id stringlengths 3 8 | title stringlengths 3 52 | url stringlengths 33 82 | text stringlengths 20.8k 159k | category stringclasses 15
values | word_count int64 3.3k 23.9k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
145440 | Rare-earth element | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element | The rare-earth elements (REE), also called rare-earth metals, or rare earths, are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals. The 15 lanthanides (or lanthanoids), along with scandium and yttrium, are usually included as rare earths. Compounds containing rare-earths have diverse appli... | chemistry | 13,377 |
147847 | Abstract expressionism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism | Abstract expressionism in the United States emerged as a distinct art movement in the aftermath of World War II and gained mainstream acceptance in the 1950s, a shift from the American social realism of the 1930s influenced by the Great Depression and Mexican muralists.The work of Mexican muralists would also influence... | arts_entertainment | 7,356 |
149333 | Indian National Congress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress | The Indian National Congress (INC), also known as the Congress Party, or simply the Congress, is a big tent political party in India. It is one of the two major Indian political parties alongside the Bharatiya Janata Party, and the oldest party in India. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first modern nationalist ... | politics_government | 13,386 |
149896 | Emmy Noether | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether | Amalie Emmy Noether (23 March 1882 – 14 April 1935) was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra. She also proved Noether's first and second theorems, which are fundamental in mathematical physics. Noether was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Herman... | biographies | 9,953 |
154738 | Hydrogen sulfide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide | Hydrogen sulfide (preferred IUPAC name and American English) or hydrogen sulphide (Commonwealth English) is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a colorless hydrogen chalcogenide gas, and is toxic, corrosive, and flammable. Trace amounts in ambient atmosphere have a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Swe... | chemistry | 4,527 |
154957 | New Zealand national rugby union team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team | The New Zealand national rugby union team, known as the All Blacks ( ), represents New Zealand in men's rugby union, which is considered the country's national sport. Famed for their international success, the All Blacks have often been regarded as one of the most successful sports teams in history.
The team won the R... | sports | 11,334 |
156787 | Desalination | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination | Desalination is a process that removes mineral components from saline water. More generally, desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance."Desalination" (definition), The American Heritage Science Dictionary, via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007. One example is soil desalination. This is ... | chemistry | 10,030 |
157211 | Masters Tournament | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament | The Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply the Masters, or as the U.S. Masters outside North America) is one of the four men's major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week in April, the Masters is the first major golf tournament of the year. Unlike the other major tournaments, ... | sports | 10,335 |
161022 | Indian independence movement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement | The Indian independence movement was a series of political efforts from the middle of the nineteenth century to 1947, that took place in the Indian subcontinent with the aim of ending British colonial rule.
The first nationalistic movement took root when the Indian National Congress (INC) was formed in 1885. Prominen... | political_movements | 14,642 |
161278 | Period 5 element | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_element | A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical be... | chemistry | 4,449 |
166404 | First law of thermodynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics | The first law of thermodynamics is a formulation of the law of conservation of energy in the context of thermodynamic processes. For a thermodynamic process affecting a thermodynamic system without transfer of matter, the law distinguishes two principal forms of energy transfer, heat and thermodynamic work. The law als... | chemistry | 11,407 |
168651 | High-performance liquid chromatography | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography | (1) solvent reservoirs, (2) solvent degasser, (3) gradient valve, (4) mixing vessel for delivery of the mobile phase, (5) high-pressure pump, (6) switching valve in "inject position", (6') switching valve in "load position", (7) sample injection loop, (8) pre-column (guard column), (9) analytical column, (10) detector ... | chemistry | 7,987 |
168714 | Separation of church and state | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state | The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular state (with or without legally explicit church-state separation) and to disestab... | politics_government | 12,989 |
169131 | Primary election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election | Primary elections or primaries are elections held to determine which candidates will run in an upcoming general election. In a partisan primary, a political party selects a candidate. Depending on the state and/or party, there may be an "open primary", in which all voters are eligible to participate, or a "closed prima... | politics_government | 6,854 |
169660 | Ultimate Fighting Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship | The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is an American mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion company based in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is owned and operated by TKO Group Holdings, a majority owned subsidiary of Endeavor Group Holdings. The largest MMA promotion in the world, the UFC has over 578 fighters contracted that fig... | sports | 20,679 |
173238 | Diels–Alder reaction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels–Alder_reaction | In organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative. It is the prototypical example of a pericyclic reaction with a concerted mechanism. More specifically, it is classified... | chemistry | 3,831 |
176725 | The Open Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship | The Open Championship, often referred to as The Open or the British Open outside of the UK, is the oldest golf tournament in the world, and one of the most prestigious. Founded in 1860, it was originally held annually at Prestwick Golf Club in Scotland. Later the venue rotated between a select group of coastal links go... | sports | 9,993 |
181556 | Period 6 element | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_element | A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new ro... | chemistry | 5,904 |
182000 | Gulf War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War | The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States. The coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the aeri... | wars_military | 19,461 |
189053 | Rhythmic gymnastics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics | Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which gymnasts perform individually or in groups on a floor with an apparatus: hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon and rope. The sport combines elements of gymnastics, dance and calisthenics; gymnasts must be strong, flexible, agile, dexterous and coordinated. Rhythmic gymnastics is governed by ... | sports | 9,331 |
194021 | Timeline of the French Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution | The following is a timeline of the French Revolution.
