Notes References Bibliography Books Journals William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign In 1896, William McKinley was elected President of the\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229643\",\n \"text\": \"that would not tolerate an immoral action against the little kingdom. Additionally, many Democrats did not want a multiracial possession, and annexation also faced opposition from domestic sugar interests opposed to the importation of Hawaiian sugar. Upon taking office, McKinley pursued the annexation of the Republic of Hawaii as one of his top foreign policy priorities. McKinley stated, \\\"We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California. It is manifest destiny.\\\" President McKinley's position was that Hawaii could never survive on its own. It would quickly be gobbled up by Japan--already a fourth of\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3286129\",\n \"text\": \"The Tigers' homefield is currently the 3000 seat Ticky Vasconcellos Stadium on the Roosevelt High School campus. In September 2012, the McKinley football team traveled to Corvallis, Oregon to play the OSAA 4A champions La Salle High School Falcons on the campus of Crescent Valley High School. McKinley won 43-22. In September 2008, it was announced that McKinley was planning to upgrade its aging athletic facilities. Expected to cost more than $121 million, the upgrade has 14 elements including a 1,200 stall parking lot, construction of a second gym, renovation of the current gym, construction of a girls softball stadium,\",\n \"title\": \"President William McKinley High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463061\",\n \"text\": \"to gain the nomination; he gained nearly half that number from the South and border states. Platt lamented in his memoirs, \\\"[Hanna] had the South practically solid before some of us awakened.\\\" The bosses still hoped to deny McKinley a first-ballot majority at the convention by boosting support for local favorite son candidates such as Quay, New York Governor (and former vice president) Levi P. Morton, and Illinois Senator Shelby Cullom. Delegate-rich Illinois proved a crucial battleground, as McKinley supporters, such as Chicago businessman (and future vice president) Charles G. Dawes, sought to elect delegates pledged to vote for McKinley\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19241313\",\n \"text\": \"a first ballot victory) and Blaine. Hanna had sought support from delegates, but his and McKinley's strategy is uncertain, due to lack of surviving documents. According to Hanna biographer William T. Horner, \\\"McKinley's behavior at the convention supports the idea that he liked the attention but was not ready for a campaign\\\". According to McKinley biographer H. Wayne Morgan, many delegates \\\"saw in [McKinley] their nominee for 1896\\\". Harrison was defeated in the November 1892 election by former president Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, who returned to the White House in March 1893. President Harrison left office proclaiming the nation's prosperity,\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463022\",\n \"text\": \"Union and the American Civil War began, thousands of men in Ohio volunteered for service. Among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other small units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohio's earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers; they would be designated by Ohio's governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, and the\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463048\",\n \"text\": \"1878, McKinley faced election in a redrawn 17th district; he won anyway, causing Hayes to exult, \\\"Oh, the good luck of McKinley! He was gerrymandered out and then beat the gerrymander! We enjoyed it as much as he did.\\\" After the 1882 election, McKinley was unseated on an election contest by a near party-line House vote. Out of office, he was briefly depressed by the setback, but soon vowed to run again. The Democrats again redistricted Stark County for the 1884 election; McKinley was returned to Congress anyway. For 1890, the Democrats gerrymandered McKinley one final time, placing Stark County\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11144741\",\n \"text\": \"reception continued, the organist played works by Johann Sebastian Bach. The procession of citizens shaking hands with their President was interrupted when 12-year-old Myrtle Ledger of Spring Brook, New York, who was accompanied by her mother, asked McKinley for the red carnation he always wore on his lapel. The President gave it to her, then resumed work without his trademark good-luck piece. The Secret Service men looked suspiciously on a tall, swarthy man who appeared restless as he walked towards the President, but breathed a sigh of relief when he shook hands with McKinley without incident and began to move\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229664\",\n \"text\": \"relatives paid their final respects. It was then transported to the receiving vault at West Lawn Cemetery in Canton, to await the construction of the memorial to McKinley that was already being planned. McKinley, his wife, and their daughters are interred in the McKinley National Memorial, which was dedicated by President Roosevelt on September 30, 1907. McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history. However, the young, enthusiastic Roosevelt quickly captured public attention after his predecessor's death. The new president made little effort to secure the trade reciprocity McKinley had intended to negotiate\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16351734\",\n \"text\": \"McKinley Building McKinley Building was the second building constructed on the American University Campus, built in 1907, in north west Washington DC. McKinley was designed by Henry Ives Cobb, well known for his architectural work in Chicago. The McKinley Building became the new home for the School of Communication after renovations were completed in 2014. Henry Ives Cobb designed a number of buildings on the American University campus including the future McKinley Building (then called the Ohio Hall of Government). Excavation commenced in 1901 to prepare for a cornerstone laying ceremony in December of that year. The combination of President\",\n \"title\": \"McKinley Building\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229656\",\n \"text\": \"that June, none of the potential running mates had overwhelming support, but Roosevelt had the broadest range of support from around the country. McKinley affirmed that the choice belonged to the convention, not to him. On June 21, McKinley was unanimously renominated and, with Hanna's reluctant acquiescence, Roosevelt was nominated for vice president on the first ballot. The Democratic convention convened the next month in Kansas City and nominated William Jennings Bryan, setting up a rematch of the 1896 contest. The candidates were the same, but the issues of the campaign had shifted: free silver was still a question that\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229580\",\n \"text\": \"the presidency. The 25th United States president, McKinley took office following the 1896 presidential election, in which he defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan. In the campaign, McKinley advocated \\\"sound money\\\", promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity, and denounced Bryan as a radical who promoted class warfare. He defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism in the Philippines, high tariffs, and free silver. McKinley's presidency marked the beginning of an era in American political history, called the \\\"Fourth Party System\\\" or \\\"Progressive Era,\\\" which lasted from the mid–1890s to the early 1930s. On\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463100\",\n \"text\": \"of condemnation. Although black leaders criticized McKinley for inaction, supporters responded by saying there was little the president could do to intervene. Critics replied by saying that he could at least publicly condemn such events, as Harrison had done. According to historian Clarance A. Bacote, \\\"Before the Spanish–American War, the Negroes, in spite of some mistakes, regarded McKinley as the best friend they ever had.\\\" Under pressure from black leaders, McKinley required the War Department to commission black officers above the rank of lieutenant. McKinley toured the South in late 1898, promoting sectional reconciliation. He visited Tuskegee Institute and black\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463062\",\n \"text\": \"at the national convention in St. Louis. Cullom proved unable to stand against McKinley despite the support of local Republican machines; at the state convention at the end of April, McKinley completed a near-sweep of Illinois' delegates. Former president Harrison had been deemed a possible contender if he entered the race; when Harrison made it known he would not seek a third nomination, the McKinley organization took control of Indiana with a speed Harrison privately found unseemly. Morton operatives who journeyed to Indiana sent word back that they had found the state alive for McKinley. Wyoming Senator Francis Warren wrote,\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13138586\",\n \"text\": \"William Thomas McKinley William Thomas McKinley (December 9, 1938 – February 3, 2015) was an American composer and jazz pianist born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania). He wrote more than 300 musical compositions, many of which have been recorded by such ensembles as the London Symphony Orchestra, the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, the Prague Radio Symphony Orchestra, and the Seattle Symphony. McKinley was the recipient of numerous honors, including an award and citation from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and eight National Endowment for the Arts grants. He is also among the founders of the\",\n \"title\": \"William Thomas McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19241346\",\n \"text\": \"their support became warmer as they came to know McKinley and Hanna. Reports of Bryan support in the crucial Midwest, and intervention by Hanna's old schoolmate, John D. Rockefeller (his Standard Oil gave $250,000), made executives more willing to listen. After a gloomy August for the campaign's fundraising, in September, corporate moguls \\\"opened their purse strings to Hanna\\\". J. P. Morgan gave $250,000. Dawes recorded an official figure for fundraising of $3,570,397.13, twice what the Republicans had raised in 1892, and as much as ten times what Bryan may have had to spend. Dawes' figure did not include fundraising by\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229639\",\n \"text\": \"forces clashed at the Battle of Manila, marking the start of the Philippine–American War. The fighting in the Philippines engendered increasingly vocal criticism from the domestic anti-imperialist movement, as did the continued deployment of volunteer regiments. Under General Elwell Stephen Otis, U.S. forces destroyed the rebel Filipino army, but Aguinaldo turned to guerrilla tactics. McKinley sent a commission led by William Howard Taft to establish a civilian government, and McKinley later appointed Taft as the civilian governor of the Philippines. The Filipino insurgency subsided with the capture of Aguinaldo in March 1901, and the U.S. maintained control of the islands\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19241315\",\n \"text\": \"to resign and earn the money as a lawyer. He was rescued by Hanna and other wealthy supporters, who raised the money to pay the loans. According to McKinley biographer Kevin Phillips, the governor's backers \\\"paid off the cosigned notes so that McKinley—by now, the probable next president—did not need to go back to practicing law\\\". The public sympathized with McKinley for his financial trouble, and he was easily re-elected as governor in late 1893. At that time, the United States, for all practical purposes, was on the gold standard. Many Democrats, and some Republicans, felt that the gold standard\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11144717\",\n \"text\": \"Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on June 13. McKinley, his wife Ida, and their official party left Washington on April 29 for a tour of the nation by train, scheduled to conclude in Buffalo for a speech on what had been designated as \\\"President's Day\\\". He met with rapturous receptions in the Far West, which had never seen a president. In California, the First Lady became seriously ill, and for a time was thought to be dying. She recovered in San Francisco, but her husband canceled the remainder of the tour and the McKinleys returned to Washington. The speech at the\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11144752\",\n \"text\": \"surgery was complete, the presidential physician, Presley M. Rixey, gently told her what had occurred. Ida McKinley took the news calmly; she wrote in her diary, \\\"Went to Niagra Falls this morning. My Dearest was receiving in a public hall on our return, when he was shot by a ... \\\" Leech, in her biography of President McKinley, suggests that the First Lady could not write the word, \\\"anarchist\\\". Within minutes of the shots, the news was conveyed around the world by telegraph wire, in time for the late newspaper editions in the US. In the era before radio, thousands\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19241336\",\n \"text\": \"of Niles. This left the question of the vice presidential candidate. McKinley had offered the second place on the ticket to Reed, who had refused it. Platt wanted Morton, who had been vice president under Harrison; the New York governor did not want it, and McKinley did not want him. It was usual at that time for major-party tickets to have one candidate from Ohio or Indiana, and the other from New York, but with that state having supported Morton for the nomination, putting a New Yorker on the ticket would be an unmerited reward. RNC vice chairman Garret Hobart\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463116\",\n \"text\": \"was thought too weak to attend the services in Washington or Canton, although she listened at the door to the service for her husband in her house on North Market Street. She remained in Canton for the remainder of her life, setting up a shrine in her house, and often visiting the receiving vault, until her death at age 59 on May 26, 1907. She died only months before the completion of the large marble monument to her husband in Canton, which was dedicated by President Roosevelt on September 30, 1907. William and Ida McKinley are interred there with their\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12692765\",\n \"text\": \"and repair the marble façade. National McKinley Birthplace Memorial The National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Library and Museum is the national memorial to President William McKinley located in Niles, Ohio. Also known as the McKinley Memorial Library, Museum & Birthplace Home, the Memorial is a 232 foot by 136 foot by 38 foot marble monument with two wings. One houses the McKinley Memorial Library, which is a public library. The second wing features the McKinley Museum, with exhibits about President McKinley, and an auditorium. The McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center is located near the Memorial at 40 South Main Street\",\n \"title\": \"National McKinley Birthplace Memorial\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12692756\",\n \"text\": \"National McKinley Birthplace Memorial The National McKinley Birthplace Memorial Library and Museum is the national memorial to President William McKinley located in Niles, Ohio. Also known as the McKinley Memorial Library, Museum & Birthplace Home, the Memorial is a 232 foot by 136 foot by 38 foot marble monument with two wings. One houses the McKinley Memorial Library, which is a public library. The second wing features the McKinley Museum, with exhibits about President McKinley, and an auditorium. The McKinley Birthplace Home and Research Center is located near the Memorial at 40 South Main Street in Niles. The historic house\",\n \"title\": \"National McKinley Birthplace Memorial\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229616\",\n \"text\": \"wearing a badge of gray, and visited Confederate memorials. In his tour of the South, McKinley did not mention the racial tensions or violence. Although the president received a rapturous reception from Southern whites, many African Americans, excluded from official welcoming committees, felt alienated by the president's words and actions. Beginning in the 1880s, Southern states had begun passing numerous Jim Crow laws designed to disenfranchise and segregate African Americans. The Supreme Court had upheld segregation in the 1896 case of \\\"Plessy v. Ferguson,\\\" and McKinley took no action to prevent segregation or disenfranchisement in the South. According to Gould\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10578950\",\n \"text\": \"American Mutoscope and Biograph Company on 68 mm film, 60.02 m in length. McKinley's brother Abner and former US president Benjamin Harrison were stockholders in the film company. McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio aka William McKinley at Canton, Ohio is a silent film reenactment of William McKinley receiving the Republican nomination for President of the United States in September 1896. The actual nomination had been several weeks earlier. McKinley is shown emerging from his house to receive the news from his secretary George Cortelyou. His wife Ida can be seen in a rocking chair on\",\n \"title\": \"McKinley at Home, Canton, Ohio\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463023\",\n \"text\": \"men began training on the outskirts of Columbus. McKinley quickly took to the soldier's life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause. Delays in issuance of uniforms and weapons again brought the men into conflict with their officers, but Major Rutherford B. Hayes convinced them to accept what the government had issued them; his style in dealing with the men impressed McKinley, beginning an association and friendship that would last until Hayes' death in 1893. After a month of training, McKinley and the 23rd Ohio, now led by Colonel Eliakim\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463050\",\n \"text\": \"and President Harrison. The Democrats countered with their best spokesmen on tariff issues. McKinley tirelessly stumped his new district, reaching out to its 40,000 voters to explain that his tariff Democrats ran a strong candidate in former lieutenant governor John G. Warwick. To drive their point home, they hired young partisans to pretend to be peddlers, who went door to door offering 25-cent tinware to housewives for 50 cents, explaining the rise in prices was due to the McKinley Tariff. In the end, McKinley lost by 300 votes, but the Republicans won a statewide majority and claimed a moral victory.\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463043\",\n \"text\": \"purposes of such imposts was not to raise revenue, but to allow American manufacturing to develop by giving it a price advantage in the domestic market over foreign competitors. McKinley biographer Margaret Leech noted that Canton had become prosperous as a center for the manufacture of farm equipment because of protection, and that this may have helped form his political views. McKinley introduced and supported bills that raised protective tariffs, and opposed those that lowered them or imposed tariffs simply to raise revenue. Garfield's election as president in 1880 created a vacancy on the House Ways and Means Committee; McKinley\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19241321\",\n \"text\": \"focused on who would be on it, rather than who delegates would support. McKinley and Hanna decided on a systematic nationwide effort to gain the nomination, employing what onetime presidential adviser Karl Rove—author of a 2015 book on the 1896 race—called \\\"the first modern primary campaign\\\". To devote himself full-time to McKinley's presidential campaign, Hanna in 1895 turned over management of his companies to his brother Leonard, and rented a house in Thomasville, Georgia, expressing a dislike for Cleveland's winters. He was joined there by William and Ida McKinley in early 1895. The location was a plausibly nonpolitical vacation spot\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10913929\",\n \"text\": \"has concerned censorship, she told Scholastic Teachers. For example, \\\"there are people who don't like \\\"Jennifer, Hecate ...\\\" because the little girl pretends to be a witch.\\\" E. L. Konigsburg, \\\"Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and me, Elizabeth\\\", New York: Atheneum Books, 1967. Third Aladdin Paperbacks edition, February 2007. Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth is a children's novel by E. L. Konigsburg. It was published by Atheneum Books in 1967 and next year in the UK by Macmillan under the title Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth and Me. \\\"Jennifer, Hecate\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer, Hecate, Macbeth, William McKinley, and Me, Elizabeth\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3286127\",\n \"text\": \"often against St. Andrew's Priory, YWCA, Palama, Normal School (later merged with University of Hawaii's College of Education), and even College of Hawaii (now known as University of Hawaii). McKinley was a founding member of the Interscholastic League of Honolulu in 1909 alongside Punahou and Kamehameha. In 1970, McKinley left the ILH with 4 other Honolulu area public schools to join the OIA. The 1933 football team traveled across the Pacific Ocean and went on to defeat Weber College (now known as Weber State University), BYU freshmen team, and Ricks College (now known as BYU-Idaho). Ricks College traveled to Honolulu\",\n \"title\": \"President William McKinley High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463053\",\n \"text\": \"with labor. He procured legislation that set up an arbitration board to settle work disputes and obtained passage of a law that fined employers who fired workers for belonging to a union. President Harrison had proven unpopular; there were divisions even within the Republican party as the year 1892 began and Harrison began his re-election drive. Although no declared Republican candidate opposed Harrison, many Republicans were ready to dump the President from the ticket if an alternative emerged. Among the possible candidates spoken of were McKinley, Reed, and the aging Blaine. Fearing that the Ohio governor would emerge as a\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16292371\",\n \"text\": \"a local attorney's office and was admitted to the bar in 1865. The next year, Lynch ran as a Democrat for the office of prosecuting attorney of the county and was elected. Lynch was appointed city solicitor of Canton the same year, holding both offices simultaneously. After completing a two-year term, he was defeated for reelection by his Republican opponent, future U.S. President William McKinley. Lynch was renominated in 1870, facing off again against McKinley, and was narrowly elected. Lynch did not seek reelection in 1872, instead starting a private practice with William R. Day, the future Supreme Court justice.\",\n \"title\": \"William A. Lynch\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463082\",\n \"text\": \"continued to negotiate for Cuban independence. Spain refused McKinley's proposals, and on April 11, McKinley turned the matter over to Congress. He did not ask for war, but Congress declared war anyway on April 20, with the addition of the Teller Amendment, which disavowed any intention of annexing Cuba. The expansion of the telegraph and the development of the telephone gave McKinley a greater control over the day-to-day management of the war than previous presidents had enjoyed, and he used the new technologies to direct the army's and navy's movements as far as he was able. McKinley found Alger inadequate\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463065\",\n \"text\": \"he did nothing to weaken it\\\". Before the Republican convention, McKinley had been a \\\"straddle bug\\\" on the currency question, favoring moderate positions on silver such as accomplishing bimetallism by international agreement. In the final days before the convention, McKinley decided, after hearing from politicians and businessmen, that the platform should endorse the gold standard, though it should allow for bimetallism by international agreement. Adoption of the platform caused some western delegates, led by Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller, to walk out of the convention. However, compared with the Democrats, Republican divisions on the issue were small, especially as McKinley\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"463123\",\n \"text\": \"low rating is undeserved, and that he should be ranked just after the great presidents such as Washington and Lincoln. He pointed to McKinley's success at building an electoral coalition that kept the Republicans mostly in power for a generation. Phillips believes that part of McKinley's legacy is the men he included in his administration, who dominated the Republican Party for a quarter century after his death. These officials included Cortelyou, who served in three Cabinet positions under Roosevelt, and Dawes, who became vice president under Coolidge. Other McKinley appointees who later became major figures include Day, whom Roosevelt elevated\",\n \"title\": \"William McKinley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5861770\",\n \"text\": \"both railroad and vehicular traffic across the Mississippi River for decades. By 1978, the railroad line over the span was closed, and an additional set of lanes was opened for vehicles in the inner roadway. The McKinley Bridge was the first alignment of U.S. Route 66 across the Mississippi. It is commonly assumed that the bridge was named for President William McKinley; but in reality, it was named for the builder, William B. McKinley, chief executive of the Illinois Traction System interurban electric railway, which accessed St. Louis via the bridge. The current alignment of the bridge carries two lanes\",\n \"title\": \"McKinley Bridge\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1897"],"string":"[\n \"1897\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":179,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who owns aston martin 2012?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"12112909","text":"years. Although all cars are built by Prodrive at their factory, Aston Martin plays an integral part in designing the race cars, as well as integrating elements of the race cars back into Aston Martin's road cars. On 23 April 2009, Aston Martin chairman and Prodrive founder David Richards announced his intent to return to Formula One in with the possibility of using the Aston Martin name, however this never materialised. Aston Martin had previously raced in the 1959 and 1960 Formula One seasons but failed to score points in either year. Aston Martin Racing builds cars for international grand","title":"Aston Martin Racing"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12112909\",\n \"text\": \"years. Although all cars are built by Prodrive at their factory, Aston Martin plays an integral part in designing the race cars, as well as integrating elements of the race cars back into Aston Martin's road cars. On 23 April 2009, Aston Martin chairman and Prodrive founder David Richards announced his intent to return to Formula One in with the possibility of using the Aston Martin name, however this never materialised. Aston Martin had previously raced in the 1959 and 1960 Formula One seasons but failed to score points in either year. Aston Martin Racing builds cars for international grand\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Racing\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"5383546","text":"Prince of Wales, owns a DB6-based Volante MkII that has been converted to run on bioethanol. The car was given to him by his mother on his 21st birthday. A total of six or seven DB6 Shooting-brakes were produced by British coachbuilder Harold Radford, with three more by FLM Panelcraft The engine options (282 and 325 hp) were the same as for the DB6 Saloon. Aston Martin DB6 The Aston Martin DB6 is a grand tourer made by British car manufacturer Aston Martin. Produced from September 1965 to January 1971, the DB6 had the longest production run up to that","title":"Aston Martin DB6"},{"psg_id":"29185","text":"capital increase. This was confirmed by Aston Martin in a press release on 7 December 2012. In April 2013, it was reported that Dr Ulrich Bez would be leaving his role as chief executive officer to take up a more ambassadorial position widely seen as the first move by the new shareholders in reviewing the leadership and strategy of Aston Martin. On 2 September 2014, Aston Martin announced it had appointed the Nissan executive Andy Palmer as CEO with Ulrich Bez retaining a position as non-executive chairman. As sales had been declining, from 2015 Aston Martin sought new customers (particularly","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29184","text":"Martin Rapide sports cars rolled out of the Magna Steyr factory in Graz, Austria in 2010. The contract manufacturer provides dedicated facilities to ensure compliance with the exacting standards of Aston Martin and other marques, including Mercedes-Benz. Ulrich Bez has publicly speculated about outsourcing all of Aston Martin's operations with the exception of marketing. In September 2011, it was announced Rapide production would be returned to Gaydon in the second half of 2012, restoring all manufacture there. Italian private equity fund Investindustrial signed a deal on 6 December 2012 to buy 37.5% of Aston Martin, investing £150 million as a","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"14975540","text":"entire season - \"Aston Martin Vantage: The rear wing used at Le Mans in 2011 will be used during all the 2012 season with a 15 mm gurney and at Le Mans 2012 without gurney\". Modifications also improved cooling for the driver, a significant concern on the old model, which plagued Drayson-Barwell's 2008 ALMS season. Aston Martin Vantage GT2 The Aston Martin Vantage GT2 is the most powerful racing variant of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage family. The Vantage GT2 is based on the V8 engined Aston Martin Vantage road car but is designed to run on both standard race","title":"Aston Martin Vantage GT2"},{"psg_id":"29183","text":"upon Gaydon as the focal point and heart of the business, with the design and engineering of all Aston Martin products continuing to be carried out there.\" More dealers in Europe and the new pair in China brought the total to 120 in 28 countries. On 1 September 2008, Aston Martin announced the revival of the Lagonda marque, proposing a concept to be shown in 2009 to coincide with the brand's 100th anniversary. The first production cars are slated for 2012. In December 2008, Aston Martin announced it would cut its workforce from 1,850 to 1,250. The first four-door Aston","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"12112921","text":"in the first round in Barcelona the team won the 1000 km de Catalunya outright and with a string of podiums and a 1-2-3 sweep of the ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring and a podium at the Autosport 1000 km of Silverstone sealed the 2009 drivers title for 007 and Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge, Stefan Mucke and the constructors title for Aston Martin-LOLA as well as the team title for Aston Martin Racing. Since 2012 Aston Martin Racing has been racing in the FIA World Endurance Championship with the Aston Martin Vantage GTE, earning them several wins and titles. During the","title":"Aston Martin Racing"},{"psg_id":"7781375","text":"built. Aston Martin DBS V12 The Aston Martin DBS is a British super grand tourer based on the DB9 manufactured by the UK automotive manufacturer Aston Martin. Aston Martin has used the DBS name once before on their 1967–72 grand tourer coupe. The modern car replaced the 2004 Vanquish S as the flagship of the marque. The DBS ended production in 2012 and was succeeded by the second-generation Aston Martin Vanquish. The DBS was officially unveiled at the 2007 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance on 16 August 2007, which featured a brand new exterior colour (graphite grey with a blue tint)","title":"Aston Martin DBS V12"},{"psg_id":"7781360","text":"Aston Martin DBS V12 The Aston Martin DBS is a British super grand tourer based on the DB9 manufactured by the UK automotive manufacturer Aston Martin. Aston Martin has used the DBS name once before on their 1967–72 grand tourer coupe. The modern car replaced the 2004 Vanquish S as the flagship of the marque. The DBS ended production in 2012 and was succeeded by the second-generation Aston Martin Vanquish. The DBS was officially unveiled at the 2007 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance on 16 August 2007, which featured a brand new exterior colour (graphite grey with a blue tint) which","title":"Aston Martin DBS V12"},{"psg_id":"3481706","text":"hardware technology from the Generation IV architecture that underpinned the second-generation Vanquish in 2012. The second VH platform underpinned the 2005 Aston Martin V8 Vantage and its V12 and S variants, as well as the bespoke Aston Martin DB10 concept car for the James Bond film Spectre. The DB10 was based on the V8 Vantage chassis albeit with modifications, as it featured a longer wheelbase and is nearly as wide as the Aston Martin One-77. The Generation II platform was also used in the 2007 Aston Martin DBS, and the 2011 Aston Martin Virage. The third VH platform underpinned the","title":"Aston Martin VH platform"},{"psg_id":"10097937","text":"This replica is currently owned by Wolfgang Friedrichs (who also owns DP212) and which has had a good record in the Spa 6 hour races, of two overall second places (2004 & 2006) and an overall victory in 2005. The second car is much more recently built by Martin Brewer of Runnymede Motor Company, but the build was apparently started (according to the Aston Martin Owners Club) alongside the aforementioned replica. It was built up using DB4/559/L as the basis. Completed in 2005, it was given the registration number ‘DSL 449’, but has since been re-registered as ‘5 BVY’ in","title":"Aston Martin DP214"},{"psg_id":"29167","text":"styled the futuristic new Lagonda saloon, based on the V8 model. Curtis, who had a 42% stake in Aston Martin, also brought about a change in direction from the usual customers who were Aston Martin fanatics (fans) to successful young married businessmen. Prices had been increased by 25%. There was speculation that AML was about to buy Lamborghini. At the end of the 1970s, there was widespread debate about running MG into the Aston Martin consortium. 85 Tory MPs formed themselves into a pressure group to get British Leyland to release their grip and hand it over. CH Industrials plc","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29187","text":"£304 million of senior secured notes at 9.25% issued in 2011. Aston Martin also had to secure an additional investment of £200 million from its shareholders to fund development of new models. It is reported that Aston Martin's pre-tax losses for 2016 increased by 27% to £162.8 million, the sixth year it continued to suffer a loss. In 2013, Aston Martin signed a deal with Daimler AG, which owned 5% of Aston Martin, to supply the next generation of Aston Martin cars with Mercedes-AMG engines. Mercedes-AMG also was to supply Aston Martin with electrical systems. This technical partnership was intended","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29193","text":"sale and a Aston Martin branded watch was released in collaboration with watch maker TAG Heuer. In October 2018, Aston Martin announced to Open Design and Brand Studios in Shanghai. Aston Martin sponsors 2. Bundesliga club 1860 Munich. Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"12830781","text":"Aston Martin Atom The Aston Martin Atom is a prototype car, constructed in 1939. The Atom is one of the first fully functional concept cars. Designed by Claude Hill, the body was aluminium over a tubular steel frame, and a marked change in design from previous cars. It was originally powered by a model 15/98 engine, but subsequently upgraded after the war with a 2-litre engine in 1944. Apparently, after driving the Atom in 1947, David Brown decided to buy the Aston Martin company. The car is currently owned by Aston Martin enthusiast and collector Tom Rollason, who has owned","title":"Aston Martin Atom"},{"psg_id":"29191","text":"bed meaning that the AM37 is a complete day and night cruiser. Two versions of the boat are available with an AM37S version reaching speeds of 50 knots. A year later in September 2017, Aston Martin announced that they had partnered with submarine building company Triton Submarines LLC to build an Aston Martin Submarine called project neptune. Aston Martin has also diversified into the fashion industry collaborating with luxury clothing company Hackett London to deliver items of clothing that supposedly match the luxury feel of Aston Martin vehicles. In November 2017, Aston Martin unveiled a special limited edition bicycle after","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"12112908","text":"Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Racing is a British auto racing team established in 2004 as a partnership between automobile manufacturer Aston Martin and engineering group Prodrive. The partnership was initially created for the purpose of returning Aston Martin to sports car racing with the DBR9, a heavily modified variant of the Aston Martin DB9. Since the DBR9's racing debut in 2005, Aston Martin Racing has expanded to build a variety of cars available to customers, as well as development of Aston Martin's V12 engine for Le Mans Prototype use. Aston Martin Racing's program has earned several successes over the","title":"Aston Martin Racing"},{"psg_id":"8900630","text":"took over with the British GT DBRS9s but did not have a very successfully season. In 2009, Barwell Motorsport joined force with Beechdean Motorsport and got back to British GT with a Barwell-Beechdean Aston Martin DBRS9. 22GT Racing continued competing with their DBRS9. Aston Martin DBRS9 The Aston Martin DBRS9 is a racing car built by Aston Martin Racing to be a cheaper alternative to the Aston Martin DBR9, both of which are based on the Aston Martin DB9. The DBRS9 was introduced in 2005 and has since been replaced with the Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3. The DBRS9 features","title":"Aston Martin DBRS9"},{"psg_id":"14908356","text":"Aston Martin DBR5 The Aston Martin DBR5 (also known as DBR5/250) was a Formula One racing car, designed by the sports car manufacturer Aston Martin. Following the poor results of the Aston Martin DBR4 in the 1959 Formula One season the lighter and smaller DBR5 was intended to be quicker than its predecessor. However following poor results in 1960, Aston Martin decided to withdraw from Formula One. The Aston Martin DBR5 was largely based on the car, the Aston Martin DBR4. It used the same basic chassis and engine layout. Improvements to the DBR5 made it smaller and lighter, and","title":"Aston Martin DBR5"},{"psg_id":"12112923","text":"the Drivers’ and Teams’ Championship in the GTE Am category. In June of 2017 Aston Martin Racing also won the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans in GTE Pro with Darren Turner, Jonathan Adam and Daniel Serra driving the winning Aston Martin Vantage GTE. Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Racing is a British auto racing team established in 2004 as a partnership between automobile manufacturer Aston Martin and engineering group Prodrive. The partnership was initially created for the purpose of returning Aston Martin to sports car racing with the DBR9, a heavily modified variant of the Aston Martin DB9. Since","title":"Aston Martin Racing"},{"psg_id":"2872004","text":"Aston Martin Lagonda The Aston Martin Lagonda is a full-sized luxury four-door saloon which was built by Aston Martin of Newport Pagnell, England, between 1974 and 1990. A total of 645 were produced. The name was derived from the Lagonda marque that Aston Martin had purchased in 1947. There are two distinct versions, the original, short lived 1974 design based on the Aston Martin V8 and the wedge-shaped Series 2 model introduced in 1976. In 2014, Aston Martin confirmed it would launch a new Lagonda called the Taraf for the Middle-East market, sold on an invitation only basis. Aston Martin","title":"Aston Martin Lagonda"},{"psg_id":"5391313","text":"of expanding the production run beyond 1,000 units. According to the automaker, some subtle changes were necessary to the structure of the car in order for it to meet North and South American regulations. In addition to these enhancements, the company also announced that it would be adding a new Carbon Black version of the V12 Vantage exclusively for the American market. On 24 August 2011, Aston Martin announced that they were developing a GT3 version of the V12 Vantage, to replace the Aston Martin DBRS9. The race car was expected to be delivered by early 2012. Aston Martin unveiled","title":"Aston Martin Vantage (2005)"},{"psg_id":"2861058","text":"Aston Martin Bulldog The Aston Martin Bulldog, styled by William Towns, is a British, one-off concept vehicle produced by Aston Martin in 1979. The code name for the project was DP K9.01, named after a \"Doctor Who\" character. Initially, a production run of 15–25 cars was planned but the project was deemed too costly and only one was built. The Bulldog was designed to show off the capabilities of Aston Martin's new engineering facility in Newport Pagnell, as well as to chase after the title of fastest production car in the world. The car was officially launched on 27 March","title":"Aston Martin Bulldog"},{"psg_id":"29176","text":"launch of the new Aston Martin Volante model, Ford provided the limited supply of Cosworth engines to the Jaguar cars racing team. As the \"small Aston\" DB7 would require a large engineering input, Ford agreed to take full control of Aston Martin, and Gauntlett handed over Aston Martin's chairmanship to Hayes in 1991. In 1992, the Vantage version was announced, and the following year Aston Martin renewed the DB range by announcing the DB7. Ford placed Aston in the Premier Automotive Group, invested in new manufacturing and ramped up production. In 1994, Ford opened a new factory at Banbury Road","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"3481707","text":"Aston Martin Rapide. The platform differs from the first two as it is longer to accommodate the longer four door body. Based on VH Generation II, Generation IV underpinned the second-generation Aston Martin Vanquish that was introduced in 2012. It is based on the Carbon Architecture found in the One-77 and uses far more carbon fibre in its design than previous VH Chassis. This is the final iteration of the VH platform, as the Aston Martin DB11 introduced in 2016 features an all-new riveted and adhesive-bonded aluminium platform that shifts the emphasis from extrusions to stampings to create more cockpit","title":"Aston Martin VH platform"},{"psg_id":"12307078","text":"\"series\" part of the name is a possible reference to the selection of liveries that appear on each car. The vehicle liveries are: The vehicle's specifications and performance figures are the same as the regular car. One of these vehicles was on sale in 2012 in Dubai, Abu Dhabi for AED 11 million (US$2.9 million). Aston Martin One-77 The Aston Martin One-77 is a two-door, two-seater flagship sports car built by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was first shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, although it remained mostly covered by a \"Savile Row tailored skirt\" throughout","title":"Aston Martin One-77"},{"psg_id":"12307074","text":"Aston Martin One-77 The Aston Martin One-77 is a two-door, two-seater flagship sports car built by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was first shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, although it remained mostly covered by a \"Savile Row tailored skirt\" throughout the show. It was revealed in full at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, and deliveries from the beginning of 2011. The production of the One-77 was limited to 77 cars, forming part of the name One-77, and sold for 1,150,000. In May 2012, one of the 77 was involved in a crash in Hong Kong","title":"Aston Martin One-77"},{"psg_id":"8900623","text":"Aston Martin DBRS9 The Aston Martin DBRS9 is a racing car built by Aston Martin Racing to be a cheaper alternative to the Aston Martin DBR9, both of which are based on the Aston Martin DB9. The DBRS9 was introduced in 2005 and has since been replaced with the Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3. The DBRS9 features several modifications to the standard DB9. With developments including a full race specification roll-cage and a tuned version of the 5.9-litre V12 engine to bring output up to and . Other modifications include carbon fiber body panels (excluding roof), polycarbonate side and rear","title":"Aston Martin DBRS9"},{"psg_id":"5385780","text":"Aston Martin DBS The Aston Martin DBS is a grand tourer produced by the British manufacturer Aston Martin Lagonda Limited from 1967 to 1972. In 2007 the DBS name was resurrected for a new model, the Aston Martin DBS V12. The DBS was intended as the successor to the Aston Martin DB6, although the two ran concurrently for three years. Powered by a straight-six engine, it was produced from 1967 until 1972, eventually being phased out in favour of the Aston Martin V8. It was a larger coupé than the DB6, with four full sized seats, but was powered by","title":"Aston Martin DBS"},{"psg_id":"5383539","text":"Aston Martin DB6 The Aston Martin DB6 is a grand tourer made by British car manufacturer Aston Martin. Produced from September 1965 to January 1971, the DB6 had the longest production run up to that date of any Aston Martin model. The DB6 succeeded the Aston Martin DB5 and featured improved aerodynamics and specification over its predecessor. After Aston Martin rejected proposals for a replacement for its DB5 from Touring of Milan, the decision was made to focus on their own development car, registered 4 YMC. Wind tunnel testing, begun in February 1965, showed development was necessary to counteract a","title":"Aston Martin DB6"},{"psg_id":"2872012","text":"are SORN. Non-standard variations of the Lagonda included: Aston Martin Lagonda The Aston Martin Lagonda is a full-sized luxury four-door saloon which was built by Aston Martin of Newport Pagnell, England, between 1974 and 1990. A total of 645 were produced. The name was derived from the Lagonda marque that Aston Martin had purchased in 1947. There are two distinct versions, the original, short lived 1974 design based on the Aston Martin V8 and the wedge-shaped Series 2 model introduced in 1976. In 2014, Aston Martin confirmed it would launch a new Lagonda called the Taraf for the Middle-East market,","title":"Aston Martin Lagonda"},{"psg_id":"29189","text":"loss in 2016) Aston Martin in August 2018 announced plans to float the company at the London Stock Exchange as Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc. The company was the subject of an initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange on 3 October 2018. In August 2017, a 1956 Aston Martin DBR1/1 sold at a Sotheby's auction at the Pebble Beach, California Concours d'Elegance for $22,550,000, which made it the most-expensive British car ever sold at auction, according to Sotheby's. The car was driven before by racing legends Carroll Shelby and Stirling Moss. Since 2015, Aston Martin has sought","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29179","text":"specially trained personnel, like traditional Aston Martin engine production from Newport Pagnell, assembly of each unit is entrusted to a single technician from a pool of 30, with V8 and V12 variants assembled in under 20 hours. By bringing engine production back to within Aston Martin, the promise was that Aston Martin would be able to produce small runs of higher performance variants engines. This expanded engine capacity allowed in 2006, the V8 Vantage sports car to enter production at the Gaydon factory, joining the DB9 and DB9 Volante. In December 2003, Aston Martin announced it would return to motor","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29177","text":"in Bloxham. In 1995, Aston Martin produced a record 700 vehicles. Until the Ford era, cars had been produced by hand coachbuilding craft methods, such as the English wheel. In 1998, the 2,000th DB7 was built, and in 2002, the 6,000th, exceeding production of all previous DB models. The DB7 range was boosted by the addition of V12 Vantage models in 1999, and in 2001, Aston Martin introduced the V12-engined Aston Martin Vanquish. At the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan in 2003, Aston Martin introduced the AMV8 Vantage concept car. Expected to have few changes before its","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"5486095","text":"cars. Three of the customer cars were also fitted with similar coupé bodies. Included are a list of victories by each chassis under Aston Martin. Aston Martin DB3S The Aston Martin DB3S is a sports racing car that was built by Aston Martin. Following the failure of the heavy and uncompetitive Aston Martin DB3 designed by Eberan Eberhorst; William Watson, employed as Eberhorst's assistant, presented an alternative design to John Wyer, Aston Martin's competitions manager, whose assistance was needed as Eberhorst could well oppose being up-staged. In total 31 cars were made, with 11 works cars and 20 cars being","title":"Aston Martin DB3S"},{"psg_id":"5486090","text":"Aston Martin DB3S The Aston Martin DB3S is a sports racing car that was built by Aston Martin. Following the failure of the heavy and uncompetitive Aston Martin DB3 designed by Eberan Eberhorst; William Watson, employed as Eberhorst's assistant, presented an alternative design to John Wyer, Aston Martin's competitions manager, whose assistance was needed as Eberhorst could well oppose being up-staged. In total 31 cars were made, with 11 works cars and 20 cars being sold for customer use. The DB3S was introduced in 1953 and it proved significantly more successful than the Aston Martin DB3. Although the DB3S failed","title":"Aston Martin DB3S"},{"psg_id":"29192","text":"collaborating with bicycle manufacturer Storck. Only 107 of the Fascenario.3 Aston Martin Edition will be produced. The frame and forks are the result of advances in carbon fibre and aerodynamics. Aston Martin and global property developer G&G Business Developments are currently building a 66-storey luxury condominium tower called Aston Martin Residences at 300 Biscayne Boulevard Way in Miami, Florida which is set for completion in 2021. In July 2018, Aston Martin unveiled the Volante Vision Concept, a luxury concept aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capabilities. Also in July, a Lego version of James Bond's DB5 car was put on","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"5385851","text":"Aston Martin V8 The Aston Martin V8 is an automobile which was manufactured by Aston Martin in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1989. As with all traditional Aston Martins, it was entirely handbuilt – with each car requiring 1,200 man-hours to finish. Aston Martin's customers had been clamouring for an eight-cylinder car for years, so Aston Martin designed a larger car. The engine was not ready, however, so in 1967 the company released the DBS with the straight-six \"Vantage\" engine from the DB6. Two years later, Tadek Marek's V8 was ready, and Aston released the DBS V8. With the","title":"Aston Martin V8"},{"psg_id":"14561524","text":"development with the engine and \"\"suggestions about carburettors and bell-mouths\".\" Robin Hamilton went back to the Aston Martin Factory for financial backing (£20,000) for the project, suggesting an idea, for production of a powerful 380- limited edition Aston Martin V8. His idea being to increase the sale price by £1000, this £1000 funding his project. Aston Martin dismissed the idea, even though Hamilton had made drawings of the proposed car. In 1977 Aston Martin went on to introduce the V8 Vantage, similar to Hamiltons idea, but only coincidental. Robin Hamilton got assistance from Mike Loasby, who paid for a wind","title":"Aston Martin RHAM/1"},{"psg_id":"5385788","text":"2015. The process took over 6,000 man-hours. During restoration, it was upgraded to Vantage specification which included conversion from an automatic to manual gearbox. It sold at auction with Coys of Kensington for £169,800 . Aston Martin DBS The Aston Martin DBS is a grand tourer produced by the British manufacturer Aston Martin Lagonda Limited from 1967 to 1972. In 2007 the DBS name was resurrected for a new model, the Aston Martin DBS V12. The DBS was intended as the successor to the Aston Martin DB6, although the two ran concurrently for three years. Powered by a straight-six engine,","title":"Aston Martin DBS"},{"psg_id":"2831915","text":"company, unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. Changes include unique graduated paint finish, solid sterling silver Aston Martin wing badges with tailored 'trans flux' enamel inlay, a special Aston Martin hallmark, leather interior upholstery from Aston Martin One-77 with contrasting silver stitching, a silver thread embroidery of the Aston Martin wings in the head restraints, solid sterling silver sill plaques individually numbered with an Aston Martin hallmark, a unique presentation box containing a number of exclusive gifts to mark the first 100 years of the company (two glass keys, two bespoke key pouches made from leather matching the car's","title":"Aston Martin Vanquish"},{"psg_id":"19694223","text":"the car (buy and sell quickly to make a profit), the owner would be removed from receiving any further special editions from Aston Martin. This policy is also used for Ford's new GT and Mercedes-AMG's Project One. Aston Martin Valkyrie The Aston Martin Valkyrie (also called through its code-names as AM-RB 001 and Nebula) is a limited production hybrid electric sports car collaboratively built by Aston Martin, Red Bull Racing and several other manufacturers. The sports car is a product of collaboration between Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing to create a car entirely usable and enjoyable as a road","title":"Aston Martin Valkyrie"},{"psg_id":"14969926","text":"N24 was also the basis of a one-make pan-Asia series called Aston Martin Asia Cup (AMAC). Competitors ran in identical N24s at various Asian circuits. Aston Martin Vantage N24 The Aston Martin Vantage N24 is a race car introduced by Aston Martin in 2006, based on the V8 Vantage road car. In late 2008, Aston Martin debuted an updated version of the N24, with the newer Aston Martin Vantage GT4, which featured a larger 4.7-litre engine. During the 2006 British Motor Show in London, Aston Martin Racing revealed a near stock version of the V8 Vantage that would compete in","title":"Aston Martin Vantage N24"},{"psg_id":"5391332","text":"V8 Vantage GT2 in the Le Mans Series 2010. Following the poor performance of the Aston Martin AMR-One prototype, Aston Martin Racing decided to switch to running the Vantage as a factory effort in 2012. The car was slightly upgraded and was called the Vantage GTE, which has improved bodywork and engine performance over the older GT2 model. One car was entered into the FIA World Endurance Championship, and a second car appeared at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. For the 2012 Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge season, Multimatic Motorsports entered two Vantages in the series, using the 4.7-litre","title":"Aston Martin Vantage (2005)"},{"psg_id":"29182","text":"London. The promotion was so successful Aston Martin opened dealerships in Shanghai and Beijing within three months. On 19 July 2007, the Newport Pagnell plant rolled out the last of nearly 13,000 cars made there since 1955, a Vanquish S. The Tickford Street facility was converted to Aston Martin's service and restoration department. UK production is now concentrated at Gaydon on the former RAF V-bomber airfield. In March 2008, Aston Martin announced a partnership with Magna Steyr to outsource manufacture of over 2,000 cars annually to Graz, Austria, reassuringly stating: \"The continuing growth and success of Aston Martin is based","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29169","text":"in Aston Martin for £500,000 via Pace Petroleum in 1980, with Tim Hearley of CH Industrials taking a similar share. Pace and CHI took over as joint 50/50 owners at the beginning of 1981, with Gauntlett as executive chairman. Gauntlett also led the sales team, and after some development and publicity when it became the world's fastest four-seater production car, was able to sell the Aston Martin Lagonda in Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar. In 1982, Aston Martin was granted a Royal Warrant of Appointment by the Prince of Wales. Understanding that it would take some time to develop new Aston","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"5383676","text":"Aston Martin DB2 The Aston Martin DB2 is a sports car that was sold by Aston Martin from May 1950 through to April 1953. The successor to the 2-Litre Sports model, it had a comparatively advanced dual overhead cam 2.6 L straight-6 engine in place of the previous pushrod straight-4. It was available as a closed, 2-door, 2-seater coupé which Aston Martin called a sports saloon, and later also as a drophead coupé, which accounted for a quarter of the model's total sales. The closed version had some success in racing. In 1947 David Brown bought the Aston Martin and","title":"Aston Martin DB2"},{"psg_id":"2861061","text":"car was capable of 237 mph (381 km/h), but the fastest speed the car was recorded doing was a verified 192 mph (307 km/h) during a test run at the MIRA track in late 1979. Additionally, the wedge shaped design gave the Bulldog a drag coefficient of 0.34. Aston Martin Bulldog The Aston Martin Bulldog, styled by William Towns, is a British, one-off concept vehicle produced by Aston Martin in 1979. The code name for the project was DP K9.01, named after a \"Doctor Who\" character. Initially, a production run of 15–25 cars was planned but the project was deemed","title":"Aston Martin Bulldog"},{"psg_id":"6879135","text":"in the middle of 2012, six years earlier than expected. Production of the car was also halted temporarily in May 2011. In the face of a diminishing market for luxury saloons, and to match output to shrinking sales, Aston Martin had to cut annual production from 2,000 to 1,250 in June 2011 - and may go as low as 500 annually. A Rapide S was entered in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring. Drivers included Aston Martin CEO Ulrich Bez. It finished second in the SP 8 class. This Rapide S was powered by a new technology introduced by Alset GmbH,","title":"Aston Martin Rapide"},{"psg_id":"2831912","text":"in late 2012. In August 2014, Aston Martin revealed technical modifications to the Vanquish. The changes include a new eight-speed Touchtronic III gearbox and upgraded \"AM29\" V12 engine that produces and torque of . The changes greatly enhanced performance, with an acceleration of 0 to in 3.6 seconds, and a top speed of . In 2013, Aston Martin unveiled a convertible version of the Vanquish, called Volante. The Volante includes a full carbon fibre body, triple-skin lightweight fabric roof, 50% larger boot than its predecessor and the third generation Brembo 398 mm × 36 mm front and 360 mm ×","title":"Aston Martin Vanquish"},{"psg_id":"12112922","text":"inaugural season of the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2012 Aston Martin Racing finished runner-up in the LMGTE Pro Trophy. In 2014 they won the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams and Drivers with Danish duo Kristian Poulsen and David Heinemeier Hansson. During the season they also won the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMGTE Am category. In 2016 Aston Martin Racing managed to take the crown in the World Endurance Cup for GT Drivers with Nicki Thiim and Marco Sørensen. They also won the LMGTE Pro Teams’ championship. The 2017 season saw them win both","title":"Aston Martin Racing"},{"psg_id":"9463045","text":"now closely contested by Ferrari, Porsche and Aston Martin, the team appeared at the final round, the Tourist Trophy at Goodwood. Aston Martin entered three DBR1s, as well as privateer Whitehead's DBR1/5. During the race, DBR1/3 which had been leading caught fire whilst refuelling in the pits, damaging the car too badly to continue and leaving Aston Martin without room to refuel their other cars. To salvage Aston Martin's hopes of the championship, Whitehead withdrew his entry from the race in order to allow Aston Martin to use his pits stall and finish the race. Moss took over the car","title":"Aston Martin DBR1"},{"psg_id":"9452567","text":"for £133,500. Currently AMR1/04 is used in the Historic Sportscar Racing series in North America. AMR1/05 is currently raced in Europe by owner Paul Whight. Aston Martin AMR1 The Aston Martin AMR1 was a Group C formula racing car developed in 1989 for car manufacturer Aston Martin. It participated in the 1989 World Sports Prototype Championship and 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans. Following Aston Martin's racing efforts as an engine supplier for Nimrod Racing and EMKA Racing in the early 1980s, it was decided that Aston Martin would create their own car for the World Sports Prototype Championship. Thus","title":"Aston Martin AMR1"},{"psg_id":"9452558","text":"Aston Martin AMR1 The Aston Martin AMR1 was a Group C formula racing car developed in 1989 for car manufacturer Aston Martin. It participated in the 1989 World Sports Prototype Championship and 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans. Following Aston Martin's racing efforts as an engine supplier for Nimrod Racing and EMKA Racing in the early 1980s, it was decided that Aston Martin would create their own car for the World Sports Prototype Championship. Thus in late 1987 a partnership between Peter Livanos, Victor Gauntlett, Richard Williams and Ray Mallock - through his shareholding in Scottish racing firm Ecurie Ecosse","title":"Aston Martin AMR1"},{"psg_id":"5637898","text":"Aston Martin DBR9 The Aston Martin DBR9 is a racing car built by Aston Martin Racing, debuting in 2005 and racing actively in international sportscar racing until the end of GT1 category in 2011. The name DBR9 is derived from the original 24 Hours of Le Mans-winning DBR1 car, named for then-owner David Brown, which not only won the 24 Hour race in 1959 but also the World Sportscar title. The car is most famous for taking two LMGT1 class wins at Le Mans 24 Hours (2007 and 2008) by the Aston Martin Racing factory team. Based on the Aston","title":"Aston Martin DBR9"},{"psg_id":"2843278","text":"its history. Although it succeeded the DB7, Aston Martin did not call the car the DB8 due to fears that the name would suggest that the car was equipped with only a V8 engine (the DB9 has a V12). It was also reported that Aston Martin believed that naming the car \"DB8\" would indicate a gradual evolution and misrepresent the car. The DB9 is the first model to be built at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility in Warwickshire, England. In a 2007 interview, Aston Martin CEO Dr. Ulrich Bez stated that, though Aston Martin was traditionally a maker of more exclusive","title":"Aston Martin DB9"},{"psg_id":"2843275","text":"Aston Martin DB9 The Aston Martin DB9 is a British grand tourer first shown by Aston Martin at the 2003 Frankfurt Auto Show. Available both as a coupé and a convertible known as the Volante, the DB9 was the successor of the DB7. It was the first model built at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility. The DB9 was designed by Marek Reichman and Henrik Fisker, and is made largely of aluminium. The chassis is the VH platform whilst the engine is the 5.9-litre V12 from the Aston Martin V12 Vanquish. The 2013 model year version saw many improvements to the design,","title":"Aston Martin DB9"},{"psg_id":"14908357","text":"engine modifications meant that the power output was finally close to the figure originally claimed by the Aston Martin workshop. The DBR5 also boasted all-independent suspension. But when that car also failed to provide competitive results against the strengthening rear mounted engined cars, Aston Martin abandoned Formula One to concentrate on their more successful sports car projects. Two DBR5s were constructed in early 1960, but both were scrapped in 1961 following Aston Martin's withdrawal from Formula One. Aston Martin DBR5 The Aston Martin DBR5 (also known as DBR5/250) was a Formula One racing car, designed by the sports car manufacturer","title":"Aston Martin DBR5"},{"psg_id":"10943411","text":"a proprietary David Brown gearbox, provided by Aston Martin's owners. A total of four Aston Martin DBR4/250s were built between 1957 and 1959, with three surviving to date. Recognising their failings, the Aston Martin race team reworked the DBR4 into the DBR5 for the season. The DBR5 was smaller and lighter, and engine modifications meant that the power output was finally close to the figure originally claimed by the Aston Martin workshop. The DBR5 also boasted all-independent suspension, but results did not improve from those of the DBR4 and both DBR5s were eventually broken up. The Aston Martin DBR4/250 was","title":"Aston Martin DBR4"},{"psg_id":"29157","text":"vehicles. Martin raced specials at Aston Hill near Aston Clinton, and the pair decided to make their own vehicles. The first car to be named \"Aston Martin\" was created by Martin by fitting a four-cylinder Coventry-Simplex engine to the chassis of a 1908 Isotta Fraschini. They acquired premises at Henniker Mews in Kensington and produced their first car in March 1915. Production could not start because of the outbreak of the first World War, and Martin joined the Admiralty and Bamford joined the Army Service Corps. After the war they found new premises at Abingdon Road, Kensington and designed a","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29154","text":"Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a DB5 model in the 1964 film \"Goldfinger\". Their sports cars are regarded as a British cultural icon. Aston Martin has held a Royal Warrant as purveyor of motorcars to the Prince of Wales since 1982. It has over","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"9463049","text":"Martin's newly designed 3.7-litre (3670cc) Straight-6 from the Aston Martin DB4, destroked to 3.0-litre (2990cc). The car was used in only a single race in 1958 before it was deemed uncompetitive. DBR3/1 was thus given a normal Lagonda Straight-6 and rechristened as DBR1/4. \"Racing With The David Brown Aston Martin's\" by John Wyer Aston Martin DBR1 The Aston Martin DBR1 was a sports racing car built by Aston Martin starting in 1956, intended for the World Sportscar Championship as well as non-championship sportscar races at the time. It is most famous as the victor of the 1959 24 Hours of","title":"Aston Martin DBR1"},{"psg_id":"18622102","text":"to revert the car back to racing spec whenever the owner desires. Aston Martin Vulcan The Aston Martin Vulcan is a two-door, two-seater, high-performance lightweight track-only car launched in 2015 by Aston Martin at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. The Vulcan was designed by Aston Martin's creative officer Marek Reichman, taking inspirations from the then Aston Martin current models, such as the Vantage, the DB9 and the One-77. The Vulcan is a limited edition model and only 24 cars were produced with each car priced at US$2.3 million. Its engine, a 7.0-litre naturally-aspirated V12, mounted in an aluminium alloy chassis","title":"Aston Martin Vulcan"},{"psg_id":"18622094","text":"Aston Martin Vulcan The Aston Martin Vulcan is a two-door, two-seater, high-performance lightweight track-only car launched in 2015 by Aston Martin at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. The Vulcan was designed by Aston Martin's creative officer Marek Reichman, taking inspirations from the then Aston Martin current models, such as the Vantage, the DB9 and the One-77. The Vulcan is a limited edition model and only 24 cars were produced with each car priced at US$2.3 million. Its engine, a 7.0-litre naturally-aspirated V12, mounted in an aluminium alloy chassis with a carbon fibre body, delivers at 7,750 rpm and at 6,500","title":"Aston Martin Vulcan"},{"psg_id":"29173","text":"Martin/AML at £2 million, the year it built its 10,000th car. Although as a result Aston Martin had to make 60 members of the workforce redundant, Gauntlett bought a stake in Italian styling house Zagato, and resurrected its collaboration with Aston Martin. In 1986, Gauntlett negotiated the return of fictional British secret agent James Bond to Aston Martin. Cubby Broccoli had chosen to recast the character using actor Timothy Dalton, in an attempt to re-root the Bond-brand back to a more Sean Connery-like feel. Gauntlett supplied his personal pre-production Vantage for use in the filming of \"The Living Daylights\", and","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"14969920","text":"Aston Martin Vantage N24 The Aston Martin Vantage N24 is a race car introduced by Aston Martin in 2006, based on the V8 Vantage road car. In late 2008, Aston Martin debuted an updated version of the N24, with the newer Aston Martin Vantage GT4, which featured a larger 4.7-litre engine. During the 2006 British Motor Show in London, Aston Martin Racing revealed a near stock version of the V8 Vantage that would compete in the Nürburgring 24 Hours (\"N24\") endurance race. While essentially much like the existing V8 Vantage coupé, the N24 has a front splitter and extended door","title":"Aston Martin Vantage N24"},{"psg_id":"5385170","text":"Aston Martin DB4 The DB4 is a grand tourer sold by Aston Martin from 1958 until 1963. Technically it was a development of the DB Mark III it replaced but with a completely new body. The DB4's design formed the basis for later Aston Martin classics, such as the DB4 GT Zagato, the Lagonda Rapide 4-door saloon. It was eventually replaced by the Aston Martin DB5. The lightweight \"superleggera\" (tube-frame) body was designed by Carrozzeria Touring in Milan, and its Continental looks caused a sensation on its unveiling at the 1958 London Motor Show. Although the design and construction techniques","title":"Aston Martin DB4"},{"psg_id":"3789394","text":"2015 TV series Thunderbirds Are Go a DB5 can be seen as Lady Penelope gets into Fab 1 in the first episode Ring Of Fire. Aston Martin DB5 The Aston Martin DB5 is a British luxury grand tourer (GT) that was made by Aston Martin and designed by the Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Released in 1963, it was an evolution of the final series of DB4. The DB series was named honouring Sir David Brown (the owner of Aston Martin from 1947 to 1972). Although not the first in the \"DB\" series, the DB5 is the best-known cinematic \"James","title":"Aston Martin DB5"},{"psg_id":"3789373","text":"Aston Martin DB5 The Aston Martin DB5 is a British luxury grand tourer (GT) that was made by Aston Martin and designed by the Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Released in 1963, it was an evolution of the final series of DB4. The DB series was named honouring Sir David Brown (the owner of Aston Martin from 1947 to 1972). Although not the first in the \"DB\" series, the DB5 is the best-known cinematic \"James Bond\" car, first appearing in the \"James Bond\" film \"Goldfinger\" (1964). The principal differences between the DB4 Series V and the DB5 are the all-aluminium","title":"Aston Martin DB5"},{"psg_id":"2831900","text":"Aston Martin Vanquish The Aston Martin Vanquish is a super grand tourer introduced by British car manufacturer Aston Martin in 2001 as a successor to the ageing Virage range. The first-generation V12 Vanquish, designed by Ian Callum and unveiled at the 2001 Geneva Motor Show, was produced from 2001 to 2005. The prototype, built by the Ford Motor Company and Indian designer Dilip Chhabria, was driven by James Bond in the 2002 film \"Die Another Day\". In 2004, a more powerful version called the Vanquish S became the marque's flagship, followed by the Aston Martin DBS V12 in 2007. The","title":"Aston Martin Vanquish"},{"psg_id":"19694214","text":"main competitors are the Mercedes-AMG Project One, and the McLaren Speedtail. The original codename was Nebula, an acronym for Newey, Red Bull and Aston Martin. The name AM-RB 001 was chosen as the final codename, and was decided since Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing had collaborated all throughout the project. AM stands for Aston Martin, and RB stands for Red Bull. 001 may be a possible reference to it being the first production car the two have collaborated on. In March 2017, Aston Martin revealed that the car would be named Valkyrie, after the Norse mythological figure. According to","title":"Aston Martin Valkyrie"},{"psg_id":"19694213","text":"Aston Martin Valkyrie The Aston Martin Valkyrie (also called through its code-names as AM-RB 001 and Nebula) is a limited production hybrid electric sports car collaboratively built by Aston Martin, Red Bull Racing and several other manufacturers. The sports car is a product of collaboration between Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing to create a car entirely usable and enjoyable as a road car. The car's makers claim the title of fastest street-legal car in the world for it. Its design was helped by Adrian Newey, Red Bull Racing's Chief Technical Officer and the world's most successful F1 designer. Its","title":"Aston Martin Valkyrie"},{"psg_id":"18444439","text":"Aston Martin DB10 The Aston Martin DB10 is a bespoke two-door concept car specially created for the \"James Bond\" film \"Spectre\" by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was unveiled by Sam Mendes and Barbara Broccoli, the director and producer of \"Spectre\" respectively, the 24th James Bond film from Eon Productions. The unveiling took place as part of the official press launch of the film on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios, near London, on 4 December 2014. Mendes introduced the car as \"the first cast member.