text stringlengths 105 19k | label int64 0 1 | label_text stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|
SP-D is a type of lectin, more specifically they are a collagen-containing C-type (calcium dependent) lectin which are named collectins. The collectins are responsible for immune and inflammatory control. They have a very basic structure,
* triple-helical collagen region
* C-terminal homotrimeric lectin or carbohydrate... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
In December, 2023, as part of a four-year legal battle, the EPA banned Inhance -- a Houston, Texas-based manufacturer that produces an estimated 200m containers annually with a process that creates, among other chemicals, PFOA -- from using the manufacturing process. In March, 2024, the Fifth Circuit federal appeals co... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Copper(II) chloride is prepared commercially by the action of chlorination of copper. Copper at red heat (300-400°C) combines directly with chlorine gas, giving (molten) copper(II) chloride. The reaction is very exothermic.
A solution of copper(II) chloride is commercially produced by adding chlorine gas to a circulati... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
A. P. B. Sinha, born on 27 December 1928, joined the University of London from where he secured a PhD in 1954; his thesis was based on solid state chemistry. Later, he served the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune as a directors grade scientist and headed the Physical Chemistry division of the institution. Continuing h... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Composite metal foam is made from a combination of homogeneous hollow metal spheres with a metallic matrix surrounding the spheres. This closed-cell metal foam isolates the pockets of air within and can be made out of nearly any metal, alloy, or combination. The sphere sizes can be varied and fine-tuned per application... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The system of colloids and depletants in solution is typically modeled by treating the large colloids and small depletants as dissimilarly sized hard spheres. Hard spheres are characterized as non-interacting and impenetrable spheres. These two fundamental properties of hard spheres are described mathematically by the ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Magnetoelastic filaments are one-dimensional composite structures that exhibit both magnetic and elastic properties. Interest in these materials tends to focus on the ability to precisely control mechanical events using an external magnetic field. Like piezoelectricity materials, they can be used as actuators, but do n... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Estropipate is a prodrug of estrone and estradiol. Hence, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Some inorganic selenide sulfide compounds are also known. Simplest is the material selenium sulfide, which has medicinal properties. It adopt the diverse structures of elemental sulfur but with some S atoms replaced by Se.
Other inorganic selenide sulfide compounds occur as minerals and as pigments. One example is an... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In all of the typical emulsions, there are tiny particles (discrete phase) suspended in a liquid (continuous phase). In an oil-in-water emulsion, oil is the discrete phase, while water is the continuous phase.
What the Bancroft rule states is that contrary to common sense, what makes an emulsion oil-in-water or water-... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
He was born in Durban, South Africa, although his parents returned to England soon afterwards. He was educated at Thetford Grammar School and Ipswich School and went on to study chemistry at Lincoln College, Oxford, gaining a doctorate at the university's Engineering Laboratory. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Until recently, clinical uses for aquasomes were primarily for targeted drug delivery of general treatment drugs. Additional applications have been since explored, including delivery of antigen, insulin, hemoglobin, and vaccines. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
There are a number of types of pulmonary surfactants available. Ex-situ measurements of surface tension and interfacial rheology can help to understand the functionality of pulmonary surfactants.
Synthetic pulmonary surfactants
# Colfosceril palmitate (Exosurf) - a mixture of DPPC with hexadecanol and tyloxapol added a... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Cocrystal engineering has become of such great importance in the field of pharmaceuticals that a particular subdivision of multicomponent cocrystals has been given the term pharmaceutical cocrystals to refer to a solid cocrystal former component and a molecular or ionic API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). However, ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Bulk samples can be prepared by heating indium(III) hydroxide or the nitrate, carbonate or sulfate.
