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In 1997, Finke and Watzky proposed a new kinetic model for the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles. This 2-step model suggested that constant slow nucleation (occurring far from supersaturation) is followed by autocatalytic growth where dispersity of nanoparticles is largely determined. This F-W (Finke-Watzky) 2-ste... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Synthetic methodology and characterization often go hand in hand in the sense that not one but a series of reaction mixtures are prepared and subjected to heat treatment. Stoichiometry, a numerical relationship between the quantities of reactant and product, is typically varied systematically. It is important to find w... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Using the MagPen (a Nano3D Biosciences, Inc. product), organized 3D co-cultures similar to native tissue architecture can be rapidly created. Endothelial cells (PEC), smooth muscle cells (SMC), fibroblasts (PF), and epithelial cells (EpiC) cultured with the Bio-Assembler can be sequentially layered in a drag-and-drop m... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The perturbed γ-γ angular correlation, PAC for short or PAC-Spectroscopy, is a method of nuclear solid-state physics with which magnetic and electric fields in crystal structures can be measured. In doing so, electrical field gradients and the Larmor frequency in magnetic fields as well as dynamic effects are determine... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials. It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Kaner was an adjunct professor at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in Australia in 2010. He was the Eka-Granules Lecturer at the University of Tasmania, and was a visiting professor at the University of Wollongong. He is an associate editor of the Materials Research Bulletin. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
For metallic materials, their optical properties arise from the collective excitation of conduction electrons. The coherent oscillations of electrons under electromagnetic radiation along with associated oscillations of the electromagnetic field are called surface plasmon resonances. The excitation wavelength and frequ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Among his honors are: the 2019 Gregori Aminoff Prize (Royal Swedish Academy); the Bernal Distinguished Lecturer, University of Limerick, 2017; the World Class Professorship, KAIST, Korea, 2013; Newcomb Cleveland Prize from the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007; Regents' Professor, Arizona Stat... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Calcium hexaboride (sometimes calcium boride) is a compound of calcium and boron with the chemical formula CaB. It is an important material due to its high electrical conductivity , hardness, chemical stability, and melting point. It is a black, lustrous, chemically inert powder with a low density. It has the cubic str... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Sodium ethyl xanthate can be identified through optical absorption peaks in the infrared (1179, 1160, 1115, 1085 cm) and ultraviolet (300 nm) ranges. There are at least six chemical detection methods:
#Iodometric method relies on oxidation to dixanthogen by iodine, with the product detected with a starch indicator. T... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Methods for the polymerization of polyaniline nanofibers seen in literature primarily include [redox|chemical oxidative] polymerization, interfacial synthesis, and "rapid mixing" methods. Other less common methods include nanofiber seeding, electrosynthesis, electrospinning, and preforming polymerization in dilute anil... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
There are two suggested mechanisms behind physical hydrogel formation, the first one being the gelation of nanofibrous peptide assemblies, usually observed for oligopeptide precursors. The precursors self-assemble into fibers, tapes, tubes, or ribbons that entangle to form non-covalent cross-links. The second mechanism... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Nanocomposite hydrogels are tough, and can withstand stretching, bending, knotting, crushing, and other modifications. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Linda Faye Nazar is a Senior Canada Research Chair in Solid State Materials and Distinguished Research Professor of Chemistry at the University of Waterloo. She develops materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Nazar demonstrated that interwoven composites could be used to improve the energy densi... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The calculation made for the trap depth reduction is a one-dimensional calculation, resulting in an overestimation of the effective barrier lowering.