Pre-1788 – The pre-revolution; challenging absolutism
19 January 1771: Beginning of the "Maupeou Coup" against the parlements, one of the few checks on the authority of the crown. Seeking popularity, Louis XVI reinstated the parlements soon after his coronation... | political_movements | 15,479 |
194904 | Track and field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field | Track and field is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella spor... | sports | 12,857 |
195068 | Monday Night Football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football | Monday Night Football (often abbreviated as MNF) is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League (NFL) games that air on Monday nights. It originally ran on ABC from 1970 to 2005, before moving exclusively to sister network ESPN from 2006 to 2019. While still airing on ESPN, MNF returned to ABC in 2020 ... | sports | 11,893 |
196649 | E-government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-government | E-government (known for electronic government) involves utilizing technology devices, such as computers and the Internet, for faster means of delivering public services to citizens and other persons in a country or region. E-government offers new opportunities for more direct and convenient citizen access to government... | politics_government | 10,804 |
200987 | Greek War of Independence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence | The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829.See also: In 1826, the Greeks were assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire,... | political_movements | 18,250 |
206578 | Presidential system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system | A presidential, strong-president, or single-executive system (sometimes also congressional system) is a form of government in which a head of government (usually titled "president") heads an executive branch that derives its authority and legitimacy from a source that is separate from the legislative branch. The system... | politics_government | 5,151 |
208101 | Motion of no confidence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence | A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office. The no-confidence vote is a defining c... | politics_government | 7,813 |
208697 | Social credit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_credit | Social credit is a distributive philosophy of political economy developed in the 1920s and 1930s by C. H. Douglas. Douglas attributed economic downturns to discrepancies between the cost of goods and the compensation of the workers who made them. To combat what he saw as a chronic deficiency of purchasing power in the ... | economics_business | 9,218 |
211484 | Populism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism | Populism is a contested concept for a variety of political stances that emphasise the idea of the "common people", often in opposition to a perceived elite. It is frequently associated with anti-establishment and anti-political sentiment. The term developed in the late 19th century and has been applied to various polit... | politics_government | 10,249 |
215909 | Electricity market | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_market | An electricity market is a system that enables the exchange of electrical energy through an electrical grid. Historically, electricity has been primarily sold by companies that operate electric generators, purchased by electricity retailers, and sold to customers.
The electric power industry began in the late 19th and... | economics_business | 8,026 |
228080 | Battle of France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France | The Battle of France (; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (), the French Campaign (, ) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) and France. The plan for the invasion of the Low Countries and France... | wars_military | 17,784 |
228344 | Mixed martial arts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts | Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact fighting sport based on striking and grappling, incorporating techniques from various combat sports from around the world.
