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Animals require molecular signals to determine when to divert resources from somatic functions to reproduction . This decision is vital in animals that reproduce in an all-or-nothing mode , such as bristle worms: females committed to reproduction spend roughly half their body mass for yolk and egg production; following... | All organisms need energy to survive and grow . However , sources of energy are limited and so organisms need to decide how to spend the resources they have available . For instance , animals must choose whether they should continue to grow or if they should invest energy into reproduction instead . This decision becom... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"biochemistry",
"and",
"chemical",
"biology"
] | 2016 | Discovery of methylfarnesoate as the annelid brain hormone reveals an ancient role of sesquiterpenoids in reproduction |
The structure of fitness landscapes is critical for understanding adaptive protein evolution . Previous empirical studies on fitness landscapes were confined to either the neighborhood around the wild type sequence , involving mostly single and double mutants , or a combinatorially complete subgraph involving only two ... | Proteins can evolve over time by changing their component parts , which are called amino acids . These changes usually happen one at a time and natural selection tends to preserve those changes that make the protein more efficient at its specific tasks , while discarding those that impair the protein’s activity . Howev... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology"
] | 2016 | Adaptation in protein fitness landscapes is facilitated by indirect paths |
Shoot branching is a primary contributor to plant architecture , evolving independently in flowering plant sporophytes and moss gametophytes . Mechanistic understanding of branching is largely limited to flowering plants such as Arabidopsis , which have a recent evolutionary origin . We show that in gametophytic shoots... | Most land plants have shoots that form branches and plants can regulate when and where they grow these branches to best exploit their environment . Plants with flowers and the more ancient mosses both have branching shoots , but these two groups of plants evolved to grow in this way independently of each other . Most s... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"plant",
"biology",
"developmental",
"biology"
] | 2015 | Three ancient hormonal cues co-ordinate shoot branching in a moss |
The gastrointestinal tract is abundantly colonized by microbes , yet the translocation of oral species to the intestine is considered a rare aberrant event , and a hallmark of disease . By studying salivary and fecal microbial strain populations of 310 species in 470 individuals from five countries , we found that tran... | Trillions of bacteria and other microbes live in the human body . The mouth and the gut in particular , are microbial hot spots at either end of the digestive tract . Every day , humans swallow around 1 . 5 liters of saliva , along with millions of oral microbes . Scientists believe that more than 99% of these microbes... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"computational",
"and",
"systems",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2019 | Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract |
HGF/Met signaling has recently been associated with basal-type breast cancers , which are thought to originate from progenitor cells residing in the luminal compartment of the mammary epithelium . We found that ICAM-1 efficiently marks mammary luminal progenitors comprising hormone receptor-positive and receptor-negati... | Throughout the life of a female mammal , the mammary glands undergo different phases of development to prepare for , and adapt to , feeding offspring . Luminal cells line the inside of branch-like structures throughout the mammary gland and are responsible for producing milk . When the mammary gland grows , new luminal... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"stem",
"cells",
"and",
"regenerative",
"medicine"
] | 2015 | Paracrine Met signaling triggers epithelial–mesenchymal transition in mammary luminal progenitors, affecting their fate |
Sleep affects brain activity globally , but many cortical sleep waves are spatially confined . Local rhythms serve cortical area-specific sleep needs and functions; however , mechanisms controlling locality are unclear . We identify the thalamic reticular nucleus ( TRN ) as a source for local , sensory-cortex-specific ... | Falling asleep affects our behavior immediately and profoundly . During sleep , large electrical waves appear across the brain in areas responsible for consciousness , sensation and movement . In the cortex – the outer layer of the brain – sleep waves arise from networks that connect to the thalamus , a deeper structur... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"neuroscience"
] | 2018 | Thalamic reticular control of local sleep in mouse sensory cortex |
Remarkably little is known about associations between age at menarche and sexually transmitted infections , although girls with earlier menarche tend to have earlier sexual debut and school drop-out , so an association might be expected . In a population-based survey of >3000 women aged 15–30 in northern Malawi we show... | For many girls in sub-Saharan Africa their first menstrual cycle can mean an abrupt end to childhood because a girl’s first period is often taken as a signal that she is ‘ready’ for sex and marriage . Most girls in this region have their first menstrual cycle between the ages of 13 and 18 , with the median being around... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Methods"