In fact, only in the direction of the external electric field the potential well height is lowered as much estimated accordingly to the Poole-Frenkel expression. More acc... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Selenosulfides have been prepared by the reaction of selenyl halides with thiols:
The equilibrium between diselenides and disulfides lies on the left:
:RSeSeR + RSSR 2 RSeSR'
Because of the facility of this equilibrium, many of the best characterized examples of selenosulfides are cyclic, whereby S-Se bonds are sta... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Surface modification of materials has often led to new and improved properties. Corrosion inhibition, polymer adhesion and nucleation, preparation of organic superconductor/insulator/high-T superconductor trilayer structures, and the fabrication of metal/insulator/superconductor tunnel junctions have been developed usi... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The objective of acoustic foam is to improve or change a room's sound qualities by controlling residual sound through absorption. This purpose requires strategic placement of acoustic foam panels on walls, ceilings, floors and other surfaces. Proper placement can help effectively manage resonance within the room and he... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
A foam is said to be stochastic when the porosity distribution is random. Most foams are stochastic because of the method of manufacture:
* Foaming of liquid or solid (powder) metal
* Vapor deposition (CVD on a random matrix )
* Direct or indirect random casting of a mold containing beads or matrix | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Syntactic foams are composite materials synthesized by filling a metal, polymer, cementitious or ceramic matrix with hollow spheres called microballoons or cenospheres or non-hollow spheres (e.g. perlite) as aggregates. In this context, "syntactic" means "put together." The presence of hollow particles results in lower... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The discharge is generally dumped back into the sea, through an underwater outfall or coastal release, due to its lower energy and economic cost compared to other discharge methods. Due to its increase in salinity, the discharge has a greater density compared to the surrounding seawater. Therefore, when the discharge r... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In a now-concluded project, Girolami studied the chemistry and photophysics of bis(porphyrinate) metal sandwich complexes in collaboration with Illinois Professor of Chemistry Kenneth S. Suslick. These complexes were proposed to mimic the conversion of light to chemical energy in photosynthesis. Girolami's group synthe... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
By increasing order of stability:
* Iron(II) sulfide, FeS
* Greigite, FeS (cubic)
* Pyrrhotite, FeS (where x = 0 to 0.2) (monoclinic or hexagonal)
* Troilite, FeS, the endmember of pyrrhotite (hexagonal)
* Mackinawite, FeS (where x = 0 to 0.1) (tetragonal)
* Marcasite, orthorhombic FeS
* Pyrite, cubic FeS (fool's gold... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In materials science (specifically crystallography), cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline, single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of tw... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Particle agglomeration refers to the formation of assemblages in a suspension and represents a mechanism leading to the functional destabilization of colloidal systems. During this process, particles dispersed in the liquid phase stick to each other, and spontaneously form irregular particle assemblages, flocs, or aggl... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
In recent physics literature, a large majority of the electronic structures and band plots are calculated using density-functional theory (DFT), which is not a model but rather a theory, i.e., a microscopic first-principles theory of condensed matter physics that tries to cope with the electron-electron many-body probl... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Compliance is the ability of lungs and thorax to expand.
Lung compliance is defined as the volume change per unit of pressure change across the lung. Measurements of lung volume obtained during the controlled inflation/deflation of a normal lung show that the volumes obtained during deflation exceed those during infla... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Nigari is produced from seawater after first removing sodium chloride. It contains mostly magnesium chloride, smaller amounts of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts.
Nigari was the first coagulant used to make tofu in Japan. It is s... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Upon introducing surfactants (or any surface active materials) into a system, they will initially partition into the interface, reducing the system free energy by:
# lowering the energy of the interface (calculated as area times surface tension), and
# removing the hydrophobic parts of the surfactant from contact with ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
It was mainly through the work of Nikolai Semenovich Kurnakov and his students that Berthollets opposition to Prousts law was shown to have merit for many solid compounds. Kurnakov divided non-stoichiometric compounds into berthollides and daltonides depending on whether their properties showed monotonic behavior with... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Caliche forms where annual precipitation is less than per year and the mean annual temperature exceeds . Higher rainfall leaches excess calcium completely from the soil, while in very arid climates, rainfall is inadequate to leach calcium at all and only thin surface layers of calcite are formed. Plant roots play an ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
SP-B is encoded by SFTPB, a single, 11425 nucleotide long gene on chromosome 2. Mutations in this gene are the basis for several of the lung conditions mentioned above. Both frameshift mutations and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found correlated to a variety of lung conditions. A frame shift... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Band theory is only an approximation to the quantum state of a solid, which applies to solids consisting of many identical atoms or molecules bonded together. These are the assumptions necessary for band theory to be valid:
