC development is limited . Here , we have integrated gene expression and chromatin accessibil...	Acid fluids present in the gut can sometimes ‘go up’ and damage the oesophagus , the pipe that connects the mouth and the stomach . As a result , a small number of individuals can develop Barrett’s oesophagus , a condition where cells in the lining of the lower oesophagus show abnormal shapes . In certain patients , th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Repurposing of KLF5 activates a cell cycle signature during the progression from a precursor state to oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Plasmodium falciparum parasites , the causative agents of malaria , modify their host erythrocyte to render them permeable to supplementary nutrient uptake from the plasma and for removal of toxic waste . Here we investigate the contribution of the rhoptry protein RhopH2 , in the formation of new permeability pathways ...	Malaria is a life-threatening disease that affects millions of people around the world . The parasites that cause malaria have a complex life cycle that involves infecting both mosquitoes and mammals , including humans . In humans , the parasites spend part of their life cycle inside red blood cells , which causes the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Plasmodium falciparum parasites deploy RhopH2 into the host erythrocyte to obtain nutrients, grow and replicate
Successful fertilization in angiosperms depends on the proper trajectory of pollen tubes through the pistil tissues to reach the ovules . Pollen tubes first grow within the cell wall of the papilla cells , applying pressure to the cell . Mechanical forces are known to play a major role in plant cell shape by controllin...	Flowering plants produce small particles known as pollen that – with the help of the wind , bees and other animals – carry male sex cells ( sperm ) to female sex cells ( eggs ) contained within flowers . When a grain of pollen lands on the female organ of a flower , called the pistil , it gives rise to a tube that grow...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2020	KATANIN-dependent mechanical properties of the stigmatic cell wall mediate the pollen tube path in Arabidopsis
To internally reflect the sensory environment , animals create neural maps encoding the external stimulus space . From that primary neural code relevant information has to be extracted for accurate navigation . We analyzed how different odor features such as hedonic valence and intensity are functionally integrated in ...	Organisms need to sense and adapt to their environment in order to survive . Senses such as vision and smell allow an organism to absorb information about the external environment and translate it into a meaningful internal image . This internal image helps the organism to remember incidents and act accordingly when th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Decoding odor quality and intensity in the Drosophila brain
γ-secretase is responsible for the proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) into short , aggregation-prone amyloid-beta ( Aβ ) peptides , which are centrally implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) . Despite considerable interest in developing γ-secretase targeting therapeutics for the trea...	Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease generally have deposits known as “amyloid plaques” in the brain . These plaques are made up of a mixture of molecules called amyloid beta peptides that clump together and are thought to be a key cause of the disease . The amyloid beta peptides vary in size; the larger peptides tend ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The amyloid-beta forming tripeptide cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase
In the hippocampus , the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA shapes the activity of the output pyramidal neurons and plays important role in cognition . Most of its inhibitory effects are mediated by signaling from GABAB receptor to the G protein-gated Inwardly-rectifying K+ ( GIRK ) channels . Here , we show that RGS7 , ...	Neurons communicate with one another at junctions called synapses . The arrival of an electrical signal known as an action potential at the first cell causes molecules known as neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse . These molecules diffuse across the gap between the neurons and bind to receptors on the rec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	RGS7/Gβ5/R7BP complex regulates synaptic plasticity and memory by modulating hippocampal GABABR-GIRK signaling
Metabolite exchange among co-growing cells is frequent by nature , however , is not necessarily occurring at growth-relevant quantities indicative of non-cell-autonomous metabolic function . Complementary auxotrophs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae amino acid and nucleotide metabolism regularly fail to compensate for each o...	Life is sustained by an array of chemical reactions that is collectively referred to as metabolism . Some of these reactions break down complex substances to release energy and vital compounds , while others make new molecules from smaller building blocks . Bacterial communities are regularly composed of heterogeneous ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Self-establishing communities enable cooperative metabolite exchange in a eukaryote
Feeding is critical for survival , and disruption in the mechanisms that govern food intake underlies disorders such as obesity and anorexia nervosa . It is important to understand both food intake and food motivation to reveal mechanisms underlying feeding disorders . Operant behavioral testing can be used to measure ...	Obesity and anorexia nervosa are two health conditions related to food intake . Researchers studying these disorders in animal models need to both measure food intake and assess behavioural factors: that is , why animals seek and consume food . Measuring an animal’s food intake is usually done by weighing food containe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2021	An open-source device for measuring food intake and operant behavior in rodent home-cages
Nematodes and insects are the two most speciose animal phyla and nematode–insect associations encompass widespread biological interactions . To dissect the chemical signals and the genes mediating this association , we investigated the effect of an oriental beetle sex pheromone on the development and behavior of the ne...	The nematode worm Pristionchus pacificus can live as a parasite inside the oriental beetle , where it waits for the beetle to die so it can feed off the bacteria that live on the beetle's decomposing carcass . This ecologically important interaction is called necromeny . P . pacificus is attracted to a new host by a se...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2014	A host beetle pheromone regulates development and behavior in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus
MreB is essential for rod shape in many bacteria . Membrane-associated MreB filaments move around the rod circumference , helping to insert cell wall in the radial direction to reinforce rod shape . To understand how oriented MreB motion arises , we altered the shape of Bacillus subtilis . MreB motion is isotropic in r...	Many bacteria are surrounded by both a cell membrane and a cell wall – a rigid outer covering made of sugars and short protein chains . The cell wall often determines which of a variety of shapes – such as rods or spheres – the bacteria grow into . One protein required to form the rod shape is called MreB . This protei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	MreB filaments align along greatest principal membrane curvature to orient cell wall synthesis