\" The film featured the Aston Martin DB10 as James Bond's car.","title":"Aston Martin DB10"},{"psg_id":"14930824","text":"until 1993 in the British GT Championship. EMKA Aston Martin The EMKA Aston Martin was a Group C racing car built by Maurice Gomm & Protoco for EMKA Racing with the aid of Michael Cane Racing and powered by an Aston Martin engine. The first chassis, EMKA C83/1 was initially introduced in 1983 and competed in the 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing a respectable 17th overall. A revised C84/1 also raced at the 1985 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished in 11th place after briefly leading the race in the opening hours. The EMKA Aston Martin failed","title":"EMKA Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"14930819","text":"EMKA Aston Martin The EMKA Aston Martin was a Group C racing car built by Maurice Gomm & Protoco for EMKA Racing with the aid of Michael Cane Racing and powered by an Aston Martin engine. The first chassis, EMKA C83/1 was initially introduced in 1983 and competed in the 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing a respectable 17th overall. A revised C84/1 also raced at the 1985 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished in 11th place after briefly leading the race in the opening hours. The EMKA Aston Martin failed to finish any of the other races","title":"EMKA Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"5385862","text":"Q Branch. However, later scenes actually feature a pair of V8 coupés with the same number plate as the Volante seen in the beginning of the movie, retrofitted with other \"optional extras\" such as spiked tyres, skis, lasers, and missiles. Clearly, the car was intended to be seen as a V8 Volante with hardtop. Aston Martin V8 The Aston Martin V8 is an automobile which was manufactured by Aston Martin in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1989. As with all traditional Aston Martins, it was entirely handbuilt – with each car requiring 1,200 man-hours to finish. Aston Martin's customers","title":"Aston Martin V8"},{"psg_id":"19369887","text":"adjust the responsiveness of the vehicle. Aston Martin DB11 The Aston Martin DB11 is a British grand tourer produced by British luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin since 2016. It debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016 as a replacement to the DB9. It is the first model launched in Aston Martin's 'second century' plan and the first car launched since the company's tie-up with Daimler AG. The DB11 was designed by Marek Reichman, Aston Martin’s chief creative officer and head of design. It continues the tradition of design focused on 1:3 proportions and includes a number of new","title":"Aston Martin DB11"},{"psg_id":"19369874","text":"Aston Martin DB11 The Aston Martin DB11 is a British grand tourer produced by British luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin since 2016. It debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016 as a replacement to the DB9. It is the first model launched in Aston Martin's 'second century' plan and the first car launched since the company's tie-up with Daimler AG. The DB11 was designed by Marek Reichman, Aston Martin’s chief creative officer and head of design. It continues the tradition of design focused on 1:3 proportions and includes a number of new and unique design features, including new","title":"Aston Martin DB11"},{"psg_id":"29190","text":"to increase its appeal to women as a luxury lifestyle brand. To a certain degree, this meant that the company moved away from its traditional automotive core business. A female advisory panel was established to adapt the design of the cars to the taste of women. Aston Martin has also diversified into other market areas in the modern day. In September 2016, a 37-foot long Aston Martin speedboat was unveiled called the Aston Martin AM37 powerboat. The cabin of the boat has mood lighting and air conditioning complete with a microwave oven, refrigerator and a table that converts into a","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29162","text":"Martin decided to concentrate on road cars, producing just 700 until World War II halted work. Production shifted to aircraft components during the war. In 1947, old-established (1860) privately owned Huddersfield gear and machine tools manufacturer David Brown Limited bought Aston Martin putting it under control of its Tractor Group. David Brown became Aston Martin's latest saviour. He also acquired without its factory Lagonda's business for its 2.6-litre W. O. Bentley-designed engine. Lagonda moved operations to Newport Pagnell and shared engines, resources and workshops. Aston Martin began to build the classic \"DB\" series of cars. In April 1950, they announced","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29171","text":"President Viscount Downe, which came third in the Manufacturers Championship in both 1982 and 1983. It also finished seventh in the 1982 24 Hours of Le Mans race. However, sales of production cars were now at an all-time low of 30 cars produced in 1982. As trading became tighter in the petroleum market, and Aston Martin was requiring more time and money, Gauntlett agreed to sell Hays/Pace to the Kuwait Investment Office in September 1983. As Aston Martin required greater investment, he also agreed to sell his share holding to American importer and Greek shipping tycoon Peter Livanos, who invested","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"29165","text":"million to North American businessmen Peter Sprague of National Semiconductor and Toronto hotelier, George Minden, and Jeremy Turner, a London businessman, who insisted to reporters Aston Martin remained a British controlled business. Sprague later claimed he had fallen in love with the factory, not the cars, the workforce's craftsmanship dedication and intelligence. At this point, he and Minden had brought in investor, Alan Curtis, a British office property developer together with George Flather, a retired Sheffield steel magnate. Six months later, in September 1975, the factory — shut-down the previous December — re-opened under its new owner Aston Martin Lagonda","title":"Aston Martin"},{"psg_id":"9452566","text":"Aston Martin were forced to drop out of motor racing due to the economic instability of the company at the time. It would be the last racing car produced by Aston Martin for fifteen years until the launch of the DBR9 in 2005. A total of five AMR1 chassis were built. AMR1/01 is now owned by the Aston Martin Heritage Trust. AMR1/03 had also been sold on the open market, selling for €294,250 ($359,987) at auction in 2004 AMR1/04 was the first AMR1 to reach auction, selling at a Brooks (now Bonhams)/Aston Martin Lagonda auction in 2000. The car sold","title":"Aston Martin AMR1"},{"psg_id":"6879126","text":"Aston Martin Rapide The Aston Martin Rapide is a 4-door, 4-seater, high-performance sports saloon, which the British luxury marque Aston Martin introduced in early 2010. It was first presented as a concept car at Detroit's North American International Auto Show in 2006 and the production version of the Rapide was shown at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. It is a rival for the S7/RS7 and the Porsche Panamera GTS/Turbo. The Rapide name is a reference to the Lagonda Rapide, a four-door, four-seater saloon produced by Lagonda, now a part of Aston Martin. The new Rapide is the company's first 4-door","title":"Aston Martin Rapide"},{"psg_id":"5385895","text":"Aston Martin Virage The Aston Martin Virage is an automobile produced by British manufacturer Aston Martin as a replacement for its V8 models. Introduced at the Birmingham Motor Show in 1988, it was joined by the high-performance Vantage in 1993, and the name of the standard car was changed to V8 Coupe in 1996. This V8-powered car was intended as the company's top model, with the 6-cylinder 1994 DB7 positioned below it. Although the DB7 was switched to a V12 engine and claimed a performance advantage, this V8 model remained the exclusive, expensive, and hand-built flagship of the Aston Martin","title":"Aston Martin Virage"},{"psg_id":"5385656","text":"1993 DB7. Aston Martin Vantage Aston Martin has used the Vantage name on a number of vehicles, normally indicating a high-performance version of another model. In one case, during 1972–1973, the Vantage was a distinct model, being a straight-6 powered version of the DBS, a car that had been launched as a straight-6 but was by that time V8-powered (as the DBS V8). Visual cues include a unique 2-headlight front clip with DB6-like grille. It was also the last Aston Martin to come equipped with wire wheels. Just 71 examples were built. The Vantage was the last straight-6 Aston Martin","title":"Aston Martin Vantage"},{"psg_id":"5385655","text":"Aston Martin Vantage Aston Martin has used the Vantage name on a number of vehicles, normally indicating a high-performance version of another model. In one case, during 1972–1973, the Vantage was a distinct model, being a straight-6 powered version of the DBS, a car that had been launched as a straight-6 but was by that time V8-powered (as the DBS V8). Visual cues include a unique 2-headlight front clip with DB6-like grille. It was also the last Aston Martin to come equipped with wire wheels. Just 71 examples were built. The Vantage was the last straight-6 Aston Martin until the","title":"Aston Martin Vantage"},{"psg_id":"5383683","text":"tested by the British magazine \"The Motor\" in 1950 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 11.2 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £1914 including taxes. Aston Martin DB2 The Aston Martin DB2 is a sports car that was sold by Aston Martin from May 1950 through to April 1953. The successor to the 2-Litre Sports model, it had a comparatively advanced dual overhead cam 2.6 L straight-6 engine in place of the previous pushrod straight-4. It was available as a closed, 2-door, 2-seater coupé which Aston Martin called a sports","title":"Aston Martin DB2"},{"psg_id":"2981992","text":"Aston Martin DB7 The Aston Martin DB7 is a grand tourer which was produced by Aston Martin from September 1994 to December 2004. The grand tourer was available either as a coupé or a convertible. The prototype was complete by November 1992 and debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March, 1993; the car was designed by Ian Callum and Keith Helfet. The six-cylinder DB7 (based on the Jaguar non-supercharged engine AJ6) was positioned as an \"entry-level\" model below the hand-built V8 Virage introduced a few years earlier. This model was the highest production Aston Martin vehicle ever, with more","title":"Aston Martin DB7"},{"psg_id":"12112920","text":"Racing. In 2007, Aston Martin earned their first victory at the 24 Hours of Le Mans since the company's overall win in by overcoming the Corvette squad. This feat was repeated once more in in GT1, while the team also had involvement in the Lola B08/60 LMP1 Coupe run under the Charouz Racing banner For 2009 Aston Martin Racing entered two of their new prototypes along with Aston Martin Racing Eastern Europe which completed the works trio of DBR1-2 or Lola-Aston Martin B09/60. The teams greatest success with the new prototype came with the 2009 Le Mans Series (LMS) where","title":"Aston Martin Racing"},{"psg_id":"10097758","text":"Aston Martin DP212 The Aston Martin DP212 was a prototype sports car developed by Aston Martin for use in the 1962 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car was built on the chassis of a DB4 GT, but featured a streamlined body specifically designed to handle the high speeds of Le Mans. It also featured a 4.0-litre Inline-6-cylinder engine, based on the DB4 GT's 3.7-litre Tadek Marek unit. Following its participation at Le Mans, the car was slightly modified to feature a Kamm tail design, which would later be used on the Aston Martin DB6. At the 1962 24 Hours","title":"Aston Martin DP212"},{"psg_id":"15689024","text":"Aston Martin CEO Dr Ulrich Bez (D), chief engineer Chris Porritt (GB), Nürburgring Test Centre Director Wolfgang Schuhbauer (D) and journalist Richard Meaden (GB) and finished 26th overall and 2nd in class. The same car also attended the Aston Martin Le Mans Festival, a support race for the Le Mans 24 hours. During the first stint had battled up to an impressive fourth position, having started from tenth, before handing over to his teammate Dr Ulrich Bez. Aston Martin V12 Zagato The Aston Martin V12 Zagato is a British sports car/endurace racer made by Aston Martin in collaboration with Zagato","title":"Aston Martin V12 Zagato"},{"psg_id":"14975578","text":"Aston Martin Vantage GT4 The Aston Martin Vantage GT4 is an updated version of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24, debuting in late 2008. Its primary alteration is the introduction of the new 4.7-litre V8 that also debuted in the production V8 Vantage. This replaces the 4.3-litre V8 in the V8 Vantage N24. The Aston Martin Vantage GT4 is the evolution of the successful Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24 car. It has an enlarged 4.7-litre engine and uprated suspension, allowing for increased camber and castor angles. The brakes have also been uprated with larger diameter front discs and racing pads.","title":"Aston Martin Vantage GT4"},{"psg_id":"14975533","text":"Aston Martin Vantage GT2 The Aston Martin Vantage GT2 is the most powerful racing variant of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage family. The Vantage GT2 is based on the V8 engined Aston Martin Vantage road car but is designed to run on both standard race fuel or E85 bio-ethanol. Debuting in 2008 the GT2 is designed to meet FIA and ACO GT2 class regulations, the Vantage will become a customer car for use in the FIA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, and 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Aston Martin Vantage GT2's engine is a modified","title":"Aston Martin Vantage GT2"},{"psg_id":"12808150","text":"The inaugural season in 2008 had 10 rounds, and saw the series visit the following circuits: Aston Martin Asia Cup The Aston Martin Asia Cup (AMAC) is the world's first ever Aston Martin one make series. All drivers will compete for the AMAC title in identical Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24 race cars. The series started in 2008 and consisted of 10 races throughout the Asia Pacific region including China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Each race features a grid of 15 Aston Martin Vantage N24s, a 4.3 litre race-developed evolution of the V8 Vantage. The AMAC includes a variety of","title":"Aston Martin Asia Cup"},{"psg_id":"12808148","text":"Aston Martin Asia Cup The Aston Martin Asia Cup (AMAC) is the world's first ever Aston Martin one make series. All drivers will compete for the AMAC title in identical Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24 race cars. The series started in 2008 and consisted of 10 races throughout the Asia Pacific region including China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Each race features a grid of 15 Aston Martin Vantage N24s, a 4.3 litre race-developed evolution of the V8 Vantage. The AMAC includes a variety of 30-minute sprint races and longer endurance races, some of which support Formula One events in the","title":"Aston Martin Asia Cup"},{"psg_id":"15689018","text":"Aston Martin V12 Zagato The Aston Martin V12 Zagato is a British sports car/endurace racer made by Aston Martin in collaboration with Zagato to celebrate a fifty-year partnership since the Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato. Introduced in Lake Como, Italy at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este on 21 May 2011, the Zagato was awarded with the competition's \"Design Award for Concept Cars and Prototypes\" which has also been won by the One-77 in 2009. Like the Aston Martin V12 Vantage on which it is based, the V12 Zagato is powered by a 5.9-litre \"AM11\" V12 engine first used in the","title":"Aston Martin V12 Zagato"},{"psg_id":"15425528","text":"closed doors for at least a year before attempting to race with them. Aston Martin AMR-One The Aston Martin AMR-One was a Le Mans Prototype sports car built by Prodrive's Aston Martin Racing arm. Unlike their diesel competitors, Aston Martin had opted for an open-top LMP. The car was a successor to the Aston Martin DBR1-2. To meet the new regulations brought in by the ACO for endurance racing, the AMR-One is powered by a downsized, 2.0 litre turbocharged straight six petrol engine, which features a blade-fin behind the cockpit. The AMR-One is built around a light carbon fibre monocoque","title":"Aston Martin AMR-One"},{"psg_id":"15425523","text":"Aston Martin AMR-One The Aston Martin AMR-One was a Le Mans Prototype sports car built by Prodrive's Aston Martin Racing arm. Unlike their diesel competitors, Aston Martin had opted for an open-top LMP. The car was a successor to the Aston Martin DBR1-2. To meet the new regulations brought in by the ACO for endurance racing, the AMR-One is powered by a downsized, 2.0 litre turbocharged straight six petrol engine, which features a blade-fin behind the cockpit. The AMR-One is built around a light carbon fibre monocoque chassis with open top bodywork, in contrast to the closed cockpits of the","title":"Aston Martin AMR-One"},{"psg_id":"5391333","text":"V8 engine. Upon debut at Daytona International Speedway, they finished sixteenth. In 2012, Aston Martin unveiled a racing version of the V12 Vantage to replace the aging Aston Martin DBRS9 (which also used a V12 engine). The engine develops and . A carbon fibre drive-shaft mates the engine to an Xtrac 6-speed sequential transmission with semi-automatic paddle shift gear change. The Vantage GT3 has a dry weight of , with near 50/50 front/rear weight distribution. The car competed in the FIA GT1 World Championship and the Blancpain Endurance Series, while Tony Quinn raced the GT3 Vantage to second place in","title":"Aston Martin Vantage (2005)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5383546\",\n \"text\": \"Prince of Wales, owns a DB6-based Volante MkII that has been converted to run on bioethanol. The car was given to him by his mother on his 21st birthday. A total of six or seven DB6 Shooting-brakes were produced by British coachbuilder Harold Radford, with three more by FLM Panelcraft The engine options (282 and 325 hp) were the same as for the DB6 Saloon. Aston Martin DB6 The Aston Martin DB6 is a grand tourer made by British car manufacturer Aston Martin. Produced from September 1965 to January 1971, the DB6 had the longest production run up to that\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB6\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29185\",\n \"text\": \"capital increase. This was confirmed by Aston Martin in a press release on 7 December 2012. In April 2013, it was reported that Dr Ulrich Bez would be leaving his role as chief executive officer to take up a more ambassadorial position widely seen as the first move by the new shareholders in reviewing the leadership and strategy of Aston Martin. On 2 September 2014, Aston Martin announced it had appointed the Nissan executive Andy Palmer as CEO with Ulrich Bez retaining a position as non-executive chairman. As sales had been declining, from 2015 Aston Martin sought new customers (particularly\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29184\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Rapide sports cars rolled out of the Magna Steyr factory in Graz, Austria in 2010. The contract manufacturer provides dedicated facilities to ensure compliance with the exacting standards of Aston Martin and other marques, including Mercedes-Benz. Ulrich Bez has publicly speculated about outsourcing all of Aston Martin's operations with the exception of marketing. In September 2011, it was announced Rapide production would be returned to Gaydon in the second half of 2012, restoring all manufacture there. Italian private equity fund Investindustrial signed a deal on 6 December 2012 to buy 37.5% of Aston Martin, investing £150 million as a\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14975540\",\n \"text\": \"entire season - \\\"Aston Martin Vantage: The rear wing used at Le Mans in 2011 will be used during all the 2012 season with a 15 mm gurney and at Le Mans 2012 without gurney\\\". Modifications also improved cooling for the driver, a significant concern on the old model, which plagued Drayson-Barwell's 2008 ALMS season. Aston Martin Vantage GT2 The Aston Martin Vantage GT2 is the most powerful racing variant of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage family. The Vantage GT2 is based on the V8 engined Aston Martin Vantage road car but is designed to run on both standard race\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage GT2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29183\",\n \"text\": \"upon Gaydon as the focal point and heart of the business, with the design and engineering of all Aston Martin products continuing to be carried out there.\\\" More dealers in Europe and the new pair in China brought the total to 120 in 28 countries. On 1 September 2008, Aston Martin announced the revival of the Lagonda marque, proposing a concept to be shown in 2009 to coincide with the brand's 100th anniversary. The first production cars are slated for 2012. In December 2008, Aston Martin announced it would cut its workforce from 1,850 to 1,250. The first four-door Aston\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12112921\",\n \"text\": \"in the first round in Barcelona the team won the 1000 km de Catalunya outright and with a string of podiums and a 1-2-3 sweep of the ADAC 1000 km Nürburgring and a podium at the Autosport 1000 km of Silverstone sealed the 2009 drivers title for 007 and Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge, Stefan Mucke and the constructors title for Aston Martin-LOLA as well as the team title for Aston Martin Racing. Since 2012 Aston Martin Racing has been racing in the FIA World Endurance Championship with the Aston Martin Vantage GTE, earning them several wins and titles. During the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Racing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7781375\",\n \"text\": \"built. Aston Martin DBS V12 The Aston Martin DBS is a British super grand tourer based on the DB9 manufactured by the UK automotive manufacturer Aston Martin. Aston Martin has used the DBS name once before on their 1967–72 grand tourer coupe. The modern car replaced the 2004 Vanquish S as the flagship of the marque. The DBS ended production in 2012 and was succeeded by the second-generation Aston Martin Vanquish. The DBS was officially unveiled at the 2007 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance on 16 August 2007, which featured a brand new exterior colour (graphite grey with a blue tint)\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBS V12\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7781360\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DBS V12 The Aston Martin DBS is a British super grand tourer based on the DB9 manufactured by the UK automotive manufacturer Aston Martin. Aston Martin has used the DBS name once before on their 1967–72 grand tourer coupe. The modern car replaced the 2004 Vanquish S as the flagship of the marque. The DBS ended production in 2012 and was succeeded by the second-generation Aston Martin Vanquish. The DBS was officially unveiled at the 2007 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance on 16 August 2007, which featured a brand new exterior colour (graphite grey with a blue tint) which\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBS V12\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3481706\",\n \"text\": \"hardware technology from the Generation IV architecture that underpinned the second-generation Vanquish in 2012. The second VH platform underpinned the 2005 Aston Martin V8 Vantage and its V12 and S variants, as well as the bespoke Aston Martin DB10 concept car for the James Bond film Spectre. The DB10 was based on the V8 Vantage chassis albeit with modifications, as it featured a longer wheelbase and is nearly as wide as the Aston Martin One-77. The Generation II platform was also used in the 2007 Aston Martin DBS, and the 2011 Aston Martin Virage. The third VH platform underpinned the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin VH platform\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10097937\",\n \"text\": \"This replica is currently owned by Wolfgang Friedrichs (who also owns DP212) and which has had a good record in the Spa 6 hour races, of two overall second places (2004 & 2006) and an overall victory in 2005. The second car is much more recently built by Martin Brewer of Runnymede Motor Company, but the build was apparently started (according to the Aston Martin Owners Club) alongside the aforementioned replica. It was built up using DB4/559/L as the basis. Completed in 2005, it was given the registration number ‘DSL 449’, but has since been re-registered as ‘5 BVY’ in\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DP214\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29167\",\n \"text\": \"styled the futuristic new Lagonda saloon, based on the V8 model. Curtis, who had a 42% stake in Aston Martin, also brought about a change in direction from the usual customers who were Aston Martin fanatics (fans) to successful young married businessmen. Prices had been increased by 25%. There was speculation that AML was about to buy Lamborghini. At the end of the 1970s, there was widespread debate about running MG into the Aston Martin consortium. 85 Tory MPs formed themselves into a pressure group to get British Leyland to release their grip and hand it over. CH Industrials plc\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29187\",\n \"text\": \"£304 million of senior secured notes at 9.25% issued in 2011. Aston Martin also had to secure an additional investment of £200 million from its shareholders to fund development of new models. It is reported that Aston Martin's pre-tax losses for 2016 increased by 27% to £162.8 million, the sixth year it continued to suffer a loss. In 2013, Aston Martin signed a deal with Daimler AG, which owned 5% of Aston Martin, to supply the next generation of Aston Martin cars with Mercedes-AMG engines. Mercedes-AMG also was to supply Aston Martin with electrical systems. This technical partnership was intended\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29193\",\n \"text\": \"sale and a Aston Martin branded watch was released in collaboration with watch maker TAG Heuer. In October 2018, Aston Martin announced to Open Design and Brand Studios in Shanghai. Aston Martin sponsors 2. Bundesliga club 1860 Munich. Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12830781\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Atom The Aston Martin Atom is a prototype car, constructed in 1939. The Atom is one of the first fully functional concept cars. Designed by Claude Hill, the body was aluminium over a tubular steel frame, and a marked change in design from previous cars. It was originally powered by a model 15/98 engine, but subsequently upgraded after the war with a 2-litre engine in 1944. Apparently, after driving the Atom in 1947, David Brown decided to buy the Aston Martin company. The car is currently owned by Aston Martin enthusiast and collector Tom Rollason, who has owned\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Atom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29191\",\n \"text\": \"bed meaning that the AM37 is a complete day and night cruiser. Two versions of the boat are available with an AM37S version reaching speeds of 50 knots. A year later in September 2017, Aston Martin announced that they had partnered with submarine building company Triton Submarines LLC to build an Aston Martin Submarine called project neptune. Aston Martin has also diversified into the fashion industry collaborating with luxury clothing company Hackett London to deliver items of clothing that supposedly match the luxury feel of Aston Martin vehicles. In November 2017, Aston Martin unveiled a special limited edition bicycle after\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12112908\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Racing is a British auto racing team established in 2004 as a partnership between automobile manufacturer Aston Martin and engineering group Prodrive. The partnership was initially created for the purpose of returning Aston Martin to sports car racing with the DBR9, a heavily modified variant of the Aston Martin DB9. Since the DBR9's racing debut in 2005, Aston Martin Racing has expanded to build a variety of cars available to customers, as well as development of Aston Martin's V12 engine for Le Mans Prototype use. Aston Martin Racing's program has earned several successes over the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Racing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8900630\",\n \"text\": \"took over with the British GT DBRS9s but did not have a very successfully season. In 2009, Barwell Motorsport joined force with Beechdean Motorsport and got back to British GT with a Barwell-Beechdean Aston Martin DBRS9. 22GT Racing continued competing with their DBRS9. Aston Martin DBRS9 The Aston Martin DBRS9 is a racing car built by Aston Martin Racing to be a cheaper alternative to the Aston Martin DBR9, both of which are based on the Aston Martin DB9. The DBRS9 was introduced in 2005 and has since been replaced with the Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3. The DBRS9 features\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBRS9\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14908356\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DBR5 The Aston Martin DBR5 (also known as DBR5/250) was a Formula One racing car, designed by the sports car manufacturer Aston Martin. Following the poor results of the Aston Martin DBR4 in the 1959 Formula One season the lighter and smaller DBR5 was intended to be quicker than its predecessor. However following poor results in 1960, Aston Martin decided to withdraw from Formula One. The Aston Martin DBR5 was largely based on the car, the Aston Martin DBR4. It used the same basic chassis and engine layout. Improvements to the DBR5 made it smaller and lighter, and\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBR5\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12112923\",\n \"text\": \"the Drivers’ and Teams’ Championship in the GTE Am category. In June of 2017 Aston Martin Racing also won the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans in GTE Pro with Darren Turner, Jonathan Adam and Daniel Serra driving the winning Aston Martin Vantage GTE. Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Racing is a British auto racing team established in 2004 as a partnership between automobile manufacturer Aston Martin and engineering group Prodrive. The partnership was initially created for the purpose of returning Aston Martin to sports car racing with the DBR9, a heavily modified variant of the Aston Martin DB9. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Racing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2872004\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Lagonda The Aston Martin Lagonda is a full-sized luxury four-door saloon which was built by Aston Martin of Newport Pagnell, England, between 1974 and 1990. A total of 645 were produced. The name was derived from the Lagonda marque that Aston Martin had purchased in 1947. There are two distinct versions, the original, short lived 1974 design based on the Aston Martin V8 and the wedge-shaped Series 2 model introduced in 1976. In 2014, Aston Martin confirmed it would launch a new Lagonda called the Taraf for the Middle-East market, sold on an invitation only basis. Aston Martin\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Lagonda\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5391313\",\n \"text\": \"of expanding the production run beyond 1,000 units. According to the automaker, some subtle changes were necessary to the structure of the car in order for it to meet North and South American regulations. In addition to these enhancements, the company also announced that it would be adding a new Carbon Black version of the V12 Vantage exclusively for the American market. On 24 August 2011, Aston Martin announced that they were developing a GT3 version of the V12 Vantage, to replace the Aston Martin DBRS9. The race car was expected to be delivered by early 2012. Aston Martin unveiled\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage (2005)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2861058\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Bulldog The Aston Martin Bulldog, styled by William Towns, is a British, one-off concept vehicle produced by Aston Martin in 1979. The code name for the project was DP K9.01, named after a \\\"Doctor Who\\\" character. Initially, a production run of 15–25 cars was planned but the project was deemed too costly and only one was built. The Bulldog was designed to show off the capabilities of Aston Martin's new engineering facility in Newport Pagnell, as well as to chase after the title of fastest production car in the world. The car was officially launched on 27 March\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Bulldog\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29176\",\n \"text\": \"launch of the new Aston Martin Volante model, Ford provided the limited supply of Cosworth engines to the Jaguar cars racing team. As the \\\"small Aston\\\" DB7 would require a large engineering input, Ford agreed to take full control of Aston Martin, and Gauntlett handed over Aston Martin's chairmanship to Hayes in 1991. In 1992, the Vantage version was announced, and the following year Aston Martin renewed the DB range by announcing the DB7. Ford placed Aston in the Premier Automotive Group, invested in new manufacturing and ramped up production. In 1994, Ford opened a new factory at Banbury Road\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3481707\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Rapide. The platform differs from the first two as it is longer to accommodate the longer four door body. Based on VH Generation II, Generation IV underpinned the second-generation Aston Martin Vanquish that was introduced in 2012. It is based on the Carbon Architecture found in the One-77 and uses far more carbon fibre in its design than previous VH Chassis. This is the final iteration of the VH platform, as the Aston Martin DB11 introduced in 2016 features an all-new riveted and adhesive-bonded aluminium platform that shifts the emphasis from extrusions to stampings to create more cockpit\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin VH platform\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12307078\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"series\\\" part of the name is a possible reference to the selection of liveries that appear on each car. The vehicle liveries are: The vehicle's specifications and performance figures are the same as the regular car. One of these vehicles was on sale in 2012 in Dubai, Abu Dhabi for AED 11 million (US$2.9 million). Aston Martin One-77 The Aston Martin One-77 is a two-door, two-seater flagship sports car built by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was first shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, although it remained mostly covered by a \\\"Savile Row tailored skirt\\\" throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin One-77\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12307074\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin One-77 The Aston Martin One-77 is a two-door, two-seater flagship sports car built by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was first shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, although it remained mostly covered by a \\\"Savile Row tailored skirt\\\" throughout the show. It was revealed in full at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, and deliveries from the beginning of 2011. The production of the One-77 was limited to 77 cars, forming part of the name One-77, and sold for 1,150,000. In May 2012, one of the 77 was involved in a crash in Hong Kong\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin One-77\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8900623\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DBRS9 The Aston Martin DBRS9 is a racing car built by Aston Martin Racing to be a cheaper alternative to the Aston Martin DBR9, both of which are based on the Aston Martin DB9. The DBRS9 was introduced in 2005 and has since been replaced with the Aston Martin V12 Vantage GT3. The DBRS9 features several modifications to the standard DB9. With developments including a full race specification roll-cage and a tuned version of the 5.9-litre V12 engine to bring output up to and . Other modifications include carbon fiber body panels (excluding roof), polycarbonate side and rear\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBRS9\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385780\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DBS The Aston Martin DBS is a grand tourer produced by the British manufacturer Aston Martin Lagonda Limited from 1967 to 1972. In 2007 the DBS name was resurrected for a new model, the Aston Martin DBS V12. The DBS was intended as the successor to the Aston Martin DB6, although the two ran concurrently for three years. Powered by a straight-six engine, it was produced from 1967 until 1972, eventually being phased out in favour of the Aston Martin V8. It was a larger coupé than the DB6, with four full sized seats, but was powered by\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBS\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5383539\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB6 The Aston Martin DB6 is a grand tourer made by British car manufacturer Aston Martin. Produced from September 1965 to January 1971, the DB6 had the longest production run up to that date of any Aston Martin model. The DB6 succeeded the Aston Martin DB5 and featured improved aerodynamics and specification over its predecessor. After Aston Martin rejected proposals for a replacement for its DB5 from Touring of Milan, the decision was made to focus on their own development car, registered 4 YMC. Wind tunnel testing, begun in February 1965, showed development was necessary to counteract a\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB6\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2872012\",\n \"text\": \"are SORN. Non-standard variations of the Lagonda included: Aston Martin Lagonda The Aston Martin Lagonda is a full-sized luxury four-door saloon which was built by Aston Martin of Newport Pagnell, England, between 1974 and 1990. A total of 645 were produced. The name was derived from the Lagonda marque that Aston Martin had purchased in 1947. There are two distinct versions, the original, short lived 1974 design based on the Aston Martin V8 and the wedge-shaped Series 2 model introduced in 1976. In 2014, Aston Martin confirmed it would launch a new Lagonda called the Taraf for the Middle-East market,\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Lagonda\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29189\",\n \"text\": \"loss in 2016) Aston Martin in August 2018 announced plans to float the company at the London Stock Exchange as Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc. The company was the subject of an initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange on 3 October 2018. In August 2017, a 1956 Aston Martin DBR1/1 sold at a Sotheby's auction at the Pebble Beach, California Concours d'Elegance for $22,550,000, which made it the most-expensive British car ever sold at auction, according to Sotheby's. The car was driven before by racing legends Carroll Shelby and Stirling Moss. Since 2015, Aston Martin has sought\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29179\",\n \"text\": \"specially trained personnel, like traditional Aston Martin engine production from Newport Pagnell, assembly of each unit is entrusted to a single technician from a pool of 30, with V8 and V12 variants assembled in under 20 hours. By bringing engine production back to within Aston Martin, the promise was that Aston Martin would be able to produce small runs of higher performance variants engines. This expanded engine capacity allowed in 2006, the V8 Vantage sports car to enter production at the Gaydon factory, joining the DB9 and DB9 Volante. In December 2003, Aston Martin announced it would return to motor\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29177\",\n \"text\": \"in Bloxham. In 1995, Aston Martin produced a record 700 vehicles. Until the Ford era, cars had been produced by hand coachbuilding craft methods, such as the English wheel. In 1998, the 2,000th DB7 was built, and in 2002, the 6,000th, exceeding production of all previous DB models. The DB7 range was boosted by the addition of V12 Vantage models in 1999, and in 2001, Aston Martin introduced the V12-engined Aston Martin Vanquish. At the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan in 2003, Aston Martin introduced the AMV8 Vantage concept car. Expected to have few changes before its\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5486095\",\n \"text\": \"cars. Three of the customer cars were also fitted with similar coupé bodies. Included are a list of victories by each chassis under Aston Martin. Aston Martin DB3S The Aston Martin DB3S is a sports racing car that was built by Aston Martin. Following the failure of the heavy and uncompetitive Aston Martin DB3 designed by Eberan Eberhorst; William Watson, employed as Eberhorst's assistant, presented an alternative design to John Wyer, Aston Martin's competitions manager, whose assistance was needed as Eberhorst could well oppose being up-staged. In total 31 cars were made, with 11 works cars and 20 cars being\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB3S\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5486090\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB3S The Aston Martin DB3S is a sports racing car that was built by Aston Martin. Following the failure of the heavy and uncompetitive Aston Martin DB3 designed by Eberan Eberhorst; William Watson, employed as Eberhorst's assistant, presented an alternative design to John Wyer, Aston Martin's competitions manager, whose assistance was needed as Eberhorst could well oppose being up-staged. In total 31 cars were made, with 11 works cars and 20 cars being sold for customer use. The DB3S was introduced in 1953 and it proved significantly more successful than the Aston Martin DB3. Although the DB3S failed\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB3S\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29192\",\n \"text\": \"collaborating with bicycle manufacturer Storck. Only 107 of the Fascenario.3 Aston Martin Edition will be produced. The frame and forks are the result of advances in carbon fibre and aerodynamics. Aston Martin and global property developer G&G Business Developments are currently building a 66-storey luxury condominium tower called Aston Martin Residences at 300 Biscayne Boulevard Way in Miami, Florida which is set for completion in 2021. In July 2018, Aston Martin unveiled the Volante Vision Concept, a luxury concept aircraft with vertical take-off and landing capabilities. Also in July, a Lego version of James Bond's DB5 car was put on\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385851\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin V8 The Aston Martin V8 is an automobile which was manufactured by Aston Martin in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1989. As with all traditional Aston Martins, it was entirely handbuilt – with each car requiring 1,200 man-hours to finish. Aston Martin's customers had been clamouring for an eight-cylinder car for years, so Aston Martin designed a larger car. The engine was not ready, however, so in 1967 the company released the DBS with the straight-six \\\"Vantage\\\" engine from the DB6. Two years later, Tadek Marek's V8 was ready, and Aston released the DBS V8. With the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin V8\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14561524\",\n \"text\": \"development with the engine and \\\"\\\"suggestions about carburettors and bell-mouths\\\".\\\" Robin Hamilton went back to the Aston Martin Factory for financial backing (£20,000) for the project, suggesting an idea, for production of a powerful 380- limited edition Aston Martin V8. His idea being to increase the sale price by £1000, this £1000 funding his project. Aston Martin dismissed the idea, even though Hamilton had made drawings of the proposed car. In 1977 Aston Martin went on to introduce the V8 Vantage, similar to Hamiltons idea, but only coincidental. Robin Hamilton got assistance from Mike Loasby, who paid for a wind\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin RHAM/1\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385788\",\n \"text\": \"2015. The process took over 6,000 man-hours. During restoration, it was upgraded to Vantage specification which included conversion from an automatic to manual gearbox. It sold at auction with Coys of Kensington for £169,800 . Aston Martin DBS The Aston Martin DBS is a grand tourer produced by the British manufacturer Aston Martin Lagonda Limited from 1967 to 1972. In 2007 the DBS name was resurrected for a new model, the Aston Martin DBS V12. The DBS was intended as the successor to the Aston Martin DB6, although the two ran concurrently for three years. Powered by a straight-six engine,\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBS\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2831915\",\n \"text\": \"company, unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. Changes include unique graduated paint finish, solid sterling silver Aston Martin wing badges with tailored 'trans flux' enamel inlay, a special Aston Martin hallmark, leather interior upholstery from Aston Martin One-77 with contrasting silver stitching, a silver thread embroidery of the Aston Martin wings in the head restraints, solid sterling silver sill plaques individually numbered with an Aston Martin hallmark, a unique presentation box containing a number of exclusive gifts to mark the first 100 years of the company (two glass keys, two bespoke key pouches made from leather matching the car's\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vanquish\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19694223\",\n \"text\": \"the car (buy and sell quickly to make a profit), the owner would be removed from receiving any further special editions from Aston Martin. This policy is also used for Ford's new GT and Mercedes-AMG's Project One. Aston Martin Valkyrie The Aston Martin Valkyrie (also called through its code-names as AM-RB 001 and Nebula) is a limited production hybrid electric sports car collaboratively built by Aston Martin, Red Bull Racing and several other manufacturers. The sports car is a product of collaboration between Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing to create a car entirely usable and enjoyable as a road\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Valkyrie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14969926\",\n \"text\": \"N24 was also the basis of a one-make pan-Asia series called Aston Martin Asia Cup (AMAC). Competitors ran in identical N24s at various Asian circuits. Aston Martin Vantage N24 The Aston Martin Vantage N24 is a race car introduced by Aston Martin in 2006, based on the V8 Vantage road car. In late 2008, Aston Martin debuted an updated version of the N24, with the newer Aston Martin Vantage GT4, which featured a larger 4.7-litre engine. During the 2006 British Motor Show in London, Aston Martin Racing revealed a near stock version of the V8 Vantage that would compete in\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage N24\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5391332\",\n \"text\": \"V8 Vantage GT2 in the Le Mans Series 2010. Following the poor performance of the Aston Martin AMR-One prototype, Aston Martin Racing decided to switch to running the Vantage as a factory effort in 2012. The car was slightly upgraded and was called the Vantage GTE, which has improved bodywork and engine performance over the older GT2 model. One car was entered into the FIA World Endurance Championship, and a second car appeared at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. For the 2012 Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge season, Multimatic Motorsports entered two Vantages in the series, using the 4.7-litre\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage (2005)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29182\",\n \"text\": \"London. The promotion was so successful Aston Martin opened dealerships in Shanghai and Beijing within three months. On 19 July 2007, the Newport Pagnell plant rolled out the last of nearly 13,000 cars made there since 1955, a Vanquish S. The Tickford Street facility was converted to Aston Martin's service and restoration department. UK production is now concentrated at Gaydon on the former RAF V-bomber airfield. In March 2008, Aston Martin announced a partnership with Magna Steyr to outsource manufacture of over 2,000 cars annually to Graz, Austria, reassuringly stating: \\\"The continuing growth and success of Aston Martin is based\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29169\",\n \"text\": \"in Aston Martin for £500,000 via Pace Petroleum in 1980, with Tim Hearley of CH Industrials taking a similar share. Pace and CHI took over as joint 50/50 owners at the beginning of 1981, with Gauntlett as executive chairman. Gauntlett also led the sales team, and after some development and publicity when it became the world's fastest four-seater production car, was able to sell the Aston Martin Lagonda in Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar. In 1982, Aston Martin was granted a Royal Warrant of Appointment by the Prince of Wales. Understanding that it would take some time to develop new Aston\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5383676\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB2 The Aston Martin DB2 is a sports car that was sold by Aston Martin from May 1950 through to April 1953. The successor to the 2-Litre Sports model, it had a comparatively advanced dual overhead cam 2.6 L straight-6 engine in place of the previous pushrod straight-4. It was available as a closed, 2-door, 2-seater coupé which Aston Martin called a sports saloon, and later also as a drophead coupé, which accounted for a quarter of the model's total sales. The closed version had some success in racing. In 1947 David Brown bought the Aston Martin and\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2861061\",\n \"text\": \"car was capable of 237 mph (381 km/h), but the fastest speed the car was recorded doing was a verified 192 mph (307 km/h) during a test run at the MIRA track in late 1979. Additionally, the wedge shaped design gave the Bulldog a drag coefficient of 0.34. Aston Martin Bulldog The Aston Martin Bulldog, styled by William Towns, is a British, one-off concept vehicle produced by Aston Martin in 1979. The code name for the project was DP K9.01, named after a \\\"Doctor Who\\\" character. Initially, a production run of 15–25 cars was planned but the project was deemed\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Bulldog\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6879135\",\n \"text\": \"in the middle of 2012, six years earlier than expected. Production of the car was also halted temporarily in May 2011. In the face of a diminishing market for luxury saloons, and to match output to shrinking sales, Aston Martin had to cut annual production from 2,000 to 1,250 in June 2011 - and may go as low as 500 annually. A Rapide S was entered in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring. Drivers included Aston Martin CEO Ulrich Bez. It finished second in the SP 8 class. This Rapide S was powered by a new technology introduced by Alset GmbH,\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Rapide\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2831912\",\n \"text\": \"in late 2012. In August 2014, Aston Martin revealed technical modifications to the Vanquish. The changes include a new eight-speed Touchtronic III gearbox and upgraded \\\"AM29\\\" V12 engine that produces and torque of . The changes greatly enhanced performance, with an acceleration of 0 to in 3.6 seconds, and a top speed of . In 2013, Aston Martin unveiled a convertible version of the Vanquish, called Volante. The Volante includes a full carbon fibre body, triple-skin lightweight fabric roof, 50% larger boot than its predecessor and the third generation Brembo 398 mm × 36 mm front and 360 mm ×\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vanquish\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12112922\",\n \"text\": \"inaugural season of the FIA World Endurance Championship in 2012 Aston Martin Racing finished runner-up in the LMGTE Pro Trophy. In 2014 they won the FIA Endurance Trophy for LMGTE Am Teams and Drivers with Danish duo Kristian Poulsen and David Heinemeier Hansson. During the season they also won the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMGTE Am category. In 2016 Aston Martin Racing managed to take the crown in the World Endurance Cup for GT Drivers with Nicki Thiim and Marco Sørensen. They also won the LMGTE Pro Teams’ championship. The 2017 season saw them win both\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Racing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9463045\",\n \"text\": \"now closely contested by Ferrari, Porsche and Aston Martin, the team appeared at the final round, the Tourist Trophy at Goodwood. Aston Martin entered three DBR1s, as well as privateer Whitehead's DBR1/5. During the race, DBR1/3 which had been leading caught fire whilst refuelling in the pits, damaging the car too badly to continue and leaving Aston Martin without room to refuel their other cars. To salvage Aston Martin's hopes of the championship, Whitehead withdrew his entry from the race in order to allow Aston Martin to use his pits stall and finish the race. Moss took over the car\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBR1\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9452567\",\n \"text\": \"for £133,500. Currently AMR1/04 is used in the Historic Sportscar Racing series in North America. AMR1/05 is currently raced in Europe by owner Paul Whight. Aston Martin AMR1 The Aston Martin AMR1 was a Group C formula racing car developed in 1989 for car manufacturer Aston Martin. It participated in the 1989 World Sports Prototype Championship and 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans. Following Aston Martin's racing efforts as an engine supplier for Nimrod Racing and EMKA Racing in the early 1980s, it was decided that Aston Martin would create their own car for the World Sports Prototype Championship. Thus\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin AMR1\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9452558\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin AMR1 The Aston Martin AMR1 was a Group C formula racing car developed in 1989 for car manufacturer Aston Martin. It participated in the 1989 World Sports Prototype Championship and 1989 24 Hours of Le Mans. Following Aston Martin's racing efforts as an engine supplier for Nimrod Racing and EMKA Racing in the early 1980s, it was decided that Aston Martin would create their own car for the World Sports Prototype Championship. Thus in late 1987 a partnership between Peter Livanos, Victor Gauntlett, Richard Williams and Ray Mallock - through his shareholding in Scottish racing firm Ecurie Ecosse\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin AMR1\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5637898\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DBR9 The Aston Martin DBR9 is a racing car built by Aston Martin Racing, debuting in 2005 and racing actively in international sportscar racing until the end of GT1 category in 2011. The name DBR9 is derived from the original 24 Hours of Le Mans-winning DBR1 car, named for then-owner David Brown, which not only won the 24 Hour race in 1959 but also the World Sportscar title. The car is most famous for taking two LMGT1 class wins at Le Mans 24 Hours (2007 and 2008) by the Aston Martin Racing factory team. Based on the Aston\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBR9\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2843278\",\n \"text\": \"its history. Although it succeeded the DB7, Aston Martin did not call the car the DB8 due to fears that the name would suggest that the car was equipped with only a V8 engine (the DB9 has a V12). It was also reported that Aston Martin believed that naming the car \\\"DB8\\\" would indicate a gradual evolution and misrepresent the car. The DB9 is the first model to be built at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility in Warwickshire, England. In a 2007 interview, Aston Martin CEO Dr. Ulrich Bez stated that, though Aston Martin was traditionally a maker of more exclusive\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB9\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2843275\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB9 The Aston Martin DB9 is a British grand tourer first shown by Aston Martin at the 2003 Frankfurt Auto Show. Available both as a coupé and a convertible known as the Volante, the DB9 was the successor of the DB7. It was the first model built at Aston Martin's Gaydon facility. The DB9 was designed by Marek Reichman and Henrik Fisker, and is made largely of aluminium. The chassis is the VH platform whilst the engine is the 5.9-litre V12 from the Aston Martin V12 Vanquish. The 2013 model year version saw many improvements to the design,\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB9\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14908357\",\n \"text\": \"engine modifications meant that the power output was finally close to the figure originally claimed by the Aston Martin workshop. The DBR5 also boasted all-independent suspension. But when that car also failed to provide competitive results against the strengthening rear mounted engined cars, Aston Martin abandoned Formula One to concentrate on their more successful sports car projects. Two DBR5s were constructed in early 1960, but both were scrapped in 1961 following Aston Martin's withdrawal from Formula One. Aston Martin DBR5 The Aston Martin DBR5 (also known as DBR5/250) was a Formula One racing car, designed by the sports car manufacturer\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBR5\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10943411\",\n \"text\": \"a proprietary David Brown gearbox, provided by Aston Martin's owners. A total of four Aston Martin DBR4/250s were built between 1957 and 1959, with three surviving to date. Recognising their failings, the Aston Martin race team reworked the DBR4 into the DBR5 for the season. The DBR5 was smaller and lighter, and engine modifications meant that the power output was finally close to the figure originally claimed by the Aston Martin workshop. The DBR5 also boasted all-independent suspension, but results did not improve from those of the DBR4 and both DBR5s were eventually broken up. The Aston Martin DBR4/250 was\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBR4\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29157\",\n \"text\": \"vehicles. Martin raced specials at Aston Hill near Aston Clinton, and the pair decided to make their own vehicles. The first car to be named \\\"Aston Martin\\\" was created by Martin by fitting a four-cylinder Coventry-Simplex engine to the chassis of a 1908 Isotta Fraschini. They acquired premises at Henniker Mews in Kensington and produced their first car in March 1915. Production could not start because of the outbreak of the first World War, and Martin joined the Admiralty and Bamford joined the Army Service Corps. After the war they found new premises at Abingdon Road, Kensington and designed a\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29154\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holdings plc is a British independent manufacturer of luxury sports cars and grand tourers. It was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. Steered from 1947 by David Brown, it became associated with expensive grand touring cars in the 1950s and 1960s, and with the fictional character James Bond following his use of a DB5 model in the 1964 film \\\"Goldfinger\\\". Their sports cars are regarded as a British cultural icon. Aston Martin has held a Royal Warrant as purveyor of motorcars to the Prince of Wales since 1982. It has over\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9463049\",\n \"text\": \"Martin's newly designed 3.7-litre (3670cc) Straight-6 from the Aston Martin DB4, destroked to 3.0-litre (2990cc). The car was used in only a single race in 1958 before it was deemed uncompetitive. DBR3/1 was thus given a normal Lagonda Straight-6 and rechristened as DBR1/4. \\\"Racing With The David Brown Aston Martin's\\\" by John Wyer Aston Martin DBR1 The Aston Martin DBR1 was a sports racing car built by Aston Martin starting in 1956, intended for the World Sportscar Championship as well as non-championship sportscar races at the time. It is most famous as the victor of the 1959 24 Hours of\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DBR1\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18622102\",\n \"text\": \"to revert the car back to racing spec whenever the owner desires. Aston Martin Vulcan The Aston Martin Vulcan is a two-door, two-seater, high-performance lightweight track-only car launched in 2015 by Aston Martin at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. The Vulcan was designed by Aston Martin's creative officer Marek Reichman, taking inspirations from the then Aston Martin current models, such as the Vantage, the DB9 and the One-77. The Vulcan is a limited edition model and only 24 cars were produced with each car priced at US$2.3 million. Its engine, a 7.0-litre naturally-aspirated V12, mounted in an aluminium alloy chassis\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vulcan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18622094\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Vulcan The Aston Martin Vulcan is a two-door, two-seater, high-performance lightweight track-only car launched in 2015 by Aston Martin at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show. The Vulcan was designed by Aston Martin's creative officer Marek Reichman, taking inspirations from the then Aston Martin current models, such as the Vantage, the DB9 and the One-77. The Vulcan is a limited edition model and only 24 cars were produced with each car priced at US$2.3 million. Its engine, a 7.0-litre naturally-aspirated V12, mounted in an aluminium alloy chassis with a carbon fibre body, delivers at 7,750 rpm and at 6,500\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vulcan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29173\",\n \"text\": \"Martin/AML at £2 million, the year it built its 10,000th car. Although as a result Aston Martin had to make 60 members of the workforce redundant, Gauntlett bought a stake in Italian styling house Zagato, and resurrected its collaboration with Aston Martin. In 1986, Gauntlett negotiated the return of fictional British secret agent James Bond to Aston Martin. Cubby Broccoli had chosen to recast the character using actor Timothy Dalton, in an attempt to re-root the Bond-brand back to a more Sean Connery-like feel. Gauntlett supplied his personal pre-production Vantage for use in the filming of \\\"The Living Daylights\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14969920\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Vantage N24 The Aston Martin Vantage N24 is a race car introduced by Aston Martin in 2006, based on the V8 Vantage road car. In late 2008, Aston Martin debuted an updated version of the N24, with the newer Aston Martin Vantage GT4, which featured a larger 4.7-litre engine. During the 2006 British Motor Show in London, Aston Martin Racing revealed a near stock version of the V8 Vantage that would compete in the Nürburgring 24 Hours (\\\"N24\\\") endurance race. While essentially much like the existing V8 Vantage coupé, the N24 has a front splitter and extended door\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage N24\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385170\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB4 The DB4 is a grand tourer sold by Aston Martin from 1958 until 1963. Technically it was a development of the DB Mark III it replaced but with a completely new body. The DB4's design formed the basis for later Aston Martin classics, such as the DB4 GT Zagato, the Lagonda Rapide 4-door saloon. It was eventually replaced by the Aston Martin DB5. The lightweight \\\"superleggera\\\" (tube-frame) body was designed by Carrozzeria Touring in Milan, and its Continental looks caused a sensation on its unveiling at the 1958 London Motor Show. Although the design and construction techniques\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB4\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3789394\",\n \"text\": \"2015 TV series Thunderbirds Are Go a DB5 can be seen as Lady Penelope gets into Fab 1 in the first episode Ring Of Fire. Aston Martin DB5 The Aston Martin DB5 is a British luxury grand tourer (GT) that was made by Aston Martin and designed by the Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Released in 1963, it was an evolution of the final series of DB4. The DB series was named honouring Sir David Brown (the owner of Aston Martin from 1947 to 1972). Although not the first in the \\\"DB\\\" series, the DB5 is the best-known cinematic \\\"James\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB5\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3789373\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB5 The Aston Martin DB5 is a British luxury grand tourer (GT) that was made by Aston Martin and designed by the Italian coachbuilder Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera. Released in 1963, it was an evolution of the final series of DB4. The DB series was named honouring Sir David Brown (the owner of Aston Martin from 1947 to 1972). Although not the first in the \\\"DB\\\" series, the DB5 is the best-known cinematic \\\"James Bond\\\" car, first appearing in the \\\"James Bond\\\" film \\\"Goldfinger\\\" (1964). The principal differences between the DB4 Series V and the DB5 are the all-aluminium\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB5\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2831900\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Vanquish The Aston Martin Vanquish is a super grand tourer introduced by British car manufacturer Aston Martin in 2001 as a successor to the ageing Virage range. The first-generation V12 Vanquish, designed by Ian Callum and unveiled at the 2001 Geneva Motor Show, was produced from 2001 to 2005. The prototype, built by the Ford Motor Company and Indian designer Dilip Chhabria, was driven by James Bond in the 2002 film \\\"Die Another Day\\\". In 2004, a more powerful version called the Vanquish S became the marque's flagship, followed by the Aston Martin DBS V12 in 2007. The\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vanquish\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19694214\",\n \"text\": \"main competitors are the Mercedes-AMG Project One, and the McLaren Speedtail. The original codename was Nebula, an acronym for Newey, Red Bull and Aston Martin. The name AM-RB 001 was chosen as the final codename, and was decided since Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing had collaborated all throughout the project. AM stands for Aston Martin, and RB stands for Red Bull. 001 may be a possible reference to it being the first production car the two have collaborated on. In March 2017, Aston Martin revealed that the car would be named Valkyrie, after the Norse mythological figure. According to\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Valkyrie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19694213\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Valkyrie The Aston Martin Valkyrie (also called through its code-names as AM-RB 001 and Nebula) is a limited production hybrid electric sports car collaboratively built by Aston Martin, Red Bull Racing and several other manufacturers. The sports car is a product of collaboration between Aston Martin and Red Bull Racing to create a car entirely usable and enjoyable as a road car. The car's makers claim the title of fastest street-legal car in the world for it. Its design was helped by Adrian Newey, Red Bull Racing's Chief Technical Officer and the world's most successful F1 designer. Its\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Valkyrie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18444439\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB10 The Aston Martin DB10 is a bespoke two-door concept car specially created for the \\\"James Bond\\\" film \\\"Spectre\\\" by the British car manufacturer Aston Martin. The car was unveiled by Sam Mendes and Barbara Broccoli, the director and producer of \\\"Spectre\\\" respectively, the 24th James Bond film from Eon Productions. The unveiling took place as part of the official press launch of the film on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios, near London, on 4 December 2014. Mendes introduced the car as \\\"the first cast member.\\\" The film featured the Aston Martin DB10 as James Bond's car.\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB10\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14930824\",\n \"text\": \"until 1993 in the British GT Championship. EMKA Aston Martin The EMKA Aston Martin was a Group C racing car built by Maurice Gomm & Protoco for EMKA Racing with the aid of Michael Cane Racing and powered by an Aston Martin engine. The first chassis, EMKA C83/1 was initially introduced in 1983 and competed in the 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing a respectable 17th overall. A revised C84/1 also raced at the 1985 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished in 11th place after briefly leading the race in the opening hours. The EMKA Aston Martin failed\",\n \"title\": \"EMKA Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14930819\",\n \"text\": \"EMKA Aston Martin The EMKA Aston Martin was a Group C racing car built by Maurice Gomm & Protoco for EMKA Racing with the aid of Michael Cane Racing and powered by an Aston Martin engine. The first chassis, EMKA C83/1 was initially introduced in 1983 and competed in the 1983 24 Hours of Le Mans, finishing a respectable 17th overall. A revised C84/1 also raced at the 1985 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished in 11th place after briefly leading the race in the opening hours. The EMKA Aston Martin failed to finish any of the other races\",\n \"title\": \"EMKA Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385862\",\n \"text\": \"Q Branch. However, later scenes actually feature a pair of V8 coupés with the same number plate as the Volante seen in the beginning of the movie, retrofitted with other \\\"optional extras\\\" such as spiked tyres, skis, lasers, and missiles. Clearly, the car was intended to be seen as a V8 Volante with hardtop. Aston Martin V8 The Aston Martin V8 is an automobile which was manufactured by Aston Martin in the United Kingdom from 1969 to 1989. As with all traditional Aston Martins, it was entirely handbuilt – with each car requiring 1,200 man-hours to finish. Aston Martin's customers\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin V8\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19369887\",\n \"text\": \"adjust the responsiveness of the vehicle. Aston Martin DB11 The Aston Martin DB11 is a British grand tourer produced by British luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin since 2016. It debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016 as a replacement to the DB9. It is the first model launched in Aston Martin's 'second century' plan and the first car launched since the company's tie-up with Daimler AG. The DB11 was designed by Marek Reichman, Aston Martin’s chief creative officer and head of design. It continues the tradition of design focused on 1:3 proportions and includes a number of new\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB11\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19369874\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB11 The Aston Martin DB11 is a British grand tourer produced by British luxury car manufacturer Aston Martin since 2016. It debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2016 as a replacement to the DB9. It is the first model launched in Aston Martin's 'second century' plan and the first car launched since the company's tie-up with Daimler AG. The DB11 was designed by Marek Reichman, Aston Martin’s chief creative officer and head of design. It continues the tradition of design focused on 1:3 proportions and includes a number of new and unique design features, including new\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB11\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29190\",\n \"text\": \"to increase its appeal to women as a luxury lifestyle brand. To a certain degree, this meant that the company moved away from its traditional automotive core business. A female advisory panel was established to adapt the design of the cars to the taste of women. Aston Martin has also diversified into other market areas in the modern day. In September 2016, a 37-foot long Aston Martin speedboat was unveiled called the Aston Martin AM37 powerboat. The cabin of the boat has mood lighting and air conditioning complete with a microwave oven, refrigerator and a table that converts into a\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29162\",\n \"text\": \"Martin decided to concentrate on road cars, producing just 700 until World War II halted work. Production shifted to aircraft components during the war. In 1947, old-established (1860) privately owned Huddersfield gear and machine tools manufacturer David Brown Limited bought Aston Martin putting it under control of its Tractor Group. David Brown became Aston Martin's latest saviour. He also acquired without its factory Lagonda's business for its 2.6-litre W. O. Bentley-designed engine. Lagonda moved operations to Newport Pagnell and shared engines, resources and workshops. Aston Martin began to build the classic \\\"DB\\\" series of cars. In April 1950, they announced\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29171\",\n \"text\": \"President Viscount Downe, which came third in the Manufacturers Championship in both 1982 and 1983. It also finished seventh in the 1982 24 Hours of Le Mans race. However, sales of production cars were now at an all-time low of 30 cars produced in 1982. As trading became tighter in the petroleum market, and Aston Martin was requiring more time and money, Gauntlett agreed to sell Hays/Pace to the Kuwait Investment Office in September 1983. As Aston Martin required greater investment, he also agreed to sell his share holding to American importer and Greek shipping tycoon Peter Livanos, who invested\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"29165\",\n \"text\": \"million to North American businessmen Peter Sprague of National Semiconductor and Toronto hotelier, George Minden, and Jeremy Turner, a London businessman, who insisted to reporters Aston Martin remained a British controlled business. Sprague later claimed he had fallen in love with the factory, not the cars, the workforce's craftsmanship dedication and intelligence. At this point, he and Minden had brought in investor, Alan Curtis, a British office property developer together with George Flather, a retired Sheffield steel magnate. Six months later, in September 1975, the factory — shut-down the previous December — re-opened under its new owner Aston Martin Lagonda\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9452566\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin were forced to drop out of motor racing due to the economic instability of the company at the time. It would be the last racing car produced by Aston Martin for fifteen years until the launch of the DBR9 in 2005. A total of five AMR1 chassis were built. AMR1/01 is now owned by the Aston Martin Heritage Trust. AMR1/03 had also been sold on the open market, selling for €294,250 ($359,987) at auction in 2004 AMR1/04 was the first AMR1 to reach auction, selling at a Brooks (now Bonhams)/Aston Martin Lagonda auction in 2000. The car sold\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin AMR1\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6879126\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Rapide The Aston Martin Rapide is a 4-door, 4-seater, high-performance sports saloon, which the British luxury marque Aston Martin introduced in early 2010. It was first presented as a concept car at Detroit's North American International Auto Show in 2006 and the production version of the Rapide was shown at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. It is a rival for the S7/RS7 and the Porsche Panamera GTS/Turbo. The Rapide name is a reference to the Lagonda Rapide, a four-door, four-seater saloon produced by Lagonda, now a part of Aston Martin. The new Rapide is the company's first 4-door\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Rapide\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385895\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Virage The Aston Martin Virage is an automobile produced by British manufacturer Aston Martin as a replacement for its V8 models. Introduced at the Birmingham Motor Show in 1988, it was joined by the high-performance Vantage in 1993, and the name of the standard car was changed to V8 Coupe in 1996. This V8-powered car was intended as the company's top model, with the 6-cylinder 1994 DB7 positioned below it. Although the DB7 was switched to a V12 engine and claimed a performance advantage, this V8 model remained the exclusive, expensive, and hand-built flagship of the Aston Martin\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Virage\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385656\",\n \"text\": \"1993 DB7. Aston Martin Vantage Aston Martin has used the Vantage name on a number of vehicles, normally indicating a high-performance version of another model. In one case, during 1972–1973, the Vantage was a distinct model, being a straight-6 powered version of the DBS, a car that had been launched as a straight-6 but was by that time V8-powered (as the DBS V8). Visual cues include a unique 2-headlight front clip with DB6-like grille. It was also the last Aston Martin to come equipped with wire wheels. Just 71 examples were built. The Vantage was the last straight-6 Aston Martin\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5385655\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Vantage Aston Martin has used the Vantage name on a number of vehicles, normally indicating a high-performance version of another model. In one case, during 1972–1973, the Vantage was a distinct model, being a straight-6 powered version of the DBS, a car that had been launched as a straight-6 but was by that time V8-powered (as the DBS V8). Visual cues include a unique 2-headlight front clip with DB6-like grille. It was also the last Aston Martin to come equipped with wire wheels. Just 71 examples were built. The Vantage was the last straight-6 Aston Martin until the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5383683\",\n \"text\": \"tested by the British magazine \\\"The Motor\\\" in 1950 had a top speed of and could accelerate from 0- in 11.2 seconds. A fuel consumption of was recorded. The test car cost £1914 including taxes. Aston Martin DB2 The Aston Martin DB2 is a sports car that was sold by Aston Martin from May 1950 through to April 1953. The successor to the 2-Litre Sports model, it had a comparatively advanced dual overhead cam 2.6 L straight-6 engine in place of the previous pushrod straight-4. It was available as a closed, 2-door, 2-seater coupé which Aston Martin called a sports\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2981992\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DB7 The Aston Martin DB7 is a grand tourer which was produced by Aston Martin from September 1994 to December 2004. The grand tourer was available either as a coupé or a convertible. The prototype was complete by November 1992 and debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in March, 1993; the car was designed by Ian Callum and Keith Helfet. The six-cylinder DB7 (based on the Jaguar non-supercharged engine AJ6) was positioned as an \\\"entry-level\\\" model below the hand-built V8 Virage introduced a few years earlier. This model was the highest production Aston Martin vehicle ever, with more\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DB7\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12112920\",\n \"text\": \"Racing. In 2007, Aston Martin earned their first victory at the 24 Hours of Le Mans since the company's overall win in by overcoming the Corvette squad. This feat was repeated once more in in GT1, while the team also had involvement in the Lola B08/60 LMP1 Coupe run under the Charouz Racing banner For 2009 Aston Martin Racing entered two of their new prototypes along with Aston Martin Racing Eastern Europe which completed the works trio of DBR1-2 or Lola-Aston Martin B09/60. The teams greatest success with the new prototype came with the 2009 Le Mans Series (LMS) where\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Racing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10097758\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin DP212 The Aston Martin DP212 was a prototype sports car developed by Aston Martin for use in the 1962 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car was built on the chassis of a DB4 GT, but featured a streamlined body specifically designed to handle the high speeds of Le Mans. It also featured a 4.0-litre Inline-6-cylinder engine, based on the DB4 GT's 3.7-litre Tadek Marek unit. Following its participation at Le Mans, the car was slightly modified to feature a Kamm tail design, which would later be used on the Aston Martin DB6. At the 1962 24 Hours\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin DP212\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15689024\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin CEO Dr Ulrich Bez (D), chief engineer Chris Porritt (GB), Nürburgring Test Centre Director Wolfgang Schuhbauer (D) and journalist Richard Meaden (GB) and finished 26th overall and 2nd in class. The same car also attended the Aston Martin Le Mans Festival, a support race for the Le Mans 24 hours. During the first stint had battled up to an impressive fourth position, having started from tenth, before handing over to his teammate Dr Ulrich Bez. Aston Martin V12 Zagato The Aston Martin V12 Zagato is a British sports car/endurace racer made by Aston Martin in collaboration with Zagato\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin V12 Zagato\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14975578\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Vantage GT4 The Aston Martin Vantage GT4 is an updated version of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24, debuting in late 2008. Its primary alteration is the introduction of the new 4.7-litre V8 that also debuted in the production V8 Vantage. This replaces the 4.3-litre V8 in the V8 Vantage N24. The Aston Martin Vantage GT4 is the evolution of the successful Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24 car. It has an enlarged 4.7-litre engine and uprated suspension, allowing for increased camber and castor angles. The brakes have also been uprated with larger diameter front discs and racing pads.