* Infinite-size system: For the bands to be continuous, the piece of material must consist of a ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Milton Kerker (September 25, 1920 — May 2, 2016) was an American physical chemist and former professor at department of chemistry at Clarkson University. He is best known for his work on aerosol, interface and colloid science, as well as for pioneering surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Kerker effect in optics is nam... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Expanded polyethylene (aka EPE foam) refers to foams made from polyethylene. Typically it is made from expanded pellets (EPE bead) made with use of a blowing agent, followed by expansion into a mold in a steam chest - the process is similar to that used to make expanded polystyrene foam. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
In 1913 the structure of sodium chloride was determined by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg. This revealed that there were six equidistant nearest-neighbours for each atom, demonstrating that the constituents were not arranged in molecules or finite aggregates, but instead as a network with long-range cry... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Janus-type material is used as a surfactant-like heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of adipic acid. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The effect of the interfacial layer is clearly seen in the interactions between nanoparticles. These interactions can be modelled using the DLVO theory. Classically this theory states that the potential of a particle is the sum of the electrostatic and van der Waals interaction. This is theory has proven to be very acc... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Magnesium diboride was synthesized and its structure confirmed in 1953. The simplest synthesis involves high temperature reaction between boron and magnesium powders. Formation begins at 650 °C; however, since magnesium metal melts at 652 °C, the reaction may involve diffusion of magnesium vapor across boron grain boun... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Cubosomes are discrete, sub-micron, nanostructured particles of the bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline phase. The term "bicontinuous" refers to two distinct hydrophilic regions separated by the bilayer. Bicontinuous cubic crystalline materials have been an active research topic because their structure lends itself w... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Many properties of nanoparticles, notably stability, solubility, and chemical or biological activity, can be radically altered by coating them with various substances — a process called functionalization. Functionalized nanomaterial-based catalysts can be used for catalysis of many known organic reactions.
For example,... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The Schrödinger equation was published in 1926. The first person to apply the Schrödinger equation to a problem which involved tunneling between two classically allowed regions through a potential barrier was Friedrich Hund in a series of articles published in 1927. He studied the solutions of a double-well potential a... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coined . As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
In addition to its use as a fertilizer, potassium chloride is important in many industrialized economies, where it is used in aluminium recycling, by the chloralkali industry to produce potassium hydroxide, in metal electroplating, oil-well drilling fluid, snow and ice melting, steel heat-treating, in medicine as a tre... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS or PFASs) are a group of synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms attached to an alkyl chain. The PubChem database lists more than 6 million unique compounds in this group. PFASs started being used in the mid-20th century to make fluoropolym... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
A “cuboct” cubic lattice of vertex connected octahedrons, similar to the perovskite mineral structure provides a regular polyhedral unit cell that satisfies Maxwell’s rigidity criterion and has a coordination number z of eight. The dependence of the relative density on the coordination number is small relative to the d... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
SP-B plays a critical role in the functioning of healthy lungs, and its absence inevitably leads to lung conditions, most common of which being acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because of this, SP-B's function has been well researched, and has been found to exist in three parts. Beyond these three functions... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
To date, Girolami's independent research career has encompassed five major themes: mechanistic studies of organometallic reactions such as the polymerization of alkenes and the activation of saturated alkanes, the chemical vapor deposition of thin films from designed molecular precursors, the construction and study of ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
A special class of closed-cell foams, known as syntactic foam, contains hollow particles embedded in a matrix material. The spheres can be made from several materials, including glass, ceramic, and polymers. The advantage of syntactic foams is that they have a very high strength-to-weight ratio, making them ideal mater... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Taurates were first obtained by the Schotten-Baumann method which is the reaction of long-chain carboxylic acid chlorides with aqueous solutions of the sodium salt of N-methyltaurine.
The formation of (at least) equimolar amounts of sodium chloride is problematic, as they worsen the properties of surfactant mixtures wi... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Living coral reefs are endangered and cannot be harvested without significant damage to the ecosystem, and because of this, coral calcium is harvested by grinding up above-ground limestone deposits that were once part of a coral reef. Calcium from coral sources needs to be refined to remove pollutants of the source env... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Although PFASs are not manufactured in Canada, they may be present in imported goods and products. In 2008, Canada prohibited the import, sale, or use of PFOS or PFOS-containing products, with some exceptions for products used in firefighting, the military, and some forms of ink and photo media.
