text stringlengths 282 15k | source stringclasses 885
values | word_start int64 0 7.81M | word_end int64 210 7.81M |
|---|---|---|---|
from the moral and the legal standpoint. In his report of 7 June 1945 Mr. Justice Jackson outlined that by this Trial those actions are to bee punished which since time immemorial have been considered as crimes and are designated as such in any civilized legislation. The most difficult problem, the greatest task, and t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 16,650 | 17,150 |
that the highest representatives of Greek morality such as Plato and Aristotle consider abandoning of children slavery to be absolutely right, or that in certain parts of East Africa even today only robbery and murder give a man the stamp of heroism; on the other hand it is absolutely compatible with our present-day id... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 17,100 | 17,600 |
some rely on religion, others have been taught wisdom by experience and education, still others find an explanation in the philosophers. The State has in recent times taken up the moral education of its citizens in increasing measure, not only through criminal laws but also through "political education" or whatever oth... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 17,550 | 18,050 |
the moral instability of National Socialist teachings. To that I can answer with the words of the great English philosopher, John Locke, who says on the question of what is good or evil in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Book 2, Chapter xxvm, Paragraph 6: ``Gad has ordained it in such a manner that certain ac... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 18,000 | 18,500 |
judged conclusively within the framework of this Trial. As to the question of deciding the criminal guilt of the defendant, that is the hard task of the High Tribunal; but his potential historical gust cannot and will not be judged by the Tribunal. Rosenberg, like all persons of historical importance, has acted accordi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 18,450 | 18,950 |
Rosenberg fought for. Until 17 July 1941 Rosenberg was excluded from participation in any national legislation. Considered from the point of view of personal responsibility, all his speeches and writings up to that time come within the scope of unofficial journalistic activity which every politician and writer must adm... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 18,900 | 19,400 |
injuries were also inflicted upon the German nation, injuries which Rosenberg was equally unable to recognize as war necessities. His official tasks, as for example the duties of the Einsatzstab in the West and East, were carried out by Rosenberg without compromising his personal integrity. The requisitioning of artist... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 19,350 | 19,850 |
th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - © 2008 Lillian Goldman Law Library 127 Wall Street, New Haven, CT 06511. Avalon Statement of Purpose Accessibility at Yale Contact Us Yale Law Lib... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Fifth Day | 19,800 | 19,874 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 18 Previous Day Volume 18 Menu Ne... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 0 | 500 |
had been transferred to the Reich, the office of the Defendant Frank as Bavarian Minister of Justice came to an end. In December 1934 he was appointed Reich Minister without Portfolio. In addition he became, from 1934 onward, President of the Academy for German Law, which he himself had founded, and President of the In... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 450 | 950 |
that Frank did not belong to the circle of Hitler's closer collaborators. The Prosecution was unable to present to the Tribunal a single document dealing with important political or military decisions with which the Defendant Frank was connected. In particular, the Defendant Frank was not present at any of the conferen... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 900 | 1,400 |
the appropriate legislative authorities, to put the National Socialist program into practice in the whole sphere of law. The academy was under the supervision of the Reich Minister of Justice and the Reich Minister of the Interior. The function of the academy was to prepare drafts of statutes; legislation itself was ex... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 1,350 | 1,850 |
except by judicial sentence. Legal properties in this sense include honor, freedom, life, and earnings. "Third, an accused person, no matter under what procedure, must be enabled to procure someone to defend him who is capable of making legal statements on his behalf; and he must have an impartial hearing according to ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 1,800 | 2,300 |
11 July 46 of an aggressive war and in connection therewith the commission of crimes against the rules of war. Before I turn to the points of accusation brought against the Defendant Frank within the framework of his career as Governor General, I will refer shortly to his responsibility under penal law as a member of t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 2,250 | 2,750 |
the Defendant Frank as Governor General. When the Polish Government had left the country after Poland's military collapse, the German occupying forces were faced with the task 134 11 July 46 of building up an administration without the help of any parliamentary representation or any representatives of the former Polish... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 2,700 | 3,200 |