\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage GT4\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14975533\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Vantage GT2 The Aston Martin Vantage GT2 is the most powerful racing variant of the Aston Martin V8 Vantage family. The Vantage GT2 is based on the V8 engined Aston Martin Vantage road car but is designed to run on both standard race fuel or E85 bio-ethanol. Debuting in 2008 the GT2 is designed to meet FIA and ACO GT2 class regulations, the Vantage will become a customer car for use in the FIA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series, Le Mans Series, and 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Aston Martin Vantage GT2's engine is a modified\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage GT2\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12808150\",\n \"text\": \"The inaugural season in 2008 had 10 rounds, and saw the series visit the following circuits: Aston Martin Asia Cup The Aston Martin Asia Cup (AMAC) is the world's first ever Aston Martin one make series. All drivers will compete for the AMAC title in identical Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24 race cars. The series started in 2008 and consisted of 10 races throughout the Asia Pacific region including China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Each race features a grid of 15 Aston Martin Vantage N24s, a 4.3 litre race-developed evolution of the V8 Vantage. The AMAC includes a variety of\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Asia Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12808148\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin Asia Cup The Aston Martin Asia Cup (AMAC) is the world's first ever Aston Martin one make series. All drivers will compete for the AMAC title in identical Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24 race cars. The series started in 2008 and consisted of 10 races throughout the Asia Pacific region including China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Each race features a grid of 15 Aston Martin Vantage N24s, a 4.3 litre race-developed evolution of the V8 Vantage. The AMAC includes a variety of 30-minute sprint races and longer endurance races, some of which support Formula One events in the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Asia Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15689018\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin V12 Zagato The Aston Martin V12 Zagato is a British sports car/endurace racer made by Aston Martin in collaboration with Zagato to celebrate a fifty-year partnership since the Aston Martin DB4 GT Zagato. Introduced in Lake Como, Italy at the Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este on 21 May 2011, the Zagato was awarded with the competition's \\\"Design Award for Concept Cars and Prototypes\\\" which has also been won by the One-77 in 2009. Like the Aston Martin V12 Vantage on which it is based, the V12 Zagato is powered by a 5.9-litre \\\"AM11\\\" V12 engine first used in the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin V12 Zagato\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15425528\",\n \"text\": \"closed doors for at least a year before attempting to race with them. Aston Martin AMR-One The Aston Martin AMR-One was a Le Mans Prototype sports car built by Prodrive's Aston Martin Racing arm. Unlike their diesel competitors, Aston Martin had opted for an open-top LMP. The car was a successor to the Aston Martin DBR1-2. To meet the new regulations brought in by the ACO for endurance racing, the AMR-One is powered by a downsized, 2.0 litre turbocharged straight six petrol engine, which features a blade-fin behind the cockpit. The AMR-One is built around a light carbon fibre monocoque\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin AMR-One\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15425523\",\n \"text\": \"Aston Martin AMR-One The Aston Martin AMR-One was a Le Mans Prototype sports car built by Prodrive's Aston Martin Racing arm. Unlike their diesel competitors, Aston Martin had opted for an open-top LMP. The car was a successor to the Aston Martin DBR1-2. To meet the new regulations brought in by the ACO for endurance racing, the AMR-One is powered by a downsized, 2.0 litre turbocharged straight six petrol engine, which features a blade-fin behind the cockpit. The AMR-One is built around a light carbon fibre monocoque chassis with open top bodywork, in contrast to the closed cockpits of the\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin AMR-One\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5391333\",\n \"text\": \"V8 engine. Upon debut at Daytona International Speedway, they finished sixteenth. In 2012, Aston Martin unveiled a racing version of the V12 Vantage to replace the aging Aston Martin DBRS9 (which also used a V12 engine). The engine develops and . A carbon fibre drive-shaft mates the engine to an Xtrac 6-speed sequential transmission with semi-automatic paddle shift gear change. The Vantage GT3 has a dry weight of , with near 50/50 front/rear weight distribution. The car competed in the FIA GT1 World Championship and the Blancpain Endurance Series, while Tony Quinn raced the GT3 Vantage to second place in\",\n \"title\": \"Aston Martin Vantage (2005)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["david richards"],"string":"[\n \"david richards\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":180,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what disease has jack osbourne got?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2399089","text":"fatigue.\" Jack Osbourne Jack Joseph Osbourne (born 8 November 1985) is an English media personality with dual American and British citizenship. As the son of heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne, he starred on MTV's reality series \"The Osbournes\" (2002–05), along with his father, mother Sharon, and sister Kelly. Osbourne has since pursued a career as a fitness and travel reporter, presenting shows such as \"\" (2005–09) and BBC's \"Saving Planet Earth\" (2007). He was diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in 2012. In 2016, he and his father Ozzy travelled the world in the History Channel reality series \"Ozzy &","title":"Jack Osbourne"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399089\",\n \"text\": \"fatigue.\\\" Jack Osbourne Jack Joseph Osbourne (born 8 November 1985) is an English media personality with dual American and British citizenship. As the son of heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne, he starred on MTV's reality series \\\"The Osbournes\\\" (2002–05), along with his father, mother Sharon, and sister Kelly. Osbourne has since pursued a career as a fitness and travel reporter, presenting shows such as \\\"\\\" (2005–09) and BBC's \\\"Saving Planet Earth\\\" (2007). He was diagnosed with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in 2012. In 2016, he and his father Ozzy travelled the world in the History Channel reality series \\\"Ozzy &\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"7194607","text":"a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges along the way. In the Arctic Circle, Jack comes down with a suspected case of malaria and has to be taken to hospital. Is the adventure over for the young explorers? Episode 5 Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to experience a life-changing odyssey as they engage in a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack enlists his recruits on a week of hard knocks at China's toughest kung fu school, in what may be their most difficult challenge yet. Episode 6 Jack Osbourne takes five young recruits around the world on a series","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"2399079","text":"advertising \"The Osbournes\", Jack Black sings the line \"and he's got a big 'fro on his head\" to describe Osbourne's curly hair that grew longer until he eventually shaved it off in the third season of the show. In 2002, Osbourne briefly appeared in \"\" along with the rest of his family, and subsequently starred in a Super Bowl XXXVI advertisement for Pepsi Twist with sister Kelly. From 2002 to 2003, Osbourne appeared in Season 6 of \"Dawson's Creek\", playing Audrey's childhood friend. He also made cameos in \"The X Factor\" (as a \"Goth rapper\" who sings \"Ice Ice Baby\"),","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399086","text":"summers of 2012 and 2013. As of summer 2016, Jack was appearing with dad Ozzy in the U.S. worldwide buddy travelogue series, \"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\", on the History Channel. Osbourne and his wife, Lisa Stelly, have a daughter, Pearl Clementine Osbourne, born on 24 April 2012. Osbourne and Stelly were married in Hawaii on 7 October 2012. In August 2013, Osbourne and his wife announced they were expecting their second child, but on 6 September 2013, Osbourne's wife Lisa revealed she suffered a miscarriage in her second trimester; they had been expecting a son. He would have been","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194608","text":"of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack takes his recruits to the Mongolian outback for a week-long traditional nomadic cattle drive. Episode 7 Jack Osbourne takes the recruits to Hawaii, challenging them to a dive in shark infested waters. Episode 8 Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to experience a life-changing odyssey as they engage in a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges. Jack and his recruits round up their global adventure by sky diving from a World War II aircraft into the blue skies of California. Jack Osbourne: Mongol Rally began on ITV2 Saturday 13 October 2007. The last episode of","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194601","text":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie was a British reality television series on ITV2, series 1 focused on Jack Osbourne's globe-trekking six-month quest to get in physical and mental shape to climb the rockface of California's El Capitan mountain, the show documents Osbourne running with the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, following a strict exercise regimen, Muay Thai training in Thailand, and \"\"an overall 180-degree mental make-over\"\". The show was broadcast by MuchMusic in Canada, and the Travel Channel in the United States, and Series 1 and 2 were repeated on the ITV Network late at night. The programme","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"953863","text":"series \"The 7D\". She is also a judge on both \"Australia's Got Talent\" and \"Project Runway Junior\". Osbourne was born in Westminster, London. She has an elder sister, Aimee, and a younger brother, Jack. From Ozzy's first marriage, she also has two half-siblings: Jessica Hobbs and Louis John Osbourne. She had an unofficially \"adopted\" brother, Robert Marcato, whom Sharon and Ozzy took in after Marcato's mother died. Kelly grew up travelling with her father as he went on tour, and lived in more than 20 homes, mostly in the US, as well as in the UK. Osbourne and the rest","title":"Kelly Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399076","text":"a year before returning to Los Angeles, where he was enrolled into the special needs Park Century School. At 14 he was offered an internship at Virgin Records, where his mother was managing the band The Smashing Pumpkins. After Sharon stopped managing that band, Osbourne started A&R scouting for Epic Records, where his father had been on for many years. Osbourne also helped his mother in managing his father's annual touring festival, Ozzfest, advising her about up-and-coming bands. On his 13th birthday, Osbourne got drunk for the first time on whisky; by the time he was 14, he was drinking","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194621","text":"Billy Boyd and Konnie Huq head to Hawaii for more adrenaline-fuelled adventures. They try out the dangerous challenge of free diving - deep diving without breathing apparatus. Next Jack takes the team on a kayaking trip down the remote volcanic coastline, ending up in a night on a deserted beach. Finally they indulge in a famous Hawaiian pastime - surfing. How will the celebs get on? Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie was a British reality television series on ITV2, series 1 focused on Jack Osbourne's globe-trekking six-month quest to get in physical and mental shape to climb","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194606","text":"boar and are driven to the brink of exhaustion. Episode 3 Jack Osbourne travels the world with a group of young people, testing their nerve in a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack takes his recruits on a two-day crash course in the urban sport of free running, before they head off to Finland. Once there, they make plans to undertake a husky expedition to the Arctic Circle. But a mysterious illness begins to consume Jack, which jeopardises the expedition. Episode 4 Jack Osbourne takes a group of young people on a life-changing odyssey around the globe, testing their nerve in","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194605","text":"2007. Episode 1 Jack Osbourne heads around the world testing his adrenaline-fuelled resolve, but this time he is taking five young recruits with him. This episode kicks off in the mountains of New Zealand, where Jack pushes his fledgling recruits' fear of heights to terrifying new levels. Episode 2 Jack Osbourne takes five young recruits around the world on a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack leads his recruits deep into the heart of the Sarawak jungle to meet the nomadic Penan tribe. Throughout the five-day trek, the recruits have to face blood sucking leeches, learn how to hunt for wild","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194620","text":"race - who will come out on top? Episode 5 Jack Osbourne heads into the Canadian Rockies with Natalie Imbruglia, \"The Lord of the Rings\" star Billy Boyd, and Konnie Huq. Their first challenge is climbing the 8000 foot high Mount Fable, but it is not long before they run into trouble - including a dangerous electrical storm. Next they face a home-made canyon swing thousands of feet up, before going into the woods for some high-speed mountain biking. Jack rounds the trip off by taking the celebs deep underground for a caving expedition. Episode 6 Jack Osbourne, Natalie Imbruglia,","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194614","text":"they face a 20-minute penalty. Soon it's back to biking then caving which they do with a heavy heart. Episode 6 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline challenges. R&B star Craig David, presenter Emma Griffiths, and Huey from the Fun Lovin' Criminals join Jack to spend a terrifying night strapped to the side of a cliff, descend into the world's biggest hole, and learn how to box in Mexico City. Episode 7 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline challenges. He","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194602","text":"is also broadcast on the Extreme Sports Channel in the UK. The first series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 on Saturday 1 October 2005. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 on Saturday 15 October 2005. Episode 1 Follows Jack through daily five-mile runs, six-hour training sessions, fasting and enemas during an intense stay at a sweltering Muay Thai boxing camp near Bangkok. Episode 2 Kelly Osbourne visits her brother in Spain to watch him risk his life running with the bulls in Pamplona. Jack also confronts his tear-inducing phobia of heights during a","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"2399074","text":"World Detour\". Osbourne was born in London to heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne of Black Sabbath, and his wife and manager, Sharon ( Levy). He has two elder sisters, Aimee and Kelly Osbourne, as well as two paternal half-siblings, Louis John Osbourne and Jessica Hobbs, from his father's previous marriage. Osbourne has stated that his childhood was \"perfectly happy and contented\". For the first six years of his life, he lived in the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire. When he was six, his parents moved the family to Los Angeles, but a year later the family returned to Buckinghamshire. When Osbourne","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399080","text":"the fifth season of \"That '70s Show\" and as a dining room guest in the eighth season of \"Hell's Kitchen\". Post-rehab, Osbourne went on in 2003 to star in his own show on Channel 4, \"Union Jack\". In 2004 he played a small role in \"New York Minute\", a film starring the Olsen twins, in which he plays a music promoter named Justin. In 2005, Osbourne started to show more of an interest in fitness through co-hosting the ITV2 show, \"Celebrity Wrestling: Bring It On!\". In February that year, he appeared in \"Extreme Celebrity Detox\" in which he took part","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194616","text":"from a terrifyingly high bridge, go nose-to-nose with great white sharks and freefall parachute from a helicopter. The fifth series Jack Osbourne: Celebrity Adrenaline Junkie 2 began on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Tuesday 15 September 2009. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Tuesday 20 October 2009. Episode 1 Reality TV star Jack Osbourne returns with a new series of the show in which he and a select bunch of fearless stars travel the world to experience the most extreme sports and death-defying feats they can. Today it is a family affair, as Jack","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194604","text":"Osbourne takes on a gruelling jungle expedition in Central America with Trekforce. Episode 3 The adventure continues in New Zealand where Jack tries some white-water kayaking before heading to Japan for a series of gruelling trials. Episode 4 India challenges Jack, where he tries the ancient and hard-core combat sport of Kushti Wrestling. After that there is one more ordeal he must pass before heading home... The third series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 at 9:40pm on Saturday 18 August 2007. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 8:45pm on Saturday 6 October","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"874251","text":"write again without any stimulation... But you know what? Instead of picking up the bottle I just got honest and said, 'I don't want life to go [to pieces]'\", Osbourne stated to \"Billboard\" magazine. Osbourne revealed in July 2009 that he was currently seeking a new guitar player. While he states that he has not fallen out with Zakk Wylde, he said he felt his songs were beginning to sound like Black Label Society and fancied a change. In August 2009, Osbourne performed at the gaming festival BlizzCon with a new guitarist in his line-up Gus G. Osbourne also provided","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194610","text":"Junkie began on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Wednesday 24 September 2008. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Wednesday 12 November 2008. Episode 1 Jack Osbourne and the gang of well known faces take on some of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. In this episode, he is joined by Hollywood star Elijah Wood as they go white water rafting on the Zambezi River, cross the world's largest waterfall on a rope, and undertake a terrifying canyon swing. Episode 2 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194603","text":"training session in the French Alps. Episode 3 Tensions mount as Ozzy and Sharon watch their son quiver his way up the jagged rockface of California's El Capitan mountain. The second series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 on Saturday 19 August 2006. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 on Saturday 9 September 2006. Episode 1 Jack Osbourne heads around the world for the next three months testing his adrenaline-fuelled resolve. He challenges himself with the world's biggest bungee jump and the Marathon des sables, a 150-mile ultra-marathon through the Sahara Desert. Episode 2","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"1428117","text":"of her in the seventh series of \"Britain's Got Talent\". Sharon Osbourne (then Sharon Levy) met her future husband Black Sabbath vocalist Ozzy Osbourne, at the age of 18, while working for her father, Don Arden, who was managing Black Sabbath at the time. When Ozzy was fired from Black Sabbath in 1979, Sharon started to date him and took over his management as a solo artist. The two were married in Maui, Hawaii, on 4 July 1982. Together, Sharon and Ozzy have three children: Aimee, Kelly and Jack. For years, the Osbourne marriage was plagued by alcohol, drug use,","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399083","text":"has now ended). Osbourne took part in Sport Relief and faced former singer in the band S Club 7, Bradley McIntosh, in a boxing match of three one-minute rounds to raise money for the charity. Osbourne won by a unanimous decision. He once claimed to be considering a career in law enforcement and was on reality television show \"Armed & Famous\". The show was pulled from CBS in January 2007, and Osbourne was sued by a woman from Muncie, Indiana, whose house was accidentally raided during filming. Osbourne also filmed a programme for the BBC's \"Saving Planet Earth\" series. In","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399084","text":"it he travelled to Namibia to highlight the tensions between elephants and the local people, and what can be done so that both groups can live peacefully beside one another. He also took part in the Mongol Rally with News Corporation director Andrew Knight's daughter, Amaryllis Knight. Their challenge was to drive a car with under 1000cc from London to Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, for charity. Osbourne and his family reunited with a reality TV show on Fox that debuted 31 March 2009 but was cancelled after the first episode. Osbourne made and produced a documentary about his father","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194618","text":"handle a dog team, which is no easy matter - as they find out when first Sharon, then Ozzy is slammed into the snow. Has Jack finally pushed his parents too far? Episode 3 Jack Osbourne heads to New Zealand for some action-packed adventures with Gavin & Stacey star Joanna Page, Desperate Housewives Jesse Metcalfe and presenter and DJ Reggie Yates. The celebs are thrown in the deep end straight away, with a bungee jump from Auckland Harbour Bridge. Then they go to Queenstown to brave the world's largest canyon swing. And after a freezing night, the group face dangling","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"953876","text":"Griffin at a club in August 2008 after Griffin wrote a story that mocked Osbourne's then-boyfriend Luke Worrall. In March 2009, Osbourne was engaged to model Luke Worrall. In July 2010, she split from him after he had an affair with model Elle Schneider. Osbourne presented ITV2's coverage of the National Television Awards with her brother Jack, and a documentary on Japanese pop culture called \"Kelly Osbourne: Turning Japanese\" for the same channel. Osbourne has presented on \"The Surgery with Kelly Osbourne\" on BBC Radio 1. In March 2009, Osbourne returned to television with the rest of the Osbourne family","title":"Kelly Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194609","text":"the series was broadcast on ITV2 Saturday 20 October 2007. Episode 1 Jack and 5 friends attempt to drive from Hyde Park in London all the way to Ulanbattar, Mongolia in 4 weeks. They have to do this in the biggest piece of shit they find; Jack's Fiat Panda only costing £350. In the first episode they reach 6500 miles but there were melt downs and break downs. Episode 2 Jack and his friends reach Mongolia, however Jack's Fiat Panda died and Jack and his friend had to go buy a mini bus. The fourth series Jack Osbourne: Celebrity Adrenaline","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"874211","text":"show's third season debuted in June 2018. Osbourne was born in the Aston area of Birmingham, England. His mother, Lilian (née Unitt; 1916–2001), was a non-observant Catholic who worked days at a factory. His father, John Thomas \"Jack\" Osbourne (1915–1977), worked night shifts as a toolmaker at the General Electric Company. Osbourne has three older sisters named Jean, Iris, and Gillian, and two younger brothers named Paul and Tony. The family lived in a small two-bedroom home at 14 Lodge Road in Aston. Osbourne has had the nickname \"Ozzy\" since primary school. Osbourne dealt with dyslexia at school. At the","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399085","text":"that was originally to be titled to \"Wreckage of My Past: The Ozzy Osbourne Story\", but was changed to \"God Bless Ozzy Osbourne\". This film premiered in April 2011 at the Tribeca Film Festival and was released on DVD in November 2011. In early August 2010, Osbourne directed his first music video, for his dad's song \"Life Won't Wait\" from the album \"Scream\". The video debuted on 23 August. Osbourne worked for Fuse News from February 2013 to early 2014. Osbourne also had a paranormal investigation show titled \"Haunted Highway\" that aired on Syfy for two six-episode seasons, during the","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874262","text":"life and career, entitled \"God Bless Ozzy Osbourne\", premiered in April 2011 at the Tribeca Film Festival and was released on DVD in November 2011. The film was produced by Osbourne's son Jack. On 15 May 2013 Osbourne, along with the current members of Black Sabbath, appeared in an episode of \"\" titled \"Skin in the Game\". The History Channel premiered a comedy reality television series starring Ozzy Osbourne and his son Jack Osbourne on 24 July 2016 named \"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\". During each episode Ozzy and Jack visit one or more sites to learn about history from","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194613","text":"raging river on a tightrope and bungee jump from a cable car. Episode 5 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity mates continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline rushes. Jack is still in New Zealand with supermodel Jodie Kidd, actor John Thomson, and ex-Busted bandmember Matt Willis, where they undertake a gruelling 24-hour adventure race involving sea kayaking, cycling, waterfall jumping and running, followed by a terrifying bungy jump from a cable car. After kayaking John quits and then it's left to Jack, Matt and Jodie to continue. Then they have to traverse from a huge rock or","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"16803629","text":"months. Aimee Osbourne Aimee Rachel Osbourne (born 2 September 1983) is an English-American actress and musician. She is the eldest daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. While her siblings Jack and Kelly achieved pop culture fame for appearing in the family's MTV reality series \"The Osbournes\", the more private Aimee declined to appear on the show, feeling that doing so would typecast her and affect her musical career. She has expressed discomfort with some of her parents' behavior on television. In 1991, Osbourne appeared as a child in some videos and documentaries relating to her father's musical career, and appeared","title":"Aimee Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"16803627","text":"Aimee Osbourne Aimee Rachel Osbourne (born 2 September 1983) is an English-American actress and musician. She is the eldest daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. While her siblings Jack and Kelly achieved pop culture fame for appearing in the family's MTV reality series \"The Osbournes\", the more private Aimee declined to appear on the show, feeling that doing so would typecast her and affect her musical career. She has expressed discomfort with some of her parents' behavior on television. In 1991, Osbourne appeared as a child in some videos and documentaries relating to her father's musical career, and appeared on","title":"Aimee Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194619","text":"off the side of a mountain attached to a helicopter. Will they have the bottle for Jack's most dangerous stunt yet? Episode 4 Jack Osbourne, Joanna Page, Jesse Metcalfe and Reggie Yates continue their adrenaline-pumping experiences. Jack decides to put the others through one more test in New Zealand before they leave for fresh challenges, so they get ready for a night-time bungee jump high above Queenstown. Then they head to Dubai, for more competitive adventures. After a game of camel polo, they go deep into the desert for a spot of dune bashing before facing off in a powerboat","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"874269","text":"27 October 1984), and Jack (born 8 November 1985). They also took in family friend Robert Marcato after his mother died, but never legally adopted him. Osbourne has numerous grandchildren. Osbourne wrote a song for his daughter Aimee, which appeared as a B-side on the album \"Ozzmosis\". At the end of the song, his daughter can be heard saying \"I'll always be your angel\", referring to the songs chorus lyrics. The song \"My Little Man\", which appears on Ozzmosis, was written about his son Jack. He divides his time between the family's Buckinghamshire mansion and Los Angeles, California. It was","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399078","text":"drug use until he realized that he \"never wants to feel this way ever again\" and admitted himself into an adolescent psychiatric ward. He spent 10 days detoxing and was moved to an adolescent rehabilitation center in Malibu, where he enrolled in a recovery program. Osbourne gained high visibility in 2002 after appearing in his family's reality television show \"The Osbournes\", which aired on MTV and won an Emmy Award in 2002. In the show, Osbourne was mostly shown as a rebellious teenager who liked to party and to fight with sister Kelly Osbourne. In a song by Tenacious D","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874278","text":"drugs in one year. However, after a nine-year investigation by the Medical Board of California, the Beverly Hills physician was exonerated of all charges of excessive prescribing. Osbourne experienced tremors for some years and linked them to his continuous drug abuse. In May 2005, he found out it was actually Parkin syndrome, a genetic condition, the symptoms of which are similar to Parkinson's disease. Osbourne will have to take daily medication for the rest of his life to combat the involuntary shudders associated with the condition. Osbourne has also shown symptoms of mild hearing loss, as depicted in the television","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874254","text":"to the show. On 9 August 2010, Osbourne announced that the second single from the album would be \"Life Won't Wait\" and the video for the song would be directed by his son Jack. When asked of his opinions on \"Scream\" in an interview, Osbourne announced that he is \"already thinking about the next album\". Osbourne's current drummer, Tommy Clufetos, has reflected this sentiment, saying that \"We are already coming up with new ideas backstage, in the hotel rooms and at soundcheck and have a bunch of ideas recorded\". In October 2014, Osbourne released \"Memoirs of a Madman\", a collection","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428100","text":"has since stayed with the show for its third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons. The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Osbourne initially stated that she will not return for the season, but later said that she was staying with the show \"for now\". Following this, she announced she was quitting after a dispute with NBC and the producers of \"Stars Earn Stripes\" involving what she believed was disability discrimination against her son Jack. On 6 June 2008, it was announced in a statement on behalf","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"10469675","text":"Glen Osbourne Glen Osbourne (born June 5, 1971) is an American professional wrestler, perhaps best known for his appearances with Eastern Championship Wrestling in the early 1990s, where he was the youngest holder of the promotion's World Television Championship. Since debuting in 1990, he has wrestled on the East Coast independent circuit. Osbourne got his start in the Philadelphia-based Tri-State Wrestling Alliance (TWA), run by radio personality Joel Goodhart, and became an early contributor to the city's hardcore wrestling style (Paul Heyman made his first ECW Television appearance by smashing his portable phone over Glen Osbourne's head). The TWA was","title":"Glen Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7044589","text":"Nicoll\". Lloyd Osbourne and Stevenson used a plate camera to photograph Pacific Islanders and passengers and crew of the \"Janet Nicoll\". A passenger on the \"Janet Nicoll\" was Jack Buckland, whom Lloyd Osbourne and Stevenson used as a character in \"The Wrecker\" (1892). In 1890 the family settled in Samoa, where Stevenson died four years later on December 3. In 1894 Osbourne was appointed vice consul to represent the United States in Samoa. On April 9, 1896, Osbourne married Katherine Durham in Honolulu and was divorced in 1914. Their children were Alan (b. 1897) and Louis (b. 1900). In 1916","title":"Lloyd Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194617","text":"is joined by his rock star dad Ozzy and mum Sharon. His parents are certainly up for the globe-trotting adventure, but will they be so keen after a few days of skydiving, rock crawling and even floating in zero gravity? Episode 2 Reality TV star Jack Osbourne continues his adventures with his parents Ozzy and Sharon. They head to the southern tip of Argentina, to go on a two-day dog-sledding expedition into the remote mountains in the freezing cold. They will sleep in a basic log cabin without water or electricity. But first they will have to learn how to","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194615","text":"continues to learn how to box in Mexico City's tough gyms with Craig David, presenter Emma Griffiths and Huey from the Fun Lovin' Criminals. Their training involves getting in the ring with a bull, and taking part in an Indian fire ceremony, before their tuition culminates in a fierce bout against a professional opponent. Episode 8 Jack Osbourne takes a gang of famous friends on a mission to find the toughest adrenaline challenges in the world. In Africa he is joined by ex-\"Hollyoaks\" babe Gemma Atkinson, \"Harry Potter\" star Tom Felton and \"Coronation Street\"'s Wendi Peters; where they bunjee jump","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"7194612","text":"Latham, the adrenaline kicks up a notch as they attempt a terrifying leap from one cable car to another, before taking on the most dangerous motor racing circuit in Europe. They round off their adventure with some Swiss pant wrestling and a spot of wing walking. Episode 4 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest challenges the world can offer. He is joined by fashion model Jodie Kidd, actor John Thomson and ex-Busted band member Matt Willis in New Zealand, where they fly through the mountains suspended under a helicopter, climb ice walls, cross a","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"2399075","text":"was 11, the family moved back to Southern California, but this time to Beverly Hills. In spite of moving so many times at a young age, Osbourne did not find it disruptive. The only aspect of his life that constant moving did affect was his school life, and Osbourne soon despised going to school, which was not helped by the fact that he was diagnosed with a form of dyslexia at the age of eight, and ADHD at the age of 10. At the time, he was studying at a Christian school in Los Angeles. He returned to England for","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"7194611","text":"toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. In the Alps he is joined by Happy Mondays icon Bez, Ex-EastEnder Charlie Brooks and \"Shameless\"'s Jody Latham. They take on the world's biggest bungee down the front of the dam which featured in \"GoldenEye\", build their very own ice hotel in the mountains, and undertake a terrifying mid-air jump from one cable car to another. Episode 3 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. Still in the Alps with Happy Mondays icon Bez, ex-EastEnder Charlie Brooks and Shameless's Jody","title":"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie"},{"psg_id":"1428080","text":"Got Talent\" from 2007 until 2012. After the success of \"The Osbournes\" and \"The X Factor\", hosting her own chat shows and securing advertising contracts, Osbourne was ranked as the 25th richest woman in Britain on the 2009 \"Sunday Times Rich List\". As of 2008, Osbourne and her husband were ranked as the 724th richest people in Britain with an estimated joint wealth of £110 million. Sharon Osbourne is credited with reviving her husband's heavy metal career by founding the summer Ozzfest tour. She is one of five co-hosts of the daytime series \"The Talk\". Osbourne is one of the","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874210","text":"the Birmingham Walk of Stars in his hometown as well as the Hollywood Walk of Fame. At the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, he received the Global Icon Award. In 2015 Osbourne received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. In the early 2000s, Osbourne became a reality television star, appearing as himself in the MTV reality show \"The Osbournes\", alongside wife and manager Sharon and two of their three children, Kelly and Jack. He currently co-stars with Jack and Kelly in the television series \"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\". The","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428085","text":"Angeles. When asked who she was shouting at, she replied Tony Curtis. They were reunited in 2001 and he then had a role in their reality show \"The Osbournes\". In August 2004, Osbourne stated her father had Alzheimer's disease and she paid for his care in the last years of his life. Osbourne's relationship with her mother was also damaged. According to a 2009 article in \"The Guardian\", Hope Arden was a cold woman who became even stranger after a serious car accident, something which Osbourne said \"unhinged her\". When Osbourne was informed of her mother's death, she said \"Oh,","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399088","text":"also made lifestyle changes such as minimising stress, exercising regularly, and significantly altering his diet. However, he has spoken of his fear of a rapid decline and has admitted that his doctors have urged him to stop participating in highly intensive physical workouts: \"Right now am I going to be in a wheelchair? No. But if I don't take care of myself, who knows.\" While appearing on \"Dancing with the Stars\" in October 2013, Osbourne said that he did not suffer from \"any severe symptoms other than the odd bit of tingling down my leg and the occasional bout of","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874259","text":"and 4 February 2017, with Tommy Clufetos replacing Bill Ward as the drummer for the final show. Osbourne achieved greater celebrity status via his own brand of reality television. \"The Osbournes\", a series featuring the domestic life of Osbourne and his family (wife Sharon, children Jack and Kelly, occasional appearances from his son Louis, but eldest daughter Aimee did not participate). The program became one of MTV's greatest hits. It premiered on 5 March 2002, and the final episode aired 21 March 2005. The success of \"The Osbournes\" led Osbourne and the rest of his family to host the 30th","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428121","text":"her illness during the filming of the second season of \"The Osbournes\". When Osbourne's hair fell out during her subsequent treatment, her wigs were custom made by Cher's wigmaker. Ozzy Osbourne admitted that he \"fell apart\" during her treatment and recovery, and it was revealed that her son, Jack Osbourne, tried to commit suicide because of his depression stemming from his mother's condition. In August 2004, she founded the Sharon Osbourne Colon Cancer Program at Cedars Sinai Hospital. In addition, she was the honoured guest at the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation's 2003 Fall Gala, where she spoke of her struggle","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428099","text":"second season of \"America's Got Talent\", along with Piers Morgan and David Hasselhoff, replacing the singer Brandy. Osbourne later worked on the show with Howie Mandel and Howard Stern as judges and Nick Cannon as host. The season premiered in the United States on 5 June 2007. In her first episode, Osbourne came into a conflict with Piers Morgan when she felt he judged a child contestant too harshly. She threatened to leave the show in the middle of filming, saying \"I didn't sign up for this\", but was talked out of it. The incident was shown on air. Osbourne","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"18233511","text":"What We Ain't Got \"What We Ain't Got\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Jake Owen. It was released in August 2014 as the third and final single from his fourth studio album \"Days of Gold\". The song, written by Travis Meadows and Travis Jerome Goff, has Owen yearning for a former love, thinking of others wanting what's out of their reach. It garnered positive reviews from critics praising the lyrical work and Owen's vocal delivery of them. \"What We Ain't Got\" peaked at numbers 14 and 19 on both the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay and Hot Country","title":"What We Ain't Got"},{"psg_id":"874284","text":"of alcohol abuse. McCollum's suicide led to allegations that Osbourne promoted suicide in his songs. Despite knowing McCollum suffered clinical depression, his parents sued Osbourne (\"McCollum v. CBS\") for their son's death, saying the lyrics in the song, \"Where to hide, suicide is the only way out. Don't you know what it's really about?\" convinced McCollum to commit suicide. The family's lawyer suggested that Osbourne should be criminally charged for encouraging a young person to commit suicide, but the courts ruled in Osbourne's favour, saying there was no connection between the song and McCollum's suicide. Osbourne was sued for the","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874273","text":"1970s, Osbourne had the unhealthiest lifestyle of them all. Despite this, said Iommi, he was typically the only one left standing when the others were \"out for the count\". Keyboardist Don Airey said that Osbourne's substance-abuse issues were what caused him to leave the band. Osbourne claims that his first experience with cocaine was in early 1971 at a hotel in Denver, Colorado, after a show Black Sabbath had done with Mountain. He claims Mountain's guitarist, Leslie West, introduced him to the drug. Though West is reluctant to take credit for introducing Osbourne to cocaine, Osbourne says, \"When you come","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874279","text":"show, \"The Osbournes\", where he often asks his family to repeat what they say. At the TEDMED Conference in October 2010, scientists from Knome joined Osbourne on stage to discuss their analysis of Osbourne's whole genome, which shed light on how the famously hard-living rocker has survived decades of drug abuse. In April 2013, Osbourne revealed through Facebook that he had resumed drinking and taking drugs for the past year and a half, stating he \"was in a very dark place\" but said he had been sober again since early March. He also apologised to Sharon, his family, friends, bandmates","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"8895185","text":"remix has been made, several \"Show Me What You Got\" versions have been released by many artists. Show Me What You Got \"Show Me What You Got\" is the lead single by rap artist Jay-Z from his album \"Kingdom Come\". It is the first single from his \"comeback\" album \"Kingdom Come\". It was produced by Just Blaze. The song samples \"Show 'Em Whatcha Got\" by Public Enemy. The saxophone loop heard prominently throughout the track is sampled from \"Darkest Light\" by Michael McEwan, of the Lafayette Afro Rock Band and from Johnny Pate's \"Shaft In Africa\". The same saxophone loop","title":"Show Me What You Got"},{"psg_id":"874268","text":"frequent absences while touring with Black Sabbath, took their toll on his family life, with his children later lamenting the fact that he was not a good father. In the 2011 documentary film \"God Bless Ozzy Osbourne\", produced by son Jack Osbourne, he admitted that he could not even remember when Louis and Jessica were born.Osbourne married Sharon Arden on 4 July 1982 and had three children with her. He later said that he deliberately married Arden on the US Independence Day so that he would never forget his anniversary. Their children are Aimee (born 2 September 1983), Kelly (born","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874260","text":"Annual American Music Awards in January 2003. The night was marked with constant \"bleeping\" due to some of the lewd and raunchy remarks made by Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. Presenter Patricia Heaton walked out midway in disgust. On 20 February 2008, Ozzy, Sharon, Kelly and Jack Osbourne hosted the 2008 BRIT Awards held at Earls Court, London. Ozzy appeared in a TV commercial for \"I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!\" which began airing in the UK in February 2006. Ozzy appears in a commercial for the online video game \"World of Warcraft\". He was also featured in the music video","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874282","text":"throughout his career and is part of what made Osbourne famous. On 20 January 1982, Osbourne bit the head off a bat he thought was rubber while performing at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Des Moines, Iowa. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in 2004 ranked this incident number two on its list of \"Rock's Wildest Myths\". While the \"Rolling Stone\" article stated the bat was alive, 17-year-old Mark Neal who threw it onto the stage said it was brought to the show dead. According to Osbourne in the booklet to the 2002 edition of \"Diary of a Madman\", the bat was not","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428086","text":"what a shame\" and simply put the phone down. A series of high-selling albums and world tours followed through the 1980s, eventually bringing about Ozzy's popularity. In 1996, Osbourne created the Ozzfest summer touring festival. It went on to become a regular rock occasion and celebrated a 10th anniversary in 2006. By 2007, the ticket prices had reached £76 ($150) and Osbourne announced that the tickets would be free to allow more people the opportunity to attend the concert. Prior to the founding of Ozzfest, Osbourne approached Lollapalooza, another rock/pop festival, to request that Ozzy play at that year's festival,","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"11785845","text":"Rock What You Got Rock What You Got is the fifth album from the band Superchick. It was released on June 24, 2008. The album debuted at No. 65 on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart, selling nearly 10,000 copies its first week. The band has described the album as more progressive, in-your-face sound and has dubbed it \"rock-o-tronic\". In May 2008, Inpop released three radio singles from the album. \"Hold\" was played on Christian contemporary hit radio stations, \"Crawl\" went to adult contemporary stations, and \"Hey, Hey\" to Christian rock stations. In late May, Inpop Records released a free download","title":"Rock What You Got"},{"psg_id":"953881","text":"show. On 28 October 2015, it was confirmed that Osbourne would be a new judge on \"Australia's Got Talent\" for its eighth season on Channel Nine. In 2018, Osbourne joined her father and brother in their televised global tour that is documented in the series \"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\". On 4 August 2015, while appearing as a guest co-host on \"The View\", Kelly caused controversy when she said, \"If you kick every Latino out of this country, then who is going to be cleaning your toilet, Donald Trump?\" Her comments were in response to then-GOP Presidential candidate Donald Trump's","title":"Kelly Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874226","text":"punch to the jaw. On leaving Sabbath, Osbourne recalled, \"I'd got £96,000 for my share of the name, so I'd just locked myself away and spent three months doing coke and booze. My thinking was, 'This is my last party, because after this I'm going back to Birmingham and the dole.\" However, he was signed to Don Arden's Jet Records. Arden dispatched Sharon to Los Angeles to \"look after Ozzy's needs, whatever they were\", to protect his investment. Initially, Arden hoped Osbourne would return to Sabbath, and later attempted to convince the singer to name his new band \"Son of","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874217","text":"working as Don's receptionist. Osbourne admits he was attracted to her immediately but assumed that \"she probably thought I was a lunatic\". Osbourne said years later that the best thing about eventually choosing Don Arden as manager was that he got to see Sharon regularly, though their relationship was strictly professional at that point. Just five months after the release of \"Paranoid\" the band released \"Master of Reality\". The album reached the top ten in both the United States and UK, and was certified gold in less than two months. In the 1980s it received platinum certification and went Double","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428116","text":"excrement with a note saying, \"I heard you've got an eating disorder. Eat this.\" The popular British comedy \"Dead Ringers\", features and spoofs Osbourne (played by Jan Ravens) quite prominently alongside her husband (played by Jon Culshaw). Also, she was spoofed by impressionist Ronni Ancona on \"Alistair McGowan's Big Impression\" and was also featured in comedy \"2DTV\". On \"Saturday Night Live\", Amy Poehler played her on \"Celebrity Jeopardy!\" skit on 14 May 2005. Sharon Osbourne appeared in season nine of \"Celebrity Apprentice\". On 16 May 2010, she was fired during the double elimination round. Impressionist Francine Lewis performed an impression","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428106","text":"to return for the show's tenth series. Media outlets reported in December 2012 that \"X Factor\" producers had approached Osbourne for a return in 2013, reportedly to replace Tulisa. In April 2013, the show's creative director Brian Friedman said that he was \"confident\" of Sharon Osbourne's return following her departure from \"America's Got Talent\" and replaced by Heidi Klum. It was later announced by ITV that Osbourne would indeed be returning for the tenth series of the show, replacing Tulisa. She returned to the judging panel alongside Gary Barlow, Nicole Scherzinger, and original panellist Louis Walsh. During the live shows,","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"20308464","text":"the official music video was released on Jack's vevo account. The video features Jack skateboarding in fields, at the beach, and working in public transit. The video was shot by using an old 16mm camera that was used to shoot surf films. The video debut at number 20 on VH1's top music video list, and has spawned over 14 million views on YouTube. \"I Got You\" debut at number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of June 29, 2013, and peaked at number 26 on the Japan Hot 100. I Got You (Jack Johnson song) \"I Got","title":"I Got You (Jack Johnson song)"},{"psg_id":"18233515","text":"chart at number 40 on December 14, 2013 on the release of the album, \"Days of Gold\". It entered the Country Airplay chart on August 9, 2014, and peaked at number 14 in early 2015, and at number 19 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The song has sold 369,000 copies in the US as of May 2015. The music video was directed by Mason Dixon and premiered in November 2014. What We Ain't Got \"What We Ain't Got\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Jake Owen. It was released in August 2014 as the third and","title":"What We Ain't Got"},{"psg_id":"2399081","text":"in t'ai chi and climbing exercises, which possibly inspired him to appear in his own programme, \"\" produced by the same production company (Ginger Productions) as \"Extreme Celebrity Detox\". Osbourne lost (50Lb) 23 kg in Thailand at a Muay Thai martial arts camp in Pattaya in order to be fit enough to climb El Capitan (which he achieved) whilst filming the first series of \"\". It aired on ITV2 in the UK, the Travel Channel in the United States, The LifeStyle Channel in Australia, GOtv in South Africa and on MuchMusic in Canada. \"\" focuses on Osbourne's training for sports","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"2399077","text":"regularly and had started smoking marijuana. He started partying heavily, and made headlines on 21 April 2003 when he was admitted to a child psychiatric ward for an addiction to OxyContin. Osbourne's drug addiction escalated after his mother was diagnosed with cancer; he was as well battling with his own depression. His self-destructive behaviour came to a head when he attempted suicide by taking a cocktail of prescription pills and cutting his hands with shards of glass after hearing his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend pick up her phone when he called her. He woke up 12 hours later. Osbourne continued with his","title":"Jack Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428102","text":"Cole. Osbourne hosted the second season of \"\" with co-hosts Riki Rachtman and Daniella Clarke on VH1. Osbourne had a physical altercation on 13 December 2008 with contestant Megan Hauserman on the reunion special for the show after Hauserman made derogatory statements about Osbourne's husband, Ozzy. Hauserman reportedly filed a report with the Los Angeles Police Department and has since filed a lawsuit against Osbourne, claiming battery, negligence and infliction of emotional distress. In 2011, Osbourne reached a settlement with Hauserman. In July 2008, Fox announced that the Osbourne family would be hosting a new variety show titled \"\" (working","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"14853338","text":"also stated that \"Jon's voice is crisp and clear, up in front in the mix; and Richie Sambora's guitar work is neat, clean, and growing more minimal by the minute\". Describing the composition, Osrin said that song \"continues the band's trend of recording music that tries to be more socially conscious than rollicking\". Songwriting and production Musicians \"What Do You Got?\" was used in a promotional video for \"Grey's Anatomy\" in Canada. What Do You Got? \"What Do You Got?\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \"Greatest","title":"What Do You Got?"},{"psg_id":"14853334","text":"What Do You Got? \"What Do You Got?\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \"Greatest Hits\" album, released in November 2010. The song is the first single from the compilation album. The song was released on the band's official website on August 27. It was officially released on September 21, 2010 as a digital download, but the physical single was released in Germany on October 22, 2010. \"What Do You Got?\" was written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora and Brett James, produced by Howard Benson and","title":"What Do You Got?"},{"psg_id":"8598872","text":"he had tried to sell on Auto Trader - which a group of men had attempted to purchase with counterfeit money. Despite nothing ever coming of the arrest, Osbourne considers it something that has had a negative affect on his footballing career. He described his move to the SPL was partly down to a need to \"get away from it all\". Isaiah Osbourne Isaiah George Osbourne (born 15 November 1987) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Walsall. He is a former England under-16 international who started his career with Aston Villa. Osbourne had loan spells with","title":"Isaiah Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428109","text":"in disgust. In January 2005, she was contracted to feature in a television advertising campaign for UK supermarket chain, Asda and later in 2007, Osbourne became the new face of \"Galabingo\" when she was featured in television advertisements promoting the gambling website. She has co-hosted one of the \"Royal Variety Performances\" with Jonathan Ross. Osbourne appeared in \"Days of Our Lives\", \"It's a Boy Girl Thing\". On Friday 15 June 2007, Osbourne guest hosted \"The Friday Night Project\" with Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr. Osbourne also made a cameo appearance on 23 June 2007 in an episode of the","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428084","text":"to kill her, and who once told Ozzy that Osbourne tried to seduce Don in an effort to turn Ozzy against her. Osbourne revealed she was surrounded by violence during her childhood and that it was a normal occurrence to see her father threatening someone, or brandishing a firearm. In an interview in 2001, she commented that her father has never seen her children and that \"he never will\". Osbourne had told her children that their grandfather was dead, but they unknowingly saw him for the first time when Osbourne was shouting abuse at him on a street in Los","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874274","text":"from Aston and you fall in love with cocaine, you \"remember\" when you started. It's like having your first fuck!\" Osbourne says that upon first trying the drug, \"The world went a bit fuzzy after that.\" Though he has managed to remain clean and sober for extended periods in recent years, Osbourne has frequently commented on his former wild lifestyle, puzzled at how he has survived 40 years of drug and alcohol abuse. Upon being fired from Black Sabbath in 1979, Osbourne spent the next three months locked in his hotel room taking vast amounts of alcohol and other drugs","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"5664720","text":"to the lyrics. It also featured on Dave Mirra's freestyle BMX. What I Got \"What I Got\" is a song from Sublime's eponymous third album titled \"Sublime\" and was the band's biggest radio hit, posthumously after singer Bradley Nowell's death in 1996 from a heroin overdose. It was the second single to be released by the band, following \"Date Rape\" (1991). The song was one of the most popular singles of 1997 in the US. At the time of its release, it reached the #1 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It was also a mainstream Top 40 hit,","title":"What I Got"},{"psg_id":"5664718","text":"What I Got \"What I Got\" is a song from Sublime's eponymous third album titled \"Sublime\" and was the band's biggest radio hit, posthumously after singer Bradley Nowell's death in 1996 from a heroin overdose. It was the second single to be released by the band, following \"Date Rape\" (1991). The song was one of the most popular singles of 1997 in the US. At the time of its release, it reached the #1 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It was also a mainstream Top 40 hit, peaking at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 Airplay. It is","title":"What I Got"},{"psg_id":"874221","text":"\"Necromandus\", who had supported Black Sabbath in Birmingham when they were called \"Earth\", did backup for Osbourne in the studio and briefly became the first incarnation of his solo band. At the request of the other members, Osbourne rejoined Sabbath. The band spent five months at Sounds Interchange Studios in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, writing and recording what would become \"Never Say Die!\" \"It took quite a long time\", Iommi said. \"We were getting really drugged out, doing a lot of dope. We'd go down to the sessions, and have to pack up because we were too stoned, we'd have to","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428083","text":"She was pregnant at the time and subsequently lost the baby. She soon lost contact with her father and did not speak to him for 20 years. Levy began dating future husband Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 after Black Sabbath fired him and took over his management from the Arden organisation. Levy coordinated the recruitment of a backing band (Randy Rhoads, Bob Daisley, and Lee Kerslake) for the recording of the \"Blizzard of Ozz\" album and helped Ozzy launch what became a successful solo career. Osbourne had a troubled life with her father, Don Arden, who had robbed her, once tried","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874280","text":"and his fans for his \"insane\" behaviour during that period. Throughout his career, many religious groups have accused Osbourne of being a negative influence on teenagers, stating that his genre of rock music has been used to glorify Satanism. Scholar Christopher M. Moreman compared the controversy to those levelled against the occultist Aleister Crowley. Both were demonised by the media and some religious groups for their antics. Although Osbourne tempts the comparison with his song \"Mr. Crowley\", he denies the charge of being a Satanist; conversely it has been alleged that Osbourne is a member of the Church of England","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"1428114","text":"British records began, beating the previous record set by David Beckham's autobiography by 100,000 copies. In March 2006 it won Biography of the Year at the British Book Awards. The autobiography has proceeded to sell in excess of two million copies which has become the most successful female autobiography ever. Osbourne later released another autobiography named \"Survivor\", the title coming from surviving cancer. It was released in 2007. In August 2013, Osbourne announced on Twitter that her third autobiography named \"Unbreakable\", will be released on 10 October 2013. On the \"Sunday Times Rich List 2006\", Osbourne was listed as the","title":"Sharon Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"16146394","text":"not been advanced to the live shows. Howard Stern has called the lie \"wrong on so many levels\". On November 15, 2012, he responded to these accusations on an episode of Dr. Phil. On July 24, 2012, Sharon Osbourne announced via Twitter that she would not be returning to the show for another season. The next day, however, Osbourne announced that she was unsure of whether she would return. On August 6, it was confirmed that Osbourne was leaving the show at the end of season seven because of a feud with NBC. America's Got Talent (season 7) Season seven","title":"America's Got Talent (season 7)"},{"psg_id":"20647022","text":"band's home country of Germany, peaking at a career high #44 on the Top 100 Singles chart. \"Every Generation\" was also a success on American rock radio, peaking at #13 and #21 on the Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts, respectively. Every Generation Got Its Own Disease \"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease\" (also simply known as \"Every Generation\") is a song by German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse. The song was released as the second single from the album \"Mono\". AllMusic reviewer Tom Demalon called the song \"a dark, brooding cut with a hypnotic guitar line\" and noted","title":"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease"},{"psg_id":"20647021","text":"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease \"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease\" (also simply known as \"Every Generation\") is a song by German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse. The song was released as the second single from the album \"Mono\". AllMusic reviewer Tom Demalon called the song \"a dark, brooding cut with a hypnotic guitar line\" and noted the bleak nature of the lyrics. Demalon said Kai Wingenfelder lacked much range, but called the song the band's best melody. \"Every Generation\" is Fury in the Slaughterhouse's most popular and successful single. The song was a commercial success in the","title":"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease"},{"psg_id":"13178018","text":"under the title \"You've Got What It Takes\" by The Lana Sisters (featuring a young Dusty Springfield) as a B side in 1960. A 1967 cover of the song by The Dave Clark Five reached #7 in the United States and #28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached #2 in the UK in 1977. On their 1967 album, \"United\", duet performers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell recorded an uptempo soul version and included a false ending. You Got What It Takes \"You Got What It Takes\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the","title":"You Got What It Takes"},{"psg_id":"13178017","text":"You Got What It Takes \"You Got What It Takes\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the US it reached #2 on the Black Singles chart, and #10 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 early in 1960. In the UK Singles Chart it reached a high of #7. The original recording of \"You Got What It Takes\" was by Bobby Parker on Vee-Jay 279 in 1958. Parker claims to have written the song, and his name is on the 1958 recording, but later versions credit Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy, Billy Davis, and sometimes Marv Johnson. The song was released","title":"You Got What It Takes"},{"psg_id":"10839793","text":"by James Teh (Peace Charger Productions). What You Got (Grinspoon song) \"What You Got\" is the second single by Grinspoon from their fifth studio album \"Alibis & Other Lies\". The song was co-written by Phil Jamieson and Matthew Strong (Custard), who is the bass player in Jamieson’s side project, Lost Gospel. The single was only released in a digital format on iTunes. Australian music website, The Dwarf, describes \"What You Got\" as being musically closer to \"Hard Act to Follow\" stating \"It's short, sharp and 100% killer. Just how it should be.\" Michael Olivotto of FasterLouder believes that the song","title":"What You Got (Grinspoon song)"},{"psg_id":"10839791","text":"What You Got (Grinspoon song) \"What You Got\" is the second single by Grinspoon from their fifth studio album \"Alibis & Other Lies\". The song was co-written by Phil Jamieson and Matthew Strong (Custard), who is the bass player in Jamieson’s side project, Lost Gospel. The single was only released in a digital format on iTunes. Australian music website, The Dwarf, describes \"What You Got\" as being musically closer to \"Hard Act to Follow\" stating \"It's short, sharp and 100% killer. Just how it should be.\" Michael Olivotto of FasterLouder believes that the song \"instantly wreaks of The Lost Gospel\"","title":"What You Got (Grinspoon song)"},{"psg_id":"13552497","text":"Baby (You've Got What It Takes) \"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)\" is a 1950's song written by Clyde Otis, Murray Stein and Brook Benton. Originally titled \"You've Got What It Takes\", the song was first recorded by Benton's sister, Dorothy Pay, in 1958, as the B-side of her single \"Strollin' with My Baby\" on Mercury 71277. It was then recorded more successfully as a duet by Dinah Washington and Brook Benton, in their first collaboration. The single was very successful on both the pop and R&B charts. \"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)\" reached #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot","title":"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"},{"psg_id":"874263","text":"experts, and explore unusual or quirky aspects of their background. Osbourne appeared in a November 2017 episode of \"Gogglebox\" along with other UK celebrities such as Ed Sheeran, former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher, and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK's \"Stand Up to Cancer\" fundraising campaign. In November 2017, Osbourne entered into a new realm of sponsorship as he signed on as an ambassador of a rock-themed online casino known as Metal Casino, which was founded by metal music fans in August 2017. Osbourne has received several awards for his contributions to","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874261","text":"game \"Guitar Hero World Tour\" as a playable character. He becomes unlocked upon completing Mr Crowley and Crazy Train in the vocalist career. Osbourne published an autobiography in October 2009, titled \"I Am Ozzy\". Osbourne says ghost writer Chris Ayres told the singer he has enough material for a second book. A movie adaptation of \"I Am Ozzy\" is also in the works, and Osbourne says he hopes \"an unknown guy from England\" will get the role over an established actor, while Sharon stated she would choose established English actress Carey Mulligan to play her. A documentary film about Osbourne's","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874224","text":"to the other band members. Osbourne claims his drug use and alcohol consumption at that time was not better nor worse than that of the other band members. The band replaced him with former Rainbow singer Ronnie James Dio. Conflict of a sort had existed between Iommi and Osbourne from the beginning. When responding to a 1969 flyer reading \"Ozzy Zig Needs Gig- has own PA\" posted in a record store, Iommi and Ward arrived at the listed address to speak with \"Ozzy Zig.\" When Iommi saw Osbourne emerge from another room of the house, he left upon discovering it","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"},{"psg_id":"874208","text":"Ozzy Osbourne John Michael \"Ozzy\" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948), also known as The Prince of Darkness, is an English vocalist, songwriter, actor and reality television star who rose to prominence during the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He was kicked out of the band in 1979 due to alcohol and drug problems, but went on to have a successful solo career, releasing eleven studio albums, the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the United States. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions, recording the album","title":"Ozzy Osbourne"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194607\",\n \"text\": \"a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges along the way. In the Arctic Circle, Jack comes down with a suspected case of malaria and has to be taken to hospital. Is the adventure over for the young explorers? Episode 5 Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to experience a life-changing odyssey as they engage in a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack enlists his recruits on a week of hard knocks at China's toughest kung fu school, in what may be their most difficult challenge yet. Episode 6 Jack Osbourne takes five young recruits around the world on a series\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399079\",\n \"text\": \"advertising \\\"The Osbournes\\\", Jack Black sings the line \\\"and he's got a big 'fro on his head\\\" to describe Osbourne's curly hair that grew longer until he eventually shaved it off in the third season of the show. In 2002, Osbourne briefly appeared in \\\"\\\" along with the rest of his family, and subsequently starred in a Super Bowl XXXVI advertisement for Pepsi Twist with sister Kelly. From 2002 to 2003, Osbourne appeared in Season 6 of \\\"Dawson's Creek\\\", playing Audrey's childhood friend. He also made cameos in \\\"The X Factor\\\" (as a \\\"Goth rapper\\\" who sings \\\"Ice Ice Baby\\\"),\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399086\",\n \"text\": \"summers of 2012 and 2013. As of summer 2016, Jack was appearing with dad Ozzy in the U.S. worldwide buddy travelogue series, \\\"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\\\", on the History Channel. Osbourne and his wife, Lisa Stelly, have a daughter, Pearl Clementine Osbourne, born on 24 April 2012. Osbourne and Stelly were married in Hawaii on 7 October 2012. In August 2013, Osbourne and his wife announced they were expecting their second child, but on 6 September 2013, Osbourne's wife Lisa revealed she suffered a miscarriage in her second trimester; they had been expecting a son. He would have been\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194608\",\n \"text\": \"of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack takes his recruits to the Mongolian outback for a week-long traditional nomadic cattle drive. Episode 7 Jack Osbourne takes the recruits to Hawaii, challenging them to a dive in shark infested waters. Episode 8 Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to experience a life-changing odyssey as they engage in a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges. Jack and his recruits round up their global adventure by sky diving from a World War II aircraft into the blue skies of California. Jack Osbourne: Mongol Rally began on ITV2 Saturday 13 October 2007. The last episode of\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194601\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie was a British reality television series on ITV2, series 1 focused on Jack Osbourne's globe-trekking six-month quest to get in physical and mental shape to climb the rockface of California's El Capitan mountain, the show documents Osbourne running with the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, following a strict exercise regimen, Muay Thai training in Thailand, and \\\"\\\"an overall 180-degree mental make-over\\\"\\\". The show was broadcast by MuchMusic in Canada, and the Travel Channel in the United States, and Series 1 and 2 were repeated on the ITV Network late at night. The programme\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"953863\",\n \"text\": \"series \\\"The 7D\\\". She is also a judge on both \\\"Australia's Got Talent\\\" and \\\"Project Runway Junior\\\". Osbourne was born in Westminster, London. She has an elder sister, Aimee, and a younger brother, Jack. From Ozzy's first marriage, she also has two half-siblings: Jessica Hobbs and Louis John Osbourne. She had an unofficially \\\"adopted\\\" brother, Robert Marcato, whom Sharon and Ozzy took in after Marcato's mother died. Kelly grew up travelling with her father as he went on tour, and lived in more than 20 homes, mostly in the US, as well as in the UK. Osbourne and the rest\",\n \"title\": \"Kelly Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399076\",\n \"text\": \"a year before returning to Los Angeles, where he was enrolled into the special needs Park Century School. At 14 he was offered an internship at Virgin Records, where his mother was managing the band The Smashing Pumpkins. After Sharon stopped managing that band, Osbourne started A&R scouting for Epic Records, where his father had been on for many years. Osbourne also helped his mother in managing his father's annual touring festival, Ozzfest, advising her about up-and-coming bands. On his 13th birthday, Osbourne got drunk for the first time on whisky; by the time he was 14, he was drinking\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194621\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Boyd and Konnie Huq head to Hawaii for more adrenaline-fuelled adventures. They try out the dangerous challenge of free diving - deep diving without breathing apparatus. Next Jack takes the team on a kayaking trip down the remote volcanic coastline, ending up in a night on a deserted beach. Finally they indulge in a famous Hawaiian pastime - surfing. How will the celebs get on? Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie was a British reality television series on ITV2, series 1 focused on Jack Osbourne's globe-trekking six-month quest to get in physical and mental shape to climb\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194606\",\n \"text\": \"boar and are driven to the brink of exhaustion. Episode 3 Jack Osbourne travels the world with a group of young people, testing their nerve in a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack takes his recruits on a two-day crash course in the urban sport of free running, before they head off to Finland. Once there, they make plans to undertake a husky expedition to the Arctic Circle. But a mysterious illness begins to consume Jack, which jeopardises the expedition. Episode 4 Jack Osbourne takes a group of young people on a life-changing odyssey around the globe, testing their nerve in\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194605\",\n \"text\": \"2007. Episode 1 Jack Osbourne heads around the world testing his adrenaline-fuelled resolve, but this time he is taking five young recruits with him. This episode kicks off in the mountains of New Zealand, where Jack pushes his fledgling recruits' fear of heights to terrifying new levels. Episode 2 Jack Osbourne takes five young recruits around the world on a series of adrenaline-fuelled adventures. Jack leads his recruits deep into the heart of the Sarawak jungle to meet the nomadic Penan tribe. Throughout the five-day trek, the recruits have to face blood sucking leeches, learn how to hunt for wild\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194620\",\n \"text\": \"race - who will come out on top? Episode 5 Jack Osbourne heads into the Canadian Rockies with Natalie Imbruglia, \\\"The Lord of the Rings\\\" star Billy Boyd, and Konnie Huq. Their first challenge is climbing the 8000 foot high Mount Fable, but it is not long before they run into trouble - including a dangerous electrical storm. Next they face a home-made canyon swing thousands of feet up, before going into the woods for some high-speed mountain biking. Jack rounds the trip off by taking the celebs deep underground for a caving expedition. Episode 6 Jack Osbourne, Natalie Imbruglia,\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194614\",\n \"text\": \"they face a 20-minute penalty. Soon it's back to biking then caving which they do with a heavy heart. Episode 6 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline challenges. R&B star Craig David, presenter Emma Griffiths, and Huey from the Fun Lovin' Criminals join Jack to spend a terrifying night strapped to the side of a cliff, descend into the world's biggest hole, and learn how to box in Mexico City. Episode 7 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline challenges. He\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194602\",\n \"text\": \"is also broadcast on the Extreme Sports Channel in the UK. The first series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 on Saturday 1 October 2005. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 on Saturday 15 October 2005. Episode 1 Follows Jack through daily five-mile runs, six-hour training sessions, fasting and enemas during an intense stay at a sweltering Muay Thai boxing camp near Bangkok. Episode 2 Kelly Osbourne visits her brother in Spain to watch him risk his life running with the bulls in Pamplona. Jack also confronts his tear-inducing phobia of heights during a\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399074\",\n \"text\": \"World Detour\\\". Osbourne was born in London to heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne of Black Sabbath, and his wife and manager, Sharon ( Levy). He has two elder sisters, Aimee and Kelly Osbourne, as well as two paternal half-siblings, Louis John Osbourne and Jessica Hobbs, from his father's previous marriage. Osbourne has stated that his childhood was \\\"perfectly happy and contented\\\". For the first six years of his life, he lived in the Chiltern Hills in Buckinghamshire. When he was six, his parents moved the family to Los Angeles, but a year later the family returned to Buckinghamshire. When Osbourne\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399080\",\n \"text\": \"the fifth season of \\\"That '70s Show\\\" and as a dining room guest in the eighth season of \\\"Hell's Kitchen\\\". Post-rehab, Osbourne went on in 2003 to star in his own show on Channel 4, \\\"Union Jack\\\". In 2004 he played a small role in \\\"New York Minute\\\", a film starring the Olsen twins, in which he plays a music promoter named Justin. In 2005, Osbourne started to show more of an interest in fitness through co-hosting the ITV2 show, \\\"Celebrity Wrestling: Bring It On!\\\". In February that year, he appeared in \\\"Extreme Celebrity Detox\\\" in which he took part\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194616\",\n \"text\": \"from a terrifyingly high bridge, go nose-to-nose with great white sharks and freefall parachute from a helicopter. The fifth series Jack Osbourne: Celebrity Adrenaline Junkie 2 began on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Tuesday 15 September 2009. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Tuesday 20 October 2009. Episode 1 Reality TV star Jack Osbourne returns with a new series of the show in which he and a select bunch of fearless stars travel the world to experience the most extreme sports and death-defying feats they can. Today it is a family affair, as Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194604\",\n \"text\": \"Osbourne takes on a gruelling jungle expedition in Central America with Trekforce. Episode 3 The adventure continues in New Zealand where Jack tries some white-water kayaking before heading to Japan for a series of gruelling trials. Episode 4 India challenges Jack, where he tries the ancient and hard-core combat sport of Kushti Wrestling. After that there is one more ordeal he must pass before heading home... The third series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 at 9:40pm on Saturday 18 August 2007. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 8:45pm on Saturday 6 October\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874251\",\n \"text\": \"write again without any stimulation... But you know what? Instead of picking up the bottle I just got honest and said, 'I don't want life to go [to pieces]'\\\", Osbourne stated to \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine. Osbourne revealed in July 2009 that he was currently seeking a new guitar player. While he states that he has not fallen out with Zakk Wylde, he said he felt his songs were beginning to sound like Black Label Society and fancied a change. In August 2009, Osbourne performed at the gaming festival BlizzCon with a new guitarist in his line-up Gus G. Osbourne also provided\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194610\",\n \"text\": \"Junkie began on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Wednesday 24 September 2008. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 at 9:00pm on Wednesday 12 November 2008. Episode 1 Jack Osbourne and the gang of well known faces take on some of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. In this episode, he is joined by Hollywood star Elijah Wood as they go white water rafting on the Zambezi River, cross the world's largest waterfall on a rope, and undertake a terrifying canyon swing. Episode 2 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194603\",\n \"text\": \"training session in the French Alps. Episode 3 Tensions mount as Ozzy and Sharon watch their son quiver his way up the jagged rockface of California's El Capitan mountain. The second series of Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie began on ITV2 on Saturday 19 August 2006. The last episode of the series was broadcast on ITV2 on Saturday 9 September 2006. Episode 1 Jack Osbourne heads around the world for the next three months testing his adrenaline-fuelled resolve. He challenges himself with the world's biggest bungee jump and the Marathon des sables, a 150-mile ultra-marathon through the Sahara Desert. Episode 2\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428117\",\n \"text\": \"of her in the seventh series of \\\"Britain's Got Talent\\\". Sharon Osbourne (then Sharon Levy) met her future husband Black Sabbath vocalist Ozzy Osbourne, at the age of 18, while working for her father, Don Arden, who was managing Black Sabbath at the time. When Ozzy was fired from Black Sabbath in 1979, Sharon started to date him and took over his management as a solo artist. The two were married in Maui, Hawaii, on 4 July 1982. Together, Sharon and Ozzy have three children: Aimee, Kelly and Jack. For years, the Osbourne marriage was plagued by alcohol, drug use,\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399083\",\n \"text\": \"has now ended). Osbourne took part in Sport Relief and faced former singer in the band S Club 7, Bradley McIntosh, in a boxing match of three one-minute rounds to raise money for the charity. Osbourne won by a unanimous decision. He once claimed to be considering a career in law enforcement and was on reality television show \\\"Armed & Famous\\\". The show was pulled from CBS in January 2007, and Osbourne was sued by a woman from Muncie, Indiana, whose house was accidentally raided during filming. Osbourne also filmed a programme for the BBC's \\\"Saving Planet Earth\\\" series. In\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399084\",\n \"text\": \"it he travelled to Namibia to highlight the tensions between elephants and the local people, and what can be done so that both groups can live peacefully beside one another. He also took part in the Mongol Rally with News Corporation director Andrew Knight's daughter, Amaryllis Knight. Their challenge was to drive a car with under 1000cc from London to Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, for charity. Osbourne and his family reunited with a reality TV show on Fox that debuted 31 March 2009 but was cancelled after the first episode. Osbourne made and produced a documentary about his father\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194618\",\n \"text\": \"handle a dog team, which is no easy matter - as they find out when first Sharon, then Ozzy is slammed into the snow. Has Jack finally pushed his parents too far? Episode 3 Jack Osbourne heads to New Zealand for some action-packed adventures with Gavin & Stacey star Joanna Page, Desperate Housewives Jesse Metcalfe and presenter and DJ Reggie Yates. The celebs are thrown in the deep end straight away, with a bungee jump from Auckland Harbour Bridge. Then they go to Queenstown to brave the world's largest canyon swing. And after a freezing night, the group face dangling\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"953876\",\n \"text\": \"Griffin at a club in August 2008 after Griffin wrote a story that mocked Osbourne's then-boyfriend Luke Worrall. In March 2009, Osbourne was engaged to model Luke Worrall. In July 2010, she split from him after he had an affair with model Elle Schneider. Osbourne presented ITV2's coverage of the National Television Awards with her brother Jack, and a documentary on Japanese pop culture called \\\"Kelly Osbourne: Turning Japanese\\\" for the same channel. Osbourne has presented on \\\"The Surgery with Kelly Osbourne\\\" on BBC Radio 1. In March 2009, Osbourne returned to television with the rest of the Osbourne family\",\n \"title\": \"Kelly Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194609\",\n \"text\": \"the series was broadcast on ITV2 Saturday 20 October 2007. Episode 1 Jack and 5 friends attempt to drive from Hyde Park in London all the way to Ulanbattar, Mongolia in 4 weeks. They have to do this in the biggest piece of shit they find; Jack's Fiat Panda only costing £350. In the first episode they reach 6500 miles but there were melt downs and break downs. Episode 2 Jack and his friends reach Mongolia, however Jack's Fiat Panda died and Jack and his friend had to go buy a mini bus. The fourth series Jack Osbourne: Celebrity Adrenaline\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874211\",\n \"text\": \"show's third season debuted in June 2018. Osbourne was born in the Aston area of Birmingham, England. His mother, Lilian (née Unitt; 1916–2001), was a non-observant Catholic who worked days at a factory. His father, John Thomas \\\"Jack\\\" Osbourne (1915–1977), worked night shifts as a toolmaker at the General Electric Company. Osbourne has three older sisters named Jean, Iris, and Gillian, and two younger brothers named Paul and Tony. The family lived in a small two-bedroom home at 14 Lodge Road in Aston. Osbourne has had the nickname \\\"Ozzy\\\" since primary school. Osbourne dealt with dyslexia at school. At the\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399085\",\n \"text\": \"that was originally to be titled to \\\"Wreckage of My Past: The Ozzy Osbourne Story\\\", but was changed to \\\"God Bless Ozzy Osbourne\\\". This film premiered in April 2011 at the Tribeca Film Festival and was released on DVD in November 2011. In early August 2010, Osbourne directed his first music video, for his dad's song \\\"Life Won't Wait\\\" from the album \\\"Scream\\\". The video debuted on 23 August. Osbourne worked for Fuse News from February 2013 to early 2014. Osbourne also had a paranormal investigation show titled \\\"Haunted Highway\\\" that aired on Syfy for two six-episode seasons, during the\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874262\",\n \"text\": \"life and career, entitled \\\"God Bless Ozzy Osbourne\\\", premiered in April 2011 at the Tribeca Film Festival and was released on DVD in November 2011. The film was produced by Osbourne's son Jack. On 15 May 2013 Osbourne, along with the current members of Black Sabbath, appeared in an episode of \\\"\\\" titled \\\"Skin in the Game\\\". The History Channel premiered a comedy reality television series starring Ozzy Osbourne and his son Jack Osbourne on 24 July 2016 named \\\"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\\\". During each episode Ozzy and Jack visit one or more sites to learn about history from\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194613\",\n \"text\": \"raging river on a tightrope and bungee jump from a cable car. Episode 5 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity mates continue their quest to seek out the world's biggest adrenaline rushes. Jack is still in New Zealand with supermodel Jodie Kidd, actor John Thomson, and ex-Busted bandmember Matt Willis, where they undertake a gruelling 24-hour adventure race involving sea kayaking, cycling, waterfall jumping and running, followed by a terrifying bungy jump from a cable car. After kayaking John quits and then it's left to Jack, Matt and Jodie to continue. Then they have to traverse from a huge rock or\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16803629\",\n \"text\": \"months. Aimee Osbourne Aimee Rachel Osbourne (born 2 September 1983) is an English-American actress and musician. She is the eldest daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. While her siblings Jack and Kelly achieved pop culture fame for appearing in the family's MTV reality series \\\"The Osbournes\\\", the more private Aimee declined to appear on the show, feeling that doing so would typecast her and affect her musical career. She has expressed discomfort with some of her parents' behavior on television. In 1991, Osbourne appeared as a child in some videos and documentaries relating to her father's musical career, and appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16803627\",\n \"text\": \"Aimee Osbourne Aimee Rachel Osbourne (born 2 September 1983) is an English-American actress and musician. She is the eldest daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. While her siblings Jack and Kelly achieved pop culture fame for appearing in the family's MTV reality series \\\"The Osbournes\\\", the more private Aimee declined to appear on the show, feeling that doing so would typecast her and affect her musical career. She has expressed discomfort with some of her parents' behavior on television. In 1991, Osbourne appeared as a child in some videos and documentaries relating to her father's musical career, and appeared on\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194619\",\n \"text\": \"off the side of a mountain attached to a helicopter. Will they have the bottle for Jack's most dangerous stunt yet? Episode 4 Jack Osbourne, Joanna Page, Jesse Metcalfe and Reggie Yates continue their adrenaline-pumping experiences. Jack decides to put the others through one more test in New Zealand before they leave for fresh challenges, so they get ready for a night-time bungee jump high above Queenstown. Then they head to Dubai, for more competitive adventures. After a game of camel polo, they go deep into the desert for a spot of dune bashing before facing off in a powerboat\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874269\",\n \"text\": \"27 October 1984), and Jack (born 8 November 1985). They also took in family friend Robert Marcato after his mother died, but never legally adopted him. Osbourne has numerous grandchildren. Osbourne wrote a song for his daughter Aimee, which appeared as a B-side on the album \\\"Ozzmosis\\\". At the end of the song, his daughter can be heard saying \\\"I'll always be your angel\\\", referring to the songs chorus lyrics. The song \\\"My Little Man\\\", which appears on Ozzmosis, was written about his son Jack. He divides his time between the family's Buckinghamshire mansion and Los Angeles, California. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399078\",\n \"text\": \"drug use until he realized that he \\\"never wants to feel this way ever again\\\" and admitted himself into an adolescent psychiatric ward. He spent 10 days detoxing and was moved to an adolescent rehabilitation center in Malibu, where he enrolled in a recovery program. Osbourne gained high visibility in 2002 after appearing in his family's reality television show \\\"The Osbournes\\\", which aired on MTV and won an Emmy Award in 2002. In the show, Osbourne was mostly shown as a rebellious teenager who liked to party and to fight with sister Kelly Osbourne. In a song by Tenacious D\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874278\",\n \"text\": \"drugs in one year. However, after a nine-year investigation by the Medical Board of California, the Beverly Hills physician was exonerated of all charges of excessive prescribing. Osbourne experienced tremors for some years and linked them to his continuous drug abuse. In May 2005, he found out it was actually Parkin syndrome, a genetic condition, the symptoms of which are similar to Parkinson's disease. Osbourne will have to take daily medication for the rest of his life to combat the involuntary shudders associated with the condition. Osbourne has also shown symptoms of mild hearing loss, as depicted in the television\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874254\",\n \"text\": \"to the show. On 9 August 2010, Osbourne announced that the second single from the album would be \\\"Life Won't Wait\\\" and the video for the song would be directed by his son Jack. When asked of his opinions on \\\"Scream\\\" in an interview, Osbourne announced that he is \\\"already thinking about the next album\\\". Osbourne's current drummer, Tommy Clufetos, has reflected this sentiment, saying that \\\"We are already coming up with new ideas backstage, in the hotel rooms and at soundcheck and have a bunch of ideas recorded\\\". In October 2014, Osbourne released \\\"Memoirs of a Madman\\\", a collection\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428100\",\n \"text\": \"has since stayed with the show for its third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons. The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven's second live show. Osbourne initially stated that she will not return for the season, but later said that she was staying with the show \\\"for now\\\". Following this, she announced she was quitting after a dispute with NBC and the producers of \\\"Stars Earn Stripes\\\" involving what she believed was disability discrimination against her son Jack. On 6 June 2008, it was announced in a statement on behalf\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10469675\",\n \"text\": \"Glen Osbourne Glen Osbourne (born June 5, 1971) is an American professional wrestler, perhaps best known for his appearances with Eastern Championship Wrestling in the early 1990s, where he was the youngest holder of the promotion's World Television Championship. Since debuting in 1990, he has wrestled on the East Coast independent circuit. Osbourne got his start in the Philadelphia-based Tri-State Wrestling Alliance (TWA), run by radio personality Joel Goodhart, and became an early contributor to the city's hardcore wrestling style (Paul Heyman made his first ECW Television appearance by smashing his portable phone over Glen Osbourne's head). The TWA was\",\n \"title\": \"Glen Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7044589\",\n \"text\": \"Nicoll\\\". Lloyd Osbourne and Stevenson used a plate camera to photograph Pacific Islanders and passengers and crew of the \\\"Janet Nicoll\\\". A passenger on the \\\"Janet Nicoll\\\" was Jack Buckland, whom Lloyd Osbourne and Stevenson used as a character in \\\"The Wrecker\\\" (1892). In 1890 the family settled in Samoa, where Stevenson died four years later on December 3. In 1894 Osbourne was appointed vice consul to represent the United States in Samoa. On April 9, 1896, Osbourne married Katherine Durham in Honolulu and was divorced in 1914. Their children were Alan (b. 1897) and Louis (b. 1900). In 1916\",\n \"title\": \"Lloyd Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194617\",\n \"text\": \"is joined by his rock star dad Ozzy and mum Sharon. His parents are certainly up for the globe-trotting adventure, but will they be so keen after a few days of skydiving, rock crawling and even floating in zero gravity? Episode 2 Reality TV star Jack Osbourne continues his adventures with his parents Ozzy and Sharon. They head to the southern tip of Argentina, to go on a two-day dog-sledding expedition into the remote mountains in the freezing cold. They will sleep in a basic log cabin without water or electricity. But first they will have to learn how to\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194615\",\n \"text\": \"continues to learn how to box in Mexico City's tough gyms with Craig David, presenter Emma Griffiths and Huey from the Fun Lovin' Criminals. Their training involves getting in the ring with a bull, and taking part in an Indian fire ceremony, before their tuition culminates in a fierce bout against a professional opponent. Episode 8 Jack Osbourne takes a gang of famous friends on a mission to find the toughest adrenaline challenges in the world. In Africa he is joined by ex-\\\"Hollyoaks\\\" babe Gemma Atkinson, \\\"Harry Potter\\\" star Tom Felton and \\\"Coronation Street\\\"'s Wendi Peters; where they bunjee jump\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194612\",\n \"text\": \"Latham, the adrenaline kicks up a notch as they attempt a terrifying leap from one cable car to another, before taking on the most dangerous motor racing circuit in Europe. They round off their adventure with some Swiss pant wrestling and a spot of wing walking. Episode 4 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest challenges the world can offer. He is joined by fashion model Jodie Kidd, actor John Thomson and ex-Busted band member Matt Willis in New Zealand, where they fly through the mountains suspended under a helicopter, climb ice walls, cross a\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399075\",\n \"text\": \"was 11, the family moved back to Southern California, but this time to Beverly Hills. In spite of moving so many times at a young age, Osbourne did not find it disruptive. The only aspect of his life that constant moving did affect was his school life, and Osbourne soon despised going to school, which was not helped by the fact that he was diagnosed with a form of dyslexia at the age of eight, and ADHD at the age of 10. At the time, he was studying at a Christian school in Los Angeles. He returned to England for\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7194611\",\n \"text\": \"toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. In the Alps he is joined by Happy Mondays icon Bez, Ex-EastEnder Charlie Brooks and \\\"Shameless\\\"'s Jody Latham. They take on the world's biggest bungee down the front of the dam which featured in \\\"GoldenEye\\\", build their very own ice hotel in the mountains, and undertake a terrifying mid-air jump from one cable car to another. Episode 3 Jack Osbourne and his celebrity companions take on more of the toughest adrenaline thrills challenges the world can offer. Still in the Alps with Happy Mondays icon Bez, ex-EastEnder Charlie Brooks and Shameless's Jody\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne: Adrenaline Junkie\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428080\",\n \"text\": \"Got Talent\\\" from 2007 until 2012. After the success of \\\"The Osbournes\\\" and \\\"The X Factor\\\", hosting her own chat shows and securing advertising contracts, Osbourne was ranked as the 25th richest woman in Britain on the 2009 \\\"Sunday Times Rich List\\\". As of 2008, Osbourne and her husband were ranked as the 724th richest people in Britain with an estimated joint wealth of £110 million. Sharon Osbourne is credited with reviving her husband's heavy metal career by founding the summer Ozzfest tour. She is one of five co-hosts of the daytime series \\\"The Talk\\\". Osbourne is one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874210\",\n \"text\": \"the Birmingham Walk of Stars in his hometown as well as the Hollywood Walk of Fame. At the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, he received the Global Icon Award. In 2015 Osbourne received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. In the early 2000s, Osbourne became a reality television star, appearing as himself in the MTV reality show \\\"The Osbournes\\\", alongside wife and manager Sharon and two of their three children, Kelly and Jack. He currently co-stars with Jack and Kelly in the television series \\\"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428085\",\n \"text\": \"Angeles. When asked who she was shouting at, she replied Tony Curtis. They were reunited in 2001 and he then had a role in their reality show \\\"The Osbournes\\\". In August 2004, Osbourne stated her father had Alzheimer's disease and she paid for his care in the last years of his life. Osbourne's relationship with her mother was also damaged. According to a 2009 article in \\\"The Guardian\\\", Hope Arden was a cold woman who became even stranger after a serious car accident, something which Osbourne said \\\"unhinged her\\\". When Osbourne was informed of her mother's death, she said \\\"Oh,\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399088\",\n \"text\": \"also made lifestyle changes such as minimising stress, exercising regularly, and significantly altering his diet. However, he has spoken of his fear of a rapid decline and has admitted that his doctors have urged him to stop participating in highly intensive physical workouts: \\\"Right now am I going to be in a wheelchair? No. But if I don't take care of myself, who knows.\\\" While appearing on \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" in October 2013, Osbourne said that he did not suffer from \\\"any severe symptoms other than the odd bit of tingling down my leg and the occasional bout of\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874259\",\n \"text\": \"and 4 February 2017, with Tommy Clufetos replacing Bill Ward as the drummer for the final show. Osbourne achieved greater celebrity status via his own brand of reality television. \\\"The Osbournes\\\", a series featuring the domestic life of Osbourne and his family (wife Sharon, children Jack and Kelly, occasional appearances from his son Louis, but eldest daughter Aimee did not participate). The program became one of MTV's greatest hits. It premiered on 5 March 2002, and the final episode aired 21 March 2005. The success of \\\"The Osbournes\\\" led Osbourne and the rest of his family to host the 30th\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428121\",\n \"text\": \"her illness during the filming of the second season of \\\"The Osbournes\\\". When Osbourne's hair fell out during her subsequent treatment, her wigs were custom made by Cher's wigmaker. Ozzy Osbourne admitted that he \\\"fell apart\\\" during her treatment and recovery, and it was revealed that her son, Jack Osbourne, tried to commit suicide because of his depression stemming from his mother's condition. In August 2004, she founded the Sharon Osbourne Colon Cancer Program at Cedars Sinai Hospital. In addition, she was the honoured guest at the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation's 2003 Fall Gala, where she spoke of her struggle\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428099\",\n \"text\": \"second season of \\\"America's Got Talent\\\", along with Piers Morgan and David Hasselhoff, replacing the singer Brandy. Osbourne later worked on the show with Howie Mandel and Howard Stern as judges and Nick Cannon as host. The season premiered in the United States on 5 June 2007. In her first episode, Osbourne came into a conflict with Piers Morgan when she felt he judged a child contestant too harshly. She threatened to leave the show in the middle of filming, saying \\\"I didn't sign up for this\\\", but was talked out of it. The incident was shown on air. Osbourne\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18233511\",\n \"text\": \"What We Ain't Got \\\"What We Ain't Got\\\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Jake Owen. It was released in August 2014 as the third and final single from his fourth studio album \\\"Days of Gold\\\". The song, written by Travis Meadows and Travis Jerome Goff, has Owen yearning for a former love, thinking of others wanting what's out of their reach. It garnered positive reviews from critics praising the lyrical work and Owen's vocal delivery of them. \\\"What We Ain't Got\\\" peaked at numbers 14 and 19 on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Country Airplay and Hot Country\",\n \"title\": \"What We Ain't Got\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874284\",\n \"text\": \"of alcohol abuse. McCollum's suicide led to allegations that Osbourne promoted suicide in his songs. Despite knowing McCollum suffered clinical depression, his parents sued Osbourne (\\\"McCollum v. CBS\\\") for their son's death, saying the lyrics in the song, \\\"Where to hide, suicide is the only way out. Don't you know what it's really about?\\\" convinced McCollum to commit suicide. The family's lawyer suggested that Osbourne should be criminally charged for encouraging a young person to commit suicide, but the courts ruled in Osbourne's favour, saying there was no connection between the song and McCollum's suicide. Osbourne was sued for the\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874273\",\n \"text\": \"1970s, Osbourne had the unhealthiest lifestyle of them all. Despite this, said Iommi, he was typically the only one left standing when the others were \\\"out for the count\\\". Keyboardist Don Airey said that Osbourne's substance-abuse issues were what caused him to leave the band. Osbourne claims that his first experience with cocaine was in early 1971 at a hotel in Denver, Colorado, after a show Black Sabbath had done with Mountain. He claims Mountain's guitarist, Leslie West, introduced him to the drug. Though West is reluctant to take credit for introducing Osbourne to cocaine, Osbourne says, \\\"When you come\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874279\",\n \"text\": \"show, \\\"The Osbournes\\\", where he often asks his family to repeat what they say. At the TEDMED Conference in October 2010, scientists from Knome joined Osbourne on stage to discuss their analysis of Osbourne's whole genome, which shed light on how the famously hard-living rocker has survived decades of drug abuse. In April 2013, Osbourne revealed through Facebook that he had resumed drinking and taking drugs for the past year and a half, stating he \\\"was in a very dark place\\\" but said he had been sober again since early March. He also apologised to Sharon, his family, friends, bandmates\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8895185\",\n \"text\": \"remix has been made, several \\\"Show Me What You Got\\\" versions have been released by many artists. Show Me What You Got \\\"Show Me What You Got\\\" is the lead single by rap artist Jay-Z from his album \\\"Kingdom Come\\\". It is the first single from his \\\"comeback\\\" album \\\"Kingdom Come\\\". It was produced by Just Blaze. The song samples \\\"Show 'Em Whatcha Got\\\" by Public Enemy. The saxophone loop heard prominently throughout the track is sampled from \\\"Darkest Light\\\" by Michael McEwan, of the Lafayette Afro Rock Band and from Johnny Pate's \\\"Shaft In Africa\\\". The same saxophone loop\",\n \"title\": \"Show Me What You Got\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874268\",\n \"text\": \"frequent absences while touring with Black Sabbath, took their toll on his family life, with his children later lamenting the fact that he was not a good father. In the 2011 documentary film \\\"God Bless Ozzy Osbourne\\\", produced by son Jack Osbourne, he admitted that he could not even remember when Louis and Jessica were born.Osbourne married Sharon Arden on 4 July 1982 and had three children with her. He later said that he deliberately married Arden on the US Independence Day so that he would never forget his anniversary. Their children are Aimee (born 2 September 1983), Kelly (born\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874260\",\n \"text\": \"Annual American Music Awards in January 2003. The night was marked with constant \\\"bleeping\\\" due to some of the lewd and raunchy remarks made by Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. Presenter Patricia Heaton walked out midway in disgust. On 20 February 2008, Ozzy, Sharon, Kelly and Jack Osbourne hosted the 2008 BRIT Awards held at Earls Court, London. Ozzy appeared in a TV commercial for \\\"I Can't Believe It's Not Butter!\\\" which began airing in the UK in February 2006. Ozzy appears in a commercial for the online video game \\\"World of Warcraft\\\". He was also featured in the music video\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874282\",\n \"text\": \"throughout his career and is part of what made Osbourne famous. On 20 January 1982, Osbourne bit the head off a bat he thought was rubber while performing at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium in Des Moines, Iowa. \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine in 2004 ranked this incident number two on its list of \\\"Rock's Wildest Myths\\\". While the \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" article stated the bat was alive, 17-year-old Mark Neal who threw it onto the stage said it was brought to the show dead. According to Osbourne in the booklet to the 2002 edition of \\\"Diary of a Madman\\\", the bat was not\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428086\",\n \"text\": \"what a shame\\\" and simply put the phone down. A series of high-selling albums and world tours followed through the 1980s, eventually bringing about Ozzy's popularity. In 1996, Osbourne created the Ozzfest summer touring festival. It went on to become a regular rock occasion and celebrated a 10th anniversary in 2006. By 2007, the ticket prices had reached £76 ($150) and Osbourne announced that the tickets would be free to allow more people the opportunity to attend the concert. Prior to the founding of Ozzfest, Osbourne approached Lollapalooza, another rock/pop festival, to request that Ozzy play at that year's festival,\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11785845\",\n \"text\": \"Rock What You Got Rock What You Got is the fifth album from the band Superchick. It was released on June 24, 2008. The album debuted at No. 65 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 album chart, selling nearly 10,000 copies its first week. The band has described the album as more progressive, in-your-face sound and has dubbed it \\\"rock-o-tronic\\\". In May 2008, Inpop released three radio singles from the album. \\\"Hold\\\" was played on Christian contemporary hit radio stations, \\\"Crawl\\\" went to adult contemporary stations, and \\\"Hey, Hey\\\" to Christian rock stations. In late May, Inpop Records released a free download\",\n \"title\": \"Rock What You Got\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"953881\",\n \"text\": \"show. On 28 October 2015, it was confirmed that Osbourne would be a new judge on \\\"Australia's Got Talent\\\" for its eighth season on Channel Nine. In 2018, Osbourne joined her father and brother in their televised global tour that is documented in the series \\\"Ozzy & Jack's World Detour\\\". On 4 August 2015, while appearing as a guest co-host on \\\"The View\\\", Kelly caused controversy when she said, \\\"If you kick every Latino out of this country, then who is going to be cleaning your toilet, Donald Trump?\\\" Her comments were in response to then-GOP Presidential candidate Donald Trump's\",\n \"title\": \"Kelly Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874226\",\n \"text\": \"punch to the jaw. On leaving Sabbath, Osbourne recalled, \\\"I'd got £96,000 for my share of the name, so I'd just locked myself away and spent three months doing coke and booze. My thinking was, 'This is my last party, because after this I'm going back to Birmingham and the dole.\\\" However, he was signed to Don Arden's Jet Records. Arden dispatched Sharon to Los Angeles to \\\"look after Ozzy's needs, whatever they were\\\", to protect his investment. Initially, Arden hoped Osbourne would return to Sabbath, and later attempted to convince the singer to name his new band \\\"Son of\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874217\",\n \"text\": \"working as Don's receptionist. Osbourne admits he was attracted to her immediately but assumed that \\\"she probably thought I was a lunatic\\\". Osbourne said years later that the best thing about eventually choosing Don Arden as manager was that he got to see Sharon regularly, though their relationship was strictly professional at that point. Just five months after the release of \\\"Paranoid\\\" the band released \\\"Master of Reality\\\". The album reached the top ten in both the United States and UK, and was certified gold in less than two months. In the 1980s it received platinum certification and went Double\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428116\",\n \"text\": \"excrement with a note saying, \\\"I heard you've got an eating disorder. Eat this.\\\" The popular British comedy \\\"Dead Ringers\\\", features and spoofs Osbourne (played by Jan Ravens) quite prominently alongside her husband (played by Jon Culshaw). Also, she was spoofed by impressionist Ronni Ancona on \\\"Alistair McGowan's Big Impression\\\" and was also featured in comedy \\\"2DTV\\\". On \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", Amy Poehler played her on \\\"Celebrity Jeopardy!\\\" skit on 14 May 2005. Sharon Osbourne appeared in season nine of \\\"Celebrity Apprentice\\\". On 16 May 2010, she was fired during the double elimination round. Impressionist Francine Lewis performed an impression\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428106\",\n \"text\": \"to return for the show's tenth series. Media outlets reported in December 2012 that \\\"X Factor\\\" producers had approached Osbourne for a return in 2013, reportedly to replace Tulisa. In April 2013, the show's creative director Brian Friedman said that he was \\\"confident\\\" of Sharon Osbourne's return following her departure from \\\"America's Got Talent\\\" and replaced by Heidi Klum. It was later announced by ITV that Osbourne would indeed be returning for the tenth series of the show, replacing Tulisa. She returned to the judging panel alongside Gary Barlow, Nicole Scherzinger, and original panellist Louis Walsh. During the live shows,\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20308464\",\n \"text\": \"the official music video was released on Jack's vevo account. The video features Jack skateboarding in fields, at the beach, and working in public transit. The video was shot by using an old 16mm camera that was used to shoot surf films. The video debut at number 20 on VH1's top music video list, and has spawned over 14 million views on YouTube. \\\"I Got You\\\" debut at number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week of June 29, 2013, and peaked at number 26 on the Japan Hot 100. I Got You (Jack Johnson song) \\\"I Got\",\n \"title\": \"I Got You (Jack Johnson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18233515\",\n \"text\": \"chart at number 40 on December 14, 2013 on the release of the album, \\\"Days of Gold\\\". It entered the Country Airplay chart on August 9, 2014, and peaked at number 14 in early 2015, and at number 19 on the Hot Country Songs chart. The song has sold 369,000 copies in the US as of May 2015. The music video was directed by Mason Dixon and premiered in November 2014. What We Ain't Got \\\"What We Ain't Got\\\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Jake Owen. It was released in August 2014 as the third and\",\n \"title\": \"What We Ain't Got\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399081\",\n \"text\": \"in t'ai chi and climbing exercises, which possibly inspired him to appear in his own programme, \\\"\\\" produced by the same production company (Ginger Productions) as \\\"Extreme Celebrity Detox\\\". Osbourne lost (50Lb) 23 kg in Thailand at a Muay Thai martial arts camp in Pattaya in order to be fit enough to climb El Capitan (which he achieved) whilst filming the first series of \\\"\\\". It aired on ITV2 in the UK, the Travel Channel in the United States, The LifeStyle Channel in Australia, GOtv in South Africa and on MuchMusic in Canada. \\\"\\\" focuses on Osbourne's training for sports\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2399077\",\n \"text\": \"regularly and had started smoking marijuana. He started partying heavily, and made headlines on 21 April 2003 when he was admitted to a child psychiatric ward for an addiction to OxyContin. Osbourne's drug addiction escalated after his mother was diagnosed with cancer; he was as well battling with his own depression. His self-destructive behaviour came to a head when he attempted suicide by taking a cocktail of prescription pills and cutting his hands with shards of glass after hearing his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend pick up her phone when he called her. He woke up 12 hours later. Osbourne continued with his\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428102\",\n \"text\": \"Cole. Osbourne hosted the second season of \\\"\\\" with co-hosts Riki Rachtman and Daniella Clarke on VH1. Osbourne had a physical altercation on 13 December 2008 with contestant Megan Hauserman on the reunion special for the show after Hauserman made derogatory statements about Osbourne's husband, Ozzy. Hauserman reportedly filed a report with the Los Angeles Police Department and has since filed a lawsuit against Osbourne, claiming battery, negligence and infliction of emotional distress. In 2011, Osbourne reached a settlement with Hauserman. In July 2008, Fox announced that the Osbourne family would be hosting a new variety show titled \\\"\\\" (working\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14853338\",\n \"text\": \"also stated that \\\"Jon's voice is crisp and clear, up in front in the mix; and Richie Sambora's guitar work is neat, clean, and growing more minimal by the minute\\\". Describing the composition, Osrin said that song \\\"continues the band's trend of recording music that tries to be more socially conscious than rollicking\\\". Songwriting and production Musicians \\\"What Do You Got?\\\" was used in a promotional video for \\\"Grey's Anatomy\\\" in Canada. What Do You Got? \\\"What Do You Got?\\\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \\\"Greatest\",\n \"title\": \"What Do You Got?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14853334\",\n \"text\": \"What Do You Got? \\\"What Do You Got?\\\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It is one of four songs written for the band's \\\"Greatest Hits\\\" album, released in November 2010. The song is the first single from the compilation album. The song was released on the band's official website on August 27. It was officially released on September 21, 2010 as a digital download, but the physical single was released in Germany on October 22, 2010. \\\"What Do You Got?\\\" was written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora and Brett James, produced by Howard Benson and\",\n \"title\": \"What Do You Got?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8598872\",\n \"text\": \"he had tried to sell on Auto Trader - which a group of men had attempted to purchase with counterfeit money. Despite nothing ever coming of the arrest, Osbourne considers it something that has had a negative affect on his footballing career. He described his move to the SPL was partly down to a need to \\\"get away from it all\\\". Isaiah Osbourne Isaiah George Osbourne (born 15 November 1987) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for Walsall. He is a former England under-16 international who started his career with Aston Villa. Osbourne had loan spells with\",\n \"title\": \"Isaiah Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428109\",\n \"text\": \"in disgust. In January 2005, she was contracted to feature in a television advertising campaign for UK supermarket chain, Asda and later in 2007, Osbourne became the new face of \\\"Galabingo\\\" when she was featured in television advertisements promoting the gambling website. She has co-hosted one of the \\\"Royal Variety Performances\\\" with Jonathan Ross. Osbourne appeared in \\\"Days of Our Lives\\\", \\\"It's a Boy Girl Thing\\\". On Friday 15 June 2007, Osbourne guest hosted \\\"The Friday Night Project\\\" with Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr. Osbourne also made a cameo appearance on 23 June 2007 in an episode of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428084\",\n \"text\": \"to kill her, and who once told Ozzy that Osbourne tried to seduce Don in an effort to turn Ozzy against her. Osbourne revealed she was surrounded by violence during her childhood and that it was a normal occurrence to see her father threatening someone, or brandishing a firearm. In an interview in 2001, she commented that her father has never seen her children and that \\\"he never will\\\". Osbourne had told her children that their grandfather was dead, but they unknowingly saw him for the first time when Osbourne was shouting abuse at him on a street in Los\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874274\",\n \"text\": \"from Aston and you fall in love with cocaine, you \\\"remember\\\" when you started. It's like having your first fuck!\\\" Osbourne says that upon first trying the drug, \\\"The world went a bit fuzzy after that.\\\" Though he has managed to remain clean and sober for extended periods in recent years, Osbourne has frequently commented on his former wild lifestyle, puzzled at how he has survived 40 years of drug and alcohol abuse. Upon being fired from Black Sabbath in 1979, Osbourne spent the next three months locked in his hotel room taking vast amounts of alcohol and other drugs\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5664720\",\n \"text\": \"to the lyrics. It also featured on Dave Mirra's freestyle BMX. What I Got \\\"What I Got\\\" is a song from Sublime's eponymous third album titled \\\"Sublime\\\" and was the band's biggest radio hit, posthumously after singer Bradley Nowell's death in 1996 from a heroin overdose. It was the second single to be released by the band, following \\\"Date Rape\\\" (1991). The song was one of the most popular singles of 1997 in the US. At the time of its release, it reached the #1 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It was also a mainstream Top 40 hit,\",\n \"title\": \"What I Got\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5664718\",\n \"text\": \"What I Got \\\"What I Got\\\" is a song from Sublime's eponymous third album titled \\\"Sublime\\\" and was the band's biggest radio hit, posthumously after singer Bradley Nowell's death in 1996 from a heroin overdose. It was the second single to be released by the band, following \\\"Date Rape\\\" (1991). The song was one of the most popular singles of 1997 in the US. At the time of its release, it reached the #1 spot on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. It was also a mainstream Top 40 hit, peaking at #29 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 Airplay. It is\",\n \"title\": \"What I Got\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874221\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Necromandus\\\", who had supported Black Sabbath in Birmingham when they were called \\\"Earth\\\", did backup for Osbourne in the studio and briefly became the first incarnation of his solo band. At the request of the other members, Osbourne rejoined Sabbath. The band spent five months at Sounds Interchange Studios in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, writing and recording what would become \\\"Never Say Die!\\\" \\\"It took quite a long time\\\", Iommi said. \\\"We were getting really drugged out, doing a lot of dope. We'd go down to the sessions, and have to pack up because we were too stoned, we'd have to\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428083\",\n \"text\": \"She was pregnant at the time and subsequently lost the baby. She soon lost contact with her father and did not speak to him for 20 years. Levy began dating future husband Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 after Black Sabbath fired him and took over his management from the Arden organisation. Levy coordinated the recruitment of a backing band (Randy Rhoads, Bob Daisley, and Lee Kerslake) for the recording of the \\\"Blizzard of Ozz\\\" album and helped Ozzy launch what became a successful solo career. Osbourne had a troubled life with her father, Don Arden, who had robbed her, once tried\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874280\",\n \"text\": \"and his fans for his \\\"insane\\\" behaviour during that period. Throughout his career, many religious groups have accused Osbourne of being a negative influence on teenagers, stating that his genre of rock music has been used to glorify Satanism. Scholar Christopher M. Moreman compared the controversy to those levelled against the occultist Aleister Crowley. Both were demonised by the media and some religious groups for their antics. Although Osbourne tempts the comparison with his song \\\"Mr. Crowley\\\", he denies the charge of being a Satanist; conversely it has been alleged that Osbourne is a member of the Church of England\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1428114\",\n \"text\": \"British records began, beating the previous record set by David Beckham's autobiography by 100,000 copies. In March 2006 it won Biography of the Year at the British Book Awards. The autobiography has proceeded to sell in excess of two million copies which has become the most successful female autobiography ever. Osbourne later released another autobiography named \\\"Survivor\\\", the title coming from surviving cancer. It was released in 2007. In August 2013, Osbourne announced on Twitter that her third autobiography named \\\"Unbreakable\\\", will be released on 10 October 2013. On the \\\"Sunday Times Rich List 2006\\\", Osbourne was listed as the\",\n \"title\": \"Sharon Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16146394\",\n \"text\": \"not been advanced to the live shows. Howard Stern has called the lie \\\"wrong on so many levels\\\". On November 15, 2012, he responded to these accusations on an episode of Dr. Phil. On July 24, 2012, Sharon Osbourne announced via Twitter that she would not be returning to the show for another season. The next day, however, Osbourne announced that she was unsure of whether she would return. On August 6, it was confirmed that Osbourne was leaving the show at the end of season seven because of a feud with NBC. America's Got Talent (season 7) Season seven\",\n \"title\": \"America's Got Talent (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20647022\",\n \"text\": \"band's home country of Germany, peaking at a career high #44 on the Top 100 Singles chart. \\\"Every Generation\\\" was also a success on American rock radio, peaking at #13 and #21 on the Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts, respectively. Every Generation Got Its Own Disease \\\"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease\\\" (also simply known as \\\"Every Generation\\\") is a song by German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse. The song was released as the second single from the album \\\"Mono\\\". AllMusic reviewer Tom Demalon called the song \\\"a dark, brooding cut with a hypnotic guitar line\\\" and noted\",\n \"title\": \"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20647021\",\n \"text\": \"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease \\\"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease\\\" (also simply known as \\\"Every Generation\\\") is a song by German rock band Fury in the Slaughterhouse. The song was released as the second single from the album \\\"Mono\\\". AllMusic reviewer Tom Demalon called the song \\\"a dark, brooding cut with a hypnotic guitar line\\\" and noted the bleak nature of the lyrics. Demalon said Kai Wingenfelder lacked much range, but called the song the band's best melody. \\\"Every Generation\\\" is Fury in the Slaughterhouse's most popular and successful single. The song was a commercial success in the\",\n \"title\": \"Every Generation Got Its Own Disease\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13178018\",\n \"text\": \"under the title \\\"You've Got What It Takes\\\" by The Lana Sisters (featuring a young Dusty Springfield) as a B side in 1960. A 1967 cover of the song by The Dave Clark Five reached #7 in the United States and #28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached #2 in the UK in 1977. On their 1967 album, \\\"United\\\", duet performers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell recorded an uptempo soul version and included a false ending. You Got What It Takes \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the\",\n \"title\": \"You Got What It Takes\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13178017\",\n \"text\": \"You Got What It Takes \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the US it reached #2 on the Black Singles chart, and #10 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 early in 1960. In the UK Singles Chart it reached a high of #7. The original recording of \\\"You Got What It Takes\\\" was by Bobby Parker on Vee-Jay 279 in 1958. Parker claims to have written the song, and his name is on the 1958 recording, but later versions credit Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy, Billy Davis, and sometimes Marv Johnson. The song was released\",\n \"title\": \"You Got What It Takes\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10839793\",\n \"text\": \"by James Teh (Peace Charger Productions). What You Got (Grinspoon song) \\\"What You Got\\\" is the second single by Grinspoon from their fifth studio album \\\"Alibis & Other Lies\\\". The song was co-written by Phil Jamieson and Matthew Strong (Custard), who is the bass player in Jamieson’s side project, Lost Gospel. The single was only released in a digital format on iTunes. Australian music website, The Dwarf, describes \\\"What You Got\\\" as being musically closer to \\\"Hard Act to Follow\\\" stating \\\"It's short, sharp and 100% killer. Just how it should be.\\\" Michael Olivotto of FasterLouder believes that the song\",\n \"title\": \"What You Got (Grinspoon song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10839791\",\n \"text\": \"What You Got (Grinspoon song) \\\"What You Got\\\" is the second single by Grinspoon from their fifth studio album \\\"Alibis & Other Lies\\\". The song was co-written by Phil Jamieson and Matthew Strong (Custard), who is the bass player in Jamieson’s side project, Lost Gospel. The single was only released in a digital format on iTunes. Australian music website, The Dwarf, describes \\\"What You Got\\\" as being musically closer to \\\"Hard Act to Follow\\\" stating \\\"It's short, sharp and 100% killer. Just how it should be.\\\" Michael Olivotto of FasterLouder believes that the song \\\"instantly wreaks of The Lost Gospel\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What You Got (Grinspoon song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13552497\",\n \"text\": \"Baby (You've Got What It Takes) \\\"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)\\\" is a 1950's song written by Clyde Otis, Murray Stein and Brook Benton. Originally titled \\\"You've Got What It Takes\\\", the song was first recorded by Benton's sister, Dorothy Pay, in 1958, as the B-side of her single \\\"Strollin' with My Baby\\\" on Mercury 71277. It was then recorded more successfully as a duet by Dinah Washington and Brook Benton, in their first collaboration. The single was very successful on both the pop and R&B charts. \\\"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)\\\" reached #5 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot\",\n \"title\": \"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874263\",\n \"text\": \"experts, and explore unusual or quirky aspects of their background. Osbourne appeared in a November 2017 episode of \\\"Gogglebox\\\" along with other UK celebrities such as Ed Sheeran, former Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher, and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn as part of Channel 4 and Cancer Research UK's \\\"Stand Up to Cancer\\\" fundraising campaign. In November 2017, Osbourne entered into a new realm of sponsorship as he signed on as an ambassador of a rock-themed online casino known as Metal Casino, which was founded by metal music fans in August 2017. Osbourne has received several awards for his contributions to\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874261\",\n \"text\": \"game \\\"Guitar Hero World Tour\\\" as a playable character. He becomes unlocked upon completing Mr Crowley and Crazy Train in the vocalist career. Osbourne published an autobiography in October 2009, titled \\\"I Am Ozzy\\\". Osbourne says ghost writer Chris Ayres told the singer he has enough material for a second book. A movie adaptation of \\\"I Am Ozzy\\\" is also in the works, and Osbourne says he hopes \\\"an unknown guy from England\\\" will get the role over an established actor, while Sharon stated she would choose established English actress Carey Mulligan to play her. A documentary film about Osbourne's\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874224\",\n \"text\": \"to the other band members. Osbourne claims his drug use and alcohol consumption at that time was not better nor worse than that of the other band members. The band replaced him with former Rainbow singer Ronnie James Dio. Conflict of a sort had existed between Iommi and Osbourne from the beginning. When responding to a 1969 flyer reading \\\"Ozzy Zig Needs Gig- has own PA\\\" posted in a record store, Iommi and Ward arrived at the listed address to speak with \\\"Ozzy Zig.\\\" When Iommi saw Osbourne emerge from another room of the house, he left upon discovering it\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"874208\",\n \"text\": \"Ozzy Osbourne John Michael \\\"Ozzy\\\" Osbourne (born 3 December 1948), also known as The Prince of Darkness, is an English vocalist, songwriter, actor and reality television star who rose to prominence during the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He was kicked out of the band in 1979 due to alcohol and drug problems, but went on to have a successful solo career, releasing eleven studio albums, the first seven of which were all awarded multi-platinum certifications in the United States. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions, recording the album\",\n \"title\": \"Ozzy Osbourne\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["multiple sclerosis"],"string":"[\n \"multiple sclerosis\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":181,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what do the islamic believe?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"7572825","text":"that meet universal Islamic principles, as advised by a Shari'ah Supervisory Board of six Islamic scholars from six countries. NAIT says that the ever-increasing Muslim population in the US demands a variety of Islamic literature. Some publishers of certain Islamic literature believe, it maintains, that the media and others misrepresent Islam and Muslims. NAIT says these publishers believe that this alleged misrepresentation necessitates the development of authentic Islamic literature. NAIT believes it meets this need by publishing and distributing what it views as credible Islamic literature. American Trust Publications (ATP), established by NAIT in 1976, is a publishing house that","title":"North American Islamic Trust"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7572825\",\n \"text\": \"that meet universal Islamic principles, as advised by a Shari'ah Supervisory Board of six Islamic scholars from six countries. NAIT says that the ever-increasing Muslim population in the US demands a variety of Islamic literature. Some publishers of certain Islamic literature believe, it maintains, that the media and others misrepresent Islam and Muslims. NAIT says these publishers believe that this alleged misrepresentation necessitates the development of authentic Islamic literature. NAIT believes it meets this need by publishing and distributing what it views as credible Islamic literature. American Trust Publications (ATP), established by NAIT in 1976, is a publishing house that\",\n \"title\": \"North American Islamic Trust\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"18531512","text":"what they really mean. \"Do You Believe?\" opened theatrically in 1,320 venues on March 20, 2015 and earned $3,591,282 in its first weekend, ranking number six in the domestic box office, behind \"\", \"Cinderella\", \"Run All Night\", \"The Gunman\", and \"\". \"Do You Believe?\" received negative reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 21% rating, based on 19 reviews, leaving a rating average of 4.2/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 22 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Film reviewer for The Dove Foundation,","title":"Do You Believe? (film)"},{"psg_id":"14121335","text":"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\" The music video for the single \"What Faith Can Do\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \"What Faith Can Do\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from","title":"What Faith Can Do"},{"psg_id":"5773078","text":"What I Believe \"What I Believe\" is the title of two essays espousing humanism, one by Bertrand Russell (1925) and one by E. M. Forster (1938). Several other authors have also written works with the same title, alluding to either or both of these essays. \"What I Believe\" was first published as a book in 1925. As Russell wrote in the preface, \"In this little book, I have tried to say what I think of man's place in the universe, and of his possibilities in the way of achieving the good life. \" His essay may be summed in his","title":"What I Believe"},{"psg_id":"5773085","text":"comfort from the fact that people are born separately and die separately. Therefore, no dictator will be able to eradicate individualism. What I Believe \"What I Believe\" is the title of two essays espousing humanism, one by Bertrand Russell (1925) and one by E. M. Forster (1938). Several other authors have also written works with the same title, alluding to either or both of these essays. \"What I Believe\" was first published as a book in 1925. As Russell wrote in the preface, \"In this little book, I have tried to say what I think of man's place in the","title":"What I Believe"},{"psg_id":"5046137","text":"close resemblance of the melody of \"Do You Believe In Shame?\" to that of the Dale Hawkins classic \"Suzie Q\" (more famously covered by Creedence Clearwater Revival and The Rolling Stones). The writing credits were changed accordingly. The members of Duran Duran have always denied that they intentionally copied any other works, and that the similarity of the two songs was based on what they described as a \"basic blues progression\". \"Do You Believe In Shame?\" was released to coincide with the band's Electric Theatre Tour which began in Newcastle on 15 April 1989. As such, the 7\" triple pack","title":"Do You Believe in Shame?"},{"psg_id":"17426820","text":"such as Grimes and Purity Ring—choruses are foregrounded, synthy jabs pummel Lauren Mayberry's vocals, beats drop from satisfying heights—but Mayberry's lyrics also carry a subversive twist of angst and obsession.\" In a mixed review, Slant Magazine's Kevin Liedel remarked, \"While the album has its fair share of sweet spots, the handful of capable melodies never quite balances out its bizarre impulses or the utter lack of thematic unity.\" Credits adapted from the liner notes of \"The Bones of What You Believe\". The Bones of What You Believe The Bones of What You Believe is the debut studio album by Scottish","title":"The Bones of What You Believe"},{"psg_id":"17964302","text":"I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song) \"I Do Believe\" is a song recorded by the American country supergroup The Highwaymen for their 1995 album \"The Road Goes on Forever\". It was written by Waylon Jennings and produced by Don Was, with Jennings providing lead vocals on the track. The song has highly pandeistic-sounding overtones, as it derides conventional religious belief in Heaven and Hell while affirming a religious belief under which one ought to \"live life to the fullest.\" In his autobiography, Jennings related of \"I Do Believe\" that, \"when I finished the song, and before the Highwaymen recorded it,","title":"I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song)"},{"psg_id":"12060681","text":"was sampled in \"Bottom Feeders\" by Smut Peddlers. The song's mournful beat contains a samples \"Fueron Tres Anos\" by Chilean band Los Angeles Negros. \"Do You Believe?\" was the first single from \"Stone Crazy\" to chart; it reached number 27 on Hot Rap Singles and number 81 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Despite its relative commercial success, it is only featured on one of three Beatnuts hits compilations: 1999's \"World Famous Classics\". <br> Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song) \"Do You Believe?\" is the second single from \"Stone Crazy\", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group the Beatnuts. It","title":"Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song)"},{"psg_id":"18937851","text":"later, it returned to the number one spot for another two weeks. This means that it has spent five non-consecutive weeks at number one in the UK Singles Chart. Bieber became only the fourth person to have the same single reach number one on the UK Singles Chart on three separate occasions. The other songs to top the chart three separate times are Frankie Laine's \"I Believe\", Guy Mitchell's \"Singing the Blues\" and Pharrell Williams' \"Happy\". 'What Do You Mean?' was the ninth best-selling single of 2015 in the UK with combined sales of 988,000 copies. In Australia, \"What Do","title":"What Do You Mean?"},{"psg_id":"8557193","text":"including Rebecca Hagelin, Edwin Meese, Kate O'Beirne and James Pethokoukis. The phrase on occasion has been used by iconoclastic conservatives to claim the mantle of Reagan as they criticize mainline conservatives, by some liberal commentators as a way of chastising Republicans whom also they believe fall short of Reagan's ideals and also by non-partisan public policy organizations that seek to emulate aspects of Reagan's leadership. What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United","title":"What would Reagan do?"},{"psg_id":"8981753","text":"Do You Believe? (tour) Do You Believe?, also known as the Believe Tour, was the fourth solo concert tour by American singer-actress Cher. The tour, which took place in 1999 and 2000, promoted her album, \"Believe.\" The tour began on June 16, 1999 and was initially planned to end on December 15, 1999, but due to it being very commercially successful, the tour was extended from December 30, 1999 to March 5, 2000 in North America. Cyndi Lauper, Wild Orchid, Michael McDonald and Julio Iglesias Jr. were the opening acts at different times during the tour. The August 28, 1999","title":"Do You Believe? (tour)"},{"psg_id":"7042681","text":"band roots in its arrangements of traditional songs... The Spoonful would be remembered as a vehicle for Sebastian's songwriting, but \"Do You Believe in Magic\" was a well-rounded collection that demonstrated their effectiveness as a group.\" Do You Believe in Magic (album) Do You Believe in Magic is the debut album by the folk rock group The Lovin' Spoonful. It was released in November 1965, on the Kama Sutra label. The album features the hits \"Do You Believe in Magic\" (U.S. No. 9) and \"Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?\" (U.S. No. 2). \"Do You Believe in","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (album)"},{"psg_id":"17426814","text":"derives from a lyric in the song \"Strong Hand\"; according to frontwoman Lauren Mayberry, it refers to the raw \"creativity and effort\" that served as the figurative and literal skeleton for the album. Musically, \"The Bones of What You Believe\" is primarily a synth-pop and indie pop album that incorporates \"neon-Eighties\" influences. \"The Bones of What You Believe\" received critical acclaim, with many complimenting Mayberry's songwriting and vocal performance, and Iain Cook and Martin Doherty's use of synthesisers and vocal loops. The album debuted at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, selling 12,415 copies in its first week. It","title":"The Bones of What You Believe"},{"psg_id":"17426813","text":"The Bones of What You Believe The Bones of What You Believe is the debut studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches, released on 20 September 2013 by Virgin Records and Goodbye Records. Recorded between 2011 and 2013 in Glasgow, the album was written, composed, and produced by the band as a collaborative effort. It was made available as both a 12-track standard edition and an 18-track special version, the latter including two extra songs, two remixes and two live videos. The album was debuted with a launch party broadcast live on music streaming platform Boiler Room. The album's title","title":"The Bones of What You Believe"},{"psg_id":"8981755","text":"Gardening show. All in all there were 7 to 9 different ensembles, depending upon how one does the counting, with none lasting more than a handful of songs. Reviews of the show were often favorable, given Cher's return to popularity and over-the-top appeal. \"The New York Times\" said Cher had \"a quintessential rock voice ... spectacularly styled with a rough and tumble vaudevillian edge.\" \"The Washington Post\" viewed it as \"a dynamic, over-the-top extravaganza.\" \"The Dallas Morning News\" said \"her concert was entertaining and gleefully glitzy.\" Notes Do You Believe? (tour) Do You Believe?, also known as the Believe Tour,","title":"Do You Believe? (tour)"},{"psg_id":"6561073","text":"Believe What You Like Believe What You Like: What happened between the Scientologists and the National Association for Mental Health (Andre Deutsch Limited, 1973, ), written by the \"New Statesman\" director C. R. Hewitt under the pen name C. H. Rolph, details a public dispute between the Church of Scientology and the National Association for Mental Health (now known as Mind) in Britain. The book covers the controversy of how, starting in 1969, members of the Church joined the NAMH in large numbers with the intent to change the organization from the inside. The Scientologists attempted to ratify as official","title":"Believe What You Like"},{"psg_id":"6561074","text":"policy a number of points concerning the treatment of psychiatric patients, and in so doing, secretly promoted Scientology's anti-psychiatry agenda. When their identity was realized, the Scientologists were expelled from the organization \"en masse\", but later sued the NAMH over the matter in the High Court in 1971 and lost. The case was important in UK charity law. The book also covers the origins and activities of the Church of Scientology in the UK and some of their other legal actions in the UK around that time, including: Believe What You Like Believe What You Like: What happened between the","title":"Believe What You Like"},{"psg_id":"18531513","text":"Edwin L. Carpenter starts his review with, \"...the best faith-based film I have ever seen!\" Writing for \"The Times-Picayune\", Mike Scott describes the film as, \"It is not mainstream entertainment; it is mainstream Sunday school – which is fine if this is what you want to see at the movie theater.\" Scott Foundas, Chief Film Critic at \"Variety\" magazine, pans the film with \"But when all its threads are finally pulled into place, \"Do You Believe?\" proves about as spiritually enlightening as a Kmart throw rug.\" \"Huffington Post\"'s Jackie Cooper gave the film 7/10. Michael Foust, writing for \"The Christian","title":"Do You Believe? (film)"},{"psg_id":"17964304","text":"with respect to Jennings that the song \"showed him at his best, questioning religious beliefs.\" I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song) \"I Do Believe\" is a song recorded by the American country supergroup The Highwaymen for their 1995 album \"The Road Goes on Forever\". It was written by Waylon Jennings and produced by Don Was, with Jennings providing lead vocals on the track. The song has highly pandeistic-sounding overtones, as it derides conventional religious belief in Heaven and Hell while affirming a religious belief under which one ought to \"live life to the fullest.\" In his autobiography, Jennings related of","title":"I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song)"},{"psg_id":"12060680","text":"Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song) \"Do You Believe?\" is the second single from \"Stone Crazy\", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group the Beatnuts. It was released by Relativity Records as a single with \"Give Me Tha Ass\" as its b-side in 1997. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju and Psycho Les. Juju begins the song with a verse about his \"ghetto mentality,\" while Psycho Les raps a verse about partying and making music. Juju's verse was later sampled in the song \"Dos Factotum\" by Louis Logic, while Psycho Les' verse","title":"Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song)"},{"psg_id":"18647328","text":"Do Not Believe His Lies Do Not Believe His Lies is a 2014 puzzle mobile app game designed by Polish designer Lukasz Matablewski. Matablewski released the app to the iTunes storefront on July 10, 2014 and since its release, the game has developed a Reddit following. According to the official website as of March 20, 2015, no player has completed the game and over 275,000 people are participating in \"Do Not Believe His Lies\". Gameplay is centered on the player solving a series of puzzles and riddles. After successfully completing each puzzle the player is presented with words that, upon","title":"Do Not Believe His Lies"},{"psg_id":"5046144","text":"/ DDB 12 (Nick Rhodes picture sleeve) EMI. / DDC 12 (John Taylor picture sleeve) Allison Iraheta and her band Halo Circus recorded a cover version for the 2014 compilation album \"Making Patterns Rhyme: A Tribute to Duran Duran\". Despite the collectibility of this release, it reached no higher in the charts than #30 in the UK and #72 in the US. It also reached #14 in Italy. Apart from the single, \"Do You Believe in Shame?\" has also appeared on: Albums: with: Also credited: Do You Believe in Shame? \"Do You Believe In Shame?\" is a song by Duran","title":"Do You Believe in Shame?"},{"psg_id":"19508728","text":"Do Animals Believe in God? Do Animals Believe in God? is the sole studio album by English post-punk band Pink Military, released in 1980 by record label Eric's. \"Did You See Her?\" was re-recorded for the album. Another version had previously been released as a single. The sleeve was designed by Bob Wakelin of Modern Eon. \"Trouser Press\" called the album \"an eclectically derivative (yet amusing) hodgepodge that is neither stunningly original nor disgustingly clichéd\". \"Do Animals Believe in God?\" was mentioned in \"NME\"'s list of the best albums of 1980. All tracks written and arranged by Pink Military with:","title":"Do Animals Believe in God?"},{"psg_id":"19508727","text":"Do Animals Believe in God? Do Animals Believe in God? is the sole studio album by English post-punk band Pink Military, released in 1980 by record label Eric's. \"Did You See Her?\" was re-recorded for the album. Another version had previously been released as a single. The sleeve was designed by Bob Wakelin of Modern Eon. \"Trouser Press\" called the album \"an eclectically derivative (yet amusing) hodgepodge that is neither stunningly original nor disgustingly clichéd\". \"Do Animals Believe in God?\" was mentioned in \"NME\"'s list of the best albums of 1980. All tracks written and arranged by Pink Military with:","title":"Do Animals Believe in God?"},{"psg_id":"14996827","text":"Do You Believe in Miracles \"Do You Believe in Miracles\" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1985 as a single which was included on the band's studio/compilation album \"\". It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by John Punter. It reached No. 54 in the UK, remaining in the charts for six weeks. Following their 1985 studio album \"Rogues Gallery\", Slade were approached by Telstar to create a Christmas-related party album. Alongside this new project, the band recorded a charity single, \"Do You Believe in Miracles\", which was","title":"Do You Believe in Miracles"},{"psg_id":"7042680","text":"Do You Believe in Magic (album) Do You Believe in Magic is the debut album by the folk rock group The Lovin' Spoonful. It was released in November 1965, on the Kama Sutra label. The album features the hits \"Do You Believe in Magic\" (U.S. No. 9) and \"Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?\" (U.S. No. 2). \"Do You Believe in Magic\" was re-released on CD in 2002 with five bonus tracks. In his Allmusic review, music critic William Ruhlmann wrote \"The album elaborated upon Sebastian's gentle, winning songwriting style... The album also revealed the group's jug","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (album)"},{"psg_id":"5773079","text":"quote: \"The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge\". He does not claim this is a logically necessary belief, but instead he wishes to convince the most people to believe in it by providing examples and its consequences. I believe that when I die I shall rot, and nothing of my ego will survive. I am not young and I love life. But I should scorn to shiver with terror at the thought of annihilation. Happiness is nonetheless true happiness because it must come to an end, nor do thought and love lose their value because","title":"What I Believe"},{"psg_id":"17514846","text":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \"My First Time Around\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"17514848","text":"1972 studio album \"See All Her Faces\". Yellowman covered it for \"King Yellowman\" (1984). \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is sampled in \"Upgrade U\" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album \"B'Day\" (2006) and in \"No Homo Outro\", a track from \"Turtleneck & Chain\" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \"My First Time Around\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"17958494","text":"song. This is the first recording that Nelson recorded with musicians James Burton, James Kirkland, Richie Frost, and Gene Garf. Believe What You Say \"Believe What You Say\" is a song written by Dorsey Burnette and Johnny Burnette and performed by Ricky Nelson. The song reached #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, #6 on the R&B chart, and #10 on the country chart in 1958. The song appeared on his 1959 album, \"Ricky Sings Again\". The song also appeared on his 1970 album, \"In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969\". The Burnette brothers along with Joe Campbell sit on Nelson's home","title":"Believe What You Say"},{"psg_id":"17958493","text":"Believe What You Say \"Believe What You Say\" is a song written by Dorsey Burnette and Johnny Burnette and performed by Ricky Nelson. The song reached #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, #6 on the R&B chart, and #10 on the country chart in 1958. The song appeared on his 1959 album, \"Ricky Sings Again\". The song also appeared on his 1970 album, \"In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969\". The Burnette brothers along with Joe Campbell sit on Nelson's home steps to get a meeting with him. Their persistence and their work impressed Nelson, and he agreed to record the","title":"Believe What You Say"},{"psg_id":"16587744","text":"in its first week, placing at number 8 in the charts, making McElderry become the first X Factor act to have four top 20 albums and three top 10 albums. Here's What I Believe Here's What I Believe is the fourth studio album released by English singer, Joe McElderry. It was released on 10 September 2012 under Decca Records. It is McElderry's third album with the label, and his first album featuring self-penned songs. The album's title track was released as its lead single on 3 August 2012 in Ireland and 5 August 2012 in the UK. Four editions of","title":"Here's What I Believe"},{"psg_id":"16587733","text":"Here's What I Believe Here's What I Believe is the fourth studio album released by English singer, Joe McElderry. It was released on 10 September 2012 under Decca Records. It is McElderry's third album with the label, and his first album featuring self-penned songs. The album's title track was released as its lead single on 3 August 2012 in Ireland and 5 August 2012 in the UK. Four editions of the album have been released: the standard, a limited edition box set, personalized copies via Mixpixe, and a digital deluxe edition featuring 3 bonus tracks. After releasing his second studio","title":"Here's What I Believe"},{"psg_id":"16587739","text":"out.