] | [
"epidemiology",
"and",
"global",
"health",
"medicine"
] | 2014 | Earlier menarche is associated with a higher prevalence of Herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2) in young women in rural Malawi |
Mouse GnT1IP-L , and membrane-bound GnT1IP-S ( MGAT4D ) expressed in cultured cells inhibit MGAT1 , the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that initiates the synthesis of hybrid and complex N-glycans . However , it is not known where in the secretory pathway GnT1IP-L inhibits MGAT1 , nor whether GnT1IP-L inhibits other N-... | Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that fold into three-dimensional shapes and many are assembled in a cell compartment known as the endoplasmic reticulum . From here , these new proteins move to another compartment called the Golgi , where they may be further modified before they are transported to their fi... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2015 | GnT1IP-L specifically inhibits MGAT1 in the Golgi via its luminal domain |
Social information allows the rapid dissemination of novel information among individuals . However , an individual’s ability to use information is likely to be dependent on phenotypic constraints operating at three successive steps: acquisition , application , and exploitation . We tested this novel framework by quanti... | Animals need information to make decisions , and a quick way to get this information is to watch what others are doing . Animals , like humans , have different social networks that they could acquire this kind of ‘social information’ from , yet we know little about which networks they actually use . In addition , once ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"ecology"
] | 2016 | Sequential phenotypic constraints on social information use in wild baboons |
Subunit vaccines comprised of glycoprotein D ( gD-2 ) failed to prevent HSV-2 highlighting need for novel strategies . To test the hypothesis that deletion of gD-2 unmasks protective antigens , we evaluated the efficacy and safety of an HSV-2 virus deleted in gD-2 and complemented allowing a single round of replication... | Herpes simplex virus 2 ( or HSV-2 ) infects millions of people worldwide and is the leading cause of genital diseases . The virus initially infects skin cells , but then spreads to nerve cells where it persists for life . Often , the virus remains in a dormant state for long periods of time and does not cause any sympt... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2015 | Herpes simplex type 2 virus deleted in glycoprotein D protects against vaginal, skin and neural disease |
Cell surface receptors are central to the cell's ability to generate coordinated responses to the multitude of biochemical and physical cues in the microenvironment . However , the mechanisms by which receptors enable this concerted cellular response remain unclear . To investigate the effect of cellular tension on cel... | Cells constantly encounter diverse physical and biological signals in their surroundings . Information contained in these signals is transmitted from the cell surface to the interior to trigger coordinated changes in the cell’s behavior . Physical signals include the forces generated by cells pulling on one another or ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2015 | Discrete spatial organization of TGFβ receptors couples receptor multimerization and signaling to cellular tension |
Invasive fungal infections cause 1 . 6 million deaths annually , primarily in immunocompromised individuals . Mortality rates are as high as 90% due to limited treatments . The azole class antifungal , fluconazole , is widely available and has multi-species activity but only inhibits growth instead of killing fungal ce... | Individuals with weakened immune systems – such as recipients of organ transplants – can fall prey to illnesses caused by fungi that are harmless to most people . These infections are difficult to manage because few treatments exist to fight fungi , and many have severe side effects . Antifungal drugs usually slow the ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2020 | Synergistic and antagonistic drug interactions in the treatment of systemic fungal infections |
Viral pathogens are a major threat to rice production worldwide . Although RNA interference ( RNAi ) is known to mediate antiviral immunity in plant and animal models , the mechanism of antiviral RNAi in rice and other economically important crops is poorly understood . Here , we report that rice resistance to evolutio... | Rice is a major food crop , providing over a fifth of all calories consumed by people around the world . As such , it is important to find ways to prevent the diseases that affect rice plants . Many of the viruses that infect rice are transferred between plants by insects and many insects carry more than one virus at a... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"plant",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2015 | Viral-inducible Argonaute18 confers broad-spectrum virus resistance in rice by sequestering a host microRNA |