Health Canada has publi... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The chemical shift interaction can be used in conjunction with the dipolar interaction to determine the orientation of the dipolar interaction frame (principal axes system) with respect to the molecular frame (dipolar chemical shift spectroscopy). For some cases there are rules for the chemical shift interaction tensor... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Lipid molecules in the HII phase pack inversely to the packing observed in the hexagonal I phase described above. This phase has the polar head groups on the inside and the hydrophobic, hydrocarbon tails on the outside in solution. The packing ratio for this phase is larger than one, which is synonymous with an inverse... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
* Boden und Bodenbildung Kolloidchemischer Betrachtung, 1918
* Anleitung zum quantitativischen agrikulturchemischen Praktikum, 1919 | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
* David W. Ward: [http://thesis.davidward.org Polaritonics: An Intermediate Regime between Electronics and Photonics], Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. This is the main reference for this article. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX), UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction are used to characterize different aspects of nanoparticles. Both SEM and TEM can be used to visualize the location, size, and morphology of the nanoparticles... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Jing Li is a professor at Rutgers University. She and her team are engaged in solid-state, inorganic and inorganic-organic hybrid materials research. Her current research focuses on designing and developing new materials for applications in the field of renewable and sustainable energy.
Li’s research has resulted in 15... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The depletion force is described as an entropic force because it is fundamentally a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that a system tends to increase its entropy. The gain in translational entropy of the depletants, owing to the increased available volume, is much greater than the loss of ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Since the 1970s, forty years before the public health community, DuPont and 3M were aware that PFAS was “highly toxic when inhaled and moderately toxic when ingested.” Producers used several strategies to influence science and regulation – most notably, suppressing unfavorable research and distorting public discourse.
... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Quantum beats are observable in systems in which the total optical polarization is due to a finite number of discrete transition frequencies which are quantum mechanically coupled, e.g., by common ground or excited states.
Assuming for simplicity that all these transitions have the same dipole matrix element, after exc... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Polaritonics is an intermediate regime between photonics and sub-microwave electronics (see Fig. 1). In this regime, signals are carried by an admixture of electromagnetic and lattice vibrational waves known as phonon-polaritons, rather than currents or photons. Since phonon-polaritons propagate with frequencies in the... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
For hydrogels, their elasticity comes from the solid polymer matrix while the viscosity originates from the polymer network mobility and the water and other components that make up the aqueous phase. Viscoelastic properties of a hydrogel is highly dependent on the nature of the applied mechanical motion. Thus, the time... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Heat retention can be a disadvantage when used in mattresses and pillows, so in second-generation memory foam, companies began using open cell structure to improve breathability.
In 2006, the third generation of memory foam was introduced. Gel visco or gel memory foam consists of gel particles fused with visco foam to ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
An electride is an ionic compound in which an electron serves the role of the anion. Solutions of alkali metals in ammonia are electride salts. In the case of sodium, these blue solutions consist of [Na(NH)] and solvated electrons:
:Na + 6 NH → [Na(NH)] + e
The cation [Na(NH)] is an octahedral coordination comple... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The ansatz is the special case of electron waves in a periodic crystal lattice using Bloch's theorem as treated generally in the dynamical theory of diffraction. Every crystal is a periodic structure which can be characterized by a Bravais lattice, and for each Bravais lattice we can determine the reciprocal lattice, w... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The Born–Haber cycle is an approach to analyze reaction energies. It was named after two German scientists, Max Born and Fritz Haber, who developed it in 1919. It was also independently formulated by Kasimir Fajans and published concurrently in the same journal. The cycle is concerned with the formation of an ionic co... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The sodium in this compound can be replaced by other alkali metals to form their tungsten bronzes, and by other metals such as tin and lead. Molybdenum bronzes also exist but are less stable than their tungsten counterparts. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Many researches claim that nanoparticles can be used to enhance crude oil recovery. It is evident that development of nanofluids for oil and gas industry has a great practical aspects. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