\" The album was originally to be released on 17 September, but was pushed forward a week, now due for release on 10 September. He performed \"Here's What I Believe\" at Perez Hilton's \"One Night in London 2012\" and the song premiered on BBC Radio 2 on 24 July 2012. The album includes collaborations with Marcella Detroit and Ludovico Einaudi. The album's title track, \"Here's What I Believe\", is one of six songs which McElderry co-wrote. On 15 June 2012, he performed an intimate \"An Audience With...\" type of show in Luton. During the performance, he confirmed that there will","title":"Here's What I Believe"},{"psg_id":"18531515","text":"doing anything that might cause them to think about or challenge those beliefs in any meaningful way.\" Newsday's Rafer Guzmán gave the film 0.5 stars out of 4 and criticized the cardboard characters and overly sentimental narratives, ultimately concluding that \"the movie is primarily interested in asking a question that it has already answered.\". Do You Believe? (film) Do You Believe? is a 2015 Christian drama film directed by Jon Gunn and stars an ensemble cast featuring Ted McGinley, Mira Sorvino, Andrea Logan White, Lee Majors, Alexa PenaVega, Sean Astin, Madison Pettis, Cybill Shepherd, and Brian Bosworth. The film is","title":"Do You Believe? (film)"},{"psg_id":"18531511","text":"Do You Believe? (film) Do You Believe? is a 2015 Christian drama film directed by Jon Gunn and stars an ensemble cast featuring Ted McGinley, Mira Sorvino, Andrea Logan White, Lee Majors, Alexa PenaVega, Sean Astin, Madison Pettis, Cybill Shepherd, and Brian Bosworth. The film is distributed by Pure Flix, who released it on March 20, 2015. When a pastor is shaken to the core by the visible belief of a street-corner preacher, he and a lot of other people (who are also struggling with their own problems as well) come together and start to question their religious beliefs and","title":"Do You Believe? (film)"},{"psg_id":"9353528","text":"Do You Believe in Love \"Do You Believe in Love\" is the first top-ten hit for the American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, peaking at number seven in May 1982, off their second album \"Picture This\". It was written by Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange. When Lange wrote the song and submitted it to the band, it was entitled \"We Both Believe In Love\", but was retitled after Lewis made some lyrical revisions. The unrevised version was originally recorded by British band Supercharge, on which Lange sang lead vocals, on the 1979 album \"Body Rhythm\". The song became the","title":"Do You Believe in Love"},{"psg_id":"14847428","text":"by Calvert DeForest. \"What the Cowgirls Do\" debuted at number 71 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 9, 1994. What the Cowgirls Do \"What the Cowgirls Do\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in July 1994 as the second single from the album \"When Love Finds You\". The song reached number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Gill and Reed Nielsen. Deborah Evans Price, of \"Billboard\" magazine reviewed the song favorably saying that the","title":"What the Cowgirls Do"},{"psg_id":"20036056","text":"habit to prefer Joe over Manny, Alex discovers that Ben, Claire's assistant, has a crush on her. In its original U.S. broadcast, \"Do You Believe in Magic\" was watched by 7.34 million people; down by 0.73 from the previous episode. Kyle Fowle of \"The A.V. Club\" gave episode a B+, saying \"“Do You Believe In Magic” isn’t a perfect episode, but it does hit a rewarding sweet spot between saccharine and hilarious.\" Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family) \"Do You Believe in Magic\" is the twelfth episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom \"Modern Family\", and the","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family)"},{"psg_id":"5270730","text":"Do You Believe in Magic (song) \"Do You Believe In Magic\" is a song written by John Sebastian. It was first recorded and released by his group, The Lovin' Spoonful in 1965. The single peaked at number 9 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In 1978, Shaun Cassidy reached the top 40 with his cover version. The song has been recorded by various artists. In 1965, the group The Lovin' Spoonful released the song as the first single from their debut studio album \"Do You Believe in Magic\". The single was well received by the public and became a top","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (song)"},{"psg_id":"18420807","text":"that there have been \"some studies of value\" with respect to treating moderate depression. In 2013 Offit was presented with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) for \"Do You Believe in Magic?\". \"Offit is a literal lifesaver... educates the public about the dangers of alternative medicine, may save many, many more.\" Do You Believe in Magic? (book) Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine – called Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine in the United Kingdom – is a 2013 book about","title":"Do You Believe in Magic? (book)"},{"psg_id":"11001375","text":"it (Diderot called it having the \"esprit de divination\"). What do you believe is true even though you cannot prove it? The essays and answers posted there make up the book. They are loosely grouped by subject area, though with no clear subject divisions. The essays cover a broad range of topics, including evolution, the workings of the human mind, and science itself. A common focus of responders are the issue of extra-terrestrial life and the question of whether humanity has a supranatural element beyond flesh and blood. Among the more esoteric topics is the question of cockroach consciousness. A","title":"What We Believe But Cannot Prove"},{"psg_id":"17514847","text":"Ray Love and produced by Brad Shapiro and Steve Alaimo for Wright's recording, which was released as a 7\" single in 1968 by Alston Records—it was Wright's first release under that label. The B-side for the single was \"Sweet Lovin' Daddy\". \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" peaked at number thirty-three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and at number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. The song's theme was unpopular with the feminist movement, according to Andrew Hamilton from AllMusic. Dusty Springfield recorded a cover version \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\" for her","title":"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do"},{"psg_id":"17580004","text":"series of \"The X Factor\" (UK) on October 27, 2013, at Fountain Studio in Wembley. Jason Lipshutz from \"Billboard\" denoted it as \"intoxicatingly weird\". ITV, which aired the performance, and Ofcom, the British media regulator, received around 260 complaints regarding the performance, due to Gaga's costume and the suggestive lyrics of the track, which was broadcast before the 9pm watershed. A spokesperson from the channel released a statement that they did not believe the performance to be inappropriate. During her ArtRave party for the release of \"Artpop\", Gaga performed eight songs from the album, closing the set with \"Do What","title":"Do What U Want"},{"psg_id":"6988633","text":"Amazon.co.uk, \"Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for \"What Do I Have to Do?\", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig).\" These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"What Do I Have to Do\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do \"What Do I Have to Do\"","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"9353529","text":"band's breakthrough hit, peaking at number seven on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 pop singles chart. A music video for the song features a scene with the band singing into a sleeping woman's ear, followed by the next morning, singing in the kitchen. This video received heavy airplay in the early days of MTV, contributing to the breakthrough popularity of both the song and the band. In the UK, the song was released as a double A side with \"The Power of Love\" in 1985. Do You Believe in Love \"Do You Believe in Love\" is the first top-ten hit for","title":"Do You Believe in Love"},{"psg_id":"14996832","text":"version of \"Do You Believe in Miracles\" was featured as the A-side, and a second B-side, \"Time to Rock\", was taken from the \"Rogues Gallery\" album. The band had not intended for \"Do You Believe in Miracles\" to be included on the \"Crackers\" album, however Telstar insisted that it was included on there. In the UK, a limited double-pack Christmas edition of the single was also released on 7\" and 12\" vinyl. Dubbed \"The Slade Christmas Pack\", the 7\" version included the standard 7\" single along with a second 7\" vinyl featuring \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" as the","title":"Do You Believe in Miracles"},{"psg_id":"5046136","text":"Do You Believe in Shame? \"Do You Believe In Shame?\" is a song by Duran Duran. Released on 10 April 1989, it was the third and final single from the \"Big Thing\" album. The song was dedicated to three of the band's dead friends: record producer Alex Sadkin, artist Andy Warhol and Simon Le Bon's childhood friend David Miles. Le Bon has since said that \"Shame\" is the first part of a trilogy of songs written as a tribute to Miles, the other songs being \"Ordinary World\" and \"Out of My Mind\". There was a successful legal challenge over the","title":"Do You Believe in Shame?"},{"psg_id":"18647330","text":"off this game somehow, but it's hard not to walk away with the sense that it was deliberately made difficult to try to squeeze as much money away from people as possible. Maybe that's just me being cynical. And maybe it doesn't matter in the end—the game is pretty damn good.\" Do Not Believe His Lies Do Not Believe His Lies is a 2014 puzzle mobile app game designed by Polish designer Lukasz Matablewski. Matablewski released the app to the iTunes storefront on July 10, 2014 and since its release, the game has developed a Reddit following. According to the","title":"Do Not Believe His Lies"},{"psg_id":"18581184","text":"Do You Believe in Us \"Do You Believe in Us\" () is a song recorded by Cuban recording artist Jon Secada for his debut self-titled studio album and for his debut Spanish-language album \"Otro Día Más Sin Verte\" (1992). It was released in 1993 as the third single from his Spanish-language album. The English version peaked at number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number three on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Adult Contemporary chart. The Spanish version peaked at number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot Latin Tracks chart. It was composed by Secada, Miguel Morejon, and Joseph","title":"Do You Believe in Us"},{"psg_id":"14996835","text":"ditty is a tribute to Geldof's efforts.\" Do You Believe in Miracles \"Do You Believe in Miracles\" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1985 as a single which was included on the band's studio/compilation album \"\". It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by John Punter. It reached No. 54 in the UK, remaining in the charts for six weeks. Following their 1985 studio album \"Rogues Gallery\", Slade were approached by Telstar to create a Christmas-related party album. Alongside this new project, the band recorded a charity single,","title":"Do You Believe in Miracles"},{"psg_id":"1793157","text":"expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, \"What Would Jesus Buy?\", \"What Would Lincoln Do?\", \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\", \"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\", \"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\", and \"What would Tintin do?\". The term \"What Would Jesus Do?\" or \"WWJD\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase \"What would Jesus do?\"","title":"What would Jesus do?"},{"psg_id":"14847427","text":"What the Cowgirls Do \"What the Cowgirls Do\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in July 1994 as the second single from the album \"When Love Finds You\". The song reached number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Gill and Reed Nielsen. Deborah Evans Price, of \"Billboard\" magazine reviewed the song favorably saying that the it contains an \"effortless groove and Gill's snappy Telecaster licks.\" The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in July 1994. It featured appearances","title":"What the Cowgirls Do"},{"psg_id":"6695712","text":"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\" at number four. The track \"Everything That You Want\" was later","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"6695713","text":"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \"Read My Mind.\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" and \"Down to My Last Teardrop\" both at number two, \"Some Kind of Trouble\" at number three, and \"If","title":"What Do I Do with Me"},{"psg_id":"4480215","text":"In early February 2005, Armor for Sleep went on tour with Something Corporate, Straylight Run, and The Academy Is... Later in the month, the group toured with Recover, Say Anything, and Case Pagan. \"What to Do When You Are Dead\" was released through Equal Vision Records on February 22. Some copies of the album included a bonus DVD that contained live footage, a documentary on the creation of the album, as well as music videos for \"Dream to Make Believe\" songs \"My Town\" and \"Dream to Make Believe\". The iTunes edition of the album included \"Very Invisible\" as a bonus","title":"What to Do When You Are Dead"},{"psg_id":"17742879","text":"the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.\" \"What We Do in the Shadows\" grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. \"What We Do in the Shadows\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih. A sequel to the film, which focused on the werewolves depicted in \"What We Do in the Shadows\", was in development but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled \"What We Do in the Moonlight\", the working","title":"What We Do in the Shadows"},{"psg_id":"20334751","text":"I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time. The book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart. The book has","title":"I Do What I Do"},{"psg_id":"15814084","text":"& Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do \"Do What You Gotta Do\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \"Friday Night in America\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \"Sevens\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \"RPM\"","title":"Do What You Gotta Do"},{"psg_id":"15814082","text":"Do What You Gotta Do \"Do What You Gotta Do\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \"Friday Night in America\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \"Sevens\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \"RPM\" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years","title":"Do What You Gotta Do"},{"psg_id":"20334753","text":"success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with","title":"I Do What I Do"},{"psg_id":"11001379","text":"fascinating glimpses into the future directions of arcane disciplines few fully understand\". While still generally positive, some reviewers did criticize certain aspects of the book, including redundancy and tone. \"The Observer\" described the essays as \"compelling and repetitive by turns\". Publishers Weekly referred to the collection as \"stimulating\", but found it \"unfortunate that the tone of most contributions isn't livelier and that there aren't explanations of some of the more esoteric concepts discussed\", limitations which would \"keep these adroit musings from finding a wider audience.\" What We Believe But Cannot Prove What We Believe But Cannot Prove: Today's Leading Thinkers","title":"What We Believe But Cannot Prove"},{"psg_id":"11001373","text":"What We Believe But Cannot Prove What We Believe But Cannot Prove: Today's Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Certainty is a non-fiction book edited by literary agent John Brockman with an introduction by novelist Ian McEwan and published by Harper Perennial. The book consists of various responses to a question posed by the Edge Foundation, with answers as short as one sentence or as long as a few pages. Among the 107 published contributors are such notable scientists and philosophers as Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, Jared Diamond, Rebecca Goldstein, Steven Pinker, Sir Martin Rees and Craig","title":"What We Believe But Cannot Prove"},{"psg_id":"3749222","text":"Do We Know!?—Discovering the Endless Possibilities of Your Everyday Reality\". HCI president Peter Vegso stated that in regard to this book, \"What the Bleep is the quantum leap in the New Age world,\" and \"by marrying science and spirituality, it is the foundation of future thought.\" On August 1, 2006 \"What the Bleep! Down the Rabbit Hole - Quantum Edition\" multi-disc DVD set was released, containing two extended versions of \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?,\" with over 15 hours of material on three double-sided DVDs. The film features interview segments of: What the Bleep Do We Know!? What the","title":"What the Bleep Do We Know!?"},{"psg_id":"5270732","text":"and the Vandellas' \"(Love Is Like a) Heat Wave\" to come up with the intro to \"Do You Believe in Magic\". The song is also significantly featured in the Jim Sheridan movie \"In America\", as an Irish-immigrant family, having entered the U.S. on false pretenses, enter New York City for the first time. \"Do You Believe in Magic\" was featured in \"The Parent Trap\", \"American Pie\", \"Date Movie\", \"Temple Grandin\", and \"Rolie Polie Olie\". The original version was also the theme song for the short-lived TV series \"State of Grace\". In 2012, the Lovin' Spoonful's version was used in the","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (song)"},{"psg_id":"5270734","text":"See It...\", and it also appeared on their debut studio album, \"Into the Rush\" in addition to an appearance on the 2009 soundtrack to the TV show \"Wizards of Waverly Place\". The duo consists of sisters, Alyson \"Aly\" and Amanda Joy \"AJ\" Michalka. Do You Believe in Magic (song) \"Do You Believe In Magic\" is a song written by John Sebastian. It was first recorded and released by his group, The Lovin' Spoonful in 1965. The single peaked at number 9 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In 1978, Shaun Cassidy reached the top 40 with his cover version. The","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (song)"},{"psg_id":"18420803","text":"Do You Believe in Magic? (book) Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine – called Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine in the United Kingdom – is a 2013 book about alternative medicine by Paul Offit, an American expert of infectious diseases and vaccines. It was published in the United States by HarperCollins (255 pages) and in the UK by Fourth Estate (20 June 2013, 336 pages). The book criticizes alternative medical treatments as ineffective, particularly vitamins and dietary supplements. Among the supplements of which Offit is critical in the book","title":"Do You Believe in Magic? (book)"},{"psg_id":"5270733","text":"official \"Meet the Pyro\" trailer for the first-person shooter video game, \"Team Fortress 2\". \"Do You Believe in Magic\" became a top forty hit again in 1978 in both the U.S. and Canada when Shaun Cassidy released his cover as a single. Cassidy's version reached number 31 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was Cassidy's second successful remake of a 1960s hit, the first being \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" from his previous LP. \"Do You Believe in Magic\" was covered by American pop rock duo, Aly & AJ. Their version of the song was for Aly's film, \"Now You","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (song)"},{"psg_id":"12230774","text":"Do You Believe Me Now (album) Do You Believe Me Now is the second studio album of American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released on August 26, 2008. The album is also Wayne's first album in five years and his debut for Valory Music Group, a subsidiary of Big Machine Records. Its title track was released as the lead-off single to the album, and became Wayne's first Number One single on the Hot Country Songs chart. \"I Will\" was released in October 2008 as the album's second single. It also includes re-recordings of Wayne's first two singles, \"Stay","title":"Do You Believe Me Now (album)"},{"psg_id":"12230775","text":"Gone\" and \"I Love You This Much\", previously included on his 2003 self-titled debut. The album debuted at number 27 on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart, and number 4 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 20,000 copies in its first week of sales. Do You Believe Me Now (album) Do You Believe Me Now is the second studio album of American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released on August 26, 2008. The album is also Wayne's first album in five years and his debut for Valory Music Group, a subsidiary of Big Machine Records. Its title track","title":"Do You Believe Me Now (album)"},{"psg_id":"3749202","text":"What the Bleep Do We Know!? What the Bleep Do We Know!? (stylized as What tнē #$*! D̄ө ωΣ (k)πow!? and What the #$*! Do We Know!?, with \"Bleep\" being a pronounceable placeholder for a grawlix) is a 2004 American film that combines documentary-style interviews, computer-animated graphics, and a narrative that posits a spiritual connection between quantum physics and consciousness. The plot follows the fictional story of a photographer as she encounters emotional and existential obstacles in her life and begins to consider the idea that individual and group consciousness can influence the material world. Her experiences are offered by","title":"What the Bleep Do We Know!?"},{"psg_id":"12026582","text":"Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song) \"Do You Believe Me Now\" is a song written by Tim Johnson, Joe West and Dave Pahanish, and recorded by American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released in March 2008 as the first single and title track from his album \"Do You Believe Me Now\", which was released on August 26, 2008. His first Top 40 single on the country charts since \"Paper Angels\" in late 2004-early 2005, it is the third single of his career to reach the Top Ten on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, as well","title":"Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song)"},{"psg_id":"12026587","text":"Now\" fell to number two, when Brad Paisley's \"Waitin' on a Woman\" took over the top spot. One week later, \"Do You Believe Me Now\" returned to Number One for a second and final week. In May 2009, the song debuted on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, peaking at #29 after one week. Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song) \"Do You Believe Me Now\" is a song written by Tim Johnson, Joe West and Dave Pahanish, and recorded by American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released in March 2008 as the first single and title","title":"Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song)"},{"psg_id":"17426819","text":"their neon-Eighties visions are far from retro pose-striking.\" Barry Nicolson of the \"NME\" praised the album's \"great songwriting\" and felt that \"while not every track has the immediacy of 'Lies' or 'Recover', there's not a weak one among them.\" Heather Phares of AllMusic wrote, \"Even on the darkest moments, such as 'Lies' or 'Science/Visions,' there's a disarming emotional directness to \"The Bones of What You Believe\" that makes it a unique, fully realized take on a style that seemed close to being played out.\" Ally Carnwath of \"The Observer\" commented that Chvrches are \"more robust and melodic than arty peers","title":"The Bones of What You Believe"},{"psg_id":"17426816","text":"States. \"The Bones of What You Believe\" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 39 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Kyle Ryan of \"The A.V. Club\" complimented Mayberry's songwriting and wrote that Chvrches \"have crafted one of the year's best albums, which means that buzz won't be dying down any time soon.\" Joe Rivers of \"Clash\" lauded the album as \"an exceptionally strong debut where every track is a potential single\", noting that \"[n]ot","title":"The Bones of What You Believe"},{"psg_id":"10038255","text":"Ain't What You Do \"Ain't What You Do\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \"Nu-Flow\". \"Ain't What You Do\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \"Ain't What You Do\" is based on Fun Boy Three and Bananarama's collaboration \"It Ain't What You Do (It's the","title":"Ain't What You Do"},{"psg_id":"9930755","text":"vocalists on \"If Love Was a River\", which they also co-wrote. Adam Wright also wrote the track \"Strong Enough\". Giving the album all four stars, \"People\" magazine said on the album that Jackson \"continues to sound more and more like Merle Haggard, which is tantamount to approaching perfection.\" \"What I Do\" debuted at #1 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 selling 139,000 copies, becoming his third #1 album, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 country album. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in October 2004. What I Do What I Do is the twelfth","title":"What I Do"},{"psg_id":"9930754","text":"What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: \"Too Much of a Good Thing\" and \"Monday Morning Church\" both reached #5, while \"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\" and \"USA Today\" both reached #18. \"What I Do\", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background","title":"What I Do"},{"psg_id":"14996830","text":"And he said \"Oh, I couldn't do that\" but he did, and then he did the Live Aid thing, and I thought it was worth writing a song about.\" Later in 1986, Lea recalled of the song's airplay: \"\"Do You Believe in Miracles\" was played to death on the beeb. I really believed in that record.\" Drummer Don Powell said: \"It didn't do too well chartwise, but it had every radio play in the book really. I could never turn the radio on without hearing it played. We did quite a few T.V. shows to promote it - but when","title":"Do You Believe in Miracles"},{"psg_id":"17426818","text":"fusion of emotive theatrics, hook-loaded songwriting, and some of the more forward-thinking sonics in electronic music right now\", and found that \"the hooks on \"The Bones of What You Believe\" are indelible regardless of instrumentation, and the sound is immaculate.\" At \"Spin\", Puja Patel opined that the album is \"at its best on its revenge tunes\", concluding, \"In a mainstream landscape that's still reveling in the EDM-fueled fuck-yous of Icona Pop and Charli XCX's 'I Love It,' CHVRCHES' poppy electronic textures and bleakly lyrical brashness raises the bar.\" \"Rolling Stone\"s Jon Dolan expressed, \"Even when Chvrches are just competently mopey,","title":"The Bones of What You Believe"},{"psg_id":"16345967","text":"In the \"What Ya Wanna Do\" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from \"Do You Wanna Go Party\" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album \"Do You Wanna Go Party\". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do \"What Ya Wanna Do?\" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album \"The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say\". It was released in 1989 via Sire","title":"What Ya Wanna Do"},{"psg_id":"12138900","text":"the past: \"Why don't you do what you do / when you did what you did to me?\" Its B-side is \"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)\", a duet with Michael Jackson. The song was sampled by Lil Wayne for \"How Could Something\" and by Chamillionaire for \"Void In My Life\". The music video was an imitation of \"The Godfather\" and supermodel Iman played Jackson's love interest who eventually betrays him by trying to shoot him. After his henchmen take her away, it is not revealed what happened to her. Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson","title":"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)"},{"psg_id":"16428227","text":"current Egyptian society. The main conflict between Islamic extremists and the government officials throughout history stems from two major issues: “the formation of the modern nation-state and the political and cultural debate over its ideological direction.” Islamic extremism has its roots in a sect of Islam called Kharijism, which came about around 600 CE when the third and fourth caliphs were murdered during the first civil war. The Kharijites no longer exist today, and it did not continue as a sect of Islam, but their beliefs laid the early groundwork for much of what Islamic extremists believe today. During the","title":"Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt"},{"psg_id":"10038256","text":"Way That You Do It)\". UK CD 1 UK CD 2 Ain't What You Do \"Ain't What You Do\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \"Nu-Flow\". \"Ain't What You Do\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \"Ain't What You Do\" is based on Fun Boy","title":"Ain't What You Do"},{"psg_id":"17579986","text":"\"Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Write what you want, say what you want about me/ If you want you know that I'm not sorry\". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, \"Do What U Want\" is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A major with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of E to F. The song follows a basic sequence of D–E–Fm–E–D–E as its chord","title":"Do What U Want"},{"psg_id":"6988625","text":"What Do I Have to Do \"What Do I Have to Do\" is a song performed by Australian singer and songwriter Kylie Minogue taken from her third studio album \"Rhythm of Love\" (1990). The song was written and produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Originally, the song was planned to be released after the single \"Better the Devil You Know\", but instead \"Step Back in Time\" was released and this was released as the third single on 21 January 1991. The song received positive reviews from most music critics, who thought the song was an instant rave classic. The song","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"20608312","text":"Radio\" and \"Because I Love You\" (the band's most popular songs). The perennial \"Because I Love You\" also gained new prominence around that time via its use in a series of advertisements for a well-known brand of jeans; the revamped version of \"Because I Love You\" peaked at No. 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. Side B is live recordings taken from the 1988 reunion tour. All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted. Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the","title":"Do What You Wanna Do (album)"},{"psg_id":"20608310","text":"Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the Masters Apprentices, released in November 1988 on Virgin Records. It was the group's first album in 17 years since \"A Toast To Panama Red\". In the early 1980s there was a revival of interest in the Masters Apprentices due partly to rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who featured the band for his \"Rock & Roll Trivia Show\" on Sydney radio's Triple J, which in turn led to the release of a definitive compilation LP, \"Hands of Time\" by Baker's Raven Records in","title":"Do What You Wanna Do (album)"},{"psg_id":"8557191","text":"What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United States President Ronald Reagan as a model conservative leader whose philosophy and policies provide guidance and a good example for modern politicians. The phrase derives by analogy from the earlier phrase What would Jesus do? and its related initialism WWJD, coined in the 1890s and repopularized during the 1990s. While the phrase \"What would Reagan do?\" has existed since at least the early 2000s, it","title":"What would Reagan do?"},{"psg_id":"15458069","text":"story in so fascinating a way.\" What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian","title":"What Would the Founders Do?"},{"psg_id":"15458067","text":"What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian casinos, campaign finance reform, and term","title":"What Would the Founders Do?"},{"psg_id":"11349185","text":"What I Do the Best What I Do the Best is the fourth studio album by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery. The tracks \"Ain't Got Nothin' on Us\", \"Friends\", \"How Was I to Know\" and \"I Miss You a Little\" were all released as singles, peaking at #15, #2, #2 and #6, respectively on the Hot Country Songs charts, making this the first album of his career not to produce a #1 hit. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA for one million shipments in the US. \"Cloud 8\" was later recorded by Canadian country artist Gil","title":"What I Do the Best"},{"psg_id":"16663175","text":"What Does the Bee Do? \"What Does the Bee Do?\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the HBO television series \"Boardwalk Empire\", and 16th episode overall. First aired on October 16, 2011, it was written by executive story editor Steve Kornacki and directed by Ed Bianchi. Nucky looks to Rothstein for a port to receive alcohol, since the Coast Guard is blockading Atlantic City. Rothstein instructs Lansky and Luciano to oversee the Philadelphia delivery. Nucky also sends Owen Sleater to bomb Doyle's still. Margaret asks for 'money for the children' from Nucky, which she proceeds to hide","title":"What Does the Bee Do?"},{"psg_id":"11349186","text":"Grand on his 1998 debut album \"Famous First Words\". As listed in liner notes. What I Do the Best What I Do the Best is the fourth studio album by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery. The tracks \"Ain't Got Nothin' on Us\", \"Friends\", \"How Was I to Know\" and \"I Miss You a Little\" were all released as singles, peaking at #15, #2, #2 and #6, respectively on the Hot Country Songs charts, making this the first album of his career not to produce a #1 hit. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA for one million","title":"What I Do the Best"},{"psg_id":"8383172","text":"'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It) 'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It) is a song written by jazz musicians Melvin \"Sy\" Oliver and James \"Trummy\" Young. It was first recorded in 1939 by Jimmie Lunceford, Harry James, and Ella Fitzgerald, and again the same year by Nat Gonella and His Georgians. The \"shim sham\" is often danced to the Lunceford recording of this song. The jazz tune was transformed into a pop song with ska elements in 1982. With the title slightly altered to \"It Ain't What You Do...\", it","title":"'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)"},{"psg_id":"20036055","text":"Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family) \"Do You Believe in Magic\" is the twelfth episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom \"Modern Family\", and the series' 178th episode overall. It aired on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on February 8, 2017. The episode was written by Jon Pollack, and directed by Gail Mancuso. Claire decides to hire a magician who could help her and Phil bring some mystery on Valentine's Day. Cam and Mitch teach Haley and Sal (Elizabeth Banks) to stand up against their men with unexpected results. As Jay has developed the","title":"Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18531512\",\n \"text\": \"what they really mean. \\\"Do You Believe?\\\" opened theatrically in 1,320 venues on March 20, 2015 and earned $3,591,282 in its first weekend, ranking number six in the domestic box office, behind \\\"\\\", \\\"Cinderella\\\", \\\"Run All Night\\\", \\\"The Gunman\\\", and \\\"\\\". \\\"Do You Believe?\\\" received negative reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 21% rating, based on 19 reviews, leaving a rating average of 4.2/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 22 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \\\"generally unfavorable reviews\\\". Film reviewer for The Dove Foundation,\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14121335\",\n \"text\": \"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\\\" The music video for the single \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from\",\n \"title\": \"What Faith Can Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5773078\",\n \"text\": \"What I Believe \\\"What I Believe\\\" is the title of two essays espousing humanism, one by Bertrand Russell (1925) and one by E. M. Forster (1938). Several other authors have also written works with the same title, alluding to either or both of these essays. \\\"What I Believe\\\" was first published as a book in 1925. As Russell wrote in the preface, \\\"In this little book, I have tried to say what I think of man's place in the universe, and of his possibilities in the way of achieving the good life. \\\" His essay may be summed in his\",\n \"title\": \"What I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5773085\",\n \"text\": \"comfort from the fact that people are born separately and die separately. Therefore, no dictator will be able to eradicate individualism. What I Believe \\\"What I Believe\\\" is the title of two essays espousing humanism, one by Bertrand Russell (1925) and one by E. M. Forster (1938). Several other authors have also written works with the same title, alluding to either or both of these essays. \\\"What I Believe\\\" was first published as a book in 1925. As Russell wrote in the preface, \\\"In this little book, I have tried to say what I think of man's place in the\",\n \"title\": \"What I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5046137\",\n \"text\": \"close resemblance of the melody of \\\"Do You Believe In Shame?\\\" to that of the Dale Hawkins classic \\\"Suzie Q\\\" (more famously covered by Creedence Clearwater Revival and The Rolling Stones). The writing credits were changed accordingly. The members of Duran Duran have always denied that they intentionally copied any other works, and that the similarity of the two songs was based on what they described as a \\\"basic blues progression\\\". \\\"Do You Believe In Shame?\\\" was released to coincide with the band's Electric Theatre Tour which began in Newcastle on 15 April 1989. As such, the 7\\\" triple pack\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Shame?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426820\",\n \"text\": \"such as Grimes and Purity Ring—choruses are foregrounded, synthy jabs pummel Lauren Mayberry's vocals, beats drop from satisfying heights—but Mayberry's lyrics also carry a subversive twist of angst and obsession.\\\" In a mixed review, Slant Magazine's Kevin Liedel remarked, \\\"While the album has its fair share of sweet spots, the handful of capable melodies never quite balances out its bizarre impulses or the utter lack of thematic unity.\\\" Credits adapted from the liner notes of \\\"The Bones of What You Believe\\\". The Bones of What You Believe The Bones of What You Believe is the debut studio album by Scottish\",\n \"title\": \"The Bones of What You Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17964302\",\n \"text\": \"I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song) \\\"I Do Believe\\\" is a song recorded by the American country supergroup The Highwaymen for their 1995 album \\\"The Road Goes on Forever\\\". It was written by Waylon Jennings and produced by Don Was, with Jennings providing lead vocals on the track. The song has highly pandeistic-sounding overtones, as it derides conventional religious belief in Heaven and Hell while affirming a religious belief under which one ought to \\\"live life to the fullest.\\\" In his autobiography, Jennings related of \\\"I Do Believe\\\" that, \\\"when I finished the song, and before the Highwaymen recorded it,\",\n \"title\": \"I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12060681\",\n \"text\": \"was sampled in \\\"Bottom Feeders\\\" by Smut Peddlers. The song's mournful beat contains a samples \\\"Fueron Tres Anos\\\" by Chilean band Los Angeles Negros. \\\"Do You Believe?\\\" was the first single from \\\"Stone Crazy\\\" to chart; it reached number 27 on Hot Rap Singles and number 81 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Despite its relative commercial success, it is only featured on one of three Beatnuts hits compilations: 1999's \\\"World Famous Classics\\\". <br> Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song) \\\"Do You Believe?\\\" is the second single from \\\"Stone Crazy\\\", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group the Beatnuts. It\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18937851\",\n \"text\": \"later, it returned to the number one spot for another two weeks. This means that it has spent five non-consecutive weeks at number one in the UK Singles Chart. Bieber became only the fourth person to have the same single reach number one on the UK Singles Chart on three separate occasions. The other songs to top the chart three separate times are Frankie Laine's \\\"I Believe\\\", Guy Mitchell's \\\"Singing the Blues\\\" and Pharrell Williams' \\\"Happy\\\". 'What Do You Mean?' was the ninth best-selling single of 2015 in the UK with combined sales of 988,000 copies. In Australia, \\\"What Do\",\n \"title\": \"What Do You Mean?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8557193\",\n \"text\": \"including Rebecca Hagelin, Edwin Meese, Kate O'Beirne and James Pethokoukis. The phrase on occasion has been used by iconoclastic conservatives to claim the mantle of Reagan as they criticize mainline conservatives, by some liberal commentators as a way of chastising Republicans whom also they believe fall short of Reagan's ideals and also by non-partisan public policy organizations that seek to emulate aspects of Reagan's leadership. What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United\",\n \"title\": \"What would Reagan do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8981753\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe? (tour) Do You Believe?, also known as the Believe Tour, was the fourth solo concert tour by American singer-actress Cher. The tour, which took place in 1999 and 2000, promoted her album, \\\"Believe.\\\" The tour began on June 16, 1999 and was initially planned to end on December 15, 1999, but due to it being very commercially successful, the tour was extended from December 30, 1999 to March 5, 2000 in North America. Cyndi Lauper, Wild Orchid, Michael McDonald and Julio Iglesias Jr. were the opening acts at different times during the tour. The August 28, 1999\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (tour)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7042681\",\n \"text\": \"band roots in its arrangements of traditional songs... The Spoonful would be remembered as a vehicle for Sebastian's songwriting, but \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" was a well-rounded collection that demonstrated their effectiveness as a group.\\\" Do You Believe in Magic (album) Do You Believe in Magic is the debut album by the folk rock group The Lovin' Spoonful. It was released in November 1965, on the Kama Sutra label. The album features the hits \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" (U.S. No. 9) and \\\"Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?\\\" (U.S. No. 2). \\\"Do You Believe in\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426814\",\n \"text\": \"derives from a lyric in the song \\\"Strong Hand\\\"; according to frontwoman Lauren Mayberry, it refers to the raw \\\"creativity and effort\\\" that served as the figurative and literal skeleton for the album. Musically, \\\"The Bones of What You Believe\\\" is primarily a synth-pop and indie pop album that incorporates \\\"neon-Eighties\\\" influences. \\\"The Bones of What You Believe\\\" received critical acclaim, with many complimenting Mayberry's songwriting and vocal performance, and Iain Cook and Martin Doherty's use of synthesisers and vocal loops. The album debuted at number nine on the UK Albums Chart, selling 12,415 copies in its first week. It\",\n \"title\": \"The Bones of What You Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426813\",\n \"text\": \"The Bones of What You Believe The Bones of What You Believe is the debut studio album by Scottish synth-pop band Chvrches, released on 20 September 2013 by Virgin Records and Goodbye Records. Recorded between 2011 and 2013 in Glasgow, the album was written, composed, and produced by the band as a collaborative effort. It was made available as both a 12-track standard edition and an 18-track special version, the latter including two extra songs, two remixes and two live videos. The album was debuted with a launch party broadcast live on music streaming platform Boiler Room. The album's title\",\n \"title\": \"The Bones of What You Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8981755\",\n \"text\": \"Gardening show. All in all there were 7 to 9 different ensembles, depending upon how one does the counting, with none lasting more than a handful of songs. Reviews of the show were often favorable, given Cher's return to popularity and over-the-top appeal. \\\"The New York Times\\\" said Cher had \\\"a quintessential rock voice ... spectacularly styled with a rough and tumble vaudevillian edge.\\\" \\\"The Washington Post\\\" viewed it as \\\"a dynamic, over-the-top extravaganza.\\\" \\\"The Dallas Morning News\\\" said \\\"her concert was entertaining and gleefully glitzy.\\\" Notes Do You Believe? (tour) Do You Believe?, also known as the Believe Tour,\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (tour)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6561073\",\n \"text\": \"Believe What You Like Believe What You Like: What happened between the Scientologists and the National Association for Mental Health (Andre Deutsch Limited, 1973, ), written by the \\\"New Statesman\\\" director C. R. Hewitt under the pen name C. H. Rolph, details a public dispute between the Church of Scientology and the National Association for Mental Health (now known as Mind) in Britain. The book covers the controversy of how, starting in 1969, members of the Church joined the NAMH in large numbers with the intent to change the organization from the inside. The Scientologists attempted to ratify as official\",\n \"title\": \"Believe What You Like\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6561074\",\n \"text\": \"policy a number of points concerning the treatment of psychiatric patients, and in so doing, secretly promoted Scientology's anti-psychiatry agenda. When their identity was realized, the Scientologists were expelled from the organization \\\"en masse\\\", but later sued the NAMH over the matter in the High Court in 1971 and lost. The case was important in UK charity law. The book also covers the origins and activities of the Church of Scientology in the UK and some of their other legal actions in the UK around that time, including: Believe What You Like Believe What You Like: What happened between the\",\n \"title\": \"Believe What You Like\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18531513\",\n \"text\": \"Edwin L. Carpenter starts his review with, \\\"...the best faith-based film I have ever seen!\\\" Writing for \\\"The Times-Picayune\\\", Mike Scott describes the film as, \\\"It is not mainstream entertainment; it is mainstream Sunday school – which is fine if this is what you want to see at the movie theater.\\\" Scott Foundas, Chief Film Critic at \\\"Variety\\\" magazine, pans the film with \\\"But when all its threads are finally pulled into place, \\\"Do You Believe?\\\" proves about as spiritually enlightening as a Kmart throw rug.\\\" \\\"Huffington Post\\\"'s Jackie Cooper gave the film 7/10. Michael Foust, writing for \\\"The Christian\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17964304\",\n \"text\": \"with respect to Jennings that the song \\\"showed him at his best, questioning religious beliefs.\\\" I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song) \\\"I Do Believe\\\" is a song recorded by the American country supergroup The Highwaymen for their 1995 album \\\"The Road Goes on Forever\\\". It was written by Waylon Jennings and produced by Don Was, with Jennings providing lead vocals on the track. The song has highly pandeistic-sounding overtones, as it derides conventional religious belief in Heaven and Hell while affirming a religious belief under which one ought to \\\"live life to the fullest.\\\" In his autobiography, Jennings related of\",\n \"title\": \"I Do Believe (The Highwaymen song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12060680\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song) \\\"Do You Believe?\\\" is the second single from \\\"Stone Crazy\\\", a 1997 album by East Coast hip hop group the Beatnuts. It was released by Relativity Records as a single with \\\"Give Me Tha Ass\\\" as its b-side in 1997. The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju and Psycho Les. Juju begins the song with a verse about his \\\"ghetto mentality,\\\" while Psycho Les raps a verse about partying and making music. Juju's verse was later sampled in the song \\\"Dos Factotum\\\" by Louis Logic, while Psycho Les' verse\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (The Beatnuts song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18647328\",\n \"text\": \"Do Not Believe His Lies Do Not Believe His Lies is a 2014 puzzle mobile app game designed by Polish designer Lukasz Matablewski. Matablewski released the app to the iTunes storefront on July 10, 2014 and since its release, the game has developed a Reddit following. According to the official website as of March 20, 2015, no player has completed the game and over 275,000 people are participating in \\\"Do Not Believe His Lies\\\". Gameplay is centered on the player solving a series of puzzles and riddles. After successfully completing each puzzle the player is presented with words that, upon\",\n \"title\": \"Do Not Believe His Lies\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5046144\",\n \"text\": \"/ DDB 12 (Nick Rhodes picture sleeve) EMI. / DDC 12 (John Taylor picture sleeve) Allison Iraheta and her band Halo Circus recorded a cover version for the 2014 compilation album \\\"Making Patterns Rhyme: A Tribute to Duran Duran\\\". Despite the collectibility of this release, it reached no higher in the charts than #30 in the UK and #72 in the US. It also reached #14 in Italy. Apart from the single, \\\"Do You Believe in Shame?\\\" has also appeared on: Albums: with: Also credited: Do You Believe in Shame? \\\"Do You Believe In Shame?\\\" is a song by Duran\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Shame?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19508728\",\n \"text\": \"Do Animals Believe in God? Do Animals Believe in God? is the sole studio album by English post-punk band Pink Military, released in 1980 by record label Eric's. \\\"Did You See Her?\\\" was re-recorded for the album. Another version had previously been released as a single. The sleeve was designed by Bob Wakelin of Modern Eon. \\\"Trouser Press\\\" called the album \\\"an eclectically derivative (yet amusing) hodgepodge that is neither stunningly original nor disgustingly clichéd\\\". \\\"Do Animals Believe in God?\\\" was mentioned in \\\"NME\\\"'s list of the best albums of 1980. All tracks written and arranged by Pink Military with:\",\n \"title\": \"Do Animals Believe in God?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19508727\",\n \"text\": \"Do Animals Believe in God? Do Animals Believe in God? is the sole studio album by English post-punk band Pink Military, released in 1980 by record label Eric's. \\\"Did You See Her?\\\" was re-recorded for the album. Another version had previously been released as a single. The sleeve was designed by Bob Wakelin of Modern Eon. \\\"Trouser Press\\\" called the album \\\"an eclectically derivative (yet amusing) hodgepodge that is neither stunningly original nor disgustingly clichéd\\\". \\\"Do Animals Believe in God?\\\" was mentioned in \\\"NME\\\"'s list of the best albums of 1980. All tracks written and arranged by Pink Military with:\",\n \"title\": \"Do Animals Believe in God?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14996827\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Miracles \\\"Do You Believe in Miracles\\\" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1985 as a single which was included on the band's studio/compilation album \\\"\\\". It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by John Punter. It reached No. 54 in the UK, remaining in the charts for six weeks. Following their 1985 studio album \\\"Rogues Gallery\\\", Slade were approached by Telstar to create a Christmas-related party album. Alongside this new project, the band recorded a charity single, \\\"Do You Believe in Miracles\\\", which was\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Miracles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7042680\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (album) Do You Believe in Magic is the debut album by the folk rock group The Lovin' Spoonful. It was released in November 1965, on the Kama Sutra label. The album features the hits \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" (U.S. No. 9) and \\\"Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?\\\" (U.S. No. 2). \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" was re-released on CD in 2002 with five bonus tracks. In his Allmusic review, music critic William Ruhlmann wrote \\\"The album elaborated upon Sebastian's gentle, winning songwriting style... The album also revealed the group's jug\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5773079\",\n \"text\": \"quote: \\\"The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge\\\". He does not claim this is a logically necessary belief, but instead he wishes to convince the most people to believe in it by providing examples and its consequences. I believe that when I die I shall rot, and nothing of my ego will survive. I am not young and I love life. But I should scorn to shiver with terror at the thought of annihilation. Happiness is nonetheless true happiness because it must come to an end, nor do thought and love lose their value because\",\n \"title\": \"What I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514846\",\n \"text\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \\\"My First Time Around\\\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records. It reached number thirty-three on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. It has been covered and sampled by several artists. \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a song written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid. It was arranged by\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514848\",\n \"text\": \"1972 studio album \\\"See All Her Faces\\\". Yellowman covered it for \\\"King Yellowman\\\" (1984). \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is sampled in \\\"Upgrade U\\\" by Beyoncé and Jay-Z, from Beyoncé's album \\\"B'Day\\\" (2006) and in \\\"No Homo Outro\\\", a track from \\\"Turtleneck & Chain\\\" (2011) by The Lonely Island. Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" is a single by American recording artist Betty Wright from her debut studio album \\\"My First Time Around\\\" (1968). It was written by Willie Clarke and Clarence Reid, and released in 1968 by Alston Records.\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17958494\",\n \"text\": \"song. This is the first recording that Nelson recorded with musicians James Burton, James Kirkland, Richie Frost, and Gene Garf. Believe What You Say \\\"Believe What You Say\\\" is a song written by Dorsey Burnette and Johnny Burnette and performed by Ricky Nelson. The song reached #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, #6 on the R&B chart, and #10 on the country chart in 1958. The song appeared on his 1959 album, \\\"Ricky Sings Again\\\". The song also appeared on his 1970 album, \\\"In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969\\\". The Burnette brothers along with Joe Campbell sit on Nelson's home\",\n \"title\": \"Believe What You Say\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17958493\",\n \"text\": \"Believe What You Say \\\"Believe What You Say\\\" is a song written by Dorsey Burnette and Johnny Burnette and performed by Ricky Nelson. The song reached #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, #6 on the R&B chart, and #10 on the country chart in 1958. The song appeared on his 1959 album, \\\"Ricky Sings Again\\\". The song also appeared on his 1970 album, \\\"In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969\\\". The Burnette brothers along with Joe Campbell sit on Nelson's home steps to get a meeting with him. Their persistence and their work impressed Nelson, and he agreed to record the\",\n \"title\": \"Believe What You Say\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16587744\",\n \"text\": \"in its first week, placing at number 8 in the charts, making McElderry become the first X Factor act to have four top 20 albums and three top 10 albums. Here's What I Believe Here's What I Believe is the fourth studio album released by English singer, Joe McElderry. It was released on 10 September 2012 under Decca Records. It is McElderry's third album with the label, and his first album featuring self-penned songs. The album's title track was released as its lead single on 3 August 2012 in Ireland and 5 August 2012 in the UK. Four editions of\",\n \"title\": \"Here's What I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16587733\",\n \"text\": \"Here's What I Believe Here's What I Believe is the fourth studio album released by English singer, Joe McElderry. It was released on 10 September 2012 under Decca Records. It is McElderry's third album with the label, and his first album featuring self-penned songs. The album's title track was released as its lead single on 3 August 2012 in Ireland and 5 August 2012 in the UK. Four editions of the album have been released: the standard, a limited edition box set, personalized copies via Mixpixe, and a digital deluxe edition featuring 3 bonus tracks. After releasing his second studio\",\n \"title\": \"Here's What I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16587739\",\n \"text\": \"out.\\\" The album was originally to be released on 17 September, but was pushed forward a week, now due for release on 10 September. He performed \\\"Here's What I Believe\\\" at Perez Hilton's \\\"One Night in London 2012\\\" and the song premiered on BBC Radio 2 on 24 July 2012. The album includes collaborations with Marcella Detroit and Ludovico Einaudi. The album's title track, \\\"Here's What I Believe\\\", is one of six songs which McElderry co-wrote. On 15 June 2012, he performed an intimate \\\"An Audience With...\\\" type of show in Luton. During the performance, he confirmed that there will\",\n \"title\": \"Here's What I Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18531515\",\n \"text\": \"doing anything that might cause them to think about or challenge those beliefs in any meaningful way.\\\" Newsday's Rafer Guzmán gave the film 0.5 stars out of 4 and criticized the cardboard characters and overly sentimental narratives, ultimately concluding that \\\"the movie is primarily interested in asking a question that it has already answered.\\\". Do You Believe? (film) Do You Believe? is a 2015 Christian drama film directed by Jon Gunn and stars an ensemble cast featuring Ted McGinley, Mira Sorvino, Andrea Logan White, Lee Majors, Alexa PenaVega, Sean Astin, Madison Pettis, Cybill Shepherd, and Brian Bosworth. The film is\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18531511\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe? (film) Do You Believe? is a 2015 Christian drama film directed by Jon Gunn and stars an ensemble cast featuring Ted McGinley, Mira Sorvino, Andrea Logan White, Lee Majors, Alexa PenaVega, Sean Astin, Madison Pettis, Cybill Shepherd, and Brian Bosworth. The film is distributed by Pure Flix, who released it on March 20, 2015. When a pastor is shaken to the core by the visible belief of a street-corner preacher, he and a lot of other people (who are also struggling with their own problems as well) come together and start to question their religious beliefs and\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe? (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9353528\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Love \\\"Do You Believe in Love\\\" is the first top-ten hit for the American rock band Huey Lewis and the News, peaking at number seven in May 1982, off their second album \\\"Picture This\\\". It was written by Robert John \\\"Mutt\\\" Lange. When Lange wrote the song and submitted it to the band, it was entitled \\\"We Both Believe In Love\\\", but was retitled after Lewis made some lyrical revisions. The unrevised version was originally recorded by British band Supercharge, on which Lange sang lead vocals, on the 1979 album \\\"Body Rhythm\\\". The song became the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14847428\",\n \"text\": \"by Calvert DeForest. \\\"What the Cowgirls Do\\\" debuted at number 71 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 9, 1994. What the Cowgirls Do \\\"What the Cowgirls Do\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in July 1994 as the second single from the album \\\"When Love Finds You\\\". The song reached number 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Gill and Reed Nielsen. Deborah Evans Price, of \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine reviewed the song favorably saying that the\",\n \"title\": \"What the Cowgirls Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20036056\",\n \"text\": \"habit to prefer Joe over Manny, Alex discovers that Ben, Claire's assistant, has a crush on her. In its original U.S. broadcast, \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" was watched by 7.34 million people; down by 0.73 from the previous episode. Kyle Fowle of \\\"The A.V. Club\\\" gave episode a B+, saying \\\"“Do You Believe In Magic” isn’t a perfect episode, but it does hit a rewarding sweet spot between saccharine and hilarious.\\\" Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family) \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" is the twelfth episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom \\\"Modern Family\\\", and the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5270730\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (song) \\\"Do You Believe In Magic\\\" is a song written by John Sebastian. It was first recorded and released by his group, The Lovin' Spoonful in 1965. The single peaked at number 9 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. In 1978, Shaun Cassidy reached the top 40 with his cover version. The song has been recorded by various artists. In 1965, the group The Lovin' Spoonful released the song as the first single from their debut studio album \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\". The single was well received by the public and became a top\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18420807\",\n \"text\": \"that there have been \\\"some studies of value\\\" with respect to treating moderate depression. In 2013 Offit was presented with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) for \\\"Do You Believe in Magic?\\\". \\\"Offit is a literal lifesaver... educates the public about the dangers of alternative medicine, may save many, many more.\\\" Do You Believe in Magic? (book) Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine – called Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine in the United Kingdom – is a 2013 book about\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic? (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11001375\",\n \"text\": \"it (Diderot called it having the \\\"esprit de divination\\\"). What do you believe is true even though you cannot prove it? The essays and answers posted there make up the book. They are loosely grouped by subject area, though with no clear subject divisions. The essays cover a broad range of topics, including evolution, the workings of the human mind, and science itself. A common focus of responders are the issue of extra-terrestrial life and the question of whether humanity has a supranatural element beyond flesh and blood. Among the more esoteric topics is the question of cockroach consciousness. A\",\n \"title\": \"What We Believe But Cannot Prove\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17514847\",\n \"text\": \"Ray Love and produced by Brad Shapiro and Steve Alaimo for Wright's recording, which was released as a 7\\\" single in 1968 by Alston Records—it was Wright's first release under that label. The B-side for the single was \\\"Sweet Lovin' Daddy\\\". \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" peaked at number thirty-three on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and at number fifteen on the US Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles. The song's theme was unpopular with the feminist movement, according to Andrew Hamilton from AllMusic. Dusty Springfield recorded a cover version \\\"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\\\" for her\",\n \"title\": \"Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17580004\",\n \"text\": \"series of \\\"The X Factor\\\" (UK) on October 27, 2013, at Fountain Studio in Wembley. Jason Lipshutz from \\\"Billboard\\\" denoted it as \\\"intoxicatingly weird\\\". ITV, which aired the performance, and Ofcom, the British media regulator, received around 260 complaints regarding the performance, due to Gaga's costume and the suggestive lyrics of the track, which was broadcast before the 9pm watershed. A spokesperson from the channel released a statement that they did not believe the performance to be inappropriate. During her ArtRave party for the release of \\\"Artpop\\\", Gaga performed eight songs from the album, closing the set with \\\"Do What\",\n \"title\": \"Do What U Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988633\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon.co.uk, \\\"Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for \\\"What Do I Have to Do?\\\", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig).\\\" These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9353529\",\n \"text\": \"band's breakthrough hit, peaking at number seven on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 pop singles chart. A music video for the song features a scene with the band singing into a sleeping woman's ear, followed by the next morning, singing in the kitchen. This video received heavy airplay in the early days of MTV, contributing to the breakthrough popularity of both the song and the band. In the UK, the song was released as a double A side with \\\"The Power of Love\\\" in 1985. Do You Believe in Love \\\"Do You Believe in Love\\\" is the first top-ten hit for\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Love\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14996832\",\n \"text\": \"version of \\\"Do You Believe in Miracles\\\" was featured as the A-side, and a second B-side, \\\"Time to Rock\\\", was taken from the \\\"Rogues Gallery\\\" album. The band had not intended for \\\"Do You Believe in Miracles\\\" to be included on the \\\"Crackers\\\" album, however Telstar insisted that it was included on there. In the UK, a limited double-pack Christmas edition of the single was also released on 7\\\" and 12\\\" vinyl. Dubbed \\\"The Slade Christmas Pack\\\", the 7\\\" version included the standard 7\\\" single along with a second 7\\\" vinyl featuring \\\"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\\\" as the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Miracles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5046136\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Shame? \\\"Do You Believe In Shame?\\\" is a song by Duran Duran. Released on 10 April 1989, it was the third and final single from the \\\"Big Thing\\\" album. The song was dedicated to three of the band's dead friends: record producer Alex Sadkin, artist Andy Warhol and Simon Le Bon's childhood friend David Miles. Le Bon has since said that \\\"Shame\\\" is the first part of a trilogy of songs written as a tribute to Miles, the other songs being \\\"Ordinary World\\\" and \\\"Out of My Mind\\\". There was a successful legal challenge over the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Shame?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18647330\",\n \"text\": \"off this game somehow, but it's hard not to walk away with the sense that it was deliberately made difficult to try to squeeze as much money away from people as possible. Maybe that's just me being cynical. And maybe it doesn't matter in the end—the game is pretty damn good.\\\" Do Not Believe His Lies Do Not Believe His Lies is a 2014 puzzle mobile app game designed by Polish designer Lukasz Matablewski. Matablewski released the app to the iTunes storefront on July 10, 2014 and since its release, the game has developed a Reddit following. According to the\",\n \"title\": \"Do Not Believe His Lies\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18581184\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Us \\\"Do You Believe in Us\\\" () is a song recorded by Cuban recording artist Jon Secada for his debut self-titled studio album and for his debut Spanish-language album \\\"Otro Día Más Sin Verte\\\" (1992). It was released in 1993 as the third single from his Spanish-language album. The English version peaked at number 13 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number three on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Adult Contemporary chart. The Spanish version peaked at number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Latin Tracks chart. It was composed by Secada, Miguel Morejon, and Joseph\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Us\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14996835\",\n \"text\": \"ditty is a tribute to Geldof's efforts.\\\" Do You Believe in Miracles \\\"Do You Believe in Miracles\\\" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1985 as a single which was included on the band's studio/compilation album \\\"\\\". It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by John Punter. It reached No. 54 in the UK, remaining in the charts for six weeks. Following their 1985 studio album \\\"Rogues Gallery\\\", Slade were approached by Telstar to create a Christmas-related party album. Alongside this new project, the band recorded a charity single,\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Miracles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1793157\",\n \"text\": \"expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, \\\"What Would Jesus Buy?\\\", \\\"What Would Lincoln Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\\\", and \\\"What would Tintin do?\\\". The term \\\"What Would Jesus Do?\\\" or \\\"WWJD\\\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase \\\"What would Jesus do?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What would Jesus do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14847427\",\n \"text\": \"What the Cowgirls Do \\\"What the Cowgirls Do\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in July 1994 as the second single from the album \\\"When Love Finds You\\\". The song reached number 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Gill and Reed Nielsen. Deborah Evans Price, of \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine reviewed the song favorably saying that the it contains an \\\"effortless groove and Gill's snappy Telecaster licks.\\\" The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in July 1994. It featured appearances\",\n \"title\": \"What the Cowgirls Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695712\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If Your Heart Ain't Busy Tonight\\\" at number four. The track \\\"Everything That You Want\\\" was later\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6695713\",\n \"text\": \"covered by Reba McEntire for her 1994 album, \\\"Read My Mind.\\\" As listed in liner notes. What Do I Do with Me What Do I Do with Me is a 1991 album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was her highest-placing on the Billboard charts reaching #6 in the Country albums and #48 on the Pop albums categories. The album produced four Top Ten hits on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\\\" and \\\"Down to My Last Teardrop\\\" both at number two, \\\"Some Kind of Trouble\\\" at number three, and \\\"If\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Do with Me\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4480215\",\n \"text\": \"In early February 2005, Armor for Sleep went on tour with Something Corporate, Straylight Run, and The Academy Is... Later in the month, the group toured with Recover, Say Anything, and Case Pagan. \\\"What to Do When You Are Dead\\\" was released through Equal Vision Records on February 22. Some copies of the album included a bonus DVD that contained live footage, a documentary on the creation of the album, as well as music videos for \\\"Dream to Make Believe\\\" songs \\\"My Town\\\" and \\\"Dream to Make Believe\\\". The iTunes edition of the album included \\\"Very Invisible\\\" as a bonus\",\n \"title\": \"What to Do When You Are Dead\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17742879\",\n \"text\": \"the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.\\\" \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih. A sequel to the film, which focused on the werewolves depicted in \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\", was in development but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled \\\"What We Do in the Moonlight\\\", the working\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20334751\",\n \"text\": \"I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with his commentary on the economic and political context prevalent at that time. The book was released on September 5, 2017 and quickly made its way to topping the list of best sellers on Amazon India and Flipkart. The book has\",\n \"title\": \"I Do What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15814084\",\n \"text\": \"& Tracks for the chart week of January 15, 2000. Do What You Gotta Do \\\"Do What You Gotta Do\\\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \\\"Friday Night in America\\\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \\\"Sevens\\\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Gotta Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15814082\",\n \"text\": \"Do What You Gotta Do \\\"Do What You Gotta Do\\\" is a song written by guitarist Pat Flynn and recorded by the New Grass Revival for their 1989 Capitol album \\\"Friday Night in America\\\". The song was also recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in January 2000 as fifth and final single from the 1997 album, \\\"Sevens\\\". The song reached number 13 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 18 on the Canadian \\\"RPM\\\" Country Tracks chart. The song was issued over two years\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Gotta Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20334753\",\n \"text\": \"success. He has further gone on to call that rather than demonetization as an exercise, better end to end income and asset tracking mechanisms, including the usage of biometric systems such as Aadhaar will be instrumental in battling 'black money'. I Do What I Do I do what I Do is a non fiction book authored by economist and former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Raghuram Rajan published by Harper Collins India in 2017. The book is a collection of speeches delivered by Rajan during his stint as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India along with\",\n \"title\": \"I Do What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11001379\",\n \"text\": \"fascinating glimpses into the future directions of arcane disciplines few fully understand\\\". While still generally positive, some reviewers did criticize certain aspects of the book, including redundancy and tone. \\\"The Observer\\\" described the essays as \\\"compelling and repetitive by turns\\\". Publishers Weekly referred to the collection as \\\"stimulating\\\", but found it \\\"unfortunate that the tone of most contributions isn't livelier and that there aren't explanations of some of the more esoteric concepts discussed\\\", limitations which would \\\"keep these adroit musings from finding a wider audience.\\\" What We Believe But Cannot Prove What We Believe But Cannot Prove: Today's Leading Thinkers\",\n \"title\": \"What We Believe But Cannot Prove\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11001373\",\n \"text\": \"What We Believe But Cannot Prove What We Believe But Cannot Prove: Today's Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Certainty is a non-fiction book edited by literary agent John Brockman with an introduction by novelist Ian McEwan and published by Harper Perennial. The book consists of various responses to a question posed by the Edge Foundation, with answers as short as one sentence or as long as a few pages. Among the 107 published contributors are such notable scientists and philosophers as Richard Dawkins, Daniel C. Dennett, Jared Diamond, Rebecca Goldstein, Steven Pinker, Sir Martin Rees and Craig\",\n \"title\": \"What We Believe But Cannot Prove\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3749222\",\n \"text\": \"Do We Know!?—Discovering the Endless Possibilities of Your Everyday Reality\\\". HCI president Peter Vegso stated that in regard to this book, \\\"What the Bleep is the quantum leap in the New Age world,\\\" and \\\"by marrying science and spirituality, it is the foundation of future thought.\\\" On August 1, 2006 \\\"What the Bleep! Down the Rabbit Hole - Quantum Edition\\\" multi-disc DVD set was released, containing two extended versions of \\\"What the Bleep Do We Know!?,\\\" with over 15 hours of material on three double-sided DVDs. The film features interview segments of: What the Bleep Do We Know!? What the\",\n \"title\": \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5270732\",\n \"text\": \"and the Vandellas' \\\"(Love Is Like a) Heat Wave\\\" to come up with the intro to \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\". The song is also significantly featured in the Jim Sheridan movie \\\"In America\\\", as an Irish-immigrant family, having entered the U.S. on false pretenses, enter New York City for the first time. \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" was featured in \\\"The Parent Trap\\\", \\\"American Pie\\\", \\\"Date Movie\\\", \\\"Temple Grandin\\\", and \\\"Rolie Polie Olie\\\". The original version was also the theme song for the short-lived TV series \\\"State of Grace\\\". In 2012, the Lovin' Spoonful's version was used in the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5270734\",\n \"text\": \"See It...