Autophagy is a fundamental adaptive response to amino acid starvation orchestrated by conserved gene products , the autophagy ( ATG ) proteins . However , the cellular cues that activate the function of ATG proteins during amino acid starvation are incompletely understood . Here we show that two related stress-responsi... | Cells keep themselves healthy by breaking down unneeded or damaged internal structures via a process called autophagy . This process also helps a cell to survive if it is starved of nutrients . For example , if a cell does not receive enough amino acids , it cannot make new proteins . Autophagy can break down existing ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"and",
"chemical",
"biology",
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2015 | The stress-responsive kinases MAPKAPK2/MAPKAPK3 activate starvation-induced autophagy through Beclin 1 phosphorylation |
Hybridization is increasingly being recognized as a common process in both animal and plant species . Negative epistatic interactions between genes from different parental genomes decrease the fitness of hybrids and can limit gene flow between species . However , little is known about the number and genome-wide distrib... | In nature , closely related species often interbreed to produce hybrids . However , hybrids are often less fertile or unable to compete with parent species , making them less likely to thrive in the wild . When the genomes of two different species are mixed , versions of genes that are meant to work together can become... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2014 | High-resolution mapping reveals hundreds of genetic incompatibilities in hybridizing fish species |
Munc18-1 orchestrates SNARE complex assembly together with Munc13-1 to mediate neurotransmitter release . Munc18-1 binds to synaptobrevin , but the relevance of this interaction and its relation to Munc13 function are unclear . NMR experiments now show that Munc18-1 binds specifically and non-specifically to synaptobre... | Nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells by releasing small molecules called neurotransmitters . The neurotransmitters are first packaged inside bubble-like structures called vesicles , which fuse with the membrane of the nerve cell when it is stimulated . Once the vesicle and membrane have fused , the neurotrans... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and"
] | [
"structural",
"biology",
"and",
"molecular",
"biophysics",
"neuroscience"
] | 2017 | Autoinhibition of Munc18-1 modulates synaptobrevin binding and helps to enable Munc13-dependent regulation of membrane fusion |
Reward contingencies are dynamic: outcomes that were valued at one point may subsequently lose value . Action selection in the face of dynamic reward associations requires several cognitive processes: registering a change in value of the primary reinforcer , adjusting the value of secondary reinforcers to reflect the n... | Most of us have experienced feeling full after a main course , only to discover that we somehow still have room for dessert . Eating a particular foodstuff to the point of satiety makes that item temporarily less appealing . This is an example of reward devaluation . We typically respond to this phenomenon by adjusting... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"neuroscience"
] | 2018 | Mediodorsal thalamus is required for discrete phases of goal-directed behavior in macaques |
Coordinated walking in vertebrates and multi-legged invertebrates such as Drosophila melanogaster requires a complex neural network coupled to sensory feedback . An understanding of this network will benefit from systems such as Drosophila that have the ability to genetically manipulate neural activities . However , th... | Most animals need to be able to move to survive . Animals without limbs , such as snakes , move by generating by wave-like contractions along their bodies , whereas limbed animals , such as vertebrates and arthropods , walk by coordinating the movements of multi-jointed arms and legs . Locomotion in limbed animals invo... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Conclusions",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"neuroscience"
] | 2013 | Quantification of gait parameters in freely walking wild type and sensory deprived Drosophila melanogaster |
Viral replicase recruitment and long-range RNA interactions are essential for RNA virus replication , yet the mechanism of their interplay remains elusive . Flaviviruses include numerous important human pathogens , e . g . , dengue virus ( DENV ) and Zika virus ( ZIKV ) . Here , we revealed a highly conserved , conform... | Flaviviruses include a large family of viruses that are harmful to human health , such as dengue virus , West Nile virus and Zika virus . Understanding the details of the life cycle of these viruses is important for better controlling and treating the diseases that they cause . The genetic information of flaviviruses i... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"and",
"chemical",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2016 | Viral RNA switch mediates the dynamic control of flavivirus replicase recruitment by genome cyclization |
Mitotic spindle orientation is used to generate cell fate diversity and drive proper tissue morphogenesis . A complex of NuMA and dynein/dynactin is required for robust spindle orientation in a number of cell types . Previous research proposed that cortical dynein/dynactin was sufficient to generate forces on astral mi... | Before a cell divides , it must duplicate its DNA so that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic material . A structure called the mitotic spindle helps to ensure each new cell gets the correct amount of DNA . Cells often precisely position their mitotic spindle during division , and this spindle orientation ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2016 | NuMA-microtubule interactions are critical for spindle orientation and the morphogenesis of diverse epidermal structures |