Defendant Frank by virtue of his office of Governor General. According to Article 3 of the Fuehrer's decree of 12 October 1939 the Governor General was directly subordinate to the Fuehrer. The same provision placed all branches of the administration in the hands of the 135 11 July 46 Governor General. In actual fact, h... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 3,150 | 3,650 |
in the RSHA, shows that as early as in 1939 when the defendant was appointed Governor General, a secret decree was issued in which it was provided that the Higher SS and Police Leader, East was to receive his instructions direct from the Reichsfuehrer SS and Chief 136 11 July 46 of the German Police, Himmler. Similarly... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 3,600 | 4,100 |
uninterrupted struggles between the Governor General and the administration on the one hand, and the Security Police with the SD as represented by Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler and the Higher SS and Police Leader, East, on the other. The same applies to the activity of Himmler and his organs in the field of resettlement. As... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 4,050 | 4,550 |
it possible at all to gain the Fuehrer's ear in these matters, the latter on principle invariably approved Himmler's view. This is not surprising if we remember Himmler's position in the German governmental system, particularly during the later war years. This deprived the Defendant Frank of the last possibility of inf... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 4,500 | 5,000 |
under the secret decree of 1939. Departments were also transferred to the State Secretary for Security which had only the remotest connection with the tasks of the Security Police, for example, matters such as the regulation of holidays and so on. Of considerable importance are the two last headings in the Appendices A... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 4,950 | 5,450 |
can easily be ascertained that the entries cannot be considered complete. All these facts bring us to the conclusion that the material evidential value of this diary must not be overestimated. The evidential value of this diary can in no way be compared with the evidential value of entries made personally by the person... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 5,400 | 5,900 |
a little earlier or later. In connection with the many speeches made by the Defendant Frank, the following must not be left out of consideration and may also be looked upon as established by the evidence: It was a foregone conclusion that the Defendant Frank, as an avowed champion of the idea of a State founded on law ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 5,850 | 6,350 |
of the administration. Even a cursory inspection of the diary will confirm this. All these circumstances must be taken into consideration in assessing the substantive evidential value of the Defendant Frank's diary. It should also be noted that these diaries constituted the only personal property that Frank was able to... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 6,300 | 6,800 |
from the experience of wars in the lath century. Those wars were confined in the main to the armed forces directly concerned therein. Now the first World War already overstepped this framework and not only in respect of the geographical extent of conflict. On the contrary, the war became a struggle for extermination of... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 6,750 | 7,250 |
conference took place on 17 October 1939. It is alleged that these minutes alone, by which the administrative goals of the Defendant Frank in the Government General are said to be established, reveal a plan or conspiracy at variance with the laws of warfare and humanity. This is an inadmissible conclusion, at least ins... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 7,200 | 7,700 |
of the Defendant Frank, but in connection with the accusation of so-called Germanization, a document was submitted with the Exhibit USA-300, 661-PS. This is a memorandum entitled "Legal Aspects of German Policy toward the Poles from the Ethno-Political Point of View." According to a note on the title page, the legal pa... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 7,650 | 8,150 |
see that the two-language principle is strictly observed; you will also point out to district and provincial officers that no violence is to be used in opposing such safeguarding of Polish national existence. We have in a certain sense herewith taken over on trust from the Fuehrer the responsibility for Polish national... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 8,100 | 8,600 |
clearly that the measures taken, at any rate by Frank, were intended to care for the Polish nation and that he repudiated any terror policy. I now come to the so-called "peace-enforcing action." When the campaign against Poland had ended in September 1939 that did not mean that all resistance had ceased. Very soon afte... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 8,550 | 9,050 |
in many cases modified the sentence. The chairman of this Board of Pardon, until his appointment as Reich Commissioner for the Netherlands, was the Defendant Dr. Seyss-Inquart. As his testimony revealed, no less than half the death sentences pronounced by the summary court were commuted to imprisonment by the Board of ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 9,000 | 9,500 |