\\\", and it also appeared on their debut studio album, \\\"Into the Rush\\\" in addition to an appearance on the 2009 soundtrack to the TV show \\\"Wizards of Waverly Place\\\". The duo consists of sisters, Alyson \\\"Aly\\\" and Amanda Joy \\\"AJ\\\" Michalka. Do You Believe in Magic (song) \\\"Do You Believe In Magic\\\" is a song written by John Sebastian. It was first recorded and released by his group, The Lovin' Spoonful in 1965. The single peaked at number 9 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. In 1978, Shaun Cassidy reached the top 40 with his cover version. The\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18420803\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Magic? (book) Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine – called Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine in the United Kingdom – is a 2013 book about alternative medicine by Paul Offit, an American expert of infectious diseases and vaccines. It was published in the United States by HarperCollins (255 pages) and in the UK by Fourth Estate (20 June 2013, 336 pages). The book criticizes alternative medical treatments as ineffective, particularly vitamins and dietary supplements. Among the supplements of which Offit is critical in the book\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic? (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5270733\",\n \"text\": \"official \\\"Meet the Pyro\\\" trailer for the first-person shooter video game, \\\"Team Fortress 2\\\". \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" became a top forty hit again in 1978 in both the U.S. and Canada when Shaun Cassidy released his cover as a single. Cassidy's version reached number 31 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The song was Cassidy's second successful remake of a 1960s hit, the first being \\\"Da Doo Ron Ron\\\" from his previous LP. \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" was covered by American pop rock duo, Aly & AJ. Their version of the song was for Aly's film, \\\"Now You\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12230774\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe Me Now (album) Do You Believe Me Now is the second studio album of American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released on August 26, 2008. The album is also Wayne's first album in five years and his debut for Valory Music Group, a subsidiary of Big Machine Records. Its title track was released as the lead-off single to the album, and became Wayne's first Number One single on the Hot Country Songs chart. \\\"I Will\\\" was released in October 2008 as the album's second single. It also includes re-recordings of Wayne's first two singles, \\\"Stay\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe Me Now (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12230775\",\n \"text\": \"Gone\\\" and \\\"I Love You This Much\\\", previously included on his 2003 self-titled debut. The album debuted at number 27 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 album chart, and number 4 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 20,000 copies in its first week of sales. Do You Believe Me Now (album) Do You Believe Me Now is the second studio album of American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released on August 26, 2008. The album is also Wayne's first album in five years and his debut for Valory Music Group, a subsidiary of Big Machine Records. Its title track\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe Me Now (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3749202\",\n \"text\": \"What the Bleep Do We Know!? What the Bleep Do We Know!? (stylized as What tнē #$*! D̄ө ωΣ (k)πow!? and What the #$*! Do We Know!?, with \\\"Bleep\\\" being a pronounceable placeholder for a grawlix) is a 2004 American film that combines documentary-style interviews, computer-animated graphics, and a narrative that posits a spiritual connection between quantum physics and consciousness. The plot follows the fictional story of a photographer as she encounters emotional and existential obstacles in her life and begins to consider the idea that individual and group consciousness can influence the material world. Her experiences are offered by\",\n \"title\": \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12026582\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song) \\\"Do You Believe Me Now\\\" is a song written by Tim Johnson, Joe West and Dave Pahanish, and recorded by American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released in March 2008 as the first single and title track from his album \\\"Do You Believe Me Now\\\", which was released on August 26, 2008. His first Top 40 single on the country charts since \\\"Paper Angels\\\" in late 2004-early 2005, it is the third single of his career to reach the Top Ten on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart, as well\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12026587\",\n \"text\": \"Now\\\" fell to number two, when Brad Paisley's \\\"Waitin' on a Woman\\\" took over the top spot. One week later, \\\"Do You Believe Me Now\\\" returned to Number One for a second and final week. In May 2009, the song debuted on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, peaking at #29 after one week. Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song) \\\"Do You Believe Me Now\\\" is a song written by Tim Johnson, Joe West and Dave Pahanish, and recorded by American country music singer Jimmy Wayne. It was released in March 2008 as the first single and title\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe Me Now (Jimmy Wayne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426819\",\n \"text\": \"their neon-Eighties visions are far from retro pose-striking.\\\" Barry Nicolson of the \\\"NME\\\" praised the album's \\\"great songwriting\\\" and felt that \\\"while not every track has the immediacy of 'Lies' or 'Recover', there's not a weak one among them.\\\" Heather Phares of AllMusic wrote, \\\"Even on the darkest moments, such as 'Lies' or 'Science/Visions,' there's a disarming emotional directness to \\\"The Bones of What You Believe\\\" that makes it a unique, fully realized take on a style that seemed close to being played out.\\\" Ally Carnwath of \\\"The Observer\\\" commented that Chvrches are \\\"more robust and melodic than arty peers\",\n \"title\": \"The Bones of What You Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426816\",\n \"text\": \"States. \\\"The Bones of What You Believe\\\" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 39 reviews, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". Kyle Ryan of \\\"The A.V. Club\\\" complimented Mayberry's songwriting and wrote that Chvrches \\\"have crafted one of the year's best albums, which means that buzz won't be dying down any time soon.\\\" Joe Rivers of \\\"Clash\\\" lauded the album as \\\"an exceptionally strong debut where every track is a potential single\\\", noting that \\\"[n]ot\",\n \"title\": \"The Bones of What You Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10038255\",\n \"text\": \"Ain't What You Do \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \\\"Nu-Flow\\\". \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is based on Fun Boy Three and Bananarama's collaboration \\\"It Ain't What You Do (It's the\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't What You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9930755\",\n \"text\": \"vocalists on \\\"If Love Was a River\\\", which they also co-wrote. Adam Wright also wrote the track \\\"Strong Enough\\\". Giving the album all four stars, \\\"People\\\" magazine said on the album that Jackson \\\"continues to sound more and more like Merle Haggard, which is tantamount to approaching perfection.\\\" \\\"What I Do\\\" debuted at #1 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 selling 139,000 copies, becoming his third #1 album, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 country album. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA in October 2004. What I Do What I Do is the twelfth\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9930754\",\n \"text\": \"What I Do What I Do is the twelfth studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released on September 7, 2004, and produced four singles for Jackson on the Hot Country Songs charts: \\\"Too Much of a Good Thing\\\" and \\\"Monday Morning Church\\\" both reached #5, while \\\"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues\\\" and \\\"USA Today\\\" both reached #18. \\\"What I Do\\\", however, was the first album of his career not to produce any #1 hits. The Wrights, a duo composed of Adam and Shannon Wright (the former of whom is Jackson's nephew) are featured as background\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14996830\",\n \"text\": \"And he said \\\"Oh, I couldn't do that\\\" but he did, and then he did the Live Aid thing, and I thought it was worth writing a song about.\\\" Later in 1986, Lea recalled of the song's airplay: \\\"\\\"Do You Believe in Miracles\\\" was played to death on the beeb. I really believed in that record.\\\" Drummer Don Powell said: \\\"It didn't do too well chartwise, but it had every radio play in the book really. I could never turn the radio on without hearing it played. We did quite a few T.V. shows to promote it - but when\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Miracles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17426818\",\n \"text\": \"fusion of emotive theatrics, hook-loaded songwriting, and some of the more forward-thinking sonics in electronic music right now\\\", and found that \\\"the hooks on \\\"The Bones of What You Believe\\\" are indelible regardless of instrumentation, and the sound is immaculate.\\\" At \\\"Spin\\\", Puja Patel opined that the album is \\\"at its best on its revenge tunes\\\", concluding, \\\"In a mainstream landscape that's still reveling in the EDM-fueled fuck-yous of Icona Pop and Charli XCX's 'I Love It,' CHVRCHES' poppy electronic textures and bleakly lyrical brashness raises the bar.\\\" \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s Jon Dolan expressed, \\\"Even when Chvrches are just competently mopey,\",\n \"title\": \"The Bones of What You Believe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16345967\",\n \"text\": \"In the \\\"What Ya Wanna Do\\\" music video, all the featured rappers spit verses by turn, recording their posse cut in the studio. The song contains a sample from \\\"Do You Wanna Go Party\\\" as written by Harry Wayne Casey and Richard Finch and performed by KC and the Sunshine Band on their sixth studio album \\\"Do You Wanna Go Party\\\". Adapted from Discogs What Ya Wanna Do \\\"What Ya Wanna Do?\\\" is a single by American recording artist Ice-T from his third studio album \\\"The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say\\\". It was released in 1989 via Sire\",\n \"title\": \"What Ya Wanna Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12138900\",\n \"text\": \"the past: \\\"Why don't you do what you do / when you did what you did to me?\\\" Its B-side is \\\"Tell Me I'm Not Dreamin' (Too Good to Be True)\\\", a duet with Michael Jackson. The song was sampled by Lil Wayne for \\\"How Could Something\\\" and by Chamillionaire for \\\"Void In My Life\\\". The music video was an imitation of \\\"The Godfather\\\" and supermodel Iman played Jackson's love interest who eventually betrays him by trying to shoot him. After his henchmen take her away, it is not revealed what happened to her. Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Do (Jermaine Jackson song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16428227\",\n \"text\": \"current Egyptian society. The main conflict between Islamic extremists and the government officials throughout history stems from two major issues: “the formation of the modern nation-state and the political and cultural debate over its ideological direction.” Islamic extremism has its roots in a sect of Islam called Kharijism, which came about around 600 CE when the third and fourth caliphs were murdered during the first civil war. The Kharijites no longer exist today, and it did not continue as a sect of Islam, but their beliefs laid the early groundwork for much of what Islamic extremists believe today. During the\",\n \"title\": \"Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10038256\",\n \"text\": \"Way That You Do It)\\\". UK CD 1 UK CD 2 Ain't What You Do \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is a single released in 2003 by the UK hip hop/R&B group Big Brovaz. The single is the fifth and final single taken from Big Brovaz' 2002 debut album, \\\"Nu-Flow\\\". \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" became Big Brovaz' fifth UK hit but their first to miss the top ten, peaking at number fifteen and spending seven weeks inside the top seventy-five of the UK Singles Chart. The single was not released in Australia. \\\"Ain't What You Do\\\" is based on Fun Boy\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't What You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17579986\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Write what you want, say what you want about me/ If you want you know that I'm not sorry\\\". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, \\\"Do What U Want\\\" is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A major with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of E to F. The song follows a basic sequence of D–E–Fm–E–D–E as its chord\",\n \"title\": \"Do What U Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988625\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Have to Do \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\" is a song performed by Australian singer and songwriter Kylie Minogue taken from her third studio album \\\"Rhythm of Love\\\" (1990). The song was written and produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Originally, the song was planned to be released after the single \\\"Better the Devil You Know\\\", but instead \\\"Step Back in Time\\\" was released and this was released as the third single on 21 January 1991. The song received positive reviews from most music critics, who thought the song was an instant rave classic. The song\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20608312\",\n \"text\": \"Radio\\\" and \\\"Because I Love You\\\" (the band's most popular songs). The perennial \\\"Because I Love You\\\" also gained new prominence around that time via its use in a series of advertisements for a well-known brand of jeans; the revamped version of \\\"Because I Love You\\\" peaked at No. 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Charts. Side B is live recordings taken from the 1988 reunion tour. All songs written by Doug Ford and Jim Keays, except where noted. Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20608310\",\n \"text\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album) Do What You Wanna Do is the fifth studio album by the Masters Apprentices, released in November 1988 on Virgin Records. It was the group's first album in 17 years since \\\"A Toast To Panama Red\\\". In the early 1980s there was a revival of interest in the Masters Apprentices due partly to rock historian Glenn A. Baker, who featured the band for his \\\"Rock & Roll Trivia Show\\\" on Sydney radio's Triple J, which in turn led to the release of a definitive compilation LP, \\\"Hands of Time\\\" by Baker's Raven Records in\",\n \"title\": \"Do What You Wanna Do (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8557191\",\n \"text\": \"What would Reagan do? What would Reagan do? (sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular primarily among conservatives and Republicans in the United States. Its usage reflects a belief in former United States President Ronald Reagan as a model conservative leader whose philosophy and policies provide guidance and a good example for modern politicians. The phrase derives by analogy from the earlier phrase What would Jesus do? and its related initialism WWJD, coined in the 1890s and repopularized during the 1990s. While the phrase \\\"What would Reagan do?\\\" has existed since at least the early 2000s, it\",\n \"title\": \"What would Reagan do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15458069\",\n \"text\": \"story in so fascinating a way.\\\" What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \\\"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\\\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian\",\n \"title\": \"What Would the Founders Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15458067\",\n \"text\": \"What Would the Founders Do? What Would the Founders Do?: Our Questions, Their Answers is a 2006 non-fiction book by American journalist and historian Richard Brookhiser. The author discusses the viewpoints, backgrounds, and character traits of the American Founding Fathers and compares and contrasts them with the socio-political debates of present-day Americans. Brookhiser states, \\\"We can be as intelligent as they were, and as serious, as practical, and as brave.\\\" The book was published by Basic Books. Some of the issues detailed include the death penalty, gun control, censorship, assisted suicide, preemptive war, Indian casinos, campaign finance reform, and term\",\n \"title\": \"What Would the Founders Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11349185\",\n \"text\": \"What I Do the Best What I Do the Best is the fourth studio album by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery. The tracks \\\"Ain't Got Nothin' on Us\\\", \\\"Friends\\\", \\\"How Was I to Know\\\" and \\\"I Miss You a Little\\\" were all released as singles, peaking at #15, #2, #2 and #6, respectively on the Hot Country Songs charts, making this the first album of his career not to produce a #1 hit. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA for one million shipments in the US. \\\"Cloud 8\\\" was later recorded by Canadian country artist Gil\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do the Best\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16663175\",\n \"text\": \"What Does the Bee Do? \\\"What Does the Bee Do?\\\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the HBO television series \\\"Boardwalk Empire\\\", and 16th episode overall. First aired on October 16, 2011, it was written by executive story editor Steve Kornacki and directed by Ed Bianchi. Nucky looks to Rothstein for a port to receive alcohol, since the Coast Guard is blockading Atlantic City. Rothstein instructs Lansky and Luciano to oversee the Philadelphia delivery. Nucky also sends Owen Sleater to bomb Doyle's still. Margaret asks for 'money for the children' from Nucky, which she proceeds to hide\",\n \"title\": \"What Does the Bee Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11349186\",\n \"text\": \"Grand on his 1998 debut album \\\"Famous First Words\\\". As listed in liner notes. What I Do the Best What I Do the Best is the fourth studio album by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery. The tracks \\\"Ain't Got Nothin' on Us\\\", \\\"Friends\\\", \\\"How Was I to Know\\\" and \\\"I Miss You a Little\\\" were all released as singles, peaking at #15, #2, #2 and #6, respectively on the Hot Country Songs charts, making this the first album of his career not to produce a #1 hit. The album was certified platinum by the RIAA for one million\",\n \"title\": \"What I Do the Best\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8383172\",\n \"text\": \"'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It) 'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It) is a song written by jazz musicians Melvin \\\"Sy\\\" Oliver and James \\\"Trummy\\\" Young. It was first recorded in 1939 by Jimmie Lunceford, Harry James, and Ella Fitzgerald, and again the same year by Nat Gonella and His Georgians. The \\\"shim sham\\\" is often danced to the Lunceford recording of this song. The jazz tune was transformed into a pop song with ska elements in 1982. With the title slightly altered to \\\"It Ain't What You Do...\\\", it\",\n \"title\": \"'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20036055\",\n \"text\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family) \\\"Do You Believe in Magic\\\" is the twelfth episode of the eighth season of the American sitcom \\\"Modern Family\\\", and the series' 178th episode overall. It aired on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on February 8, 2017. The episode was written by Jon Pollack, and directed by Gail Mancuso. Claire decides to hire a magician who could help her and Phil bring some mystery on Valentine's Day. Cam and Mitch teach Haley and Sal (Elizabeth Banks) to stand up against their men with unexpected results. As Jay has developed the\",\n \"title\": \"Do You Believe in Magic (Modern Family)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["muslims"],"string":"[\n \"muslims\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":182,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what language they speak in taiwan?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"16972282","text":"language classes teach simplified characters and Standard Mandarin Chinese. About 40% of all Chinese-speakers in the United States live in California. Chinese language and varieties in the United States Chinese language, mostly Yue varieties including Taishanese and Cantonese, are collectively the third most-spoken language in the United States, and are mostly spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California and New York. Over 2 million Americans speak varieties of Chinese, with Standard Chinese becoming increasingly common due to immigration from mainland China and to some extent Taiwan. Despite being called dialects or","title":"Chinese language and varieties in the United States"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16972282\",\n \"text\": \"language classes teach simplified characters and Standard Mandarin Chinese. About 40% of all Chinese-speakers in the United States live in California. Chinese language and varieties in the United States Chinese language, mostly Yue varieties including Taishanese and Cantonese, are collectively the third most-spoken language in the United States, and are mostly spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California and New York. Over 2 million Americans speak varieties of Chinese, with Standard Chinese becoming increasingly common due to immigration from mainland China and to some extent Taiwan. Despite being called dialects or\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language and varieties in the United States\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"20760416","text":"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"9658782","text":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan There are a large number of romanization systems used in Taiwan (officially the Republic of China). The first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan, Pe̍h-ōe-jī, was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries and promoted by the indigenous Presbyterian Churches since the 19th century. Pe̍h-ōe-jī is also the first written system of Taiwanese Hokkien; a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time. During the period of Japanese rule, the promotion of roman writing systems was suppressed under the . After World War II, Taiwan was handed over from Japan to China in 1945. The","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658804","text":"county or city uses at the time. For instance, during the first decade of the 21st century, the school signs outside of Taipei were usually in Tongyong Pinyin. Chinese language romanization in Taiwan There are a large number of romanization systems used in Taiwan (officially the Republic of China). The first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan, Pe̍h-ōe-jī, was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries and promoted by the indigenous Presbyterian Churches since the 19th century. Pe̍h-ōe-jī is also the first written system of Taiwanese Hokkien; a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time. During the period of","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"4413105","text":"end of the Chinese Civil War and when Taiwan was under Chinese rule (ROC). In the process, Taiwan developed a distinct style of cuisine. The language with the most native speakers in Taiwan is Taiwanese Hokkien, or \"Taiwanese\" for short, spoken by about 70% of the population. People who emigrated from mainland China after 1949 (about 13% of the population) mostly speak Mandarin Chinese. The Hakka, who make about 13% of the population, speak the distinct Hakka language. The Formosan languages are the ethnic languages of the Taiwanese Aborigines, comprising about 2.3% of the island's population. Standard Chinese is the","title":"Culture of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9666388","text":"Wade–Giles, often found on passports, and Postal. Other varieties of Chinese can also be seen in Taiwan. The majority speak Taiwanese Hokkien, a branch of Southern Min, which had formerly been the most commonly spoken language. On Matsu Islands, the Fuzhou dialect belonging to the Eastern Min is prevalent. Although people on Kinmen (Quemoy) also speak Southern Min, it is not the case in Wuqiu Islands, for they speak a dialect of the Pu-Xian Min. The ethnic Hakka speak various Taiwanese Hakka dialects, including Sixian, South Sixian, Hailu, Dapu, Raoping, and Zhao'an. The most widely spoken Formosan languages today are","title":"Demographics of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"347712","text":"Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese is used as the writing system in Taiwan. The 70% of the population belonging to the Hoklo ethnic group speak Taiwanese Hokkien (a variant of the Min Nan speech of Fujian province) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin, and many others have some degree of understanding. The Hakka ethnic group (15% of the population) use Hakka Chinese. Most \"waishengren\" speak primarily Mandarin. Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin Chinese varieties have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since restrictions on","title":"Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"8024237","text":"household census in Taiwan.\" The Taiwanese indigenous languages or Formosan languages are the languages of the aboriginal tribes of Taiwan. Taiwanese aborigines currently comprise about 2.3% of the island's population. However, far fewer can still speak their ancestral language, after centuries of language shift. It is common for young and middle-aged Hakka and aboriginal people to speak Mandarin and Hokkien better than, or to the exclusion of, their ethnic languages. Of the approximately 26 languages of the Taiwanese aborigines, at least ten are extinct, another five are moribund, and several others are to some degree endangered. Currently the government recognized","title":"Languages of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"11877798","text":"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \"Who\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \"NME\", giving it a 2/10 rating.","title":"Speak Your Language"},{"psg_id":"11877797","text":"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \"Who\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \"NME\", giving it a 2/10 rating.","title":"Speak Your Language"},{"psg_id":"9666387","text":"born after the early 1950s can speak Standard Chinese, which has been the official language and the medium of instruction in the schools for more than four decades. Note that the Chinese spoken in Taiwan (called Taiwanese Mandarin) has minor differences from that spoken in mainland China (called Putonghua). For Chinese spoken in other regions, see Language and overseas Chinese communities. Hanyu Pinyin, the official romanization system in mainland China, has also been the standard of Taiwan since 2009. A number of romanization systems are still seen in Taiwan, including Tongyong, the official romanization in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008,","title":"Demographics of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658786","text":"also in use, but those privileged enough to attend school would study Chinese characters and Chinese classics, with Southern Min pronunciation. Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), an orthography used to write variants of Southern Min, was the first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan. Initially developed by Presbyterian missionaries in Southeast Asia in the 19th century, POJ became most widespread in Taiwan after success in Fujian. Pe̍h-ōe-jī is also the first written system for Taiwanese Hokkien, and a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time. A milestone was reached when the \"Taiwan Church News\", printed in the POJ system, became","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"8024241","text":"franca among the various groups in Taiwan: the majority Taiwanese-speaking Hoklo (Hokkien), the Hakka who have their own spoken language, the aboriginals who speak aboriginal languages; as well as Mainland Chinese immigrated in 1949 whose native tongue may be any Chinese variant. People who emigrated from China after 1949 (12% of the population) mostly speak Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin is almost universally spoken and understood. It was the only officially sanctioned medium of instruction in schools in Taiwan from late 1940s to late 1970s, following the handover of Taiwan to the government of the Republic of China in 1945, until English","title":"Languages of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9666374","text":"to replace the existing population). Fertility rates have continued to decline and in 2010 Taiwan was experiencing a population growth of less than 0.2% and a fertility rate of only 0.9, which is the lowest rate ever recorded in Taiwan. The population of Taiwan is projected to peak at about 23.7 million in 2024 and decrease thereafter. The official national language is Standard Chinese, although around 70% also speak Taiwanese Hokkien 10% speak Hakka. Japanese speakers are becoming rare as the elderly generation who lived under Japanese rule are dying out. Aboriginal languages are gradually becoming extinct as the aborigines","title":"Demographics of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"20760415","text":"In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \"Piitchfork\" mentioned \"What might make \"In What Language?\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"20760417","text":"eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds.\" In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \"Piitchfork\" mentioned \"What might make \"In What Language?\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"15995714","text":"What Will They Learn? What Will They Learn? is the annual rating system of American colleges and universities published by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, a Washington, D.C.-based higher education non-profit. The report, which evaluates the core academic requirements at over 1,100 public and private universities, has been published annually since 2009. \"What Will They Learn?\" was first published in 2009. The report assigns a letter grade to over 1,100 universities based on how many of the following seven core subjects are required: composition, literature, foreign language, American history, economics, mathematics and science. ACTA concludes that most of","title":"What Will They Learn?"},{"psg_id":"9969800","text":"publication in January 1984, the German Taiwan heute in September 1988 and the Russian Тайваньская панорама in May 1994. All of the non-English TRs–except the French magazine, which began publishing monthly in April 2002—publish bimonthly, and serve as the nation’s only government-funded foreign-language publications introducing Taiwan and issues related to Taiwan. Taiwan Review Taiwan Review () is a general-interest English-language bi-monthly published by Kwang Hua Publishing, Inc. in the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the supervision of the Department of International Information Services, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its purpose is to inform English readers around the world of what takes","title":"Taiwan Review"},{"psg_id":"8024243","text":"is spoken fluently by almost the entire Taiwanese population, except for some elderly people who were educated under Japanese rule. In Taipei, where there is a high concentration of Mainland Chinese whose native language is not Taiwanese, Mandarin is used in greater frequency than in southern Taiwan and more rural areas. Many Taiwanese, particularly the younger generations, speak Mandarin better than Hakka or Hokkien. Commonly known as Taiwanese (, ) and officially referred as Taiwanese Hokkien (); Taiwanese Hokkien is the most-spoken native language in Taiwan, spoken by about 70% of the population. Linguistically, it is a subgroup of Southern","title":"Languages of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9969797","text":"Taiwan Review Taiwan Review () is a general-interest English-language bi-monthly published by Kwang Hua Publishing, Inc. in the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the supervision of the Department of International Information Services, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its purpose is to inform English readers around the world of what takes place in the island-nation. The \"Taiwan Review\" was established in April 1951 under the name Free China Review – as opposed to the communist Chinese mainland – and at that time was the first ROC government-funded English-language publication targeting overseas readers. The \"Free China Review\" title stayed for half a century","title":"Taiwan Review"},{"psg_id":"10917809","text":"They Dare to Speak Out They to Dare Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby is a bestselling book (nine weeks a \"Washington Post\" bestseller) that was written in 1985 (Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill, ), had a second edition published in 1989 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1556520735) and a third in 2003 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN <nowiki>155652482X </nowiki>) by former US Representative Paul Findley. The \"Washington Post\" said in a review that the book's \"message is straightforward and valid: Israeli influence in the United States, including in the inner sanctums of government, is very strong.\" \"The New York","title":"They Dare to Speak Out"},{"psg_id":"10917812","text":"national secrets, and shape US foreign policy. Findley focuses on individuals who have stood up to the pro-Israel forces and brings out their statements and observations on the Middle East and US foreign policy toward Israel. They Dare to Speak Out They to Dare Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby is a bestselling book (nine weeks a \"Washington Post\" bestseller) that was written in 1985 (Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill, ), had a second edition published in 1989 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1556520735) and a third in 2003 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN <nowiki>155652482X </nowiki>) by former US Representative","title":"They Dare to Speak Out"},{"psg_id":"8024239","text":"results of this initiative have been disappointing. Television station — Taiwan Indigenous Television, and radio station — \"Alian 96.3\" were created as an efforts to revive the indigenous languages. Formosan languages were made an official language in July 2017. The Amis language is the most widely spoken aboriginal language. The government estimates put the number of Amis people at a little over 200,000, but number of people who speak Amis as their first language as lower than 10,000. Amis has appeared in some mainstream popular music. Other significant indigenous languages includes Atayal, Paiwan, and Bunun. In addition to the recognized","title":"Languages of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"4603629","text":"its alphabetical system of reading and writing, nor having its literature and dictionary. This is one of the reasons the disorientation among the speakers themselves for deciding which words are better for what, as there is a wide variety of vocabulary available. Haji Mohammed Husein Abdel Kareem Nagani invented the alphabet of Memon language. The Memon community is generally divided into three major subgroups: Kathiawadi Memons, Sindhi Memons (who speak the Sindhi language) and Kutchi Memons (who speak Kutchi) The first category (Memons originating in Kathiawar) are simply called \"Memons\", and they speak the \"Memon\" language, the subject of this","title":"Memoni language"},{"psg_id":"5727275","text":"How to Speak Hip How to Speak Hip is a comedy album by Del Close and John Brent, released by Mercury Records in 1959. The album is designed as a satire of language-learning records, where the secret language of the 'hipster' is treated as a foreign language. Part of the joke, however, is that it actually does a good job of describing the Beat Generation/Beatnik sub-culture: Basic concepts such as \"cool\" and \"uncool\" are taught, as well as vocabulary building (\"dig\", \"dig it\", \"dig yourself, baby\", \"dig the chick\", \"dig the cat\", \"What a drag!\"). Many of the phrases and","title":"How to Speak Hip"},{"psg_id":"9666386","text":"A significant minority of the Han group are the Hakkas, who comprise about 15% of the total population. The Hakkas emigrated chiefly from eastern Guangdong, speak the Hakka language, and originally took up residence in the hills of the aboriginal border districts. About 14% of the total population are mainland Chinese, relating to immigrants who followed the ROC relocation from mainland China to Taiwan in 1949. While some were other ethnicities. During the Japanese rule (between 1895-1945), Japanese was the medium of instruction and could be fluently spoken by many of those educated during that period. Almost everyone in Taiwan","title":"Demographics of Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658797","text":"the city. \"Takow\" was another of the few well-known placenames of the early 20th century, but was changed to \"Takao\" after 1920 and \"Kaohsiung\" after 1945. \"Tainan\" and \"Taiwan\" have a history extending at least back to the Japanese era, as they are romanized consistently across Japanese and Wade-Giles. Tamsui District and Lukang Township have officially chosen to maintain their historic names (in Hoklo and Wade-Giles, respectively) to maintain recognition among tourists from abroad. In Tainan, the East, South, West Central, and North Districts use English instead of pinyin. Romanization errors on local street signs are common throughout Taiwan because","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9061480","text":"have many widely available Halal restaurants or dining places. However, the growing presence of Muslim Indonesian workers in Taiwan has helped to establish more Halal restaurants serving Indonesian cuisine around Taiwan. Muslims serving in the Republic of China Armed Forces are generally given separate utensils and supplied with fish, in which they will cook for themselves. The highly competitive environment in Taiwanese schools makes it difficult for parents to persuade their children to spend extra time outside of their school subjects to study the Arabic language or Quran. The extremely low number of Taiwanese Muslims leads to Muslims in isolated","title":"Islam in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658784","text":"Hanyu Pinyin, several cities continue to use Tongyong pinyin. Examples being, Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second most populous city, and Taichung. The contention surrounding romanizations has never been purely academic or in response to the needs of the foreign community in Taiwan, but rather clouded by partisan politics. As a result, romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan in the 20th century was generally inconsistent and quite difficult for everyone—be they tourists, foreign-born residents or native-born Taiwanese—to interpret. Since most Taiwanese were taught only Zhuyin/Bopomofo to write phonetic inscriptions of Chinese words, rather than a romanization system, there is little incentive to standardize romanization.","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9061438","text":"Chinese Muslim Association. Tsai said that she hoped to build a more Muslim-friendly Taiwan. The native language of Taiwanese Muslim is Mandarin, therefore Quran and Hadith have been translated from its original Arabic to Mandarin by Ma Jun and Chen Ke-li respectively. The \"Islam in China\" is a bimonthly Islamic magazine circulated in Taiwan with the aim of strengthening the contact between Taiwanese Muslims and the development of Islam in Taiwan. Around 2,000 copies of each issue are circulated throughout Taiwan and abroad. The magazine focuses on the Quran, Hadith, Dawah and news concerning Islam and Muslims in Taiwan. There","title":"Islam in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9599633","text":"natural language that they might demonstrate once their voices matured. It is claimed he was seeking to discover what language would have been imparted unto Adam and Eve by God. The experiments were recorded by the monk Salimbene di Adam in his \"Chronicles\", who wrote that Frederick encouraged \"foster-mothers and nurses to suckle and bathe and wash the children, but in no ways to prattle or speak with them; for he would have learnt whether they would speak the Hebrew language (which he took to have been the first), or Greek, or Latin, or Arabic, or perchance the tongue of","title":"Language deprivation experiments"},{"psg_id":"11786956","text":"that it would stand out in any season, as one of the best plays ever written by an American author. \"They Knew What They Wanted\" treats a difficult and delicate theme with rare human insight and even rarer philosophical profundity.\" The 1976 Broadway revival received nominations: They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \"They Knew What They Wanted\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (play)"},{"psg_id":"20285115","text":"in Taiwan, took control over local governments. Meanwhile, the minority Hakka occupied top positions in bodies such as police and railroads, due to their favorability towards Mainlanders. The KMT created a separate government for Taiwan, consisting of five municipalities and sixteen counties, where local residents could exercise voting rights. A number of progressive social policies were implemented. The government opened more schools and universities, along with organizing a public healthcare plan. The official educational curriculum demanded students learn and speak Mandarin Chinese, while forbidding the use of local languages. However, in exchange for social welfare, benefits were freedom and democratic","title":"Conservatism in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9827958","text":"collected were chosen on the basis of their popularity, their aesthetic and narrative qualities, and what they tell about popular Palestinian culture dating back many centuries. The authors spent 30 years collecting the material for the book. The English version of the book is studied as part of literature courses at both University of California at Berkeley and Chicago University, and Kana'nah himself taught the study of the book in the masters programs at Bir Zeit University. Some of the folk tales from \"Speak, Bird, Speak Again\" have been used in other collections/books: In 2007 the Hamas-run Palestinian Authority (PA)","title":"Speak, Bird, Speak Again"},{"psg_id":"4026152","text":"4-year technical institutes typically accept senior high and vocational school graduates, and offer in depth job and vocational training. Each college in each university usually has their own graduate schools. In addition, the Taiwan International Graduate Program affiliated to Academia Sinica, the national academy of Taiwan, offers an English-language program in life sciences and physical sciences for both Taiwanese and international students. International programs in Taiwan include bachelor's, master's and PhD degree programs targeted at students from abroad. Private educational institutions are pervasive in Taiwan ranging from private schools at all levels to supplementary cram schools or \"buxiban\". With the","title":"Education in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"20099767","text":"Taiwanese government are also available for PhD programs. Some universities provide their own scholarships for international students. Fellowships are available for researchers from all fields. Some, however, are limited to only Taiwan studies and sinology. The TIGP International Internship Program is available for two-month research stay in Academia Sinica. Huayu Enrichment Scholarship is provided on a competitive basis to foreigners who want to learn the Mandarin language in one of the Mandarin study centers in Taiwan such as the Mandarin Training Center. Scholarships in Taiwan The scholarships in Taiwan include scholarships for pursuing degrees (bachelor, master or PhD), academic exchange,","title":"Scholarships in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"7241518","text":"often accompanied by small maps, helpful info on accommodation, restaurants, and public transport, as well as a list of terms and place names in English and Chinese. Travel in Taiwan Travel In Taiwan, an English-language bimonthly magazine, is produced in Taipei, Taiwan by Vision International Publishing Co., Ltd. on behalf of Taiwan's Tourism Bureau, an agency of the country's Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The magazine, which is designed to encourage foreign tourists to visit Taiwan, includes information on many aspects of traveling on the Pacific island. Recent issues have been about 60 pages long, each with around 10 feature","title":"Travel in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"7241517","text":"Travel in Taiwan Travel In Taiwan, an English-language bimonthly magazine, is produced in Taipei, Taiwan by Vision International Publishing Co., Ltd. on behalf of Taiwan's Tourism Bureau, an agency of the country's Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The magazine, which is designed to encourage foreign tourists to visit Taiwan, includes information on many aspects of traveling on the Pacific island. Recent issues have been about 60 pages long, each with around 10 feature articles, a culture & art segment, a calendar of upcoming events, travel news, and a small amount of advertising, including a listing of select hotels. Articles are","title":"Travel in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"18988035","text":"in a wide variety of styles, including gospel and bluegrass; sometimes attributed to Phillips or to \"anonymous\" or to \"traditional\". What Are They Doing in Heaven? \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \"What Are They Doing?\" and \"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \"I am thinking of","title":"What Are They Doing in Heaven?"},{"psg_id":"18988033","text":"What Are They Doing in Heaven? \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \"What Are They Doing?\" and \"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \"I am thinking of friends whom I used to know\". The song consists of four verses and a refrain, each four lines long. In","title":"What Are They Doing in Heaven?"},{"psg_id":"8500187","text":"only 9% of the indigenous children could speak their native language, and most children preferred to use Mandarin, which is the official Taiwan language. Tsou is mostly used by community elders in ceremonies and certain gatherings. Unfortunately, since the parents are not fluent and do not view the language as practical for children, the language is rarely spoken at home. The language is found more in school settings where children attend cultural learning programs. The Tsou language is recognized by the government. The government has allocated money dedicated to bring language programs to elementary and junior high schools, but the","title":"Tsou language"},{"psg_id":"3120962","text":"Professional baseball in Taiwan Professional baseball in Taiwan started with the founding of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in 1989. At its 1997 peak, Taiwan had two leagues and 11 professional teams. The competing Taiwan Major League ran from 1997 until its absorption by the CPBL in 2003. The professional game has had several game-fixing scandals which have led to sharp declines in game attendance. The first official indigenous baseball team in Taiwan was formed in 1906, when the island was a Japanese colony, by the Middle School of the Taiwan Governor-General's National Language School (present-day Jianguo Senior High","title":"Professional baseball in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"12794740","text":"in the original language with traditional Chinese subtitles. The Republic of China government is pushing for a switch to digital television services in the near future - this will be provided through a set-top box and will increase the number of available channels. In Taiwan, there are seven nationwide free-to-air television networks, as follows: Television in Taiwan Television channels in the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan. Analogue television of 3-free-to-air terrestrial television station and channels as: On 11 June 1997, two new free-to-air television channels were officially launched: Taiwan terminated over-the-air analogue broadcasting on 30 June 2012, and","title":"Television in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"11669845","text":"Russian as their mother tongue, representing 37.5% of the total population, whereas Latvian was recorded as the mother tongue for 58.2%. Latvian was spoken as a second language by 20.8% of the population, and 43.7% spoke Russian as a second language. At that time, in age groups up to 10–14 years, a greater proportion of Russians could speak Latvian than ethnic Latvians could speak Russian. In age groups over 15 years, however, more Latvians expressed proficiency in Russian than vice versa. In total, 71% of ethnic Latvians said they could speak Russian, and 52% of Russians could speak Latvian. Of","title":"Language policy in Latvia"},{"psg_id":"4395758","text":"in the role. Years later, in 1956, Frank Loesser turned the play into a semi-operatic musical entitled \"The Most Happy Fella\". This was not filmed, but was videotaped in 1980 and shown on PBS. They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \"They Knew What They Wanted\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (film)"},{"psg_id":"11786952","text":"They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \"They Knew What They Wanted\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California Napa Valley, who proposes by letter to Amy, a San Francisco waitress who waited on him once. Fearing that she will find him too old and ugly, Tony sends her a photograph of Joe, his young hired hand, instead of himself. When Amy comes to the","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (play)"},{"psg_id":"14216379","text":"some brides who obtain divorces return home to Vietnam, others, realizing some of the amenities they have grown accustomed to would be loss to them, often stay and try to find work in Taiwan. This can often be very difficult due to their poor education and language skills. Also difficult to cope with in the event of a divorce is the almost certain loss of custody of any children the couple may have had together, as under Taiwanese law, they belong to the father. Because a migrant bride is often extremely dependent on her husband upon arriving in Taiwan, it","title":"Vietnamese migrant brides in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"4395755","text":"They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \"They Knew What They Wanted\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting San Francisco, Tony Patucci, an ageing illiterate winegrower from the Napa Valley, sees waitress Amy Peters and falls in love. Returning home, he persuades his foreman Joe, an incorrigible womanizer, to write her a","title":"They Knew What They Wanted (film)"},{"psg_id":"9967294","text":"Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, Japan. Between 1919-1936, the colonial government in Taiwan began compulsory education of Taiwanese and emphasized cultural assimilation. In 1937, the Japanese Empire in Taiwan began the , a policy of converting and fully integrating the Taiwanese as Japanese citizens. This was to be achieved by denying the Taiwanese of their Chinese heritage through the adoption of Japanese names and through use of the Japanese language as their ; adopting Japanese aspects of life such as Japanese clothing, Japanese cuisine, and Shinto. The use of Chinese dialects and practice of Chinese customs were discouraged and Chinese-language schools","title":"Shinto in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"4026158","text":"students with giftedness. In order to provide support that meet students needs, three main ways of special education services are provided: centralized special education class, decentralized resource room, and itinerant resource program. Students from age 2 to 22 can receive special education services in the process of assessment, placement and educational provision. Taiwan has long been and, with the growing popularity of learning Chinese, a destination for learning the language. See: List of Chinese language schools in Taiwan There is a large industry (cram schools) of teaching English that recruits teachers from English speaking countries. Many students go to cram","title":"Education in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"16972277","text":"Chinese language and varieties in the United States Chinese language, mostly Yue varieties including Taishanese and Cantonese, are collectively the third most-spoken language in the United States, and are mostly spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California and New York. Over 2 million Americans speak varieties of Chinese, with Standard Chinese becoming increasingly common due to immigration from mainland China and to some extent Taiwan. Despite being called dialects or varieties, Cantonese, Taishanese, and Mandarin etc. are not mutually intelligible. When asked census forms and surveys, respondents will only answer with","title":"Chinese language and varieties in the United States"},{"psg_id":"20417427","text":"The definition of disability was refined to include more than health and body impairment related disabilities. In a study to identify the children and the gap between independence and frequency, in which independence means the capability of a child or what they \"can do\" which the frequency pertains to the extent to which they can carry out a task or what a child \"does do\", the children with mild severity in Taiwan showed more frequency restrictions. In another study, children with intellectual disability showed more signs of \"aggression, self-injurious behavior or physical complaints\" but not signs of \"depression and anxiety","title":"Disability in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"18421731","text":"numerous attempts at language instruction policy and practice reform. Language Power consists of two key components: 1) an ability to speak and be understood, and 2) an ability to listen and understand. Individuals with strong language power possess the ability to communicate effectively in a social environment. When non-native speakers engage in oral communication, native speakers of that language recognize sufficiently well-formed speech, in that it is satisfactorily ‘native’ or sufficiently close to what they know as ‘their language’ in order to be completely understood. When non-native speakers listen to a econdary language, they need to be capable of interpreting","title":"Language power"},{"psg_id":"20101382","text":"trucks include short English-language lessons. In 2016, 76.8% of fly ash from coal-fired power plants in Taiwan were reused in the construction areas, totaling to 1.703 million tons. Any remaining industrial waste from power generation industries, such as wire, cables and scrap were reused by waste disposal contractors through open bidding process. In 2016, there was 4,950 tons of such waste sold, which generated a revenue of NT$533 million. Some notable waste incinerators in Taiwan are: Waste management in Taiwan Waste management in Taiwan refers to the management and disposal of waste in Taiwan. It is regulated by the Department","title":"Waste management in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"4155925","text":"the rulers far to the south. Franks continued to reside in their original territories and to speak their original dialects and languages. It is not known what they called their language, but it is possible that they always called it \"Diets\" (i.e. \"the people's language\"), or something similar. Philologists think of Old Dutch and Old West Low Franconian as being the same language. However, sometimes reference is made to a transition from the language spoken by the Salian Franks to Old Dutch. The language spoken by the Salian Franks must have developed significantly during the seven centuries from 200 to","title":"Frankish language"},{"psg_id":"9658790","text":"with the increasing militarization of Japan and the movement encouraging Taiwanese people to \"Japanize\", there were a raft of measures taken against local languages. In the climate of the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War, the government banned the \"Taiwan Church News\" in 1942. After the handover of Taiwan to the ROC, Mandarin has been used as the medium of instruction in the educational system and in the media. Use of POJ for proselytizing was outlawed in 1955, and the \"Taiwan Church News\" was banned again in 1969. In 1974, the Government Information Office banned Bernard Embree's \"A Dictionary of Southern Min\",","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"15607075","text":"built their own. Because the family spoke both Aweti and Kamaiura it lessened the amount of Aweti speakers in the main village and it continued to decrease the amount of Aweti speakers in the new village as they began to communicate in Kamaiura only. Because of this many Aweti people only speak Kamaiura today. Most Aweti people are multilingual. Portuguese is the main language of Brazil so a lot of Aweti people also speak Portuguese especially the younger generation since that is what is spoken at school. The language can also be found under the forms Awety, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti,","title":"Awetï language"},{"psg_id":"375719","text":"not used outside an educational context. It has become popular for hearing parents to teach signs (from ASL or some other sign language) to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs can be a beneficial option for better communication. Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak. This reduces the confusion between parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language. This is in","title":"Sign language"},{"psg_id":"12306939","text":"What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \"What They Like, Inc.\", other sites featuring books, movies and music followed. The site was launched in 2007 by two former Ziff Davis members Ira Becker, executive vice-president of the Game Group, and ex-1UP.com writer and Senior vice-president of the Game Group John Davison. Davison announced his departure from Ziff in August 2007, with Becker's announcement soon following. The two","title":"What They Play"},{"psg_id":"12306941","text":"a small editorial staff of seven to play and review games based on their content, but also allowed parents to leave comments and reviews under each game describing their thoughts on the game's content and/or their child's reaction to the game. Parents could also submit an age-appropriateness rating, assigned on a scale from 1-17. What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \"What They Like, Inc.\", other sites","title":"What They Play"},{"psg_id":"9061455","text":"Taipei. The Eid al-Fitr prayer and celebration in Taiwan draws much attention from local media. Special features of the event are regularly carried out in the newspapers and aired on televisions. These phenomena gives a boost to the Islamic activities in Taiwan. Speaking at Taipei Grand Mosque in December 2001 during Eid al-Fitr, Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou thanked the Indonesian workers for their contribution to Taiwan and gave them festive greeting. The mayor was spotted wearing Jinnah cap while greeting the workers and spoke a bit of Indonesian language. He cited that 20,000 among 36,000 foreign workers in Taipei were","title":"Islam in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"20099766","text":"fellowships for research and Huayu (Mandarin) Enrichment Scholarships. Approximately 1,250 TAFS grants are provided annually for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers across the world to study or to conduct advanced research in Taiwan. Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) is an English-language PhD program at Academia Sinica, Taiwan's foremost research institute for life sciences, physical sciences, humanities and social sciences. In the year 2016, there were 57 TIGP graduates and as of December, 2016, 537 students from 44 countries were enrolled in TIGP In addition to bachelor's and master's degrees, the MOFA and MOE Taiwan Scholarships from the","title":"Scholarships in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"12598340","text":"meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of the European Union, only co-decision regulations must be available in Irish for the moment, due to a renewable five-year derogation on what has to be translated, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. Any expansion in the range of documents to","title":"Irish language"},{"psg_id":"13315702","text":"beer production in Taiwan was more than 400 million litres annually in 2008, with significant volume being used for local consumption. Local beer production accounts for over 80% of total beer consumption in Taiwan. A small proportion of the domestically produced beer is exported. Trade disputes with the People's Republic of China led to what is known locally as the \"Beer Wars\". Taiwan (officially the \"Republic of China\" represented under the name \"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu\") and China (represented by the \"People's Republic of China\") were admitted into the World Trade Organization (WTO) simultaneously in","title":"Beer in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"5853833","text":"the martial law period in Taiwan (1948–1987), the Kuomintang-led ROC, as an authoritarian state, exercised strict control of the media. Parties other than the Kuomintang, such as the Chinese Youth Party and China Democratic Socialist Party, were banned and media advocating either democracy or Taiwan independence was banned. Li Ao, a famous political activist in Taiwan, nationalist, and intellectual, had over 96 books banned from sale. Writer Bo Yang was jailed for eight years for his translation of the cartoon Popeye because the translation was interpreted as a criticism of leader Chiang Kai-shek. Taiwanese-language media was also banned, and children","title":"Censorship in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"2840782","text":"own voices and learn to cope with trauma and hardships. According to Janet Alsup, teaching \"Speak\" in the classroom, can help students become more critically literate. Students may not feel comfortable talking about their own experiences, but they are willing to talk about what happens to Melinda. Elaine O'Quinn claims that books like \"Speak\" allow students to explore inner dialogue. \"Speak\" provides an outlet for students to think critically about their world. Farrar Straus Giroux announced a graphic novel adaptation of \"Speak\" with art by Emily Carroll. It was published in February 2018. \"Speak\" was also turned into a movie","title":"Speak (Anderson novel)"},{"psg_id":"14216375","text":"language barrier. Although Mandarin language classes are available in Taiwan, many men are not willing to pay the fees for such education, and others seem to prefer their wives continue to be isolated through language. In Taiwanese society, all migrant brides are often stigmatized for their poor class, gender position, and the commodified nature of their marriage (Wang 2008). In the nation's mainstream media, they are often portrayed as either \"passive victims\" or \"materialistic gold diggers,\" and their husbands are often seen as being morally and intellectually inferior. Migrant brides are also seen as unfit to bear legitimate Taiwanese citizens.","title":"Vietnamese migrant brides in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"236308","text":"condition in which there is a major impairment of language comprehension, while speech retains a natural-sounding rhythm and a relatively normal sentence structure. The second area is Broca's area, in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. People with a lesion to this area develop expressive aphasia, meaning that they know what they want to say, they just cannot get it out. They are typically able to understand what is being said to them, but unable to speak fluently. Other symptoms that may be present in expressive aphasia include problems with fluency, articulation, word-finding, word repetition, and producing","title":"Language"},{"psg_id":"18421738","text":"on luency of a second language, but competency. Many potential employees may arrive for an interview and, although have scored high on English proficiency tests, are unable to communicate at a level that gains them a job in an English-speaking nation. Approximately 18% of the US population speak a language other than English, with 11% representing foreign-born individuals. Culture plays a role in how a person learns a language and communicates what they have learned and is substantially social in context. Moreover, lexical and grammatical pieces of language are strongly cultural, leading to a level of language complexity. Three paradigms","title":"Language power"},{"psg_id":"2132839","text":"published online at in both English and Mandarin versions. The reputation and prestige of the print edition of Taiwan News was instrumental in helping the Taiwan News Online achieve the distinction of being the most widely visited English-language portal for news about Taiwan, with an average of more than a million visits monthly. More than 80 percent of those visits come from overseas, with users from a total of 176 nations around the world. Taiwan News Online is also one of the most frequently searched-for sites for English-language news on Taiwan. Taiwan News works closely with Internet Securities (Hong Kong)","title":"Taiwan News"},{"psg_id":"7657272","text":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"18063497","text":"output capacity was 26 million tonnes per year. In that year, Taiwan produced 16 Mt of cement and consumed 12 Mt. Cement are exported to Ghana, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mauritius and Australia. Cement mining in Taiwan is mostly done by Taiwan Cement or Asia Cement Corporation in which its plant in Hualien County contributes to nearly 29% of Taiwan's cement production. Limestone mining was done in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung in an area what used to be a part of Mount Banping. In 1997, the mining activities ceased to operate. The abandoned site has now been turned into the Banping Lake Wetland","title":"Mining in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"2910892","text":"were well received. In 2003, the movement, already in its fourth year, aimed to not only encourage Singaporeans to speak well but also speak simple English. Chairman Wong said, \"They may be afraid to use English, it's not natural to them. This year what we would like to do is encourage people to try. Have a go even if they can't speak well, even if they cannot use long words, even if they can't use long sentences, it's not important. The idea is to use simple words, simple sentences and convey their message clearly.\" The movement continued throughout the year","title":"Speak Good English Movement"},{"psg_id":"17180422","text":"the church's few congregations are strong and healthy. The largest church membership is less than 100 people. The majority of its members speak Mandarin, but Taiwanese, Hakka, and Austronesian are also used in worship. These churches are concentrated in the northern part of Taiwan around the cities of Hsinchu, Taipei, Keelung and Xizhi. The denomination runs the Reformed Theological Seminary in Taipei. The RPCT adheres to the Ecumenical Creeds, the Three Forms of Unity, and the Westminster Standards. Unlike the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, the RPCT does not ordain women to positions of elder or pastor although women do serve","title":"Reformed Presbyterian Church in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"3072832","text":"through which it is linked in mission with 30 other churches around the world. Immigrants from Taiwan to the United States and Canada have also started Taiwanese-language churches which are closely related to the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan. While most of these churches are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), or the Presbyterian Church in Canada, the United Church of Canada, the liturgy and church practices are rooted in the Taiwanese Presbyterian tradition, and the pulpits are usually filled by ministers trained in the PCT. The Mackay Memorial Hospital is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan. The church subscribes","title":"Presbyterian Church in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"7657281","text":"2002 DVD \"Pull Over\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \"The Facts of Life\", \"Working\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \"Read No Evil\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\"","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"10234157","text":"Koreans in Taiwan Koreans in Taiwan are the 30th-largest population of overseas Koreans and the 9th-largest foreign community in Taiwan. Though a few Korean fishermen lost at sea during the Joseon Dynasty settled in Taiwan, they never formed a significant population. Even after Japan took control of Taiwan in 1895 and then Korea a decade later, Korean migration to Taiwan was minimal; it was only in the aftermath of the March 1st Movement of 1919 and the associated economic difficulties it caused that Korean migration to Taiwan became a mass phenomenon. Most settled in Keelung and other port cities, where","title":"Koreans in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"18442046","text":"In June 2016, IGN ranked the episode as the third best in the series. What They Become \"What They Become\" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American television series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to destroy an ancient Kree city before Hydra can get to it and unlock a potentially extinction-level event. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the","title":"What They Become"},{"psg_id":"9658803","text":"correct 5-digit postal code, the postal workers are usually able to deliver mail in any romanization as well. Most universities in Taiwan have names in Wade-Giles, such as Cheng Kung, Chung Hsing, Feng Chia and Chiao Tung. A few with pre-Taiwanese existence were created using postal romanization, i.e., Tsing Hua, Soochow, and Chengchi (actually simplified, since it would be -\"chih\" in Postal). Few universities have names in other local languages, such as Tamkang and Takming (both in Hoklo). Since most elementary, middle, and senior high schools are under the jurisdiction of the local government, they follow whatever romanization the particular","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658788","text":"(Toatutia), Banka, Kagi (Chia-i), Lokiang (Lokang), Kelung (Kiloung, Kilang or Keelung), Teckcham (Hsinchu), Changwha (Changhoa), Gilan, and Tangkang. Scottish missionary William Campbell, whose mission in Formosa lasted forty-six years, wrote extensively on topics related to Taiwan. In 1903, he wrote that even as placenames had increased in number with the recent development of the island, no effort was being made to follow any well-defined and consistent method of spelling. He also attributed some of the inconsistency in romanization to following the sounds of Mandarin dialect as opposed to the way they are locally pronounced. He believed that \"the pronunciation as","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"18442024","text":"What They Become \"What They Become\" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American television series \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to destroy an ancient Kree city before Hydra can get to it and unlock a potentially extinction-level event. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Jeffrey Bell, and directed by Michael Zinberg. Clark","title":"What They Become"},{"psg_id":"18988034","text":"both the verses and the refrain, the first three lines rhyme, and the fourth is \"What are they doing now?\" or some small variant of that. The author reflects on friends who were burdened in life by care, or by disease, or by poverty; and wonders what they might now be doing in Heaven, without giving his answer. The first known recording of the song is the 1928 one by Washington Phillips (18801954; vocals and zither), in gospel blues style. Phillips' recording was used in the soundtrack of the 2005 film \"Elizabethtown\". The song has since been recorded many times","title":"What Are They Doing in Heaven?"},{"psg_id":"14216378","text":"public health and a large burden to the nation, despite the fact that the highest point of infection among foreign brides peaked in 1998 with 1.31% of incoming brides testing positive for the HIV/AIDs virus. Any foreigner who tests positive for the HIV/AIDs virus in Taiwan must leave the country immediately. Many brides experience what is known as the \"Taiwan Disillusionment,\" where due to their inferior position in their own family and in Taiwanese society in general, they attempt to obtain divorces. In the years of 1999 to 2000, there were 170 cases of divorce concerning a migrant individual. While","title":"Vietnamese migrant brides in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"6450671","text":"China lost control of mainland China while only maintaining control of Taiwan, linguistic and cultural rights for minorities or non-power holding groups were often repressed. For example, local dialects such as Taiwanese (or any other non-Mandarin spoken variants spoken by the Taiwanese) were restricted in the mass media to promote the use of Mandarin as the common language. Human rights in Taiwan The human rights record in Taiwan is generally held to have experienced significant transformation since the 1990s. The Republic of China has a multi-party democracy. The 2000 presidential victory of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) candidate Chen Shui-bian followed","title":"Human rights in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658795","text":"romanized, in addition to having Zhuyin. Like most Mandarin instructional materials released in North America, phrasebooks and textbooks targeting Mandarin learners from overseas (mostly adult learners and workers) in Taiwan usually include only Hanyu Pinyin with tone marks (accompanied by traditional characters). When the national government officially adopted Tongyong Pinyin in 2002, local governments were to make their own choices. Consequently, Taipei, adopted Hanyu Pinyin. Taipei replaced its earlier signage, most of which had used a modified version of Wade-Giles influenced by the Postal Office. Elsewhere in Taiwan, signs tend to a mix of systems, with Tongyong being common, but","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"16440161","text":"the University of Puerto Rico, nine of every ten Puerto Ricans residing in Puerto Rico do not speak English at an advanced level. More recently, according to the \"2005–2009 Population and Housing Narrative Profile for Puerto Rico\", among people at least five years old living in Puerto Rico in 2005–2009, 95 percent spoke a language other than English at home. Of those speaking a language other than English at home, more than 99 percent spoke Spanish and less than 0.5 percent spoke some other language; 85 percent reported that they did not speak English \"very well.\" The 2000 U.S. Census","title":"English language in Puerto Rico"},{"psg_id":"9658783","text":"romanization of Mandarin Chinese was also introduced to Taiwan as official or semi-official standard. Today, many commonly encountered Taiwanese proper names (places and people) are written in Wade–Giles (a historic semi-official system), Chinese postal romanization (the system most used by Western academics until the internationalization of Hanyu Pinyin in the 1980s), or Gwoyeu Romatzyh (a system that records tones without tone marks). After a long debate, Hanyu Pinyin, the official romanization system used in the People's Republic of China, was planned to be the nationwide standard in Taiwan for 2009. While the national government and many provinces and cities adopted","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"9658793","text":"There have been sporadic discussions about using a romanization system during early education to teach children Mandarin pronunciation (similar to the way students in Mainland China learn Mandarin using Hanyu Pinyin). However, like all other aspects of romanization in Taiwan, this is a controversial issue. The plan in the early 2000s to adopt Pinyin was delayed due to disagreements over which form to use (Tongyong or Hanyu). The move is complicated by the magnitude of the effort needed to produce new instructional materials and retrain teachers. Textbooks teaching other languages of Taiwan — namely, Hoklo, Hakka, and Formosan languages —","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"6621960","text":"speak the same language, but also have a common ontology. An ontology is a part of the agent's knowledge base that describes what kind of things an agent can deal with and how they are related to each other. Examples of frameworks that implement a standard agent communication language (FIPA-ACL) include FIPA-OS and Jade. Agent Communications Language Agent Communication Language (ACL), proposed by the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), is a proposed standard language for agent communications. Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) is another proposed standard. The most popular ACLs are: Both rely on speech act theory developed","title":"Agent Communications Language"},{"psg_id":"18063502","text":"which houses the Gold Museum. Quartz was often found at the same rate as gold. Oil was firstly discovered in Taiwan in Gongguan Township, Miaoli County at the Chuhuangkeng oilfield. Oil has been drilled since the Qing Dynasty rule of Taiwan in 1877. It was then done by the more advanced development stage by the Japanese when they drilled around 98 oil wells. The original site of the first oil well in Taiwan has now turned into the Taiwan Oil Field Exhibition Hall. Oil exploration in Taiwan is controlled by the CPC Corporation. Deep drilling in Taiwan began in 1959","title":"Mining in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"10234161","text":"169 missionaries, 58 unemployed, and 792 authorised for other kinds of work), while the remainder did not (647 homemakers, 774 students, 652 children under the age of 15, and 7 in other categories). Koreans in Taiwan Koreans in Taiwan are the 30th-largest population of overseas Koreans and the 9th-largest foreign community in Taiwan. Though a few Korean fishermen lost at sea during the Joseon Dynasty settled in Taiwan, they never formed a significant population. Even after Japan took control of Taiwan in 1895 and then Korea a decade later, Korean migration to Taiwan was minimal; it was only in the","title":"Koreans in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"15324519","text":"Indonesians in Taiwan Indonesians in Taiwan form one of the island's larger communities of foreign residents. There are 144,651 people who have nationality of the Republic of Indonesia reside in Taiwan as of December 2010. This includes 19,554 males and 125,097 females, with 136,679 people serving as foreign laborers. 26,980 Indonesians (many of them with Chinese ancestry, such as Hakka people) had immigrated to Taiwan through international marriage, mostly female, and some had naturalized into Taiwan citizenship. In Taiwan, employers can be fined if they force Muslim workers to come into contact with pork, something forbidden by the Muslim religion","title":"Indonesians in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"11618731","text":"the mainland. People began to build canals for irrigation. At this time, the cultivated land in Taiwan increased to 3,506 km by 1895. During the Empire of Japan, the Japanese greatly improved the agriculture sectors in Taiwan. They built concrete dams, reservoirs and aqueducts which forms an extensive irrigation system, such as the Chianan Irrigation. Arable land for rice and sugarcane productions increased by more than 74% and 30% respectively. They also established farmers' associations. Agriculture sector dominated the economy of Taiwan at that time. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the","title":"Agriculture in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"16791461","text":"did not think literature should be written in Taiwanese vernacular argued that Taiwan and China should stay in one perspective; literary works written in Taiwanese vernacular lacked universality across China; and being too linguistically and culturally Taiwanese would hinder the cultural exchange between China and Taiwan. They insisted that Taiwan was part of China and it was not necessary to start a Taiwan nativist literature. Some opponents even saw Taiwanese vernacular as a primitive and crude language, so it was not good enough to be used in literature. Most of the opponents insisted in using modern Chinese. The opponents included","title":"Taiwan nativist literature"},{"psg_id":"9658785","text":"Prior to Dutch arrival to Formosa, the native inhabitants did not use writing, and the Dutch missionaries created a number of romanization schemes for the various non-Sinitic Formosan languages. The existing Chinese population living on the island were mostly seasonal residents in Taiwan, returning to Fujian in the off-season. However, beginning in the 1640s, the Dutch began to encourage large-scale immigration of Chinese to the island. During the Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683), the first Chinese governance in Taiwan, Hokkien (a variety of Southern Min) and Hakka were the Sinitic languages in use. Under Qing dynasty rule (1683–1895), Mandarin Chinese was","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"15948283","text":"together and share their culture, language, and ethnicity. Taiwan Youth Day Taiwan Youth Day (TYD; ) is a youth-oriented Catholic Church event in Taiwan, organized by Youth Desk of Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference (CRBC). Seven dioceses in Taiwan take turn to plan and execute TYD. In 2004, the first ever TYD was created and it was decided to hold it every three years. However, in 2008, they have decided to have the TYD once a year. During the meeting week, young adults enrich their spirituality through prayer, personal development, and faith sharing. At the same time, the organization hopes to","title":"Taiwan Youth Day"},{"psg_id":"13927400","text":"Gender role in language Many languages have distinct sets of enunciation and/or of writing, dependent on whether the speaker or writer be a man or a woman, and/or on whether the party or parties addressed be men or women. Some tribes found in western Victoria prohibit a man and woman from marrying if they speak the same language. During initial visits in this arrangement, neither people are allowed the speak the dialect of the tribe that he or she is visiting. The women in the Kaffir of South Africa have their own vocabulary system that is not understood by men.","title":"Gender role in language"},{"psg_id":"16791458","text":"toiling masses as the main audience of literary creations. Huang insisted that only by using Taiwanese vernacular to write could literature penetrate into the masses and have influence on them. He also contended that Taiwan is the home of Taiwanese writers, so they should treat Taiwan and its public as the focal points in their literature. A colonial fact about Taiwan was that the official language was Japanese; modern Chinese could not be taught in the education system. Furthermore, Standard Chinese, which is based on the Beijing vernacular, was different from the Taiwanese vernacular which was widely used in Taiwan","title":"Taiwan nativist literature"},{"psg_id":"9658796","text":"still having many signs left over from the MPS II (or even the GR) era. The current legal standard since 2009, Hanyu Pinyin, is used fairly consistently on Taiwan High Speed Rail and highways. Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second most populous city, continues to use Tongyong in its streets and MRT. The first- and second-level divisions of Taiwan (all counties and the biggest cities) are unaffected by the changing standards throughout the years, as their usage has become well-established. By tradition, all are in Wade-Giles, except \"Kinmen\", which is a postal romanization, and \"Keelung\", which is a long-standing way to refer to","title":"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan"},{"psg_id":"16440169","text":"a particular accent of English. If learned in the US, they may speak English as it is spoken in their region. Some Puerto Ricans still residing in the island acquire a distinctly American accent when speaking. Others will develop different variations of the accent depending on who or what the main influence was during the learning process. This is due not only to the fact that English is taught from the first grade in most schools, but also that most English teachers (particularly private school teachers) are very fluent in the language. Residents of areas with large populations of African","title":"English language in Puerto Rico"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760416\",\n \"text\": \"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\\\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \\\"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \\\"In What Language?\\\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658782\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan There are a large number of romanization systems used in Taiwan (officially the Republic of China). The first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan, Pe̍h-ōe-jī, was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries and promoted by the indigenous Presbyterian Churches since the 19th century. Pe̍h-ōe-jī is also the first written system of Taiwanese Hokkien; a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time. During the period of Japanese rule, the promotion of roman writing systems was suppressed under the . After World War II, Taiwan was handed over from Japan to China in 1945. The\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658804\",\n \"text\": \"county or city uses at the time. For instance, during the first decade of the 21st century, the school signs outside of Taipei were usually in Tongyong Pinyin. Chinese language romanization in Taiwan There are a large number of romanization systems used in Taiwan (officially the Republic of China). The first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan, Pe̍h-ōe-jī, was developed first by Presbyterian missionaries and promoted by the indigenous Presbyterian Churches since the 19th century. Pe̍h-ōe-jī is also the first written system of Taiwanese Hokkien; a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time. During the period of\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4413105\",\n \"text\": \"end of the Chinese Civil War and when Taiwan was under Chinese rule (ROC). In the process, Taiwan developed a distinct style of cuisine. The language with the most native speakers in Taiwan is Taiwanese Hokkien, or \\\"Taiwanese\\\" for short, spoken by about 70% of the population. People who emigrated from mainland China after 1949 (about 13% of the population) mostly speak Mandarin Chinese. The Hakka, who make about 13% of the population, speak the distinct Hakka language. The Formosan languages are the ethnic languages of the Taiwanese Aborigines, comprising about 2.3% of the island's population. Standard Chinese is the\",\n \"title\": \"Culture of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9666388\",\n \"text\": \"Wade–Giles, often found on passports, and Postal. Other varieties of Chinese can also be seen in Taiwan. The majority speak Taiwanese Hokkien, a branch of Southern Min, which had formerly been the most commonly spoken language. On Matsu Islands, the Fuzhou dialect belonging to the Eastern Min is prevalent. Although people on Kinmen (Quemoy) also speak Southern Min, it is not the case in Wuqiu Islands, for they speak a dialect of the Pu-Xian Min. The ethnic Hakka speak various Taiwanese Hakka dialects, including Sixian, South Sixian, Hailu, Dapu, Raoping, and Zhao'an. The most widely spoken Formosan languages today are\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"347712\",\n \"text\": \"Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese is used as the writing system in Taiwan. The 70% of the population belonging to the Hoklo ethnic group speak Taiwanese Hokkien (a variant of the Min Nan speech of Fujian province) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin, and many others have some degree of understanding. The Hakka ethnic group (15% of the population) use Hakka Chinese. Most \\\"waishengren\\\" speak primarily Mandarin. Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin Chinese varieties have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since restrictions on\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8024237\",\n \"text\": \"household census in Taiwan.\\\" The Taiwanese indigenous languages or Formosan languages are the languages of the aboriginal tribes of Taiwan. Taiwanese aborigines currently comprise about 2.3% of the island's population. However, far fewer can still speak their ancestral language, after centuries of language shift. It is common for young and middle-aged Hakka and aboriginal people to speak Mandarin and Hokkien better than, or to the exclusion of, their ethnic languages. Of the approximately 26 languages of the Taiwanese aborigines, at least ten are extinct, another five are moribund, and several others are to some degree endangered. Currently the government recognized\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11877798\",\n \"text\": \"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \\\"Who\\\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \\\"NME\\\", giving it a 2/10 rating.\",\n \"title\": \"Speak Your Language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11877797\",\n \"text\": \"Speak Your Language Speak Your Language is the second album by Five O'Clock Heroes, released on July 7, 2008 via Glaze Records. The album was leaked on the Internet in the first week of June 2008. The song \\\"Who\\\" was the first single taken from the album, and is a duet recorded with Agyness Deyn. The video of this single was ready in the beginning of May 2008 and posted on Five O'Clock Heroes' website on May 5, 2008. The single itself was released on June 23, 2008. The single was poorly received by \\\"NME\\\", giving it a 2/10 rating.\",\n \"title\": \"Speak Your Language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9666387\",\n \"text\": \"born after the early 1950s can speak Standard Chinese, which has been the official language and the medium of instruction in the schools for more than four decades. Note that the Chinese spoken in Taiwan (called Taiwanese Mandarin) has minor differences from that spoken in mainland China (called Putonghua). For Chinese spoken in other regions, see Language and overseas Chinese communities. Hanyu Pinyin, the official romanization system in mainland China, has also been the standard of Taiwan since 2009. A number of romanization systems are still seen in Taiwan, including Tongyong, the official romanization in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008,\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658786\",\n \"text\": \"also in use, but those privileged enough to attend school would study Chinese characters and Chinese classics, with Southern Min pronunciation. Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ), an orthography used to write variants of Southern Min, was the first Chinese language romanization system in Taiwan. Initially developed by Presbyterian missionaries in Southeast Asia in the 19th century, POJ became most widespread in Taiwan after success in Fujian. Pe̍h-ōe-jī is also the first written system for Taiwanese Hokkien, and a similar system for Hakka was also developed at that time. A milestone was reached when the \\\"Taiwan Church News\\\", printed in the POJ system, became\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8024241\",\n \"text\": \"franca among the various groups in Taiwan: the majority Taiwanese-speaking Hoklo (Hokkien), the Hakka who have their own spoken language, the aboriginals who speak aboriginal languages; as well as Mainland Chinese immigrated in 1949 whose native tongue may be any Chinese variant. People who emigrated from China after 1949 (12% of the population) mostly speak Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin is almost universally spoken and understood. It was the only officially sanctioned medium of instruction in schools in Taiwan from late 1940s to late 1970s, following the handover of Taiwan to the government of the Republic of China in 1945, until English\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9666374\",\n \"text\": \"to replace the existing population). Fertility rates have continued to decline and in 2010 Taiwan was experiencing a population growth of less than 0.2% and a fertility rate of only 0.9, which is the lowest rate ever recorded in Taiwan. The population of Taiwan is projected to peak at about 23.7 million in 2024 and decrease thereafter. The official national language is Standard Chinese, although around 70% also speak Taiwanese Hokkien 10% speak Hakka. Japanese speakers are becoming rare as the elderly generation who lived under Japanese rule are dying out. Aboriginal languages are gradually becoming extinct as the aborigines\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760415\",\n \"text\": \"In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \\\"Piitchfork\\\" mentioned \\\"What might make \\\"In What Language?\\\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth in an age where the American dream\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760417\",\n \"text\": \"eyes, our bodies, our hearts, our minds.\\\" In What Language? In What Language? is a studio album by American jazz pianist Vijay Iyer recorded with hip-hop artist Mike Ladd. The album was released on via Pi Recordings label. Joe Tangari of \\\"Piitchfork\\\" mentioned \\\"What might make \\\"In What Language?\\\" truly important, though, is that it's focused intently on probing social issues in meaningful ways. We've all spent time lately lamenting the fact that modern music is so apolitical, and this is a good start for an antidote. If it takes a poet and a jazz pianist to expose some truth\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15995714\",\n \"text\": \"What Will They Learn? What Will They Learn? is the annual rating system of American colleges and universities published by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, a Washington, D.C.-based higher education non-profit. The report, which evaluates the core academic requirements at over 1,100 public and private universities, has been published annually since 2009. \\\"What Will They Learn?\\\" was first published in 2009. The report assigns a letter grade to over 1,100 universities based on how many of the following seven core subjects are required: composition, literature, foreign language, American history, economics, mathematics and science. ACTA concludes that most of\",\n \"title\": \"What Will They Learn?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9969800\",\n \"text\": \"publication in January 1984, the German Taiwan heute in September 1988 and the Russian Тайваньская панорама in May 1994. All of the non-English TRs–except the French magazine, which began publishing monthly in April 2002—publish bimonthly, and serve as the nation’s only government-funded foreign-language publications introducing Taiwan and issues related to Taiwan. Taiwan Review Taiwan Review () is a general-interest English-language bi-monthly published by Kwang Hua Publishing, Inc. in the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the supervision of the Department of International Information Services, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its purpose is to inform English readers around the world of what takes\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan Review\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8024243\",\n \"text\": \"is spoken fluently by almost the entire Taiwanese population, except for some elderly people who were educated under Japanese rule. In Taipei, where there is a high concentration of Mainland Chinese whose native language is not Taiwanese, Mandarin is used in greater frequency than in southern Taiwan and more rural areas. Many Taiwanese, particularly the younger generations, speak Mandarin better than Hakka or Hokkien. Commonly known as Taiwanese (, ) and officially referred as Taiwanese Hokkien (); Taiwanese Hokkien is the most-spoken native language in Taiwan, spoken by about 70% of the population. Linguistically, it is a subgroup of Southern\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9969797\",\n \"text\": \"Taiwan Review Taiwan Review () is a general-interest English-language bi-monthly published by Kwang Hua Publishing, Inc. in the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the supervision of the Department of International Information Services, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its purpose is to inform English readers around the world of what takes place in the island-nation. The \\\"Taiwan Review\\\" was established in April 1951 under the name Free China Review – as opposed to the communist Chinese mainland – and at that time was the first ROC government-funded English-language publication targeting overseas readers. The \\\"Free China Review\\\" title stayed for half a century\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan Review\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10917809\",\n \"text\": \"They Dare to Speak Out They to Dare Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby is a bestselling book (nine weeks a \\\"Washington Post\\\" bestseller) that was written in 1985 (Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill, ), had a second edition published in 1989 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1556520735) and a third in 2003 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN <nowiki>155652482X </nowiki>) by former US Representative Paul Findley. The \\\"Washington Post\\\" said in a review that the book's \\\"message is straightforward and valid: Israeli influence in the United States, including in the inner sanctums of government, is very strong.\\\" \\\"The New York\",\n \"title\": \"They Dare to Speak Out\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10917812\",\n \"text\": \"national secrets, and shape US foreign policy. Findley focuses on individuals who have stood up to the pro-Israel forces and brings out their statements and observations on the Middle East and US foreign policy toward Israel. They Dare to Speak Out They to Dare Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel's Lobby is a bestselling book (nine weeks a \\\"Washington Post\\\" bestseller) that was written in 1985 (Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill, ), had a second edition published in 1989 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1556520735) and a third in 2003 (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, ISBN <nowiki>155652482X </nowiki>) by former US Representative\",\n \"title\": \"They Dare to Speak Out\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8024239\",\n \"text\": \"results of this initiative have been disappointing. Television station — Taiwan Indigenous Television, and radio station — \\\"Alian 96.3\\\" were created as an efforts to revive the indigenous languages. Formosan languages were made an official language in July 2017. The Amis language is the most widely spoken aboriginal language. The government estimates put the number of Amis people at a little over 200,000, but number of people who speak Amis as their first language as lower than 10,000. Amis has appeared in some mainstream popular music. Other significant indigenous languages includes Atayal, Paiwan, and Bunun. In addition to the recognized\",\n \"title\": \"Languages of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4603629\",\n \"text\": \"its alphabetical system of reading and writing, nor having its literature and dictionary. This is one of the reasons the disorientation among the speakers themselves for deciding which words are better for what, as there is a wide variety of vocabulary available. Haji Mohammed Husein Abdel Kareem Nagani invented the alphabet of Memon language. The Memon community is generally divided into three major subgroups: Kathiawadi Memons, Sindhi Memons (who speak the Sindhi language) and Kutchi Memons (who speak Kutchi) The first category (Memons originating in Kathiawar) are simply called \\\"Memons\\\", and they speak the \\\"Memon\\\" language, the subject of this\",\n \"title\": \"Memoni language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5727275\",\n \"text\": \"How to Speak Hip How to Speak Hip is a comedy album by Del Close and John Brent, released by Mercury Records in 1959. The album is designed as a satire of language-learning records, where the secret language of the 'hipster' is treated as a foreign language. Part of the joke, however, is that it actually does a good job of describing the Beat Generation/Beatnik sub-culture: Basic concepts such as \\\"cool\\\" and \\\"uncool\\\" are taught, as well as vocabulary building (\\\"dig\\\", \\\"dig it\\\", \\\"dig yourself, baby\\\", \\\"dig the chick\\\", \\\"dig the cat\\\", \\\"What a drag!\\\"). Many of the phrases and\",\n \"title\": \"How to Speak Hip\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9666386\",\n \"text\": \"A significant minority of the Han group are the Hakkas, who comprise about 15% of the total population. The Hakkas emigrated chiefly from eastern Guangdong, speak the Hakka language, and originally took up residence in the hills of the aboriginal border districts. About 14% of the total population are mainland Chinese, relating to immigrants who followed the ROC relocation from mainland China to Taiwan in 1949. While some were other ethnicities. During the Japanese rule (between 1895-1945), Japanese was the medium of instruction and could be fluently spoken by many of those educated during that period. Almost everyone in Taiwan\",\n \"title\": \"Demographics of Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658797\",\n \"text\": \"the city. \\\"Takow\\\" was another of the few well-known placenames of the early 20th century, but was changed to \\\"Takao\\\" after 1920 and \\\"Kaohsiung\\\" after 1945. \\\"Tainan\\\" and \\\"Taiwan\\\" have a history extending at least back to the Japanese era, as they are romanized consistently across Japanese and Wade-Giles. Tamsui District and Lukang Township have officially chosen to maintain their historic names (in Hoklo and Wade-Giles, respectively) to maintain recognition among tourists from abroad. In Tainan, the East, South, West Central, and North Districts use English instead of pinyin. Romanization errors on local street signs are common throughout Taiwan because\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9061480\",\n \"text\": \"have many widely available Halal restaurants or dining places. However, the growing presence of Muslim Indonesian workers in Taiwan has helped to establish more Halal restaurants serving Indonesian cuisine around Taiwan. Muslims serving in the Republic of China Armed Forces are generally given separate utensils and supplied with fish, in which they will cook for themselves. The highly competitive environment in Taiwanese schools makes it difficult for parents to persuade their children to spend extra time outside of their school subjects to study the Arabic language or Quran. The extremely low number of Taiwanese Muslims leads to Muslims in isolated\",\n \"title\": \"Islam in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658784\",\n \"text\": \"Hanyu Pinyin, several cities continue to use Tongyong pinyin. Examples being, Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second most populous city, and Taichung. The contention surrounding romanizations has never been purely academic or in response to the needs of the foreign community in Taiwan, but rather clouded by partisan politics. As a result, romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan in the 20th century was generally inconsistent and quite difficult for everyone—be they tourists, foreign-born residents or native-born Taiwanese—to interpret. Since most Taiwanese were taught only Zhuyin/Bopomofo to write phonetic inscriptions of Chinese words, rather than a romanization system, there is little incentive to standardize romanization.\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9061438\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese Muslim Association. Tsai said that she hoped to build a more Muslim-friendly Taiwan. The native language of Taiwanese Muslim is Mandarin, therefore Quran and Hadith have been translated from its original Arabic to Mandarin by Ma Jun and Chen Ke-li respectively. The \\\"Islam in China\\\" is a bimonthly Islamic magazine circulated in Taiwan with the aim of strengthening the contact between Taiwanese Muslims and the development of Islam in Taiwan. Around 2,000 copies of each issue are circulated throughout Taiwan and abroad. The magazine focuses on the Quran, Hadith, Dawah and news concerning Islam and Muslims in Taiwan. There\",\n \"title\": \"Islam in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9599633\",\n \"text\": \"natural language that they might demonstrate once their voices matured. It is claimed he was seeking to discover what language would have been imparted unto Adam and Eve by God. The experiments were recorded by the monk Salimbene di Adam in his \\\"Chronicles\\\", who wrote that Frederick encouraged \\\"foster-mothers and nurses to suckle and bathe and wash the children, but in no ways to prattle or speak with them; for he would have learnt whether they would speak the Hebrew language (which he took to have been the first), or Greek, or Latin, or Arabic, or perchance the tongue of\",\n \"title\": \"Language deprivation experiments\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11786956\",\n \"text\": \"that it would stand out in any season, as one of the best plays ever written by an American author. \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" treats a difficult and delicate theme with rare human insight and even rarer philosophical profundity.\\\" The 1976 Broadway revival received nominations: They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20285115\",\n \"text\": \"in Taiwan, took control over local governments. Meanwhile, the minority Hakka occupied top positions in bodies such as police and railroads, due to their favorability towards Mainlanders. The KMT created a separate government for Taiwan, consisting of five municipalities and sixteen counties, where local residents could exercise voting rights. A number of progressive social policies were implemented. The government opened more schools and universities, along with organizing a public healthcare plan. The official educational curriculum demanded students learn and speak Mandarin Chinese, while forbidding the use of local languages. However, in exchange for social welfare, benefits were freedom and democratic\",\n \"title\": \"Conservatism in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9827958\",\n \"text\": \"collected were chosen on the basis of their popularity, their aesthetic and narrative qualities, and what they tell about popular Palestinian culture dating back many centuries. The authors spent 30 years collecting the material for the book. The English version of the book is studied as part of literature courses at both University of California at Berkeley and Chicago University, and Kana'nah himself taught the study of the book in the masters programs at Bir Zeit University. Some of the folk tales from \\\"Speak, Bird, Speak Again\\\" have been used in other collections/books: In 2007 the Hamas-run Palestinian Authority (PA)\",\n \"title\": \"Speak, Bird, Speak Again\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4026152\",\n \"text\": \"4-year technical institutes typically accept senior high and vocational school graduates, and offer in depth job and vocational training. Each college in each university usually has their own graduate schools. In addition, the Taiwan International Graduate Program affiliated to Academia Sinica, the national academy of Taiwan, offers an English-language program in life sciences and physical sciences for both Taiwanese and international students. International programs in Taiwan include bachelor's, master's and PhD degree programs targeted at students from abroad. Private educational institutions are pervasive in Taiwan ranging from private schools at all levels to supplementary cram schools or \\\"buxiban\\\". With the\",\n \"title\": \"Education in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20099767\",\n \"text\": \"Taiwanese government are also available for PhD programs. Some universities provide their own scholarships for international students. Fellowships are available for researchers from all fields. Some, however, are limited to only Taiwan studies and sinology. The TIGP International Internship Program is available for two-month research stay in Academia Sinica. Huayu Enrichment Scholarship is provided on a competitive basis to foreigners who want to learn the Mandarin language in one of the Mandarin study centers in Taiwan such as the Mandarin Training Center. Scholarships in Taiwan The scholarships in Taiwan include scholarships for pursuing degrees (bachelor, master or PhD), academic exchange,\",\n \"title\": \"Scholarships in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7241518\",\n \"text\": \"often accompanied by small maps, helpful info on accommodation, restaurants, and public transport, as well as a list of terms and place names in English and Chinese. Travel in Taiwan Travel In Taiwan, an English-language bimonthly magazine, is produced in Taipei, Taiwan by Vision International Publishing Co., Ltd. on behalf of Taiwan's Tourism Bureau, an agency of the country's Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The magazine, which is designed to encourage foreign tourists to visit Taiwan, includes information on many aspects of traveling on the Pacific island. Recent issues have been about 60 pages long, each with around 10 feature\",\n \"title\": \"Travel in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7241517\",\n \"text\": \"Travel in Taiwan Travel In Taiwan, an English-language bimonthly magazine, is produced in Taipei, Taiwan by Vision International Publishing Co., Ltd. on behalf of Taiwan's Tourism Bureau, an agency of the country's Ministry of Transportation and Communications. The magazine, which is designed to encourage foreign tourists to visit Taiwan, includes information on many aspects of traveling on the Pacific island. Recent issues have been about 60 pages long, each with around 10 feature articles, a culture & art segment, a calendar of upcoming events, travel news, and a small amount of advertising, including a listing of select hotels. Articles are\",\n \"title\": \"Travel in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18988035\",\n \"text\": \"in a wide variety of styles, including gospel and bluegrass; sometimes attributed to Phillips or to \\\"anonymous\\\" or to \\\"traditional\\\". What Are They Doing in Heaven? \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\\\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \\\"What Are They Doing?\\\" and \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\\\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \\\"I am thinking of\",\n \"title\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18988033\",\n \"text\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven? \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\\\" is a Christian hymn written in 1901 by American Methodist minister Charles Albert Tindley. , it has become popular enough to have been included in 16 hymnals. The song has sometimes been recorded under the titles \\\"What Are They Doing?\\\" and \\\"What Are They Doing in Heaven Today?\\\". The question mark is often omitted. The song may also be known by its first line, \\\"I am thinking of friends whom I used to know\\\". The song consists of four verses and a refrain, each four lines long. In\",\n \"title\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8500187\",\n \"text\": \"only 9% of the indigenous children could speak their native language, and most children preferred to use Mandarin, which is the official Taiwan language. Tsou is mostly used by community elders in ceremonies and certain gatherings. Unfortunately, since the parents are not fluent and do not view the language as practical for children, the language is rarely spoken at home. The language is found more in school settings where children attend cultural learning programs. The Tsou language is recognized by the government. The government has allocated money dedicated to bring language programs to elementary and junior high schools, but the\",\n \"title\": \"Tsou language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3120962\",\n \"text\": \"Professional baseball in Taiwan Professional baseball in Taiwan started with the founding of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in 1989. At its 1997 peak, Taiwan had two leagues and 11 professional teams. The competing Taiwan Major League ran from 1997 until its absorption by the CPBL in 2003. The professional game has had several game-fixing scandals which have led to sharp declines in game attendance. The first official indigenous baseball team in Taiwan was formed in 1906, when the island was a Japanese colony, by the Middle School of the Taiwan Governor-General's National Language School (present-day Jianguo Senior High\",\n \"title\": \"Professional baseball in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12794740\",\n \"text\": \"in the original language with traditional Chinese subtitles. The Republic of China government is pushing for a switch to digital television services in the near future - this will be provided through a set-top box and will increase the number of available channels. In Taiwan, there are seven nationwide free-to-air television networks, as follows: Television in Taiwan Television channels in the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan. Analogue television of 3-free-to-air terrestrial television station and channels as: On 11 June 1997, two new free-to-air television channels were officially launched: Taiwan terminated over-the-air analogue broadcasting on 30 June 2012, and\",\n \"title\": \"Television in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11669845\",\n \"text\": \"Russian as their mother tongue, representing 37.5% of the total population, whereas Latvian was recorded as the mother tongue for 58.2%. Latvian was spoken as a second language by 20.8% of the population, and 43.7% spoke Russian as a second language. At that time, in age groups up to 10–14 years, a greater proportion of Russians could speak Latvian than ethnic Latvians could speak Russian. In age groups over 15 years, however, more Latvians expressed proficiency in Russian than vice versa. In total, 71% of ethnic Latvians said they could speak Russian, and 52% of Russians could speak Latvian. Of\",\n \"title\": \"Language policy in Latvia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4395758\",\n \"text\": \"in the role. Years later, in 1956, Frank Loesser turned the play into a semi-operatic musical entitled \\\"The Most Happy Fella\\\". This was not filmed, but was videotaped in 1980 and shown on PBS. They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11786952\",\n \"text\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (play) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1924 play written by Sidney Howard. The play premiered on Broadway in 1924 and had three Broadway revivals, as well as a London production. \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" tells the story of Tony, an aging Italian winegrower in the California Napa Valley, who proposes by letter to Amy, a San Francisco waitress who waited on him once. Fearing that she will find him too old and ugly, Tony sends her a photograph of Joe, his young hired hand, instead of himself. When Amy comes to the\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14216379\",\n \"text\": \"some brides who obtain divorces return home to Vietnam, others, realizing some of the amenities they have grown accustomed to would be loss to them, often stay and try to find work in Taiwan. This can often be very difficult due to their poor education and language skills. Also difficult to cope with in the event of a divorce is the almost certain loss of custody of any children the couple may have had together, as under Taiwanese law, they belong to the father. Because a migrant bride is often extremely dependent on her husband upon arriving in Taiwan, it\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese migrant brides in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4395755\",\n \"text\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (film) They Knew What They Wanted is a 1940 film directed by Garson Kanin, written by Robert Ardrey, and starring Carole Lombard, Charles Laughton and William Gargan. It is based on the 1924 Pulitzer Prize winning play \\\"They Knew What They Wanted\\\" by Sidney Howard. For his performance Gargan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When visiting San Francisco, Tony Patucci, an ageing illiterate winegrower from the Napa Valley, sees waitress Amy Peters and falls in love. Returning home, he persuades his foreman Joe, an incorrigible womanizer, to write her a\",\n \"title\": \"They Knew What They Wanted (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9967294\",\n \"text\": \"Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo, Japan. Between 1919-1936, the colonial government in Taiwan began compulsory education of Taiwanese and emphasized cultural assimilation. In 1937, the Japanese Empire in Taiwan began the , a policy of converting and fully integrating the Taiwanese as Japanese citizens. This was to be achieved by denying the Taiwanese of their Chinese heritage through the adoption of Japanese names and through use of the Japanese language as their ; adopting Japanese aspects of life such as Japanese clothing, Japanese cuisine, and Shinto. The use of Chinese dialects and practice of Chinese customs were discouraged and Chinese-language schools\",\n \"title\": \"Shinto in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4026158\",\n \"text\": \"students with giftedness. In order to provide support that meet students needs, three main ways of special education services are provided: centralized special education class, decentralized resource room, and itinerant resource program. Students from age 2 to 22 can receive special education services in the process of assessment, placement and educational provision. Taiwan has long been and, with the growing popularity of learning Chinese, a destination for learning the language. See: List of Chinese language schools in Taiwan There is a large industry (cram schools) of teaching English that recruits teachers from English speaking countries. Many students go to cram\",\n \"title\": \"Education in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16972277\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese language and varieties in the United States Chinese language, mostly Yue varieties including Taishanese and Cantonese, are collectively the third most-spoken language in the United States, and are mostly spoken within Chinese American populations and by immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, especially in California and New York. Over 2 million Americans speak varieties of Chinese, with Standard Chinese becoming increasingly common due to immigration from mainland China and to some extent Taiwan. Despite being called dialects or varieties, Cantonese, Taishanese, and Mandarin etc. are not mutually intelligible. When asked census forms and surveys, respondents will only answer with\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language and varieties in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20417427\",\n \"text\": \"The definition of disability was refined to include more than health and body impairment related disabilities. In a study to identify the children and the gap between independence and frequency, in which independence means the capability of a child or what they \\\"can do\\\" which the frequency pertains to the extent to which they can carry out a task or what a child \\\"does do\\\", the children with mild severity in Taiwan showed more frequency restrictions. In another study, children with intellectual disability showed more signs of \\\"aggression, self-injurious behavior or physical complaints\\\" but not signs of \\\"depression and anxiety\",\n \"title\": \"Disability in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18421731\",\n \"text\": \"numerous attempts at language instruction policy and practice reform. Language Power consists of two key components: 1) an ability to speak and be understood, and 2) an ability to listen and understand. Individuals with strong language power possess the ability to communicate effectively in a social environment. When non-native speakers engage in oral communication, native speakers of that language recognize sufficiently well-formed speech, in that it is satisfactorily ‘native’ or sufficiently close to what they know as ‘their language’ in order to be completely understood. When non-native speakers listen to a econdary language, they need to be capable of interpreting\",\n \"title\": \"Language power\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20101382\",\n \"text\": \"trucks include short English-language lessons. In 2016, 76.8% of fly ash from coal-fired power plants in Taiwan were reused in the construction areas, totaling to 1.703 million tons. Any remaining industrial waste from power generation industries, such as wire, cables and scrap were reused by waste disposal contractors through open bidding process. In 2016, there was 4,950 tons of such waste sold, which generated a revenue of NT$533 million. Some notable waste incinerators in Taiwan are: Waste management in Taiwan Waste management in Taiwan refers to the management and disposal of waste in Taiwan. It is regulated by the Department\",\n \"title\": \"Waste management in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4155925\",\n \"text\": \"the rulers far to the south. Franks continued to reside in their original territories and to speak their original dialects and languages. It is not known what they called their language, but it is possible that they always called it \\\"Diets\\\" (i.e. \\\"the people's language\\\"), or something similar. Philologists think of Old Dutch and Old West Low Franconian as being the same language. However, sometimes reference is made to a transition from the language spoken by the Salian Franks to Old Dutch. The language spoken by the Salian Franks must have developed significantly during the seven centuries from 200 to\",\n \"title\": \"Frankish language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658790\",\n \"text\": \"with the increasing militarization of Japan and the movement encouraging Taiwanese people to \\\"Japanize\\\", there were a raft of measures taken against local languages. In the climate of the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War, the government banned the \\\"Taiwan Church News\\\" in 1942. After the handover of Taiwan to the ROC, Mandarin has been used as the medium of instruction in the educational system and in the media. Use of POJ for proselytizing was outlawed in 1955, and the \\\"Taiwan Church News\\\" was banned again in 1969. In 1974, the Government Information Office banned Bernard Embree's \\\"A Dictionary of Southern Min\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15607075\",\n \"text\": \"built their own. Because the family spoke both Aweti and Kamaiura it lessened the amount of Aweti speakers in the main village and it continued to decrease the amount of Aweti speakers in the new village as they began to communicate in Kamaiura only. Because of this many Aweti people only speak Kamaiura today. Most Aweti people are multilingual. Portuguese is the main language of Brazil so a lot of Aweti people also speak Portuguese especially the younger generation since that is what is spoken at school. The language can also be found under the forms Awety, Awetö, Aueto, Aueti,\",\n \"title\": \"Awetï language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"375719\",\n \"text\": \"not used outside an educational context. It has become popular for hearing parents to teach signs (from ASL or some other sign language) to young hearing children. Since the muscles in babies' hands grow and develop quicker than their mouths, signs can be a beneficial option for better communication. Babies can usually produce signs before they can speak. This reduces the confusion between parents when trying to figure out what their child wants. When the child begins to speak, signing is usually abandoned, so the child does not progress to acquiring the grammar of the sign language. This is in\",\n \"title\": \"Sign language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12306939\",\n \"text\": \"What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \\\"What They Like, Inc.\\\", other sites featuring books, movies and music followed. The site was launched in 2007 by two former Ziff Davis members Ira Becker, executive vice-president of the Game Group, and ex-1UP.com writer and Senior vice-president of the Game Group John Davison. Davison announced his departure from Ziff in August 2007, with Becker's announcement soon following. The two\",\n \"title\": \"What They Play\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12306941\",\n \"text\": \"a small editorial staff of seven to play and review games based on their content, but also allowed parents to leave comments and reviews under each game describing their thoughts on the game's content and/or their child's reaction to the game. Parents could also submit an age-appropriateness rating, assigned on a scale from 1-17. What They Play What They Play was a video game-centric website aimed at helping parents learn about content in video games, helping them decide what games their children should play. It was the first of several websites to launch under \\\"What They Like, Inc.\\\", other sites\",\n \"title\": \"What They Play\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9061455\",\n \"text\": \"Taipei. The Eid al-Fitr prayer and celebration in Taiwan draws much attention from local media. Special features of the event are regularly carried out in the newspapers and aired on televisions. These phenomena gives a boost to the Islamic activities in Taiwan. Speaking at Taipei Grand Mosque in December 2001 during Eid al-Fitr, Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou thanked the Indonesian workers for their contribution to Taiwan and gave them festive greeting. The mayor was spotted wearing Jinnah cap while greeting the workers and spoke a bit of Indonesian language. He cited that 20,000 among 36,000 foreign workers in Taipei were\",\n \"title\": \"Islam in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20099766\",\n \"text\": \"fellowships for research and Huayu (Mandarin) Enrichment Scholarships. Approximately 1,250 TAFS grants are provided annually for undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers across the world to study or to conduct advanced research in Taiwan. Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) is an English-language PhD program at Academia Sinica, Taiwan's foremost research institute for life sciences, physical sciences, humanities and social sciences. In the year 2016, there were 57 TIGP graduates and as of December, 2016, 537 students from 44 countries were enrolled in TIGP In addition to bachelor's and master's degrees, the MOFA and MOE Taiwan Scholarships from the\",\n \"title\": \"Scholarships in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12598340\",\n \"text\": \"meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the European Parliament and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages. While an official language of the European Union, only co-decision regulations must be available in Irish for the moment, due to a renewable five-year derogation on what has to be translated, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. Any expansion in the range of documents to\",\n \"title\": \"Irish language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13315702\",\n \"text\": \"beer production in Taiwan was more than 400 million litres annually in 2008, with significant volume being used for local consumption. Local beer production accounts for over 80% of total beer consumption in Taiwan. A small proportion of the domestically produced beer is exported. Trade disputes with the People's Republic of China led to what is known locally as the \\\"Beer Wars\\\". Taiwan (officially the \\\"Republic of China\\\" represented under the name \\\"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu\\\") and China (represented by the \\\"People's Republic of China\\\") were admitted into the World Trade Organization (WTO) simultaneously in\",\n \"title\": \"Beer in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5853833\",\n \"text\": \"the martial law period in Taiwan (1948–1987), the Kuomintang-led ROC, as an authoritarian state, exercised strict control of the media. Parties other than the Kuomintang, such as the Chinese Youth Party and China Democratic Socialist Party, were banned and media advocating either democracy or Taiwan independence was banned. Li Ao, a famous political activist in Taiwan, nationalist, and intellectual, had over 96 books banned from sale. Writer Bo Yang was jailed for eight years for his translation of the cartoon Popeye because the translation was interpreted as a criticism of leader Chiang Kai-shek. Taiwanese-language media was also banned, and children\",\n \"title\": \"Censorship in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2840782\",\n \"text\": \"own voices and learn to cope with trauma and hardships. According to Janet Alsup, teaching \\\"Speak\\\" in the classroom, can help students become more critically literate. Students may not feel comfortable talking about their own experiences, but they are willing to talk about what happens to Melinda. Elaine O'Quinn claims that books like \\\"Speak\\\" allow students to explore inner dialogue. \\\"Speak\\\" provides an outlet for students to think critically about their world. Farrar Straus Giroux announced a graphic novel adaptation of \\\"Speak\\\" with art by Emily Carroll. It was published in February 2018. \\\"Speak\\\" was also turned into a movie\",\n \"title\": \"Speak (Anderson novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14216375\",\n \"text\": \"language barrier. Although Mandarin language classes are available in Taiwan, many men are not willing to pay the fees for such education, and others seem to prefer their wives continue to be isolated through language. In Taiwanese society, all migrant brides are often stigmatized for their poor class, gender position, and the commodified nature of their marriage (Wang 2008). In the nation's mainstream media, they are often portrayed as either \\\"passive victims\\\" or \\\"materialistic gold diggers,\\\" and their husbands are often seen as being morally and intellectually inferior. Migrant brides are also seen as unfit to bear legitimate Taiwanese citizens.\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese migrant brides in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"236308\",\n \"text\": \"condition in which there is a major impairment of language comprehension, while speech retains a natural-sounding rhythm and a relatively normal sentence structure. The second area is Broca's area, in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere. People with a lesion to this area develop expressive aphasia, meaning that they know what they want to say, they just cannot get it out. They are typically able to understand what is being said to them, but unable to speak fluently. Other symptoms that may be present in expressive aphasia include problems with fluency, articulation, word-finding, word repetition, and producing\",\n \"title\": \"Language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18421738\",\n \"text\": \"on luency of a second language, but competency. Many potential employees may arrive for an interview and, although have scored high on English proficiency tests, are unable to communicate at a level that gains them a job in an English-speaking nation. Approximately 18% of the US population speak a language other than English, with 11% representing foreign-born individuals. Culture plays a role in how a person learns a language and communicates what they have learned and is substantially social in context. Moreover, lexical and grammatical pieces of language are strongly cultural, leading to a level of language complexity. Three paradigms\",\n \"title\": \"Language power\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2132839\",\n \"text\": \"published online at in both English and Mandarin versions. The reputation and prestige of the print edition of Taiwan News was instrumental in helping the Taiwan News Online achieve the distinction of being the most widely visited English-language portal for news about Taiwan, with an average of more than a million visits monthly. More than 80 percent of those visits come from overseas, with users from a total of 176 nations around the world. Taiwan News Online is also one of the most frequently searched-for sites for English-language news on Taiwan. Taiwan News works closely with Internet Securities (Hong Kong)\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan News\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657272\",\n \"text\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18063497\",\n \"text\": \"output capacity was 26 million tonnes per year. In that year, Taiwan produced 16 Mt of cement and consumed 12 Mt. Cement are exported to Ghana, Malaysia, Indonesia, Mauritius and Australia. Cement mining in Taiwan is mostly done by Taiwan Cement or Asia Cement Corporation in which its plant in Hualien County contributes to nearly 29% of Taiwan's cement production. Limestone mining was done in Zuoying District, Kaohsiung in an area what used to be a part of Mount Banping. In 1997, the mining activities ceased to operate. The abandoned site has now been turned into the Banping Lake Wetland\",\n \"title\": \"Mining in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2910892\",\n \"text\": \"were well received. In 2003, the movement, already in its fourth year, aimed to not only encourage Singaporeans to speak well but also speak simple English. Chairman Wong said, \\\"They may be afraid to use English, it's not natural to them. This year what we would like to do is encourage people to try. Have a go even if they can't speak well, even if they cannot use long words, even if they can't use long sentences, it's not important. The idea is to use simple words, simple sentences and convey their message clearly.\\\" The movement continued throughout the year\",\n \"title\": \"Speak Good English Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17180422\",\n \"text\": \"the church's few congregations are strong and healthy. The largest church membership is less than 100 people. The majority of its members speak Mandarin, but Taiwanese, Hakka, and Austronesian are also used in worship. These churches are concentrated in the northern part of Taiwan around the cities of Hsinchu, Taipei, Keelung and Xizhi. The denomination runs the Reformed Theological Seminary in Taipei. The RPCT adheres to the Ecumenical Creeds, the Three Forms of Unity, and the Westminster Standards. Unlike the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan, the RPCT does not ordain women to positions of elder or pastor although women do serve\",\n \"title\": \"Reformed Presbyterian Church in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3072832\",\n \"text\": \"through which it is linked in mission with 30 other churches around the world. Immigrants from Taiwan to the United States and Canada have also started Taiwanese-language churches which are closely related to the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan. While most of these churches are affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (USA), or the Presbyterian Church in Canada, the United Church of Canada, the liturgy and church practices are rooted in the Taiwanese Presbyterian tradition, and the pulpits are usually filled by ministers trained in the PCT. The Mackay Memorial Hospital is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan. The church subscribes\",\n \"title\": \"Presbyterian Church in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657281\",\n \"text\": \"2002 DVD \\\"Pull Over\\\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", \\\"Working\\\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \\\"Read No Evil\\\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10234157\",\n \"text\": \"Koreans in Taiwan Koreans in Taiwan are the 30th-largest population of overseas Koreans and the 9th-largest foreign community in Taiwan. Though a few Korean fishermen lost at sea during the Joseon Dynasty settled in Taiwan, they never formed a significant population. Even after Japan took control of Taiwan in 1895 and then Korea a decade later, Korean migration to Taiwan was minimal; it was only in the aftermath of the March 1st Movement of 1919 and the associated economic difficulties it caused that Korean migration to Taiwan became a mass phenomenon. Most settled in Keelung and other port cities, where\",\n \"title\": \"Koreans in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18442046\",\n \"text\": \"In June 2016, IGN ranked the episode as the third best in the series. What They Become \\\"What They Become\\\" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American television series \\\"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\\\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to destroy an ancient Kree city before Hydra can get to it and unlock a potentially extinction-level event. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the\",\n \"title\": \"What They Become\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658803\",\n \"text\": \"correct 5-digit postal code, the postal workers are usually able to deliver mail in any romanization as well. Most universities in Taiwan have names in Wade-Giles, such as Cheng Kung, Chung Hsing, Feng Chia and Chiao Tung. A few with pre-Taiwanese existence were created using postal romanization, i.e., Tsing Hua, Soochow, and Chengchi (actually simplified, since it would be -\\\"chih\\\" in Postal). Few universities have names in other local languages, such as Tamkang and Takming (both in Hoklo). Since most elementary, middle, and senior high schools are under the jurisdiction of the local government, they follow whatever romanization the particular\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658788\",\n \"text\": \"(Toatutia), Banka, Kagi (Chia-i), Lokiang (Lokang), Kelung (Kiloung, Kilang or Keelung), Teckcham (Hsinchu), Changwha (Changhoa), Gilan, and Tangkang. Scottish missionary William Campbell, whose mission in Formosa lasted forty-six years, wrote extensively on topics related to Taiwan. In 1903, he wrote that even as placenames had increased in number with the recent development of the island, no effort was being made to follow any well-defined and consistent method of spelling. He also attributed some of the inconsistency in romanization to following the sounds of Mandarin dialect as opposed to the way they are locally pronounced. He believed that \\\"the pronunciation as\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18442024\",\n \"text\": \"What They Become \\\"What They Become\\\" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American television series \\\"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\\\", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race to destroy an ancient Kree city before Hydra can get to it and unlock a potentially extinction-level event. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Jeffrey Bell, and directed by Michael Zinberg. Clark\",\n \"title\": \"What They Become\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18988034\",\n \"text\": \"both the verses and the refrain, the first three lines rhyme, and the fourth is \\\"What are they doing now?\\\" or some small variant of that. The author reflects on friends who were burdened in life by care, or by disease, or by poverty; and wonders what they might now be doing in Heaven, without giving his answer. The first known recording of the song is the 1928 one by Washington Phillips (18801954; vocals and zither), in gospel blues style. Phillips' recording was used in the soundtrack of the 2005 film \\\"Elizabethtown\\\". The song has since been recorded many times\",\n \"title\": \"What Are They Doing in Heaven?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14216378\",\n \"text\": \"public health and a large burden to the nation, despite the fact that the highest point of infection among foreign brides peaked in 1998 with 1.31% of incoming brides testing positive for the HIV/AIDs virus. Any foreigner who tests positive for the HIV/AIDs virus in Taiwan must leave the country immediately. Many brides experience what is known as the \\\"Taiwan Disillusionment,\\\" where due to their inferior position in their own family and in Taiwanese society in general, they attempt to obtain divorces. In the years of 1999 to 2000, there were 170 cases of divorce concerning a migrant individual. While\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamese migrant brides in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6450671\",\n \"text\": \"China lost control of mainland China while only maintaining control of Taiwan, linguistic and cultural rights for minorities or non-power holding groups were often repressed. For example, local dialects such as Taiwanese (or any other non-Mandarin spoken variants spoken by the Taiwanese) were restricted in the mass media to promote the use of Mandarin as the common language. Human rights in Taiwan The human rights record in Taiwan is generally held to have experienced significant transformation since the 1990s. The Republic of China has a multi-party democracy. The 2000 presidential victory of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) candidate Chen Shui-bian followed\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658795\",\n \"text\": \"romanized, in addition to having Zhuyin. Like most Mandarin instructional materials released in North America, phrasebooks and textbooks targeting Mandarin learners from overseas (mostly adult learners and workers) in Taiwan usually include only Hanyu Pinyin with tone marks (accompanied by traditional characters). When the national government officially adopted Tongyong Pinyin in 2002, local governments were to make their own choices. Consequently, Taipei, adopted Hanyu Pinyin. Taipei replaced its earlier signage, most of which had used a modified version of Wade-Giles influenced by the Postal Office. Elsewhere in Taiwan, signs tend to a mix of systems, with Tongyong being common, but\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16440161\",\n \"text\": \"the University of Puerto Rico, nine of every ten Puerto Ricans residing in Puerto Rico do not speak English at an advanced level. More recently, according to the \\\"2005–2009 Population and Housing Narrative Profile for Puerto Rico\\\", among people at least five years old living in Puerto Rico in 2005–2009, 95 percent spoke a language other than English at home. Of those speaking a language other than English at home, more than 99 percent spoke Spanish and less than 0.5 percent spoke some other language; 85 percent reported that they did not speak English \\\"very well.\\\" The 2000 U.S. Census\",\n \"title\": \"English language in Puerto Rico\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658783\",\n \"text\": \"romanization of Mandarin Chinese was also introduced to Taiwan as official or semi-official standard. Today, many commonly encountered Taiwanese proper names (places and people) are written in Wade–Giles (a historic semi-official system), Chinese postal romanization (the system most used by Western academics until the internationalization of Hanyu Pinyin in the 1980s), or Gwoyeu Romatzyh (a system that records tones without tone marks). After a long debate, Hanyu Pinyin, the official romanization system used in the People's Republic of China, was planned to be the nationwide standard in Taiwan for 2009. While the national government and many provinces and cities adopted\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658793\",\n \"text\": \"There have been sporadic discussions about using a romanization system during early education to teach children Mandarin pronunciation (similar to the way students in Mainland China learn Mandarin using Hanyu Pinyin). However, like all other aspects of romanization in Taiwan, this is a controversial issue. The plan in the early 2000s to adopt Pinyin was delayed due to disagreements over which form to use (Tongyong or Hanyu). The move is complicated by the magnitude of the effort needed to produce new instructional materials and retrain teachers. Textbooks teaching other languages of Taiwan — namely, Hoklo, Hakka, and Formosan languages —\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6621960\",\n \"text\": \"speak the same language, but also have a common ontology. An ontology is a part of the agent's knowledge base that describes what kind of things an agent can deal with and how they are related to each other. Examples of frameworks that implement a standard agent communication language (FIPA-ACL) include FIPA-OS and Jade. Agent Communications Language Agent Communication Language (ACL), proposed by the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), is a proposed standard language for agent communications. Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) is another proposed standard. The most popular ACLs are: Both rely on speech act theory developed\",\n \"title\": \"Agent Communications Language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18063502\",\n \"text\": \"which houses the Gold Museum. Quartz was often found at the same rate as gold. Oil was firstly discovered in Taiwan in Gongguan Township, Miaoli County at the Chuhuangkeng oilfield. Oil has been drilled since the Qing Dynasty rule of Taiwan in 1877. It was then done by the more advanced development stage by the Japanese when they drilled around 98 oil wells. The original site of the first oil well in Taiwan has now turned into the Taiwan Oil Field Exhibition Hall. Oil exploration in Taiwan is controlled by the CPC Corporation. Deep drilling in Taiwan began in 1959\",\n \"title\": \"Mining in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10234161\",\n \"text\": \"169 missionaries, 58 unemployed, and 792 authorised for other kinds of work), while the remainder did not (647 homemakers, 774 students, 652 children under the age of 15, and 7 in other categories). Koreans in Taiwan Koreans in Taiwan are the 30th-largest population of overseas Koreans and the 9th-largest foreign community in Taiwan. Though a few Korean fishermen lost at sea during the Joseon Dynasty settled in Taiwan, they never formed a significant population. Even after Japan took control of Taiwan in 1895 and then Korea a decade later, Korean migration to Taiwan was minimal; it was only in the\",\n \"title\": \"Koreans in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15324519\",\n \"text\": \"Indonesians in Taiwan Indonesians in Taiwan form one of the island's larger communities of foreign residents. There are 144,651 people who have nationality of the Republic of Indonesia reside in Taiwan as of December 2010. This includes 19,554 males and 125,097 females, with 136,679 people serving as foreign laborers. 26,980 Indonesians (many of them with Chinese ancestry, such as Hakka people) had immigrated to Taiwan through international marriage, mostly female, and some had naturalized into Taiwan citizenship. In Taiwan, employers can be fined if they force Muslim workers to come into contact with pork, something forbidden by the Muslim religion\",\n \"title\": \"Indonesians in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11618731\",\n \"text\": \"the mainland. People began to build canals for irrigation. At this time, the cultivated land in Taiwan increased to 3,506 km by 1895. During the Empire of Japan, the Japanese greatly improved the agriculture sectors in Taiwan. They built concrete dams, reservoirs and aqueducts which forms an extensive irrigation system, such as the Chianan Irrigation. Arable land for rice and sugarcane productions increased by more than 74% and 30% respectively. They also established farmers' associations. Agriculture sector dominated the economy of Taiwan at that time. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16791461\",\n \"text\": \"did not think literature should be written in Taiwanese vernacular argued that Taiwan and China should stay in one perspective; literary works written in Taiwanese vernacular lacked universality across China; and being too linguistically and culturally Taiwanese would hinder the cultural exchange between China and Taiwan. They insisted that Taiwan was part of China and it was not necessary to start a Taiwan nativist literature. Some opponents even saw Taiwanese vernacular as a primitive and crude language, so it was not good enough to be used in literature. Most of the opponents insisted in using modern Chinese. The opponents included\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan nativist literature\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658785\",\n \"text\": \"Prior to Dutch arrival to Formosa, the native inhabitants did not use writing, and the Dutch missionaries created a number of romanization schemes for the various non-Sinitic Formosan languages. The existing Chinese population living on the island were mostly seasonal residents in Taiwan, returning to Fujian in the off-season. However, beginning in the 1640s, the Dutch began to encourage large-scale immigration of Chinese to the island. During the Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683), the first Chinese governance in Taiwan, Hokkien (a variety of Southern Min) and Hakka were the Sinitic languages in use. Under Qing dynasty rule (1683–1895), Mandarin Chinese was\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15948283\",\n \"text\": \"together and share their culture, language, and ethnicity. Taiwan Youth Day Taiwan Youth Day (TYD; ) is a youth-oriented Catholic Church event in Taiwan, organized by Youth Desk of Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference (CRBC). Seven dioceses in Taiwan take turn to plan and execute TYD. In 2004, the first ever TYD was created and it was decided to hold it every three years. However, in 2008, they have decided to have the TYD once a year. During the meeting week, young adults enrich their spirituality through prayer, personal development, and faith sharing. At the same time, the organization hopes to\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan Youth Day\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13927400\",\n \"text\": \"Gender role in language Many languages have distinct sets of enunciation and/or of writing, dependent on whether the speaker or writer be a man or a woman, and/or on whether the party or parties addressed be men or women. Some tribes found in western Victoria prohibit a man and woman from marrying if they speak the same language. During initial visits in this arrangement, neither people are allowed the speak the dialect of the tribe that he or she is visiting. The women in the Kaffir of South Africa have their own vocabulary system that is not understood by men.\",\n \"title\": \"Gender role in language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16791458\",\n \"text\": \"toiling masses as the main audience of literary creations. Huang insisted that only by using Taiwanese vernacular to write could literature penetrate into the masses and have influence on them. He also contended that Taiwan is the home of Taiwanese writers, so they should treat Taiwan and its public as the focal points in their literature. A colonial fact about Taiwan was that the official language was Japanese; modern Chinese could not be taught in the education system. Furthermore, Standard Chinese, which is based on the Beijing vernacular, was different from the Taiwanese vernacular which was widely used in Taiwan\",\n \"title\": \"Taiwan nativist literature\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9658796\",\n \"text\": \"still having many signs left over from the MPS II (or even the GR) era. The current legal standard since 2009, Hanyu Pinyin, is used fairly consistently on Taiwan High Speed Rail and highways. Kaohsiung, Taiwan's second most populous city, continues to use Tongyong in its streets and MRT. The first- and second-level divisions of Taiwan (all counties and the biggest cities) are unaffected by the changing standards throughout the years, as their usage has become well-established. By tradition, all are in Wade-Giles, except \\\"Kinmen\\\", which is a postal romanization, and \\\"Keelung\\\", which is a long-standing way to refer to\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese language romanization in Taiwan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16440169\",\n \"text\": \"a particular accent of English. If learned in the US, they may speak English as it is spoken in their region. Some Puerto Ricans still residing in the island acquire a distinctly American accent when speaking. Others will develop different variations of the accent depending on who or what the main influence was during the learning process. This is due not only to the fact that English is taught from the first grade in most schools, but also that most English teachers (particularly private school teachers) are very fluent in the language. Residents of areas with large populations of African\",\n \"title\": \"English language in Puerto Rico\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["standard mandarin"],"string":"[\n \"standard mandarin\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":183,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who owns the toronto maple leafs?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"785799","text":"Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum. With an estimated value of US $1.45 billion in 2018 according to \"Forbes\", the Maple Leafs are the second most valuable franchise in the NHL, after the New York Rangers. The Maple Leafs'","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785799\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club is owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, Ltd. and are represented by Chairman Larry Tanenbaum. With an estimated value of US $1.45 billion in 2018 according to \\\"Forbes\\\", the Maple Leafs are the second most valuable franchise in the NHL, after the New York Rangers. The Maple Leafs'\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"785916","text":"McKnight in 1986, Bob Cole in 2007, and Bill Hewitt in 2007. These are the top franchise leaders in regular season points, goals, assists, points per game, games played, and goaltending wins as of the end of the 2015–16 season. Footnotes Citations Works cited Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club is owned by Maple Leaf","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"13002700","text":"1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 53rd season of play of the NHL Toronto franchise and 43rd as the \"Maple Leafs\". After qualifying for the playoffs the previous season, the Leafs fell to last-place in the NHL East and did not qualify for the playoffs. Punch Imlach's term as Maple Leafs' general manager ended after the 1969 playoffs. Jim Gregory, who had been an executive with the Toronto Marlboros was named general manager, the first new GM for the Maple Leafs since 1957. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions","title":"1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13002701","text":"during the 1969–70 season. 