Thin films of indium oxide can be prepared by sputtering of indium targets in an argon/oxygen atmosphere. They can be used as diffusion barriers ("barrier metals") in semiconductors, e.g. to inhibit diffusion between al... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The degree of homogeneity in pore distribution of the final product is primarily dependent on the adequacy of mixing of the precursor. The difference in particle size between the titanium powders and the spacers directly impacts the ability to adequately mix the preform. The greater the size difference, the more diffic... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Dr Mukherjee was able to foresee how basic soil colloid studies could be of help in understanding many of the soil properties and problems. He brought to use in
the study of the soil all the tools and techniques he had been developing and improving through years of patient research. In 1942, with N.C. Sen Gupta, he de... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
A very unusual situation occurs in a compound dubbed "inverse sodium hydride", which contains H and Na ions. Na is an alkalide, and this compound differs from ordinary sodium hydride in having a much higher energy content due to the net displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium. A derivative of this "inve... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Indian Salt Service is a Central Engineering Service of the Government of India. Under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, it is one of the smallest Central services under the Government of India. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In chemistry, molybdenum bronze is a generic name for certain mixed oxides of molybdenum with the generic formula where A may be hydrogen, an alkali metal cation (such as Li, Na, K), and Tl. These compounds form deeply coloured plate-like crystals with a metallic sheen, hence their name. These bronzes derive their m... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In chemistry, a selenosulfide refers to distinct classes of inorganic and organic compounds containing sulfur and selenium. The organic derivatives contain Se-S bonds, whereas the inorganic derivatives are more variable. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Gibson & Ashby micromechanical models for porous materials provide mathematical equations for the prediction of mechanical parameters based on experimentally determined geometric constants. The constants of proportionality are determined by fitting experimental data to various mathematical models for structures consist... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Biomedical implants should have low density for patient comfort and high porosity and surface area to facilitate vascularization and the ingrowth of new bone. Ideally, the implant will allow sufficiently easy fluid flow for cell nutrition and osteoblast multiplication as well as migration for cellular colonization of t... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Richard B. Kaner is an American synthetic inorganic chemist. He is a distinguished professor and the Dr. Myung Ki Hong Endowed Chair in Materials Innovation at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he holds a joint appointment in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Department of Material Sci... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, where many land speed records have been set, are a well-known salt pan in the arid regions of the western United States.
The Etosha pan, in the Etosha National Park in Namibia, is another prominent example of a salt pan.
The Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia is the largest salt pan in the wor... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I-III-VI semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide. It has a chemical formula of CuInGaSe, where the value of x can vary from 0 ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Salts of , , , etc. are labeled as iodoplumbates. Lead perovskite semiconductors are often described as plumbates. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Soon after arriving in Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students, Lärbok i Kemien, which was his first significant scientific publication. He had conducted experimentation, in preparation for writing this textbook, on the compositions of inorganic compounds, which was his earliest work on... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
After graduating from Yakima High School, serving in the United States Navy until the end of World War II, and attending the North Dakota Teachers College, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the University of Washington, Corbett remained at Washington to complete his Ph.D. in 1952. He joined the chemistry faculty... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Foams are commonly made by injecting a gas or mixing a foaming agent into molten metal. Molten metal can be foamed by creating gas bubbles in the material. Normally, bubbles in molten metal are highly buoyant in the high-density liquid and rise quickly to the surface. This rise can be slowed by increasing the viscosity... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The plasmon resonant frequency is highly sensitive to the refractive index of the environment; a change in refractive index results in a shift in the resonant frequency. As the resonant frequency is easy to measure, this allows LSP nanoparticles to be used for nanoscale sensing applications. Also, nanoparticles exhibit... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Molybdenum disulfide is a host for formation of intercalation compounds. This behavior is relevant to its use as a cathode material in batteries. One example is a lithiated material, . With butyl lithium, the product is . | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Most observations of fivelings have been for isolated particles. Similar structures can occur in thin films when particles merge to form a continuous coating, but do not recrystallize immediately. They can also form during annealing of films, which molecular dynamics simulations have indicated correlates to the motion ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
When heated to 700 °C, indium(III) oxide forms InO, (called indium(I) oxide or indium suboxide), at 2000 °C it decomposes.
It is soluble in acids but not in alkali.
With ammonia at high temperature indium nitride is formed:
: InO + 2 NH → 2 InN + 3 HO
With KO and indium metal the compound KInO containing tetrahedral I... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The electrical conductivity of dielectrics and semiconductors in presence of high electric fields (more than for insulators and up to for semiconductors) increases approximately as described by the Poole's law (eventually leading to electrical breakdown):
where
: is the zero-field electrical conductivity
: is a con... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Brine (or briny water) is water with a high-concentration solution of salt (typically sodium chloride or calcium chloride). In diverse contexts, brine may refer to the salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% (a typical concentration of seawater, on the lower end of that of solutions used for brining foods) up to about ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The U.S. government eventually terminated Goodenough's research funding, so during the late 1970s and early 1980s, he left the United States and continued his career as head of the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory at the University of Oxford. Among the highlights of his work at Oxford, Goodenough is credited with signifi... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Nanoparticles occur in a great variety of shapes, which have been given many informal names such as nanospheres, nanorods, nanochains, decagedral nanoparticles, nanostars, nanoflowers, nanoreefs, nanowhiskers, nanofibers, and nanoboxes.