Understanding the consequences of ongoing biodiversity changes for ecosystems is a pressing challenge . Controlled biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments with random biodiversity loss scenarios have demonstrated that more diverse communities usually provide higher levels of ecosystem functioning . However , it is ... | Ecosystems are at their healthiest when they have a high level of biodiversity – that is , a wide variety of different species all living together . But human activity is changing the environment and putting ecosystems under pressure . One of the places this is most evident is in the communities of organisms responsibl... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"ecology"
] | 2020 | Biodiversity mediates the effects of stressors but not nutrients on litter decomposition |
In addition to the hallmark muscle stiffness , patients with recessive myotonia congenita ( Becker disease ) experience debilitating bouts of transient weakness that remain poorly understood despite years of study . We performed intracellular recordings from muscle of both genetic and pharmacologic mouse models of Beck... | Myotonia is a neuromuscular condition that causes problems with the relaxation of muscles following voluntary movements . One type of myotonia is Becker disease , also called recessive myotonia congenita . This is a genetic condition that causes muscle stiffness as a result of involuntary muscle activity . Patients may... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"medicine",
"neuroscience"
] | 2021 | The mechanism underlying transient weakness in myotonia congenita |
Women live on average longer than men but have greater levels of late-life morbidity . We have uncovered a substantial sex difference in the pathology of the aging gut in Drosophila . The intestinal epithelium of the aging female undergoes major deterioration , driven by intestinal stem cell ( ISC ) division , while lo... | Women live longer than men , and many age-related diseases are more common in one sex than the other . In addition , some treatments that extend the healthy lifespan of laboratory animals are more effective in females than in males . These include dietary restrictions , where food or specific dietary constituants are k... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"short",
"report",
"immunology",
"and",
"inflammation"
] | 2016 | Sex difference in pathology of the ageing gut mediates the greater response of female lifespan to dietary restriction |
Multicellularity arose as a result of adaptive advantages conferred to complex cellular assemblies . The arrangement of cells within organs endows higher-order functionality through a structure-function relationship , though the organizational properties of these multicellular configurations remain poorly understood . ... | In plants and other multicellular organisms , cells work together in tissues and organs to achieve outcomes that they would not be able to accomplish on their own . For example , the cells that make up the stem of a plant hold the leaves , flowers and other organs in place , and provide a transport network that allows ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"plant",
"biology",
"computational",
"and",
"systems",
"biology"
] | 2017 | Topological analysis of multicellular complexity in the plant hypocotyl |
Viral infection can dramatically alter a cell’s transcriptome . However , these changes have mostly been studied by bulk measurements on many cells . Here we use single-cell mRNA sequencing to examine the transcriptional consequences of influenza virus infection . We find extremely wide cell-to-cell variation in the pr... | When viruses infect cells , they take over the cell’s machinery and use it to express their own genes . This process has mostly been studied by looking at the average outcome of infection when many viruses infect many cells . However , it is less clear what happens in individual cells . For example , does the virus tak... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2018 | Extreme heterogeneity of influenza virus infection in single cells |
Local activation and long-range inhibition are mechanisms conserved in self-organizing systems leading to biological patterns . A number of them involve the production by the developing cell of an inhibitory morphogen , but how this cell becomes immune to self-inhibition is rather unknown . Under combined nitrogen star... | Cyanobacteria are the only bacteria on Earth able to draw their energy directly from the sun in the same way that plants do . In addition , some strains are able to ‘fix’ the nitrogen present in the atmosphere: they can extract this gas and transform it into nitrogen-based compounds necessary for life . However , both ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2020 | HetL, HetR and PatS form a reaction-diffusion system to control pattern formation in the cyanobacterium nostoc PCC 7120 |