*1930–1938 Demonstrator and Assistant Lecturer at Imperial College, London
*1931 Travelling scholarship to work with Walter Hieber on metal carbonyls at the University of Heidelberg
*1938–1947 Senior Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry, University of Melbourne
*1947–1954 Senior Principal and Deputy Chief Scientific Officer... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Intermolecular forces govern the particle interaction in self-assembled systems. The forces tend to be intermolecular in type rather than ionic or covalent because ionic or covalent bonds will “lock” the assembly into non-equilibrium structures. The types intermolecular forces seen in self-assembly processes are van de... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Hydrotropes have a low bioaccumulation potential, as the octanol-water partition coefficient is <1.0. Studies have found hydrotopes to be very slightly volatile, with vapor pressures <2.0x10-5 Pa. They are aerobically biodegradable. Removal via the secondary wastewater treatment process of activated sludge is >94%. ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Random sequential adsorption (RSA) refers to a process where particles are randomly introduced in a system, and if they do not overlap any previously adsorbed particle, they adsorb and remain fixed for the rest of the process. RSA can be carried out in computer simulation, in a mathematical analysis, or in experiments.... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Quenching is a heat-treatment process when forging metals such as steel. A brine solution, along with oil and other substances, is commonly used to harden steel. When brine is used, there is an enhanced uniformity of the cooling process and heat transfer. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Brine is a common agent in food processing and cooking. Brining is used to preserve or season the food. Brining can be applied to vegetables, cheeses, fruit and some fish in a process known as pickling. Meat and fish are typically steeped in brine for shorter periods of time, as a form of marination, enhancing its tend... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) is a family of crystalline chemical compounds that display high-temperature superconductivity; it includes the first material ever discovered to become superconducting above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen [] at about .
Many YBCO compounds have the general formula (also known as... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
*Shannon RD, Fischer RX (2021) Empirical electronic polarizabilities for use in refractive index measurements III. Structures with short [5]Ti-O and vanadyl bonds. Canadian Mineralogist 59, 107–124.
*Shannon RD, Fischer RX (2006) Empirical electronic polarizabilities in oxides, hydroxides, oxyfluorides, and oxychloride... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In combination with 1,2- or 1,3-diamine ligands, CuI catalyzes the conversion of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl bromides into the corresponding iodides. NaI is the typical iodide source and dioxane is a typical solvent (see aromatic Finkelstein reaction).
CuI is used as a co-catalyst with palladium catalyst in the Sonogas... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Salt-like carbides are composed of highly electropositive elements such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, lanthanides, actinides, and group 3 metals (scandium, yttrium, and lutetium). Aluminium from group 13 forms carbides, but gallium, indium, and thallium do not. These materials feature isolated carbon cen... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Bernt Krebs (born in Gotha, Germany) is a German scientist. He is conducting research at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Nano-particles can self-assemble on solid surfaces after external forces (like magnetic and electric) are applied. Templates made of microstructures, like carbon nanotubes or block polymers, can also be used to assist in self-assembly. They cause directed self-assembly (DSA), in which active sites are embedded to selec... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The Brus equation or confinement energy equation can be used to describe the emission energy of quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystals in terms of the band gap energy E, Plancks constant h, the radius of the quantum dot r, as well as the effective mass of the excited electron m* and of the excited hole m'*. The equati... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Interferometric nanoparticle tracking analysis (iNTA) is the next generation of NTA technology. It is based on interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT), which enhances the signal of weak scatterers. In contrast to NTA, iNTA has a superior resolution based on a two-parameter analysis, including the size and the sca... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Bocarsly has been recognized with the following awards.