be 200 inhabitants to the square kilometer. I am, further, not pointing to this state of affairs to show that if the present economic policy is continued and the so-called industrial plan is maintained, Germany is heading for a catastrophe the consequences of which cannot be confined to the German people. The evidentia... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 9,450 | 9,950 |
12,000 typed pages. Nevertheless it shall not be denied that the Defendant Frank made no secret of his anti-Semitic views. He spoke in detail on this question when giving his testimony in the witness box. But the question of the importance to be attached to the diary entries submitted by the Prosecution is quite anothe... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 9,900 | 10,400 |
the one hand, and the Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler and the Higher SS and Police Leader Kruger, on the other, it would also seem to be impossible to look upon the statements of the Defendant Frank as acts of incitement or complicity. The evidence has shown on the contrary that all the efforts of the Defendant Frank to inves... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 10,350 | 10,850 |
that extent. THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal sustains the objection. There is no evidence of the statements which you have made. And in any event, the Tribunal considers them entirely irrelevant. DR. SEIDL: I assume, Mr. President, that in that case I may continue with the last paragraph on Page 44. THE PRESIDENT: I think ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 10,800 | 11,300 |
try to transfer as many workers as possible to Germany. There can indeed be no doubt that during the first years of the administration most of the Polish workers went to the Reich voluntarily. When later, in consequence of the continuous bombing raids, not only Germany's cities but also her factories crumbled to ruins ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 11,250 | 11,750 |
a third party. Even those writers who deny the application of the "vital stress" theory to international law-they are in the minority-grant the threatened State the "right to self-preservation" and therewith the right to enforce "necessities of state" even at the cost of the just interests of other States. It is a reco... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 11,700 | 12,200 |
as Exhibit Number USSR-335 a decree issued by the defendant to combat attacks against German reconstruction work in the Government General, dated 2 October 1943. There is no question but that this decree setting up a drumhead court-martial is not in conformity with what must be demanded of court procedure under normal ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 12,150 | 12,650 |
over to the systematic destruction of institutions belonging to the German administration; they steal money, procure typewriters and duplicating machines, destroy quota lists and lists of workers in the communal offices, and take away or burn criminal records and taxation lists. Moreover, raids on important production ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 12,600 | 13,100 |
by the former adjutant of the SS and Police Leader of Warsaw, Karl Kaleske. That is Exhibit Number USA-803 (3840-PS). These documents show quite clearly that those measures, like all others within the competence of the Security Police and undertaken on direct orders from either Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler, the Higher SS a... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 13,050 | 13,550 |
by the war. It is true that in the following years the Government General contributed in no small degree to the war effort by itself delivering grain. But it must not be overlooked that these deliveries were made possible by an extraordinary increase in agricultural production in the Government General. And this was in... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 13,500 | 14,000 |
given by the Chief of Government on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of the existence of the Government General on 26 October 1943. I have included this report in the document books I put in evidence. It is in Volume IV, Page 42. The report gives a concise summary of the measures taken and the successes achieved ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 13,950 | 14,450 |
abolish the evils he condemned, it would not have been necessary for him to address that memorandum to Hitler at all. He would then himself have been able to take all necessary steps. In addition to this the evidence has shown that that memorandum of 19 June 1943 was not the only one addressed to the Fuehrer on the mat... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 14,400 | 14,900 |
bounds and that a police state of the purest water was in process of development, the Defendant Frank came forward and addressed four great speeches to the German public with a last appeal on behalf of the idea of a State founded on law. He did that when Hitler stood at the summit of his power. He addressed this appeal... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 14,850 | 15,350 |
by Reichsfuehrer SS Himmler and the Higher SS and Police Leader, East, on the other, could not fail to have repercussions on the position of the defendant in his capacity as Governor General. Still more than before the various Reich authorities now began to interfere in the administration of the Government General. Abo... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 15,300 | 15,800 |