The shapes of nanoparticles may be determined by the intrinsic crystal habit of the... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Keblinski et al. had named four main possible mechanisms for the anomalous increase in nanofluids heat transfer which are : | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Research efforts have been put into using natural components in the creation of potentially biodegradable foam products. Mycelium (Figure 8), chitosan (Figure 9), wheat gluten (Figure 10), and cellulose (Figure 11) have all been used to create biofoams for different purposes. The wheat gluten example was used in combin... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Tapioca starch can be burnt off easily through the sintering process and is insoluble in titanium. Titanium foams consisting of a bimodal pore distribution (macropores ranging from 100 to 300 μm) and 64–79% porosity, exhibited yield strengths of 23–41 MPa and Young's moduli of 1.6–3.7 GPa. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The kingdom of Benin existed in the southwestern region of Nigeria in modern Edo state, Nigeria. According to scholars the kingdom of Benin (also known as the Edo Kingdom, or the Benin Empire) originated around the year 900 by the Ogiso kings, it is said between the eleventh and the thirteenth a member from the Oba dyn... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Armand Paul Alivisatos (born November 12, 1959) is an American chemist and academic administrator who has served as the 14th president of the University of Chicago since September 2021. He is a pioneer in nanomaterials development and an authority on the fabrication of nanocrystals and their use in biomedical and renew... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Open cell foams are manufactured by foundry or powder metallurgy. In the powder method, "space holders" are used; as their name suggests, they occupy the pore spaces and channels. In casting processes, foam is cast with an open-celled polyurethane foam skeleton. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
β-FeSe is the simplest iron-based superconductor but with diverse properties. It starts to superconduct at 8 K at normal pressure but its critical temperature (T) is dramatically increased to 38 K under pressure, by means of intercalation, or after quenching at high pressures. The combination of both intercalation and ... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
In chemistry, a thioxanthate is an organosulfur compound with the formula RSCSX. When X is an alkali metal, the thioxanthate is a salt. When X is a transition metal, the thioxanthate is a ligand, and when X is an organic group, the compounds are called thioxanthate esters. They are usually yellow colored compounds th... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The materials used in SWRO plants are dominated by non-metallic components and stainless steels, since lower operating temperatures allow the construction of desalination plants with more corrosion-resistant coatings. Therefore, the concentration values of heavy metals in the discharge of SWRO plants are much lower tha... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
The porous network of clay particles enable nanocomposite hydrogels to swell in the presence of water. Swelling (and de-swelling) distinguishes NC gels from conventionally-made hydrogels (OR gels) as it is a property that OR gels lack. The swelling property of NC gels allows them to collect the surrounding aqueous solu... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
The shape of a micelle is directly dependent on the packing parameter of the surfactant. Surfactants with a packing parameter of ≤ 1/3 appear to have a cone-like shape which will pack together to form spherical micelles when in an aqueous environment (top in figure). Surfactants with a packing parameter of 1/3 ≤ 1/2... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Uranium dioxide is oxidized in contact with oxygen to the triuranium octaoxide.
:3 UO + O → UO at 700 °C (970 K)
The electrochemistry of uranium dioxide has been investigated in detail as the galvanic corrosion of uranium dioxide controls the rate at which used nuclear fuel dissolves. See spent nuclear fuel for further... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Exposure to PFAS is a risk factor for various hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including preeclampsia and high blood pressure. It is not clear whether PFAS exposure is associated with wider cardiovascular disorders during pregnancy. Human breast milk has the capability to harbor PFAs as well as be transferred from ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Polyaniline nanofibers have been used in the creation of monolithic actuators. They can be used in this application due to their ability to be flash-welded. When exposed to light, polyaniline converts the absorbed energy directly into heat. In a polyaniline film, the heat is dispersed throughout the polymer. In polyani... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Polymeric nanoparticles are synthetic polymers with a size ranging from 10 to 100 nm. Common synthetic polymeric nanoparticles include polyacrylamide, polyacrylate, and chitosan. Drug molecules can be incorporated either during or after polymerization. Depending on the polymerization chemistry, the drug can be covalent... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Current applications for syntactic foam include buoyancy modules for marine riser tensioners, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), deep-sea exploration, boat hulls, and helicopter and airplane components.