The influenza A virus ( IAV ) genome consists of eight negative-sense viral RNA ( vRNA ) segments that are selectively assembled into progeny virus particles through RNA-RNA interactions . To explore putative intersegmental RNA-RNA relationships , we quantified similarity between phylogenetic trees comprising each vRNA... | The viruses responsible for influenza evolve rapidly during infection . Changes typically emerge in two key ways: through random mutations in the genetic sequence of the virus , or by reassortment . Reassortment can occur when two or more strains infect the same cell . Once in a cell , viral particles ‘open up’ to rele... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2021 | Parallel evolution between genomic segments of seasonal human influenza viruses reveals RNA-RNA relationships |
Population averaging due to paracrine communication can arbitrarily reduce cellular response variability . Yet , variability is ubiquitously observed , suggesting limits to paracrine averaging . It remains unclear whether and how biological systems may be affected by such limits of paracrine signaling . To address this... | The human body is made up of many different types of cell that are each specialized to perform particular roles . Although each cell type has the same set of genes , the level of activity ( or “expression” ) of these genes varies between each type . Additionally , gene expression in cells of the same type can vary due ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"computational",
"and",
"systems",
"biology"
] | 2015 | Paracrine communication maximizes cellular response fidelity in wound signaling |
A complex interplay of viral , host , and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal incidence and evolution of human influenza viruses . Although considerable attention has been paid to influenza A viruses , a lack of equivalent data means that an integrated evolutionary and epidemiological framework has until now ... | To develop new therapies against infections caused by a virus , it is important to understand the virus's history—where , when , and why it has caused disease and how it has changed over time . For example , new human strains of the influenza type A virus originate from strains that infect animals and rapidly can becom... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"evolutionary",
"biology",
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2015 | The contrasting phylodynamics of human influenza B viruses |
Cerebellar granule cells constitute the majority of neurons in the brain and are the primary conveyors of sensory and motor-related mossy fiber information to Purkinje cells . The functional capability of the cerebellum hinges on whether individual granule cells receive mossy fiber inputs from multiple precerebellar nu... | Learning a new motor skill , from riding a bicycle to eating with chopsticks , involves the cerebellum—a structure located at the base of the brain underneath the cerebral hemispheres . Although its name translates as ‘little brain' in Latin , the cerebellum contains more neurons than all other regions of the mammalian... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"neuroscience"
] | 2013 | Convergence of pontine and proprioceptive streams onto multimodal cerebellar granule cells |
Planar cell polarity ( PCP ) regulates basal body ( BB ) docking and positioning during cilia formation , but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive . In this study , we investigate the uncharacterized gene Flattop ( Fltp ) that is transcriptionally activated during PCP acquisition in ciliated tissues . Fltp knock-ou... | Epithelial tissues are sheets of cells that line the surface of many parts of the body , including the airways and the inner ear . Small hair-like structures called cilia can be found on the top surface of many epithelial cells and are arranged in a precise , ordered pattern . Such patterning ensures that cilia can wor... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2014 | Flattop regulates basal body docking and positioning in mono- and multiciliated cells |
Cancer cells undergo lineage switching during natural progression and in response to therapy . NKX2-1 loss in human and murine lung adenocarcinoma leads to invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma ( IMA ) , a lung cancer subtype that exhibits gastric differentiation and harbors a distinct spectrum of driver oncogenes . In muri... | When cells become cancerous they grow uncontrollably and spread into surrounding healthy tissue . As the cancer progresses different genes are switched on and off which can cause tumor cells to change their identity and transition into other types of cell . How closely tumor cells resemble the healthy tissue they came ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"cancer",
"biology"
] | 2021 | An NKX2-1/ERK/WNT feedback loop modulates gastric identity and response to targeted therapy in lung adenocarcinoma |
Extracellular adhesion molecules and their neuronal receptors guide the growth and branching of axons and dendrites . Growth cones are attracted to intermediate targets , but they must switch their response upon arrival so that they can move away and complete the next stage of growth . Here , we show that KPC-1 , a C .... | Neurons are the principal cells in the nervous system that send and receive information . A vast network of neurons helps transmit information throughout the brain and body . The end of the neuron that receives messages forms branched structures called dendrites , the shapes of which determine the signals the neuron re... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology",
"neuroscience"
] | 2016 | Precise regulation of the guidance receptor DMA-1 by KPC-1/Furin instructs dendritic branching decisions |