gap in international penal procedure, the material penal law to be applied to the defendants has already been previously standardized by positive laws. Part II of the Charter, beginning with Article 6, is accordingly entitled: "Jurisdiction and General Principles," and it may be inferred therefrom that Article 6 is int... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 15,750 | 16,250 |
signatory powers to subject, on the basis of considerations which have been seriously weighed, the conduct of the defendants to a proper trial recognizing all legal principles of international custom, therefore signifies not only the observance of legal procedure with all assurances of fair trial, but such a decision b... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 16,200 | 16,700 |
but not as new material criminal law. The next remarks concern themselves with the conspiracy, a matter which has been dealt with by Dr. Stahmer to such an extent that I can omit these pages. I continue now on Page 7 with the summary. The Charter does not impose the interpretation that a defendant is responsible also f... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 16,650 | 17,150 |
the defendant. To give an example: The participation of a defendant in rearmament against the regulations of the Versailles Treaty does not in itself justify the assumption that that defendant also desired a war of aggression which was later on planned by others in the further plan of restoring military power to the Ge... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 17,100 | 17,600 |
other words, according to the provisions of German substantive criminal law there does not exist a liability for so-called excesses of the immediate culprits or for an unforeseen development of plans not originally conceived on such a wide scope, so that a more far-reaching interpretation in line with the concept of co... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 17,550 | 18,050 |
in the advancement of the Party and its aims constituted a preparation for war, and intended it as such, and therefore helped to bring the war about. In this connection the Prosecution has made the assertion that Hitler and his Party from the very beginning openly pursued the aim of bringing about a change in Germany's... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 18,000 | 18,500 |
again, quite seriously. In the face of that, warning voices which at an early stage were convinced that Hitler wanted war, remained a hopeless minority throughout the world. The Prosecution has repeatedly alluded to this world belief which took Hitler's assertions of peaceful intentions seriously, and the best proof of... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 18,450 | 18,950 |
strengthening of Hitler's inner political authority was a necessary condition for his intentions for war as revealed later, nothing is achieved unless proof is forthcoming that Hitler had from the beginning aimed at power in the domestic sphere only as a first step toward the waging of wars, and that Frick was aware of... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 18,900 | 19,400 |
is no proof that Hitler had informed him of his plans for war, and therefore his collaboration in the measures concerned with the reconstruction of the German Armed Forces cannot be charged against him as intentional collaboration in the planning of wars of aggression. A similar situation arises with regard to the defe... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 19,350 | 19,850 |
civil life as an instrument of preparation for a war of aggression. The kind of tasks which were given to the Defendant Frick in his capacity as Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration had to do merely with the concentration of domestic administration of Germany in case of a possible war or threat of war, and nothing ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 19,800 | 20,300 |
of the Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration, combined with the appointment of a Plenipotentiary for Economy and the post of Chief of the OKW, cannot be described as a "triumvirate" holding governmental authority in Germany. Nothing has ever become known either inside or outside Germany of a government by such a tri... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 20,250 | 20,750 |
directives actual treaty violations were to be masked or whether it vas only a question of avoiding the appearance of treaty violations. The same problem applies to Document 1850-PS, Exhibit Number USA-742. This contains the minutes of a conference between the Leadership of the SA and the Reich Defense Minister, who pr... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 20,700 | 21,200 |
for the person concerned, with respect to his own tasks in the field of preparations for the war, to know the aggressive character of Hitler's general policy or even his detailed plans of aggression. Document 386-PS, Exhibit Number USA-25, shows how systematically the principle of secrecy was kept, even as regards the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 21,150 | 21,650 |
the occupied territories. On the basis of the same function, he is deemed to be responsible for all War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity which were committed in the occupied and incorporated territories before and during the war, up to his dismissal as Reich Minister of the Interior on 20 August 1943. It is a questio... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 21,600 | 22,100 |