Cementitious syntactic foams have also been investigated as a poten... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Literature distinguishes two major mechanisms of solubilization process of oil by surfactant micelles, affecting the kinetics of solubilization: surface reaction, i.e., by transient adsorption of micelles at the water-oil interface, and bulk reaction, whereby the surfactant micelles capture dissolved oil molecules. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Generally a defoamer is insoluble in the foaming medium and has surface active properties. An essential feature of a defoamer product is a low viscosity and a facility to spread rapidly on foamy surfaces. It has affinity to the air-liquid surface where it destabilizes the foam lamellas. This causes rupture of the air b... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Current nanoparticle drug delivery systems can be cataloged based on their platform composition into several groups: polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, viral nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, and nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) technology. Each family has its unique characteristics. | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Particle deposition occurs in numerous natural and industrial systems. Few examples are given below.
* Coatings and surface functionalization. Paints and adhesives often are concentrated suspensions of colloidal particles, and in order to adhere well to the surface the particles must deposit to the surface in question.... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Diffusiophoresis is the spontaneous motion of colloidal particles or molecules in a fluid, induced by a concentration gradient of a different substance. In other words, it is motion of one species, A, in response to a concentration gradient in another species, B. Typically, A is colloidal particles which are in aqueous... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Amphipols (a portmanteau of amphiphilic polymers) are a class of amphiphilic polymers designed to keep membrane proteins soluble in water without the need for detergents, which are traditionally used to this end but tend to be denaturing. Amphipols adsorb onto the hydrophobic transmembrane surface of membrane proteins ... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
A typical setup to measure streaming currents consists of two reversible electrodes placed on either side of a fluidic geometry across which a known pressure difference is applied. When both electrodes are held at the same potential, the streaming current is measured directly as the electric current flowing through the... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Berzelius was the first person to make the distinction between organic compounds (those containing carbon), and inorganic compounds. In particular, he advised Gerardus Johannes Mulder in his elemental analyses of organic compounds such as coffee, tea, and various proteins. The term protein itself was coined by Berzeliu... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Nazar studied chemistry at the University of British Columbia, where she earned a bachelor's degree in 1978. She was inspired to study chemistry after being inspired by her first year professor. Her father had trained as a scientist and ran his own jewellery making business. Nazar joined the University of Toronto for h... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
* Bennigsen-Foerder Prize in 1997
* Prize of the Working Group of German University Professors of Chemistry (ADUC) in 2000
* Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences since 2016 | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Measurement and definition difficulties arise because natural waters contain a complex mixture of many different elements from different sources (not all from dissolved salts) in different molecular forms. The chemical properties of some of these forms depend on temperature and pressure. Many of these forms are difficu... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Arumugam Manthiram (; born March 15, 1951) is an Indian-American materials scientist and engineer, best known for his identification of the polyanion class of lithium ion battery cathodes, understanding of how chemical instability limits the capacity of layered oxide cathodes, and technological advances in lithium sulf... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Polyurethane foam has been widely used to insulate fuel tanks on Space Shuttles. However, it requires a perfect application, as any air pocket, dirt or an uncovered tiny spot can knock it off due to extreme conditions of liftoff. Those conditions include violent vibrations, air friction and abrupt changes in temperatur... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Many solids react vigorously with gas species like chlorine, iodine, and oxygen. Other solids form adducts, such as CO or ethylene. Such reactions are conducted in open-ended tubes, which the gasses are passed through. Also, these reactions can take place inside a measuring device such as a TGA. In that case, stoichiom... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Transport reactions are classified according to the thermodynamics of the reaction between the solid and the transporting agent. When the reaction is exothermic, then the solid of interest is transported from the cooler end (which can be quite hot) of the reactor to a hot end, where the equilibrium constant is less fa... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Xanthate salts of alkali metals are produced by the treatment of an alcohol, alkali, and carbon disulfide. The process is called xanthation. In chemical terminology, the alkali reacts with the alcohol to produce an alkoxide, which is the nucleophile that adds to the electrophilic carbon atom in CS. Often the alkoxide i... | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
As nanoparticle interactions take place on a nanoscale, the particle interactions must be scaled similarly. Hamaker interactions take into account the polarization characteristics of a large number of nearby particles and the effects they have on each other. Hamaker interactions sum all of the forces between all partic... | 0 | Colloidal Chemistry |
Copper(I) thiocyanate (or cuprous thiocyanate) is a coordination polymer with formula CuSCN. It is an air-stable, white solid used as a precursor for the preparation of other thiocyanate salts. | 1 | Solid-state chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.