Elucidating the conformational heterogeneity of proteins is essential for understanding protein function and developing exogenous ligands . With the rapid development of experimental and computational methods , it is of great interest to integrate these approaches to illuminate the conformational landscapes of target p... | Our cells contain thousands of proteins that perform many different tasks . Such tasks often involve significant changes in the shape of a protein that allow it to interact with other proteins or ligands . Understanding these shape changes can be an essential step for predicting and manipulating how proteins work or de... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"and",
"chemical",
"biology"
] | 2019 | The dynamic conformational landscape of the protein methyltransferase SETD8 |
The magnitude and duration of vertebrate viremia is a critical determinant of arbovirus transmission , geographic spread , and disease severity . We find that multiple alphaviruses , including chikungunya ( CHIKV ) , Ross River ( RRV ) , and o’nyong ‘nyong ( ONNV ) viruses , are cleared from the circulation of mice by ... | Viruses transmitted by blood-feeding insects , such as mosquitoes and ticks , cause serious human diseases . In recent years these viruses ( also known as arboviruses ) have re-emerged at an unprecedented scale , leading to global outbreaks of diseases such as Zika or chikungunya fever . The severity of these diseases ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"microbiology",
"and",
"infectious",
"disease"
] | 2019 | Discrete viral E2 lysine residues and scavenger receptor MARCO are required for clearance of circulating alphaviruses |
The matricellular protein SMOC ( Secreted Modular Calcium binding protein ) is conserved phylogenetically from vertebrates to arthropods . We showed previously that SMOC inhibits bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) signaling downstream of its receptor via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) signaling... | During the development of an embryo , a group of proteins known as growth factors stimulate cells to divide and direct how organs and limbs form . One family of growth factors called bone morphogenetic proteins ( BMPs ) regulate the formation of bone and many other tissues in the embryo . BMPs are released from cells ,... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"developmental",
"biology"
] | 2017 | SMOC can act as both an antagonist and an expander of BMP signaling |
The nonenzymatic replication of RNA is a potential transitional stage between the prebiotic chemistry of nucleotide synthesis and the canonical RNA world in which RNA enzymes ( ribozymes ) catalyze replication of the RNA genomes of primordial cells . However , the plausibility of nonenzymatic RNA replication is undercu... | Though defining what makes something “alive” has proved challenging , one crucial feature of living things is the ability to copy genetic information and pass it on to the next generation . Nowadays , enzymes called polymerases copy genetic information encoded within the DNA of living cells . However , when life on Ear... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"biochemistry",
"and",
"chemical",
"biology"
] | 2016 | Nonenzymatic copying of RNA templates containing all four letters is catalyzed by activated oligonucleotides |
The virus SARS-CoV-2 can exploit biological vulnerabilities ( e . g . host proteins ) in susceptible hosts that predispose to the development of severe COVID-19 . To identify host proteins that may contribute to the risk of severe COVID-19 , we undertook proteome-wide genetic colocalisation tests , and polygenic ( pan ... | Individuals who become infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 can experience a wide variety of symptoms . These can range from no symptoms or minor symptoms to severe illness and death . Key demographic factors , such as age , gender and race , are known to affect how susceptible an individual is to infection . H... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"epidemiology",
"and",
"global",
"health",
"genetics",
"and",
"genomics"
] | 2021 | A proteome-wide genetic investigation identifies several SARS-CoV-2-exploited host targets of clinical relevance |
Niemann-Pick type C is a storage disease caused by dysfunction of NPC proteins , which transport cholesterol from the lumen of lysosomes to the limiting membrane of that compartment . Using freeze fracture electron microscopy , we show here that the yeast NPC orthologs , Ncr1p and Npc2p , are essential for formation an... | Niemann-Pick disease type C is a human disease that is characterized by severe neurological symptoms . The brains of children with this disease develop more slowly and adult patients have difficulty walking , coordinating movements , speaking clearly and they develop dementia . The disease is caused by mutations in two... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"cell",
"biology"
] | 2017 | Niemann-Pick type C proteins promote microautophagy by expanding raft-like membrane domains in the yeast vacuole |
The COVID-19 pandemic originating in the Wuhan province of China in late 2019 has impacted global health , causing increased mortality among elderly patients and individuals with comorbid conditions . During the passage of the virus through affected populations , it has undergone mutations , some of which have recently... | SARS-CoV-2 , the virus responsible for COVID-19 , has a genome made of RNA ( a nucleic acid similar to DNA ) that can mutate , potentially making the disease more transmissible , and more lethal . Most countries have monitored the rise of mutated strains using a technique called next generation sequencing ( NGS ) , whi... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Results",