the German Reich. In the East, the Memel district received the same constitutional treatment; in the West, the Eupen-Malmedy district; and in the Southeast, the Sudetenland. Furthermore the country of Austria was incorporated into the commonwealth of the German Reich. For all those territories Frick has a share in the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 22,050 | 22,550 |
at the time concerning the creation of a separate civil administration, a stipulation that the Reich Minister of the Interior was designated the central agency, and from this formulation the Prosecution has deduced a responsibility of the Defendant Frick for the administration of all the territories, as is stated in th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 22,500 | 23,000 |
do not reveal an administrative activity of any greater extent than I have just stated. Document 3304-PS gives proof of an administrative activity for the incorporated Eastern Territories. This coincides with my statement that the incorporated Eastern Territories, in their internal administration, were subject to the R... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 22,950 | 23,450 |
Defendant Frick bears no responsibility for crimes against the laws of war and against humanity in the occupied territories, since in these territories he could neither order crimes nor prevent them. Concerning the territory of the German Reich I must now examine the claim of the Prosecution as to the responsibility of... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 23,400 | 23,900 |
in the states, the police had, it is true, ultimately come out better because they were under the direction of Goering and Himmler, with whom the "bureaucrat" Frick-as Hitler disdainfully called him-could not compare as regards influence in the Party and State. For that reason the political police in the states in prac... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 23,850 | 24,350 |
Chief of the German Police in the Reich Ministry of the Interior." The question now is whether this new regulation conferred on Frick, in his capacity as Reich Minister of the Interior, any authority of command or any right to issue instructions which could be enforced with regard to the political police, its offices a... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 24,300 | 24,800 |
through a decree to curtail the admissibility of protective custody and he forbade it in a number of cases of improper application. I refer to Document 1723-PS, Exhibit Number USA-206, an extract of which under Number 36 appears in the Frick document book. He prohibited protective custody in lieu of, or cumulative to, ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 24,750 | 25,250 |
during their presentation on 3 July 1946, submitted Document D-181, Exhibit GB-528, and stated in connection with that document that it proved that the political police were not only formally incorporated in the Ministry of the Interior, but that Frick was in fact responsible for the measures of the Police. Actually th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 25,200 | 25,700 |
Ministry of the Interior as offices of the general internal Reich administration, the assignment of a police expert to the office of general administration in the province is a measure of internal Reich administration. This measure, too, had no connection with arbitrary acts of the Gestapo, and more particularly it doe... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 25,650 | 26,150 |
aspect of the camps was still generally that of a military training area. In any case, an official visitor to a camp at that time could not observe any indication of murder, ill-treatment, or similar crimes, so that such a visit is not a decisive argument for knowledge of crimes in the Concentration camps. On the other... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 26,100 | 26,600 |
but used private stationery with the heading "Adolf Hitler." This shows, a fact that the witness Lammers has confirmed, that Hitler did not give an order for these measures to the Ministry of the Interior or some other government office, but to two of his Party comrades, and the Party emblem is the only sign on this st... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 26,550 | 27,050 |
form of proof. Frick was likewise never a member of the SA, as shown- probably by mistake-in the chart indicating the defendants' membership in various organizations. For this too, there is no proof. The Prosecution has further charged Frick with being the supreme head of the Gestapo, and therefore designated him as a ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 27,000 | 27,500 |
was taking a course of which he could no longer approve, he tried to exert all his influence to bring about a change. But he had perforce to find out more and more clearly that Hitler would not listen to his remonstrances and complaints. On the contrary, he was forced to realize that these complaints destroyed Hitler's... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 27,450 | 27,950 |
the removal of which I pray that this Trial may also contribute through a sentence in accordance with law and justice. THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Marx. 189 11 July 46 DR. HANNS MARX (Counsel for Defendant Streicher): Gentlemen of the Tribunal, Mr. President. I begin the speech for the defense of Julius Streicher. When in May o... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 27,900 | 28,400 |