* Sloan Research Fellow (1986)
* American Chemical Society, EXXON Solid State Chemistry Fellowship (1984)
* The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Newly Appointed Faculty Grant (1980)
* DuPont Young Faculty Grant (1980)
* Sigma Pi Sigma - National Physics Honor ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In a report by the Nordic Council of Ministers, the total annual health-related costs associated with human exposure to PFASs were estimated to be at least €52–84 billion in the European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Aggregated annual costs covering environmental screening, monitoring where contamination is found, wat... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Zwitterionic (ampholytic) surfactants have both cationic and anionic centers attached to the same molecule. The cationic part is based on primary, secondary, or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium cations. The anionic part can be more variable and include sulfonates, as in the sultaines CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropy... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
It is used in microelectronics as a contact material, with resistivity 60–80 μΩ cm; it forms at 1000 °C. It is often used as a shunt over polysilicon lines to increase their conductivity and increase signal speed. Tungsten disilicide layers can be prepared by chemical vapor deposition, e.g. using monosilane or d... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Both free and immobilized radicals display very different chemical characteristics from atoms and molecules containing only complete bonds. Generally, they are extremely reactive. Immobilized free radicals, like their mobile counterparts, are highly unstable, but they gain some kinetic stability because of limited mobi... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Superconducting properties and low cost make magnesium diboride attractive for a variety of applications. For those applications, MgB powder is compressed with silver metal (or 316 stainless steel) into wire and sometimes tape via the Powder-in-tube process.
In 2006 a 0.5 tesla open MRI superconducting magnet system wa... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The two branches of the APES for the case of strong PJTE resulting in the instability of the ground state (when the condition of instability (11) holds) are illustrated in Fig. 1b in comparison with the case when the two states have the same energy (Fig. 1a), i. e. when they are degenerate and the Jahn–Teller effect (J... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In 2004, Wu won the best poster award at the Materials Research Society Solid State Chemistry Symposium. In 2005, she won the University of Pennsylvania S. J. Stein Prize for or superior achievement in the field of new or unique materials or applications for materials in electronics. Wu was honored with the outstanding... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Electrostatic forces between particles are strongest when the charges are high, and the distance between the nuclei of the ions is small. In such cases, the compounds generally have very high melting and boiling points and a low vapour pressure. Trends in melting points can be even better explained when the structure a... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Most anionic and non-ionic surfactants are non-toxic, having LD50 comparable to table salt. The toxicity of quaternary ammonium compounds, which are antibacterial and antifungal, varies. Dialkyldimethylammonium chlorides (DDAC, DSDMAC) used as fabric softeners have high LD50 (5 g/kg) and are essentially non-toxic, whil... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Plumbates are formed by the reaction of lead(IV) oxide, , with alkali. Plumbate salts contain either the hydrated hexahydroxoplumbate(IV) or plumbate anion , or the anhydrous anions (metaplumbate) or (orthoplumbate). For example, dissolving in a hot, concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide forms the pot... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Memory foam was developed in 1966 under a contract by NASA's Ames Research Center to improve the safety of aircraft cushions. The temperature-sensitive memory foam was initially referred to as "slow spring back foam"; most called it "temper foam". Created by feeding gas into a polymer matrix, it had an open-cell solid ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Pharmaceuticals:
This technique is widely used in the pharma market. Because of the small sample amounts and the high yields, it is ideal for spray drying expensive substances in basic research. The following list shows examples of what is possible:
*Inhalable drugs for dry powder inhalers (DPI‘s)
*Nano- and microencap... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Nanoparticles can self-assemble as a result of their intermolecular forces. As systems look to minimize their free energy, self-assembly is one option for the system to achieve its lowest free energy thermodynamically. Nanoparticles can be programmed to self-assemble by changing the functionality of their side groups, ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Gerhard Martin Julius Schmidt (21 August 1919 in Berlin – 12 July 1971, in Zurich, buried in Rehovot), was an organic chemist and chemical crystallographer, dean of the chemistry faculty of the Weizmann Institute of Science, and its scientific director in 1969. Schmidt was the founder of X-ray crystallography at the We... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Some allotropes of silicon, such as amorphous silicon, display a high concentration of dangling bonds. Besides being of fundamental interest, these dangling bonds are important in modern semiconductor device operation. Hydrogen introduced to the silicon during the synthesis process is well known to saturate most dangli... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The addition of surfactants does not always have a positive effect on all properties. The water resistance of the coating can be decreased with surfactant addition since surfactants can be very water-soluble and will easily wash out of a coating. This problem of moisture resistance is particularly prevalent problem for... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
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