"Discussion"
] | [
"epidemiology",
"and",
"global",
"health",
"tools",
"and",
"resources"
] | 2021 | FnCas9-based CRISPR diagnostic for rapid and accurate detection of major SARS-CoV-2 variants on a paper strip |
Regulation of food intake is fundamental to energy homeostasis in animals . The contribution of non-nutritive and metabolic signals in regulating feeding is unclear . Here we show that enteric neurons play a major role in regulating feeding through specialized mechanosensory ion channels in Drosophila . Modulating acti... | Around one third of children and two thirds of adults in the US are thought to be overweight or obese . By increasing the risk of disorders such as heart disease , stroke , diabetes and some types of cancer , obesity has become one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide and accounts for an increasing prop... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"and",
"discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"short",
"report",
"neuroscience"
] | 2014 | Regulation of food intake by mechanosensory ion channels in enteric neurons |
Antibodies are critical components of adaptive immunity , binding with high affinity to pathogenic epitopes . Antibodies undergo rigorous selection to achieve this high affinity , yet some maintain an additional basal level of low affinity , broad reactivity to diverse epitopes , a phenomenon termed ‘polyreactivity’ . ... | To defend itself against bacteria and viruses , the body depends on a group of proteins known as antibodies . Each subset of antibodies undergoes a rigorous training regimen to ensure it recognizes a single epitope well – that is , one specific region on the surface of foreign , harmful organisms . Most antibodies stic... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"structural",
"biology",
"and",
"molecular",
"biophysics",
"immunology",
"and",
"inflammation"
] | 2020 | Biochemical patterns of antibody polyreactivity revealed through a bioinformatics-based analysis of CDR loops |
RNA polymerase II ( PolII ) transcribes RNA within a chromatin context , with nucleosomes acting as barriers to transcription . Despite these barriers , transcription through chromatin in vivo is highly efficient , suggesting the existence of factors that overcome this obstacle . To increase the resolution obtained by ... | DNA is tightly packaged in a material called chromatin inside the cell nucleus . To produce proteins this DNA must first be transcribed to produce a molecule of messenger RNA , which is then translated to make a protein . To assist with this process cells ‘unpack’ certain regions of the DNA so that enzymes that catalyz... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods",
"Accession",
"numbers"
] | [
"chromosomes",
"and",
"gene",
"expression"
] | 2014 | The nucleosomal barrier to promoter escape by RNA polymerase II is overcome by the chromatin remodeler Chd1 |
Gagliano et al . ( Learning by association in plants , 2016 ) reported associative learning in pea plants . Associative learning has long been considered a behavior performed only by animals , making this claim particularly newsworthy and interesting . In the experiment , plants were trained in Y-shaped mazes for 3 day... | Associative learning is a simple learning ability found in most animals , which involves linking together two different cues . For example , the dogs in Pavlov’s famous experiment were trained to associate sound with the arrival of food , and eventually started salivating upon hearing the sound alone . Plants , like an... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"plant",
"biology",
"short",
"report"
] | 2020 | Lack of evidence for associative learning in pea plants |
Activity in prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) has been richly described using economic models of choice . Yet such descriptions fail to capture the dynamics of decision formation . Describing dynamic neural processes has proven challenging due to the problem of indexing the internal state of PFC and its trial-by-trial variatio... | In 1848 , a railroad worker named Phineas Gage suffered an accident that was to secure him a place in neuroscience lore . While constructing a new railway line , a mistimed explosion propelled an iron bar into the base of his skull , where it passed behind his left eye before exiting through the top of his head . Gage ... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"neuroscience"
] | 2015 | Capturing the temporal evolution of choice across prefrontal cortex |
Medical imaging can visualize characteristics of human cancer noninvasively . Radiomics is an emerging field that translates these medical images into quantitative data to enable phenotypic profiling of tumors . While radiomics has been associated with several clinical endpoints , the complex relationships of radiomics... | Medical imaging covers a wide range of techniques that are used to look inside the body , including X-rays , MRI scans and ultrasound . A process called radiomics uses computer algorithms to process the data collected by these techniques to identify and precisely measure a large number of features that would not otherw... | [
"Abstract",
"Introduction",
"Results",
"Discussion",
"Materials",
"and",
"methods"
] | [
"computational",
"and",
"systems",
"biology",
"cancer",
"biology"
] | 2017 | Defining the biological basis of radiomic phenotypes in lung cancer |
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