gathered that the world was of the opinion that in the person of Julius Streicher not only had one of the numerous anti-Semitic propaganda agents of the Third Reich been taken prisoner, but in short Enemy Number One of the Jews. 190 11 July 46 Throughout the rest of the world the opinion evidently prevailed that in the... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 28,350 | 28,850 |
personally in Franconia at the disposal 191 11 July 46 of Adolf Hitler's Party which was small after the first World War, as one can imagine, and limited to southern Bavaria only. Furthermore, after Hitler's release from the fortress of Landsberg, he immediately joined him again and subsequently championed. his ideas a... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Sixth Day | 28,800 | 28,981 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 18 Previous Day Volume 18 Menu Ne... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 0 | 500 |
world, of annihilating foreign races, and of setting the German master race above the whole world. They are accused of having harbored the will to carry out these aims and plans from the very outset by means of aggressive wars, murder, and violence. If, therefore, the Defendant Streicher's mere participation in the NSD... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 450 | 950 |
nor did the proceedings produce any proof to that effect. Of all the 194 12 July 46 material presented during all these months of the Trial, nothing can be taken as even a shadow of proof that the Defendant Streicher was so closely connected with the supreme authority of the Party that he could have, or even must have,... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 900 | 1,400 |
however, anybody had been taken into his confidence at that time, it would have been the leading men in politics and the Armed Forces, who belonged to the closest circle around him. To those, however, the Defendant Streicher by no means belonged. It is especially significant here that at the outbreak of the war Streich... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 1,350 | 1,850 |
and of being responsible for the final extermination of Europe's Jewry. It is clear that this accusation constitutes the decisive point of the Indictment against Julius Streicher and perhaps the decisive point of the total Indictment, for in this connection the attitude of the German people to this question must be tri... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Defense to go into further details of the defendant's actions as a writer and speaker, particularly with regard to Der Sturmer and his reply to the accusations raised against him. His ideology and convictions shall not be explained, excused, or defended, nor his manner of writing and speaking either. Examination and ju... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 2,250 | 2,750 |
years Streicher found a comparatively favorable soil for his anti-Jewish tendencies. The first World War ended with Germany's defeat, but wide circles did not wish to admit the fact of a military victory of Germany's opponents of that time. They attributed this defeat exclusively to a breakdown of national defense and ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 2,700 | 3,200 |
be made legally responsible for this, then not only must it be proved that the incitement as such was actually carried through and results achieved in this direction; but-and this is the decisive point-conclusive proof must be produced that the deeds which were done can be traced back to that incitement. It is not the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 3,150 | 3,650 |
to anti-Semitic reasons but to the fact that the prevailing. confusion in the various parties had been unable to point to a way out of the ever-increasing economic misery. The call for a strong man became ever more urgent. The conviction became more and more firmly rooted among the broad masses that only a personality ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 3,600 | 4,100 |
It must be added that with the seizure of power by the Party the total press apparatus came under the control of the Party, which immediately undertook to co-ordinate the press, that is, to direct it from a central office in the spirit of the National Socialist policy and ideology. This was done through the Minister of... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 4,050 | 4,550 |
of its development. In the years 1923 to 1933 Der Sturmer was able to increase its circulation from some 3,000 to some 10,000 copies, and this in turn went up to some 20,000 shortly before the seizure of power. On the average, however, between 1923 and 1931 the circulation was only some 6,000 copies. Following the seiz... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 4,500 | 5,000 |
there was no foundation whatsoever. The men and women who joined the Party after 1933 did not apply for membership as a result of the so-called enlightenment work of Der Sturmer but either because they believed the Party's promises and hoped to derive advantages from it or because by belonging to the Party they wanted,... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 4,950 | 5,450 |
were permanently being read. The circulation figures decreased steadily and unceasingly in those years. Certainly the influence of Der Sturmer in the political sphere no longer amounted to anything. During. the periods mentioned Der Sturmer was rejected by large circles of the population from the very outset. Its crude... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 5,400 | 5,900 |