Deep learning in in vitro fertilization is currently being evaluated in the development of assistive tools for the determination of transfer order and implantation potential using time-lapse data collected through expensive imaging hardware . Assistive tools and algorithms that can work with static images , however , c...	Around one in seven couples have trouble conceiving , which means there is a high demand for solutions such as in vitro fertilization , also known as IVF . This process involves fertilizing and developing embryos in the laboratory and then selecting a few to implant into the womb of the patient . IVF , however , only h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "medicine" ]	2020	Performance of a deep learning based neural network in the selection of human blastocysts for implantation
Smc–ScpAB forms elongated , annular structures that promote chromosome segregation , presumably by compacting and resolving sister DNA molecules . The mechanistic basis for its action , however , is only poorly understood . Here , we have established a physical assay to determine whether the binding of condensin to nat...	The genome of any living organism holds all the genetic information that the organism needs to live and grow . This information is written in the sequence of the organism's DNA , and is often divided into sub-structures called chromosomes . Different species have different sized genomes , but even bacteria with some of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2015	SMC condensin entraps chromosomal DNA by an ATP hydrolysis dependent loading mechanism in Bacillus subtilis
Differentiation of cellular lineages is facilitated by asymmetric segregation of fate determinants between dividing cells . In budding yeast , various aging factors segregate to the aging ( mother ) -lineage , with poorly understood consequences . In this study , we show that yeast mother cells form a protein aggregate...	Aging is a complex process . Studies involving a single-celled organism called budding yeast are commonly used to investigate the factors that contribute to aging . When these yeast cells divide , a small daughter cell buds out from a large mother cell . A mother cell has a limited lifespan and produces a finite number...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Protein aggregates are associated with replicative aging without compromising protein quality control
Autophagy is required for the homeostasis of cellular material and is proposed to be involved in many aspects of health . Defects in the autophagy pathway have been observed in neurodegenerative disorders; however , no genetically-inherited pathogenic mutations in any of the core autophagy-related ( ATG ) genes have be...	Ataxia is a rare disease that affects balance and co-ordination , leading to difficulties in walking and other movements . The disease mostly affects adults , but some children are born with it and they often have additional cognitive and developmental problems . Mutations in at least 60 genes are known to be able to c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2016	Mutation in ATG5 reduces autophagy and leads to ataxia with developmental delay
In humans , listening to speech evokes neural responses in the motor cortex . This has been controversially interpreted as evidence that speech sounds are processed as articulatory gestures . However , it is unclear what information is actually encoded by such neural activity . We used high-density direct human cortica...	When we speak , we force air out of our lungs so that it passes over the vocal cords and causes them to vibrate . Movements of the jaw , lips and tongue can then shape the resulting sound wave into speech sounds . The brain’s outer layer , which is called the cortex , controls this process . More precisely , neighborin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	The auditory representation of speech sounds in human motor cortex
Secondary metabolites have a great potential as pharmaceuticals , but there are only a few examples where regulation of gene cluster expression has been correlated with ecological and physiological relevance for the producer . Here , signals , mediators , and biological effects of terrein production were studied in the...	Organisms produce a wide variety of small molecules called metabolites through the break down of food and other chemical reactions . Some of these molecules—known as primary metabolites—are required for growth , reproduction and other vital processes . Other molecules called secondary metabolites are not strictly requi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2015	Phytotoxin production in Aspergillus terreus is regulated by independent environmental signals
Learning to perform a complex motor task requires the optimization of specific behavioral features to cope with task constraints . We show that when mice learn a novel motor paradigm they differentially refine specific behavioral features . Animals trained to perform progressively faster sequences of lever presses to o...	Learning a new motor skill typically involves a degree of trial and error . Movements that achieve the desired outcome—from catching a ball to playing scales—are repeated and refined until they can be produced on demand . This process is made more difficult as the activity of individual neurons and muscle fibers can va...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Corticostriatal dynamics encode the refinement of specific behavioral variability during skill learning
Animal behavior is directed by the integration of sensory information from internal states and the environment . Neuroendocrine regulation of diverse behaviors of Caenorhabditis elegans is under the control of the DAF-7/TGF-β ligand that is secreted from sensory neurons . Here , we show that C . elegans males exhibit a...	For almost all species of animal , males and females will often behave differently in similar situations . Little is known about how these sex-specific differences are generated or , for example , how different the nervous system of a male is to that of a female . Moreover , it is also poorly understood how these under...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Sexually dimorphic control of gene expression in sensory neurons regulates decision-making behavior in C. elegans
SHARPIN regulates immune signaling and contributes to full transcriptional activity and prevention of cell death in response to TNF in vitro . The inactivating mouse Sharpin cpdm mutation causes TNF-dependent multi-organ inflammation , characterized by dermatitis , liver inflammation , splenomegaly , and loss of Peyer'...	In response to an injury or infection , areas of the body can become inflamed as the immune system attempts to repair the damage and/or destroy any microbes or toxins that have entered the body . At the level of individual cells inflammation can involve cells being programmed to die in one of two ways: apoptosis and ne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2014	TNFR1-dependent cell death drives inflammation in Sharpin-deficient mice

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