In the early 20th century, various inter-stylistic contests took place throughout Japan and the countries of East Asia. At the same time, in Brazil ther... | sports | 13,880 |
243594 | Socialist Party of America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America | The Socialist Party of America (SPA) was a socialist political party in the United States formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party of America who had split from the main organization in 1899.It was also known as the "S... | political_movements | 18,012 |
244614 | Magic: The Gathering World Championship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering_World_Championship | + Magic: The Gathering World Championships Year Winner Held in 1994 Zak Dolan Milwaukee, WI, United States 1995 Alexander Blumke Seattle, WA, United States 1996 Tom Chanpheng Seattle, WA, United States 1997 Jakub Slemr Seattle, WA, United States 1998 Brian Selden Seattle, WA, United States 1999 Kai Budde Yokohama, Japa... | sports | 9,444 |
255709 | National Rugby League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League | The National Rugby League (also known as the NRL Telstra Premiership for sponsorship reasons) is a professional rugby league competition in Oceania which is currently contested by 17 teams from New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, and New Zealand.
Tracing its origins back to the Ne... | sports | 11,711 |
268111 | Cuban Revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution | The Cuban Revolution () was the military and political movement that overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, who had ruled Cuba from 1952 to 1959. The revolution began after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état, in which Batista overthrew the emerging Cuban democracy and consolidated power. Among those who opposed the c... | political_movements | 10,662 |
297809 | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia | The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), known from 1945 to 1963 as the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It was established in 1945, following W... | political_movements | 20,330 |
316732 | Credit default swap | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_default_swap | 300px|thumb|If the reference bond defaults, the protection seller pays par value of the bond to the buyer, and the buyer transfers ownership of the bond to the seller
A credit default swap (CDS) is a financial swap agreement that the seller of the CDS will compensate the buyer in the event of a debt default (by the de... | economics_business | 11,988 |
317064 | Balance of payments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments | In international economics, the balance of payments (also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BOP or BoP) of a country is the difference between all money flowing into the country in a particular period of time (e.g., a quarter or a year) and the outflow of money to the rest of the world. In othe... | economics_business | 8,365 |
319373 | The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money | The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money is a book by English economist John Maynard Keynes published in February 1936. It caused a profound shift in economic thought, giving macroeconomics a central place in economic theory and contributing much of its terminologyOlivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics Updated (... | economics_business | 8,844 |
338007 | Hedge (finance) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_(finance) | A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses or gains that may be incurred by a companion investment. A hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, forward contracts, swaps, options, gambles, many types of over-the-count... | economics_business | 4,114 |
356718 | Shock therapy (economics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics) | In economics, shock therapy is a group of policies intended to be implemented simultaneously in order to liberalize an economy, including liberalization of all prices, privatization, trade liberalization, and stabilization via tight monetary policies and fiscal policies. In the case of post-communist states, it was imp... | economics_business | 4,222 |
376996 | American School (economics) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_School_(economics) | The American School, also known as the National System, represents three different yet related constructs in politics, policy and philosophy. The policy existed from the 1790s to the 1970s, waxing and waning in actual degrees and details of implementation. Historian Michael Lind describes it as a coherent applied econo... | economics_business | 5,402 |
415961 | Fractional-reserve banking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking | Fractional-reserve banking is the system of banking under which banks that take deposits from the public keep only part of their deposit liabilities in liquid assets as a reserve, typically lending the remainder to borrowers. Bank reserves are held as cash in the bank or as balances in the bank's account at the central... | economics_business | 4,233 |
417454 | Chicago school of economics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics | The Chicago school of economics is a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago, some of whom have constructed and popularized its principles. Milton Friedman and George Stigler are considered the leading scholars of the Chicago school.
Chicago macroeco... | economics_business | 3,852 |
11973479 | DSM-5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 2022, a revised version (DSM-5-TR) was published. In the United... | medicine_health | 5,892 |
19376148 | Stephen Hawking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking | Stephen William Hawking (8January 194214March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. Between 1979 and 2009, he was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, widely viewed as one of... | biographies | 10,098 |
44534 | 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre | The Tiananmen Square protests, known within China as the June Fourth Incident, were student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts between the demonstrators and the Chinese government to find a peaceful resolution, the Ch... | political_movements | 15,536 |
95157 | Symbolism (movement) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(movement) | Symbolism was a late 19th-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths symbolically through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realism.
In literature, the style originates with the 1857 publication of Charles ... | arts_entertainment | 5,765 |
144135 | Magical realism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_realism | Magical realism, magic realism, or marvelous realism is a style or genre of fiction and art that presents a realistic view of the world while incorporating magical elements, often blurring the lines between speculation and reality. Magical realism is the most commonly used of the three terms, and refers to literature, ... | arts_entertainment | 9,740 |
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