were not committed spontaneously by the German people but that they were organized and executed with the aid of the State and Party apparatus upon instructions of Dr. Goebbels in Berlin. The result and the effect of these State-directed demonstrations-which in a cynical way were depicted for their effect abroad as an e... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 5,850 | 6,350 |
really approve of these measures? A fact can only be approved of if it is known. Therefore should this assertion of the Prosecution be considered as proved, then logically it must also be considered as proved that the German nation actually had knowledge of these occurrences. However, evidence in this respect has shown... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 6,300 | 6,800 |
came in contact with the camps or their inmates or from former concentration camp inmates. There is no need to explain that members of the camp personnel who were concerned with these happenings kept silent, not only because they were under stringent orders to do so, but also in their own interest. Furthermore, it is k... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 6,750 | 7,250 |
can be derived with absolute certainty from these facts that the leaders of the State, that Hitler and Himmler, wanted under all circumstances to keep secret the extermination of the Jews; and this forms the base for another argument-in my opinion, a cogent one-against the anti-Semitism of the German people asserted by... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 7,200 | 7,700 |
in victory. The fact that they did not do this is the best proof that even they did not consider the German people radically anti-Semitic, and it is also the best proof that there can be no question of such anti-Semitism on the part of the German people. I may therefore sum up by saying that all this stands in contradi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 7,650 | 8,150 |
company were not circulated by the Hitler Youth Leadership and did not find a circle of readers among the Hitler Youth. The witness made the same assertions in regard to Der Sturmer. One of his closest co-workers, the witness Lauterbacher, stated in this connection that Der Sturmer was actually banned for the Hitler Yo... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 8,100 | 8,600 |
Staff, Lutze, stated that he did not want propaganda for Der Sturmer in the SA. In certain groups Der Sturmer was even prohibited. The contents of Der Sturmer disgusted and repelled most of the SA men. The policy of the SA with regard to the Jewish question was in no way directed at the extermination of the Jews; it ai... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 8,550 | 9,050 |
of the Jewish question-the extermination of Jewry in Europe-is without doubt Hitler himself. Though this greatest of all trials in world history suffers from the fact that the chief offenders are not sitting in the dock, because they are either dead or not to be found, the facts ascertained have nevertheless resulted i... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 9,000 | 9,500 |
1939. Only then did it become apparent that in case of war-which he believed was propagated by the Jews-he was planning a different solution. In his Reichstag speech on 30 January 1939 he predicted the extermination of Jewry should a second World War be let loose against Germany. He expressed the same ideas in a speech... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 9,450 | 9,950 |
to Hitler. It has not been proved that Streicher had any possibility of influencing them, or that he did actually influence them. He states-and there is no proof to the contrary-that he never knew either Eichmann or Muller, and that his relations with Himmler were slight and far from friendly.. Casually it might be men... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 9,900 | 10,400 |
circles Der Sturmer had just as small a public; it was rejected, just as it was in other circles. Himmler himself rejected Streicher ironically as an ideologist. Therefore the Defendant Streicher could not have had any influence on the ideology of the SS members of the Einsatzgruppen, much less on the old members of th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 10,350 | 10,850 |
his activities under the Hitler regime. The Prosecution considers him to be the leading anti-Semite and the leading advocate of a ruthless determination to annihilate Jewry. This conception, however, does justice neither to the part played by the defendant and the influence actually exercised by him, nor to his persona... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 10,800 | 11,300 |
wartime. His name does not appear on any list of participants or on any minutes. Not even in the course of the discussions themselves is one single reference made to his name. 216 12 July 46 The fight against Jewry in the Third Reich grew more and more embittered from year to year, especially after the outbreak of war ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 11,250 | 11,750 |
the defendant shows the same lack of scruple here as he does in his other actions. He must account here for his actions in this connection alone; the Defense cannot shield him. But here, too, the fact that the population of Nuremberg disapproved of these actions clearly and unmistakably must be stressed. It was clear t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol18): One Hundred and Seventy-Seventh Day | 11,700 | 12,200 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.