1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 53rd season of play of the NHL Toronto franchise and 43rd as the \"Maple Leafs\". After qualifying for the playoffs the previous season, the Leafs fell to last-place in the NHL East and did not qualify for the playoffs. Punch Imlach's term as Maple Leafs' general manager ended after the 1969 playoffs. Jim Gregory, who had been an executive with the Toronto Marlboros was named general manager, the first new GM for the Maple Leafs since 1957. The Maple Leafs have been involved","title":"1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785914","text":"Game hosted in Toronto, the NHL announced the League-wide retirement of Wayne Gretzky's number 99, retiring it from use throughout all its member teams, including the Maple Leafs. The Toronto Maple Leafs acknowledges an affiliation with 75 inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame. The 75 inductees include 62 former players as well as 13 builders of the sport. The Maple Leafs have the greatest number of players inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame of any NHL team. The 13 individuals recognized as builders of the sport include former Maple Leafs broadcasters, executives, head coaches, and other personnel relating","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"13339132","text":"1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 57th season of the Toronto NHL franchise, 47th as the \"Maple Leafs.\" The Leafs placed fourth to make the playoffs, but were swept in the first round by the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs made several signings that would improve their team. At the entry draft, the Maple Leafs chose Lanny McDonald with the fourth-overall draft pick. He would play six and a half seasons with the Maple Leafs. Bernie Parent, who had left the team for the World Hockey Association (WHA) in 1972, made it known","title":"1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"18028739","text":"Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse Association. The team started out in the senior A league in 1966. In 1968, the professional NLA was launched and the Maple Leafs joined the league, playing their home games at Maple Leaf Gardens. Stafford Smythe and Harold Ballard, part owners of the National Hockey League's Toronto Maple Leafs, were two of the five founding partners of the pro club, but financial difficulties forced Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to take over ownership of the club midway though the season. The NLA suspended","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)"},{"psg_id":"11078411","text":"Louis Blues in a seven-game Norris final. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Chicago Black Hawks \"Toronto wins best-of-five series 3–0\" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. St. Louis Blues \"St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–3\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1985-86 season. The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the St. Catharines Saints of the AHL. 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the Toronto Maple Leafs 69th season of the franchise, 59th season as the Maple Leafs. Despite posting the fourth-worst record in the league, the Leafs qualified for the last","title":"1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"18028740","text":"operations prior to the following season. However, the eastern division of the NLA reconstituted itself as the Eastern Professional Lacrosse Association, in which the Maple Leafs competed in 1969. By 1970 the pro league league had disbanded. Toronto would be without pro box lacrosse until the arrival of the Toronto Tomahawks in 1974. Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse Association. The team started out in the senior A league in 1966. In 1968, the professional NLA was launched and the Maple Leafs joined the league, playing their home","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)"},{"psg_id":"12990936","text":"1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 62nd season of the Toronto NHL franchise, 52nd as the \"Maple Leafs\". The Leafs placed third in the Adams Division to make the playoffs where the Leafs won their first round series against the Atlanta Flames, only to lose in the second series to the Montreal Canadiens. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames \"Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0.\" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0.\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the","title":"1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12990937","text":"1978-79 season. 1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 62nd season of the Toronto NHL franchise, 52nd as the \"Maple Leafs\". The Leafs placed third in the Adams Division to make the playoffs where the Leafs won their first round series against the Atlanta Flames, only to lose in the second series to the Montreal Canadiens. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames \"Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0.\" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0.\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions","title":"1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"5074932","text":"Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Paul Spoljaric (2002–2007). Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball) The Toronto Maple Leafs are an independent, minor league baseball team of the semi-pro Intercounty Baseball League, based in Toronto, Ontario. They play their home games on \"Dominico Field\" at Christie Pits. They are also known colloquially as the Intercounty Maple Leafs or the Intercounty Leafs to disambiguate themselves from the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The Maple Leafs baseball team began play in 1969, the second season after the original Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team of the AAA International League moved to Louisville, Kentucky. In their inaugural","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)"},{"psg_id":"5074929","text":"Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball) The Toronto Maple Leafs are an independent, minor league baseball team of the semi-pro Intercounty Baseball League, based in Toronto, Ontario. They play their home games on \"Dominico Field\" at Christie Pits. They are also known colloquially as the Intercounty Maple Leafs or the Intercounty Leafs to disambiguate themselves from the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The Maple Leafs baseball team began play in 1969, the second season after the original Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team of the AAA International League moved to Louisville, Kentucky. In their inaugural year, the new Leafs lost 23 games,","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)"},{"psg_id":"785810","text":"maple leaf as a \"badge of courage\", and a reminder of home, Smythe decided to give the same name to his hockey team, in honour of the many Canadian soldiers who wore it. However, the team was not the first to use the name. A Toronto minor-league baseball team had used the name \"Maple Leafs\" since 1895. Initial reports were that the team's colours were to be red and white, but the Leafs wore white sweaters with a green maple leaf for their first game on February 17, 1927. On September 27, 1927, it was announced that the Leafs had","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"10621548","text":"First Round and lost in seven games. Following the playoffs, Lamoriello was not renewed as general manager and was transitioned to senior advisor. Kyle Dubas was subsequentley named the 17th general manager in team history. During the 2018 off-season, the Maple Leafs signed John Tavares to a seven-year, $77-million dollar contract. Tavares was subsequently named an alternate captain for the Leafs, alongside Morgan Rielly, and Patrick Marleau. History of the Toronto Maple Leafs The history of the Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League (NHL) team spans more than a century. The Maple Leafs and the NHL arose from disputes between","title":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"785876","text":"Romanuk. MLSE also operates a regional specialty channel, the Leafs Nation Network. The Leafs Nation Network broadcasts programming related to the Maple Leafs, as well as games for the Toronto Marlies, the Maple Leafs' American Hockey League affiliate. Like the Maple Leafs television broadcasts, radio broadcasts are split evenly between Rogers' CJCL (Sportsnet 590, The Fan) and Bell's CHUM (TSN Radio 1050). Both Bell and Rogers' radio broadcasts have their colour commentary provided by Jim Ralph, with play-by-play provided by Joe Bowen. Foster Hewitt was the Leafs' first play-by-play broadcaster, providing radio play-by-play from 1927 to 1978. In addition, he","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"11404100","text":"was only seven rounds in length, compared to nine rounds in years past. The labor dispute caused the shortened draft. The Maple Leafs were also affiliated with the Pensacola Ice Pilots of the ECHL. 2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 89th season of the franchise, 79th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs would go on to lead all 30 teams with most power-play goals scored during the regular season, with 107. Captain Mats Sundin, who scored only 13 goals in his first","title":"2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785800","text":"broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications. For their first 14 seasons, the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena, before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931. The Maple Leafs moved to their present home, Scotiabank Arena (originally named the Air Canada Centre) in February 1999. The club was founded in 1917, operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas. Under new ownership, the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919. In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs. A member of","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"785802","text":"Senators. The Maple Leafs have retired the use of thirteen numbers in honour of nineteen players. In addition, a number of individuals who hold an association with the club have been inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame. The Maple Leafs are presently affiliated with two minor league teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League, and the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL. The National Hockey League was formed in 1917 in Montreal by teams formerly belonging to the National Hockey Association (NHA) that had a dispute with Eddie Livingstone, owner of the Toronto Blueshirts. The owners of the","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"10621472","text":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs The history of the Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League (NHL) team spans more than a century. The Maple Leafs and the NHL arose from disputes between Eddie Livingstone, owner of the National Hockey Association's Toronto Blueshirts, and the other owners of the Association. In November 1917, the Toronto Arena Company was granted a temporary franchise from the NHL, a new ice hockey league made up of the other NHA owners that had disputes with Livingstone. The franchise was later made permanent by the NHL in October 1918. Playing at Arena Gardens, the Toronto","title":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"11404094","text":"2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 89th season of the franchise, 79th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs would go on to lead all 30 teams with most power-play goals scored during the regular season, with 107. Captain Mats Sundin, who scored only 13 goals in his first 49 games of the season, scored 18 goals in his final 21 games, for the 12th 30-goal season of his career. The 32-year-old veteran Eric Lindros, signed by the Maple Leafs on August 11,","title":"2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785895","text":"St. John's, Newfoundland and was known as the St. John's Maple Leafs. The Marlies originated from the New Brunswick Hawks, who later moved to St. Catherines, Newmarket, and St. John's, before finally moving to Toronto. The Marlies was named after the Toronto Marlboros, a junior hockey team named after the Duke of Marlborough. Founded in 1903, the Marlboros were sponsored by the Leafs from 1927 to 1989. The Marlboros constituted one of two junior hockey teams the Leafs formerly sponsored, the other being the Toronto St. Michael's Majors. The Growlers are an ECHL team based in St. John's Newfoundland. The","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"11436125","text":"Entry Draft held at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. 2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the team's 86th season of the franchise, and the 76th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs were the most penalized team during the regular season, being penalized 426 times. The Maple Leafs qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the fifth consecutive year. They lost to the Philadelphia Flyers in 7 games in the first round. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions","title":"2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"17334890","text":"with the Maple Leafs only. Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Maple Leafs only. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2013–14 season. Toronto Maple Leafs' picks at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, held in Newark, New Jersey on June 30, 2013. 2013–14 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2013–14 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 97th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. Due to a realignment that was approved on March 14, 2013 by the NHL's Board of Governors,","title":"2013–14 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"6024852","text":"were counted as hits \"Source: Baseball's Back in Town by Louis Cauz, Controlled Media Corporation Inc., 1977\" The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the following major league teams: Notes Sources Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a high-level minor league baseball club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played from 1896 to 1967. While the Maple Leafs had working agreements with numerous Major League Baseball clubs after the introduction of farm systems in the 1930s, they achieved great success as an unaffiliated club during the 1950s, when they were the strongest team on the field and","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)"},{"psg_id":"11185309","text":"1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 54th season of the franchise, 44th as the Maple Leafs. Norm Ullman ranked sixth in the league in the scoring with 85 points. The Leafs placed fourth in the East to qualify for the playoffs. The Leafs lost to the New York Rangers in the first round of the playoffs. In February, the Maple Leafs and Philadelphia Flyers swung a large trade. Toronto picked up Bernie Parent and a second-round draft choice for Bruce Gamble, Mike Walton and a first-round draft choice. The Maple Leafs have been","title":"1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785880","text":"multi-purpose facility, with a Loblaws grocery store occupying retail space on the lower floors, and an athletics arena for Ryerson University, occupying another level. The Maple Leafs presently use two facilities in the City of Toronto. The club moved from the Gardens on February 20, 1999, to their current home arena, the Scotiabank Arena, a multi-purpose indoor entertainment arena on Bay Street in Downtown Toronto. The arena is owned by the Maple Leafs' parent company MLSE, and is shared with the NBA's Toronto Raptors (another MLSE subsidiary), as well as the National Lacrosse League's Toronto Rock. In addition to the","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"13326880","text":"Boston Bruins, who defeated them 4–1. 1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 22nd season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs again advanced to the Stanley Cup Final, losing to the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs finished in third place in the regular season, which matched them up against the New York Americans in the first round, best of three series. After sweeping the Americans in 2 games, the Leafs played the Detroit Red Wings in the next round in another best of three series, which they won 2–1.","title":"1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13329038","text":"1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the first under the \"Maple Leafs\" name for the Toronto National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. The club finished in fourth to miss the playoffs again. Conn Smythe left his duties as coach at the University of Toronto and became the general manager and coach of the Leafs. Smythe would be general manager for 30 years. Smythe put team captain Bert Corbeau on waivers in October. Corbeau cleared waivers and joined Toronto Ravinia of the Canadian-American Professional Hockey League. Smythe named Hap Day as team captain. The Maple Leafs","title":"1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"20603444","text":"silence prior to their game, as well as lower the banner of Barilko's retired number. College station of the Toronto subway system feature a pair of murals called \"Hockey Knights in Canada\", named after \"Hockey Night in Canada\"; one depicting the Toronto Maple Leafs on the southbound side and facing the Montreal Canadiens on the northbound side, depicting the decades-old rivalry between the two clubs. They were created by Charles Pachter in 1984, when the Toronto Maple Leafs still played at nearby Maple Leaf Gardens. Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs has","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"12753326","text":"1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 60th season, 50th as the \"Maple Leafs\". The Leafs finished in third place in the Adams Division with a record of 33 wins, 32 losses and 15 ties for 81 points. In the playoffs, they defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins in the preliminary round 2–1 before falling to the Philadelphia Flyers in six games in the Quarter-finals. On February 2, 1977, Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Ian Turnbull would be the first player in NHL history to score five goals on five shots. The Maple Leafs have been","title":"1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11078410","text":"1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the Toronto Maple Leafs 69th season of the franchise, 59th season as the Maple Leafs. Despite posting the fourth-worst record in the league, the Leafs qualified for the last playoff spot in a very weak Norris Division; the division champion Chicago Black Hawks only notched 86 points. The Leafs' .356 winning percentage is the fourth-worst in franchise history, and one of the worst ever for a playoff qualifier. Despite this, the Leafs swept the Hawks in three games in the Norris semifinals before going down to the St.","title":"1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"15398049","text":"the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since the 2003–04 season. \"The Hockey News\" predicted that the Leafs will place tenth and miss the playoffs. The Maple Leafs were ultimately eliminated from playoff contention. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Maple Leafs. Stats reflect time with Maple Leafs only. Traded mid-season. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2011–12 season. Toronto's picks at the 2011 NHL Entry Draft in St. Paul, Minnesota. 2011–12 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2011–12 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 95th season","title":"2011–12 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13532974","text":"playoffs for more consecutive years. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Maple Leafs. Stats reflect time with Maple Leafs only. Traded mid-season. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2009–10 season. Toronto's picks at the 2009 NHL Entry Draft in Montreal, Quebec. 2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season is the franchise's 93rd, and their 83rd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs had not qualified for the post-season since the 2003–04 season, and began the regular season with its worst start in franchise history","title":"2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11076928","text":"players), Stafford Smythe, Harold Ballard, John Bassette, Punch Imlach, King Clancy, Bob Haggart, Tom Nayler (7 non-players) The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1966–67 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1966 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. 1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 50th season of the Toronto NHL franchise, fortieth as the \"Maple Leafs.\" The Leafs finished third in the NHL with a record of 32–27–11 for 75 points to qualify for the playoffs. Toronto defeated the first-place Chicago Black","title":"1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11076925","text":"1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 50th season of the Toronto NHL franchise, fortieth as the \"Maple Leafs.\" The Leafs finished third in the NHL with a record of 32–27–11 for 75 points to qualify for the playoffs. Toronto defeated the first-place Chicago Black Hawks four games to two in the semi-finals before upending their arch-rival Montreal Canadiens in six games to win their thirteenth Stanley Cup in franchise history. As of 2017, this is the last time that the Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup, or even made it to the Finals.","title":"1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11436124","text":"2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the team's 86th season of the franchise, and the 76th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs were the most penalized team during the regular season, being penalized 426 times. The Maple Leafs qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the fifth consecutive year. They lost to the Philadelphia Flyers in 7 games in the first round. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2002–03 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 2002 NHL","title":"2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12402533","text":"the lowest ever for a playoff qualifier. They lost to the Red Wings in six games in the Division Semi-finals. The Maple Leafs finished last in power-play goals scored (54), power-play opportunities (347) and power-play percentage (15.56%). The Toronto Maple Leafs were defeated 4 games to 2 against the Norris Division winning Detroit Red Wings. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1987-88 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1987 NHL Entry Draft held at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. 1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the","title":"1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11185310","text":"involved in the following transactions during the 1970–71 season. 1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 54th season of the franchise, 44th as the Maple Leafs. Norm Ullman ranked sixth in the league in the scoring with 85 points. The Leafs placed fourth in the East to qualify for the playoffs. The Leafs lost to the New York Rangers in the first round of the playoffs. In February, the Maple Leafs and Philadelphia Flyers swung a large trade. Toronto picked up Bernie Parent and a second-round draft choice for Bruce Gamble, Mike Walton and","title":"1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11147874","text":"1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 73rd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs had their first non-losing season since the 1978–79 NHL season. Gary Leeman became the second member of the Maple Leafs to score 50 goals in one season. Newly acquired defenceman Rob Ramage, is named team captain. Ramage assumes a role that has been vacant for three seasons. On the Power Play, the Maple Leafs scored 81 goals on 348 advantages for a 23.3% success rate. This ranked 4th overall in the NHL. The Maple Leafs allowed","title":"1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"6024830","text":"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a high-level minor league baseball club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played from 1896 to 1967. While the Maple Leafs had working agreements with numerous Major League Baseball clubs after the introduction of farm systems in the 1930s, they achieved great success as an unaffiliated club during the 1950s, when they were the strongest team on the field and in attendance in the Triple-A International League. The 1902, 1918, 1920, 1926, and 1960 teams were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. Toronto","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)"},{"psg_id":"12001707","text":"Brewer was a spy for Imlach. In Brewer's first game, many of his teammates were openly hostile to him. Brewer's defense partner was Borje Salming, and Salming refused to pass Brewer the puck. During the season, Brewer would only play in twenty contests. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1979-80 season. The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the New Brunswick Hawks of the American Hockey League. 1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 63rd season of the franchise, 53rd season as the Maple Leafs. In July 1979, Leafs","title":"1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11137357","text":"1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 15th season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs were coming off their best regular season in team history in 1930–31, and the club set team records in wins and points, with 23 and 53 respectively, finishing in second place in the Canadian Division. Toronto then won three playoff rounds to win the Stanley Cup, first as the Maple Leafs, and third in the history of the franchise. Prior to the season, the NHL announced that the schedule would increase from 44 games to 48. Also, the Maple","title":"1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13339134","text":"played for Brynas of the Swedish League, and the Leafs had to pay the Swedish Ice Hockey Federation for their release. Salming would play with the Leafs until 1989, when he joined the Detroit Red Wings. Hammarstrom would play five seasons in Toronto before moving to the St. Louis Blues. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1973–74 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. 1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 57th season of the Toronto","title":"1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13532970","text":"2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season is the franchise's 93rd, and their 83rd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs had not qualified for the post-season since the 2003–04 season, and began the regular season with its worst start in franchise history by going winless in the first eight games. The team moved to a new practice facility, the MasterCard Centre, from their former practice facility, the Lakeshore Lions Arena. Built next door to the old arena, the new facility has four ice sheets, allowing the Maple Leafs and their farm team the Toronto Marlies to","title":"2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12753327","text":"involved in the following transactions during the 1976–77 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft held in Montreal, Quebec. 1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 60th season, 50th as the \"Maple Leafs\". The Leafs finished in third place in the Adams Division with a record of 33 wins, 32 losses and 15 ties for 81 points. In the playoffs, they defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins in the preliminary round 2–1 before falling to the Philadelphia Flyers in six games in the Quarter-finals. On February 2, 1977, Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman","title":"1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"10453148","text":"Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2007–08 season. Toronto's picks at the 2007 NHL Entry Draft in Columbus, Ohio. 2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season began October 4, 2007. It is the 91st season of the franchise, 81st season as the Maple Leafs. In an effort to return to the playoffs in 2007–08, the Leafs made two significant moves during the off-season. The first was to acquire goaltender Vesa Toskala, along with Mark Bell from the San Jose Sharks for three draft picks. Toronto also","title":"2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12421173","text":"1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season The Maple Leafs entered the season as defending Stanley Cup champions. The franchise hosted the 21st National Hockey League National Hockey League All-Star Game. It was played at Maple Leaf Gardens on January 16, 1968. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team by a score of 4–3. The Leafs missed the playoffs for the first time since 1958 with a record of 33–31–10 for 76 points for a fifth place in the East Division. The Leafs finished with a better record than any of the six expansion teams that season. \"The following Maple Leafs","title":"1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13329039","text":"did not qualify for the playoffs. 1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the first under the \"Maple Leafs\" name for the Toronto National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. The club finished in fourth to miss the playoffs again. Conn Smythe left his duties as coach at the University of Toronto and became the general manager and coach of the Leafs. Smythe would be general manager for 30 years. Smythe put team captain Bert Corbeau on waivers in October. Corbeau cleared waivers and joined Toronto Ravinia of the Canadian-American Professional Hockey League. Smythe named Hap Day","title":"1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"14601117","text":"2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 94th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917, and 84th season since adopting the Maple Leafs name in February 1927. The Maple Leafs posted a regular season record of 37 wins, 34 losses, and 11 overtime/shootout losses for 85 points, failing to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. The Maple Leafs did not have a first round selection in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, having traded it to the Boston Bruins in the Phil Kessel","title":"2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"14601122","text":"in Los Angeles, California. 2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 94th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917, and 84th season since adopting the Maple Leafs name in February 1927. The Maple Leafs posted a regular season record of 37 wins, 34 losses, and 11 overtime/shootout losses for 85 points, failing to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. The Maple Leafs did not have a first round selection in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, having traded it to the Boston Bruins","title":"2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12997619","text":"traded Captain Doug Gilmour to the New Jersey Devils. \"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\" \"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\" \"Note: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1996–97 season. The Maple Leafs farm team was the St. John's Maple Leafs, based in St. John's, Newfoundland. 1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 80th season","title":"1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785894","text":"Bear, an anthropomorphic polar bear whose name and number (#60) comes from the location of Maple Leaf Gardens at 60 Carlton Street, where the Leafs played throughout much of their history. Carlton made his first public appearance on July 29, 1995. He later made his regular season appearance on October 10, 1995. The Maple Leafs are presently affiliated with two minor league teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League, and the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL. The Marlies play from Coca-Cola Coliseum in Toronto. Prior to its move to Coca-Cola Coliseum in 2005, the team was located in","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"11147897","text":"1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 72nd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1988-89 Leafs season was a disastrous one that saw John Brophy relieved from his coaching duties mid-season. Interim coach George Armstrong led the Leafs close to the playoffs, but they eventually missed out by losing to the Chicago Blackhawks on the final day of the regular season. The Leafs needed a win against Chicago to clinch a post season birth, but a Troy Murray overtime goal ended the season for Toronto. The Maple Leafs finished the regular season","title":"1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12421174","text":"were lost to various franchises in the Expansion Draft.\" The Maple Leafs were involved in the following transactions during the 1967–68 season. 1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season The Maple Leafs entered the season as defending Stanley Cup champions. The franchise hosted the 21st National Hockey League National Hockey League All-Star Game. It was played at Maple Leaf Gardens on January 16, 1968. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team by a score of 4–3. The Leafs missed the playoffs for the first time since 1958 with a record of 33–31–10 for 76 points for a fifth place in the","title":"1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11453454","text":"went an impressive 9-6-2 and clinched a playoff spot on the final day of their regular season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1995 NHL Entry Draft held at the Edmonton Coliseum in Edmonton, Alberta. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1995-96 season. The Maple Leafs played their last playoff series at Maple Leaf Gardens. 1995–96 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1995–96 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 79th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Leafs headed into the 1995-96 NHL regular season with high hopes considering the fact that the club reached","title":"1995–96 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11147876","text":"January 10 in a game against the New York Islanders. During the streak, Olczyk had 11 goals and 17 assists. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1989-90 season. 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 73rd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs had their first non-losing season since the 1978–79 NHL season. Gary Leeman became the second member of the Maple Leafs to score 50 goals in one season. Newly acquired defenceman Rob Ramage, is named team captain. Ramage assumes a role that has","title":"1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11078436","text":"Blackhawks the Leafs would go on to play the eighth seed San Jose Sharks in the conference semi finals. With the win in game seven against San Jose Toronto would go on to play the Vancouver Canucks, whom would end their playoff run. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1993-94 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1993 NHL Entry Draft held at the Quebec Coliseum in Quebec City, Quebec. 1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Leafs finish in second place in the Central Division with a record","title":"1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785852","text":"players who were key contributors to the Leafs' late-season run had been drafted by him before Ferguson's arrival, while Ferguson's signings (Jason Allison, Belfour, Alexander Khavanov, and Eric Lindros) had suffered season-ending injuries. Paul Maurice, who had previously coached the inaugural season of the Maple Leafs' Toronto Marlies farm team, was named as Quinn's replacement. On June 30, 2006, the Leafs bought out fan-favourite Tie Domi's contract. The team also decided against picking up the option year on goaltender Ed Belfour's contract; he became a free agent. However, despite the coaching change, as well as a shuffle in the roster,","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"13329099","text":"Cude faced an average of 35.2 shots per game, while Hainsworth faced 23.8 shots per game. ;Scoring The Maple Leafs met the Detroit Red Wings in the second round in a best of five series and lost 3–2. 1933–34 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1933–34 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 17th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). Toronto would face Detroit WilRed Wings and goalie Wilf Cude in series A of the Playoffs. Game #1 Detroit 2 Toronto 1, #2 Detroit 6 Toronto 3, #3 Toronto 3 Detroit 1, #4Toronto 5 Detroit 1, #5 Detroit 1 Toronto 0.","title":"1933–34 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"19442458","text":"2016–17 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2016–17 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 100th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The Maple Leafs finished the season with 95 points (a 12 year high) and qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the 2012–13 season. The off-season was relatively quiet for the Maple Leafs relative to previous seasons. On July 1, the opening day of free agency, Toronto signed forward Matt Martin to a four-year, $10 million contract, then brought back defenceman Roman Polak on a one-year deal the following day.","title":"2016–17 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12673507","text":"1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Maple Leafs finish in second place in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 35 wins, 26 losses, and 9 ties for 79 points. They defeated the Detroit Red Wings in six games in the Semi-finals before being swept by their arch-rivals, the Montreal Canadiens, in the Stanley Cup Finals. Montreal swept the Chicago Black Hawks in four games to reach the Final. In the other semi-final, Toronto defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to two. Montreal swept the Maple Leafs, outscoring them 15–5,","title":"1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"18823676","text":"see off-season for try outs. Below are the Toronto Maple Leafs' selections at the 2015 NHL Entry Draft, held on June 26–27, 2015 at the BB&T Center in Sunrise, Florida. 2015–16 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2015–16 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 99th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The season officially began its regular games on October 7, 2015, with a 3–1 loss against the Montreal Canadiens. Despite stretches of strong play, with the Maple Leafs at one point being within a few points of a playoff spot, they broke","title":"2015–16 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"6024838","text":"with Howley back as manager. The following year, the National Hockey League team, the Toronto St. Patricks, changed its own nickname to Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs struggled through the 1930s, both on and off the field. In 1931, ownership of Maple Leaf Stadium passed to the Toronto Harbour Commission after the club was unable to pay taxes and other debts. Shortly after, club president Solman died, with George Oakley succeeding him in May 1931. At the same time, J. P. Bickell joined the team's board of directors. The 1932 Maple Leafs lost 113 games and only attracted 50,000 fans","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)"},{"psg_id":"11114221","text":"1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 82nd season. Two moves occurred this season. First, the club moved from the Western to the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). Secondly, the club moved from Maple Leaf Gardens to the new Air Canada Centre. Toronto qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs and made it to the Eastern Conference Finals before losing to the Buffalo Sabres. The Toronto Maple Leafs moved from the Central Division of the Western Conference to the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference. The 1998–99 season was a tremendous","title":"1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11114225","text":"the 1998 NHL Entry Draft held at the Marine Midland Arena in Buffalo, New York. 1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 82nd season. Two moves occurred this season. First, the club moved from the Western to the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). Secondly, the club moved from Maple Leaf Gardens to the new Air Canada Centre. Toronto qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs and made it to the Eastern Conference Finals before losing to the Buffalo Sabres. The Toronto Maple Leafs moved from the Central Division of the Western","title":"1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13326879","text":"1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 22nd season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs again advanced to the Stanley Cup Final, losing to the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs finished in third place in the regular season, which matched them up against the New York Americans in the first round, best of three series. After sweeping the Americans in 2 games, the Leafs played the Detroit Red Wings in the next round in another best of three series, which they won 2–1. In the finals, they played the","title":"1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"10453144","text":"2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season began October 4, 2007. It is the 91st season of the franchise, 81st season as the Maple Leafs. In an effort to return to the playoffs in 2007–08, the Leafs made two significant moves during the off-season. The first was to acquire goaltender Vesa Toskala, along with Mark Bell from the San Jose Sharks for three draft picks. Toronto also signed free agent Jason Blake to a five-year, $20 million contract. Blake topped the 40-goal mark for the first time in 2006–07. With the Leafs struggling in the Northeast","title":"2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"785908","text":"the highest paid NHL coach in history. Earning 105 points during the 2017–18 season, Babcock recorded the most points of any Maple Leafs' coach in a single season. Punch Imlach coached the most regular season games of any Leafs' head coach with 770 games, and has the most all-time points with the Maple Leafs, with 865. He is followed by Pat Quinn, who coached 574 games, with 678 points all-time with the Maple Leafs. Both Mike Rodden and Dick Duff, have the fewest points with the Maple Leafs, with 0. Both were interim coaches who coached only two games each","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"11436132","text":"The Leafs did not qualify for the playoffs again until the 2012–13 season. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2003–04 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft held at the Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee. 2003–04 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2003–04 Toronto Maple Leafs season, the club's 87th season of existence and 77th as the Maple Leafs, saw the team finish in second place in the Northeast Division with a record of 45 wins, 24 losses, 10 ties and three overtime losses for 103 points. It was the highest","title":"2003–04 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11114232","text":"Hockey game unless it was held in Edmonton, a statement that was realized with the 2003 Heritage Classic three years later. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1999–2000 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts. 1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish in first place for the first time since the 1962–63 season. It was also the Maple Leafs' first 100-point season, as well as long-time NHLer Wendel Clark's last season in the NHL. The Maple","title":"1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11823374","text":"the team placed Mark Bell on waivers. Toronto's picks at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft in Ottawa. 2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 92nd, and their 82nd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs did not qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season. The Leafs faced an off-season challenge to hire a general manager. Brian Burke was a favourite for the position held by Interim General Manager Cliff Fletcher, but Burke decided to stay with the Anaheim Ducks. He was not given permission to talk to the Leafs about their vacancy","title":"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11823366","text":"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 92nd, and their 82nd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs did not qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season. The Leafs faced an off-season challenge to hire a general manager. Brian Burke was a favourite for the position held by Interim General Manager Cliff Fletcher, but Burke decided to stay with the Anaheim Ducks. He was not given permission to talk to the Leafs about their vacancy by Ducks owner Henry Samueli. Burke had one more year left on his contract as the general","title":"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13323708","text":"1945–46 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1945–46 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 29th season of play of the Toronto NHL franchise. Although the club was the defending Stanley Cup champion, the team's play declined and the club finished in fifth, missing the playoffs. Cup hero goaltender Frank McCool held out. The Maple Leafs decided to play the tandem of Baz Bastien and Gordie Bell. Without Frank McCool, the team only won three of the first thirteen games, and the Leafs and McCool came to terms. The club continued to struggle and only won eight of the first 28 games.","title":"1945–46 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11076941","text":"1961–62 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1961–62 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Leafs finish in second place in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 37 wins, 22 losses, and 11 ties for 85 points. They ousted the New York Rangers in six games in the Semi-finals before defeating the defending champion Chicago Black Hawks, also in six games, to win their first Stanley Cup championship since 1951. It would be the first of three straight Stanley Cup titles for the team, and four overall during the decade of the 1960s. The Toronto Maple Leafs won the","title":"1961–62 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"10621498","text":"chosen in honour of the Maple Leaf Regiment from World War I. Another story says that Smythe named the team after a team he'd once scouted, called the East Toronto Maple Leafs. Smythe's name was initially kept in the background, even though he was the largest shareholder. When the newly renamed Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club Ltd. promoted a public share offering to raise capital, it only disclosed that \"one of the most prominent hockey coaches in Toronto\" would be taking over management of the club. That prominent coach turned out to be Smythe, who installed himself as general manager.","title":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"20603436","text":"Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs has been the point of subject for a number of media in Canadian popular culture, including artworks, books, novels, and songs. References to the Toronto Maple Leafs have been made typically in association with the city of Toronto, such as the case in the beginning of the 2010 spy film \"Fair Game\". During the scene, CIA agent Valerie Plame was being questioned by a suspicious weapons trafficker. He asks her if she is an American, and after responding that she is Canadian, he asks her about","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"11823373","text":"general manager. The Maple Leafs were mathematically eliminated from the playoffs on March 31, 2009, with six games remaining in the season. The Maple Leafs finished the season with 286 goals allowed (excluding seven shootout goals), the most out of all 30 teams. The Maple Leafs also struggled on the penalty kill, finishing 30th overall in penalty-kill percentage, at 74.68%. The Toronto Maple Leafs failed to qualify for the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Maple Leafs. Stats reflect time with Maple Leafs only. Traded mid-season. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. On October 6,","title":"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12001703","text":"1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 63rd season of the franchise, 53rd season as the Maple Leafs. In July 1979, Leafs owner Harold Ballard brought back Punch Imlach, a longtime friend, as general manager. Imlach traded Lanny McDonald to undermine team captain Darryl Sittler's influence on the team. The McDonald trade sent the Leafs into a downward spiral. They finished five games under .500 and only made the playoffs due to the presence of the Quebec Nordiques, a refugee from the WHA, in the Adams Division. The 1979-80 season marked the dismantling of","title":"1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"20166933","text":"2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 101st season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The Maple Leafs set a new franchise record in wins when they earned their 46th win of the season on March 28, 2018, and as well set a new franchise record for wins at home. The following day, the Leafs officially clinched a playoff spot for a second consecutive season. The Leafs made it to the playoffs last season, and were bumped out in the first series. Their season ended in the","title":"2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"20166935","text":"an additional two picks through various trades. Draft notes: 2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 101st season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The Maple Leafs set a new franchise record in wins when they earned their 46th win of the season on March 28, 2018, and as well set a new franchise record for wins at home. The following day, the Leafs officially clinched a playoff spot for a second consecutive season. The Leafs made it to the playoffs last season, and were bumped out","title":"2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"12997618","text":"1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 80th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs entered the 1996–97 NHL season with the hopes of making the post-season for the fifth consecutive year. Mike Murphy was hired prior to the season as the head coach replacing interim coach Nick Beverley. The team played mediocre for most of the season and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1992. This season, would be Cliff Fletcher's last as General Manager of the Maple Leafs. In one of his final moves, Fletcher (in February)","title":"1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11436120","text":"season, with just two. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2000–01 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 2000 NHL Entry Draft held at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta. 2000–01 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2000–01 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 84th season of existence and their 74th season as the Maple Leafs. The team finished third in the Northeast Division with a 37–29–11–5 record (90 points). In the 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs, they swept their rivals, the first-place Ottawa Senators, four games to none in the Eastern Conference Quarter-finals before falling","title":"2000–01 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11229425","text":"1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the club's 25th season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs came off a very solid season in 1940–41, finishing with their second highest point total in club history, as they had a 28–14–6 record, earning 62 points, which was two fewer than the 1934–35 team accumulated; however, they lost to the Boston Bruins in the semifinals, extending their Stanley Cup drought to nine seasons. That drought was broken, however, when the Maple Leafs defeated the Detroit Red Wings in the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals, coming back from a","title":"1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11078430","text":"7 was the best NHL game of his career. \"Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–3.\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1992-93 season. 1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 76th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1992-93 season was a triumph for the Maple Leafs. It saw them set franchise records in wins (44) and points (99). The 21-year-old goaltender Felix Potvin played his first full season with the team and was solid, with a 25-15-7 record, a GAA of 2.50, 2 shutouts, and a","title":"1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11114226","text":"1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish in first place for the first time since the 1962–63 season. It was also the Maple Leafs' first 100-point season, as well as long-time NHLer Wendel Clark's last season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs had their second consecutive 45-win season and broke the 1992–93 franchise record for most points accumulated in a season. Mats Sundin averaged a point per game, scoring 32 goals and picking up 41 assists for 73 points in 73 games. Jonas Hoglund had a career year, finishing third on the","title":"1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11078420","text":"1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 76th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1992-93 season was a triumph for the Maple Leafs. It saw them set franchise records in wins (44) and points (99). The 21-year-old goaltender Felix Potvin played his first full season with the team and was solid, with a 25-15-7 record, a GAA of 2.50, 2 shutouts, and a .910 SV%. In a season that saw 20 of 24 teams average more than 3 goals scored per game, the Maple Leafs goaltending was one of the best in","title":"1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11137367","text":"Toronto completed the sweep, defeating New York 6–4, and winning their third Stanley Cup in team history, and first since 1922, when they were still named the Toronto St. Pats. The \"Kid Line\" of Jackson, Conacher, and Primeau combined for 8 goals in the 3 games. 1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 15th season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs were coming off their best regular season in team history in 1930–31, and the club set team records in wins and points, with 23 and 53 respectively, finishing in second place in the","title":"1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11076946","text":"Harry Watson, Max Bentley, Joe Klukay, Danny Lewicki, Ray Timgren, Fleming Mackell, Johnny McCormack, Bob Hassard, Conn Smythe (manager), Joe Primeau (coach), Tim Daly (trainer) </div> 1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season involved winning the Stanley Cup. The Stanley Cup was famous for Bill Barilko scoring the winning goal. Every game went into overtime in this series. Bill Barilko scored the Cup-winning goal, his last goal in the NHL as he would die in a plane crash during the summer. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \"Toronto wins best-of-seven series four games to one.\" Turk","title":"1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11076945","text":"1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season involved winning the Stanley Cup. The Stanley Cup was famous for Bill Barilko scoring the winning goal. Every game went into overtime in this series. Bill Barilko scored the Cup-winning goal, his last goal in the NHL as he would die in a plane crash during the summer. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \"Toronto wins best-of-seven series four games to one.\" Turk Broda, Al Rollins, Jimmy Thomson, Gus Mortson, Bill Barilko, Bill Juzda, Fern Flaman, Hugh Bolton, Ted Kennedy (captain), Sid Smith, Tod Sloan, Cal Gardner, Howie Meeker,","title":"1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13339136","text":"for defrauding Maple Leaf Gardens of $249,000. On October 13, just after the start of the season, Smythe died of complications from a bleeding ulcer. The Leaf's home opener, scheduled for that night was postponed, only the second postponement in Maple Leaf Gardens history. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1971-72 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1971 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. 1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 55th season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). It","title":"1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"13339135","text":"1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 55th season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). It was also the fortieth anniversary season of the opening of Maple Leaf Gardens. The Maple Leafs finished fourth, and qualified for the playoffs, losing in the first round to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins. In June, team president Stafford Smythe and vice-president Harold Ballard were arrested for theft and fraud involving funds of Maple Leaf Gardens. They were charged jointly on the theft of $146,000 of funds and securities and Smythe was further charged","title":"1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"10621510","text":"a decline in their sponsored junior system (including the Toronto St. Michael's Majors and the Toronto Marlboros). The junior system was managed by Frank J. Selke until his departure to the Canadiens in 1946. In his absence, the quality of players it produced declined. Many who were called up to the Leafs in the early 1950s were found to be seriously lacking in ability. It was only later in the decade that the Leafs' feeder clubs produced prospects that helped them become competitive again. After a two-year drought from the playoffs, the Maple Leafs clinched a berth after the 1958–59","title":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"10621485","text":"Maple Leafs do not claim the Blue Shirts' history as their own, as the NHL was formed to remove Livingstone from the NHA and that franchise was folded. As such, pre-NHL Toronto could not be part of Maple Leafs history. They do, however, claim the history of the \"temporary\" Toronto franchise of 1917–18. The Toronto NHA franchise did not have an official name during the NHL's inaugural season in 1917–18, but was still unofficially called \"the Blueshirts\" and \"the Torontos\" by the newspapers of the day, as well as by some fans. Although the roster was composed mainly of former","title":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"785893","text":"the latter as part of the franchise's centennial celebration. For the 2018 season, the Leafs also wore a Toronto Arenas-inspired throwback design. In addition, the Leafs participated in two outdoor games as part of the NHL's own centennial celebration. In the NHL Centennial Classic against the Red Wings, the Leafs wore blue sweaters with bold white stripes across the chest and arms. For the 2018 NHL Stadium Series, the Leafs wore white uniforms with two blue stripes across the chest and arms, and in an unusual move, paired this uniform with white pants. The Maple Leafs' mascot is Carlton the","title":"Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"10621497","text":"a syndicate that bought the St. Pats. Smythe himself invested $10,000 of his own money and his group contributed $75,000 up front and a further $75,000 due 30 days later, with Bickell retaining his $40,000 share in the team. After taking control on Valentine's Day 1927, Smythe immediately renamed the team the Maple Leafs. (The Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team had won the International League championship a few months earlier and had been using that name for 30 years.) There have been numerous reasons cited for Smythe's decision to rename the team. The Maple Leafs say that the name was","title":"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs"},{"psg_id":"11078414","text":"The Maple Leafs were still in the playoff race with the Minnesota North Stars by mid March, but a 3-5-0 finish to the season ended any postseason hopes. Despite finishing with fewer wins than Toronto, The North Stars clinched the final playoff spot over the Leafs costing head coach Tom Watt his job. During the regular season, the Maple Leafs tied the Montreal Canadiens for the fewest short-handed goals allowed, with just 5. Several months after the Toronto Maple Leafs hired Cliff Fletcher to be their new general manager, Fletcher made a blockbuster trade with Calgary (where he had previously","title":"1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11078416","text":"= Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1991-92 season. 1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 75th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). Forward Wendel Clark is named team captain, following the departure of defenceman Rob Ramage to the Minnesota North Stars. After starting the season with a 2-1 record, a loss to the Washington Capitals on October 9 began what would become a seven-game losing streak. As the losses piled up, two intrepid Leafs fans from Wilfrid Laurier University went","title":"1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season"},{"psg_id":"11147898","text":"last in power-play goals scored (56), power-play opportunities (334), power-play percentage (16.77%) and penalty-killing percentage (72.70%). \"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\" \"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\" \"Note: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1988-89 season. 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 72nd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1988-89 Leafs","title":"1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785916\",\n \"text\": \"McKnight in 1986, Bob Cole in 2007, and Bill Hewitt in 2007. These are the top franchise leaders in regular season points, goals, assists, points per game, games played, and goaltending wins as of the end of the 2015–16 season. Footnotes Citations Works cited Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The club is owned by Maple Leaf\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13002700\",\n \"text\": \"1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 53rd season of play of the NHL Toronto franchise and 43rd as the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\". After qualifying for the playoffs the previous season, the Leafs fell to last-place in the NHL East and did not qualify for the playoffs. Punch Imlach's term as Maple Leafs' general manager ended after the 1969 playoffs. Jim Gregory, who had been an executive with the Toronto Marlboros was named general manager, the first new GM for the Maple Leafs since 1957. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions\",\n \"title\": \"1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13002701\",\n \"text\": \"during the 1969–70 season. 1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 53rd season of play of the NHL Toronto franchise and 43rd as the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\". After qualifying for the playoffs the previous season, the Leafs fell to last-place in the NHL East and did not qualify for the playoffs. Punch Imlach's term as Maple Leafs' general manager ended after the 1969 playoffs. Jim Gregory, who had been an executive with the Toronto Marlboros was named general manager, the first new GM for the Maple Leafs since 1957. The Maple Leafs have been involved\",\n \"title\": \"1969–70 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785914\",\n \"text\": \"Game hosted in Toronto, the NHL announced the League-wide retirement of Wayne Gretzky's number 99, retiring it from use throughout all its member teams, including the Maple Leafs. The Toronto Maple Leafs acknowledges an affiliation with 75 inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame. The 75 inductees include 62 former players as well as 13 builders of the sport. The Maple Leafs have the greatest number of players inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame of any NHL team. The 13 individuals recognized as builders of the sport include former Maple Leafs broadcasters, executives, head coaches, and other personnel relating\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13339132\",\n \"text\": \"1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 57th season of the Toronto NHL franchise, 47th as the \\\"Maple Leafs.\\\" The Leafs placed fourth to make the playoffs, but were swept in the first round by the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs made several signings that would improve their team. At the entry draft, the Maple Leafs chose Lanny McDonald with the fourth-overall draft pick. He would play six and a half seasons with the Maple Leafs. Bernie Parent, who had left the team for the World Hockey Association (WHA) in 1972, made it known\",\n \"title\": \"1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18028739\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse Association. The team started out in the senior A league in 1966. In 1968, the professional NLA was launched and the Maple Leafs joined the league, playing their home games at Maple Leaf Gardens. Stafford Smythe and Harold Ballard, part owners of the National Hockey League's Toronto Maple Leafs, were two of the five founding partners of the pro club, but financial difficulties forced Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd. to take over ownership of the club midway though the season. The NLA suspended\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078411\",\n \"text\": \"Louis Blues in a seven-game Norris final. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Chicago Black Hawks \\\"Toronto wins best-of-five series 3–0\\\" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. St. Louis Blues \\\"St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–3\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1985-86 season. The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the St. Catharines Saints of the AHL. 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the Toronto Maple Leafs 69th season of the franchise, 59th season as the Maple Leafs. Despite posting the fourth-worst record in the league, the Leafs qualified for the last\",\n \"title\": \"1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18028740\",\n \"text\": \"operations prior to the following season. However, the eastern division of the NLA reconstituted itself as the Eastern Professional Lacrosse Association, in which the Maple Leafs competed in 1969. By 1970 the pro league league had disbanded. Toronto would be without pro box lacrosse until the arrival of the Toronto Tomahawks in 1974. Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse Association. The team started out in the senior A league in 1966. In 1968, the professional NLA was launched and the Maple Leafs joined the league, playing their home\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12990936\",\n \"text\": \"1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 62nd season of the Toronto NHL franchise, 52nd as the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\". The Leafs placed third in the Adams Division to make the playoffs where the Leafs won their first round series against the Atlanta Flames, only to lose in the second series to the Montreal Canadiens. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames \\\"Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0.\\\" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \\\"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0.\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the\",\n \"title\": \"1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12990937\",\n \"text\": \"1978-79 season. 1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 62nd season of the Toronto NHL franchise, 52nd as the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\". The Leafs placed third in the Adams Division to make the playoffs where the Leafs won their first round series against the Atlanta Flames, only to lose in the second series to the Montreal Canadiens. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Atlanta Flames \\\"Toronto wins best-of-three series 2 games to 0.\\\" Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \\\"Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4 games to 0.\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions\",\n \"title\": \"1978–79 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5074932\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Paul Spoljaric (2002–2007). Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball) The Toronto Maple Leafs are an independent, minor league baseball team of the semi-pro Intercounty Baseball League, based in Toronto, Ontario. They play their home games on \\\"Dominico Field\\\" at Christie Pits. They are also known colloquially as the Intercounty Maple Leafs or the Intercounty Leafs to disambiguate themselves from the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The Maple Leafs baseball team began play in 1969, the second season after the original Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team of the AAA International League moved to Louisville, Kentucky. In their inaugural\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5074929\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball) The Toronto Maple Leafs are an independent, minor league baseball team of the semi-pro Intercounty Baseball League, based in Toronto, Ontario. They play their home games on \\\"Dominico Field\\\" at Christie Pits. They are also known colloquially as the Intercounty Maple Leafs or the Intercounty Leafs to disambiguate themselves from the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team. The Maple Leafs baseball team began play in 1969, the second season after the original Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team of the AAA International League moved to Louisville, Kentucky. In their inaugural year, the new Leafs lost 23 games,\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785810\",\n \"text\": \"maple leaf as a \\\"badge of courage\\\", and a reminder of home, Smythe decided to give the same name to his hockey team, in honour of the many Canadian soldiers who wore it. However, the team was not the first to use the name. A Toronto minor-league baseball team had used the name \\\"Maple Leafs\\\" since 1895. Initial reports were that the team's colours were to be red and white, but the Leafs wore white sweaters with a green maple leaf for their first game on February 17, 1927. On September 27, 1927, it was announced that the Leafs had\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10621548\",\n \"text\": \"First Round and lost in seven games. Following the playoffs, Lamoriello was not renewed as general manager and was transitioned to senior advisor. Kyle Dubas was subsequentley named the 17th general manager in team history. During the 2018 off-season, the Maple Leafs signed John Tavares to a seven-year, $77-million dollar contract. Tavares was subsequently named an alternate captain for the Leafs, alongside Morgan Rielly, and Patrick Marleau. History of the Toronto Maple Leafs The history of the Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League (NHL) team spans more than a century. The Maple Leafs and the NHL arose from disputes between\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785876\",\n \"text\": \"Romanuk. MLSE also operates a regional specialty channel, the Leafs Nation Network. The Leafs Nation Network broadcasts programming related to the Maple Leafs, as well as games for the Toronto Marlies, the Maple Leafs' American Hockey League affiliate. Like the Maple Leafs television broadcasts, radio broadcasts are split evenly between Rogers' CJCL (Sportsnet 590, The Fan) and Bell's CHUM (TSN Radio 1050). Both Bell and Rogers' radio broadcasts have their colour commentary provided by Jim Ralph, with play-by-play provided by Joe Bowen. Foster Hewitt was the Leafs' first play-by-play broadcaster, providing radio play-by-play from 1927 to 1978. In addition, he\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11404100\",\n \"text\": \"was only seven rounds in length, compared to nine rounds in years past. The labor dispute caused the shortened draft. The Maple Leafs were also affiliated with the Pensacola Ice Pilots of the ECHL. 2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 89th season of the franchise, 79th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs would go on to lead all 30 teams with most power-play goals scored during the regular season, with 107. Captain Mats Sundin, who scored only 13 goals in his first\",\n \"title\": \"2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785800\",\n \"text\": \"broadcasting rights are split between BCE Inc. and Rogers Communications. For their first 14 seasons, the club played their home games at the Mutual Street Arena, before moving to Maple Leaf Gardens in 1931. The Maple Leafs moved to their present home, Scotiabank Arena (originally named the Air Canada Centre) in February 1999. The club was founded in 1917, operating simply as Toronto and known then as the Toronto Arenas. Under new ownership, the club was renamed the Toronto St. Patricks in 1919. In 1927 the club was purchased by Conn Smythe and renamed the Maple Leafs. A member of\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785802\",\n \"text\": \"Senators. The Maple Leafs have retired the use of thirteen numbers in honour of nineteen players. In addition, a number of individuals who hold an association with the club have been inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame. The Maple Leafs are presently affiliated with two minor league teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League, and the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL. The National Hockey League was formed in 1917 in Montreal by teams formerly belonging to the National Hockey Association (NHA) that had a dispute with Eddie Livingstone, owner of the Toronto Blueshirts. The owners of the\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10621472\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs The history of the Toronto Maple Leafs National Hockey League (NHL) team spans more than a century. The Maple Leafs and the NHL arose from disputes between Eddie Livingstone, owner of the National Hockey Association's Toronto Blueshirts, and the other owners of the Association. In November 1917, the Toronto Arena Company was granted a temporary franchise from the NHL, a new ice hockey league made up of the other NHA owners that had disputes with Livingstone. The franchise was later made permanent by the NHL in October 1918. Playing at Arena Gardens, the Toronto\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11404094\",\n \"text\": \"2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 89th season of the franchise, 79th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs would go on to lead all 30 teams with most power-play goals scored during the regular season, with 107. Captain Mats Sundin, who scored only 13 goals in his first 49 games of the season, scored 18 goals in his final 21 games, for the 12th 30-goal season of his career. The 32-year-old veteran Eric Lindros, signed by the Maple Leafs on August 11,\",\n \"title\": \"2005–06 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785895\",\n \"text\": \"St. John's, Newfoundland and was known as the St. John's Maple Leafs. The Marlies originated from the New Brunswick Hawks, who later moved to St. Catherines, Newmarket, and St. John's, before finally moving to Toronto. The Marlies was named after the Toronto Marlboros, a junior hockey team named after the Duke of Marlborough. Founded in 1903, the Marlboros were sponsored by the Leafs from 1927 to 1989. The Marlboros constituted one of two junior hockey teams the Leafs formerly sponsored, the other being the Toronto St. Michael's Majors. The Growlers are an ECHL team based in St. John's Newfoundland. The\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11436125\",\n \"text\": \"Entry Draft held at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. 2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the team's 86th season of the franchise, and the 76th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs were the most penalized team during the regular season, being penalized 426 times. The Maple Leafs qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the fifth consecutive year. They lost to the Philadelphia Flyers in 7 games in the first round. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions\",\n \"title\": \"2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17334890\",\n \"text\": \"with the Maple Leafs only. Denotes player was traded mid-season. Stats reflect time with the Maple Leafs only. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2013–14 season. Toronto Maple Leafs' picks at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, held in Newark, New Jersey on June 30, 2013. 2013–14 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2013–14 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 97th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. Due to a realignment that was approved on March 14, 2013 by the NHL's Board of Governors,\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6024852\",\n \"text\": \"were counted as hits \\\"Source: Baseball's Back in Town by Louis Cauz, Controlled Media Corporation Inc., 1977\\\" The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the following major league teams: Notes Sources Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a high-level minor league baseball club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played from 1896 to 1967. While the Maple Leafs had working agreements with numerous Major League Baseball clubs after the introduction of farm systems in the 1930s, they achieved great success as an unaffiliated club during the 1950s, when they were the strongest team on the field and\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11185309\",\n \"text\": \"1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 54th season of the franchise, 44th as the Maple Leafs. Norm Ullman ranked sixth in the league in the scoring with 85 points. The Leafs placed fourth in the East to qualify for the playoffs. The Leafs lost to the New York Rangers in the first round of the playoffs. In February, the Maple Leafs and Philadelphia Flyers swung a large trade. Toronto picked up Bernie Parent and a second-round draft choice for Bruce Gamble, Mike Walton and a first-round draft choice. The Maple Leafs have been\",\n \"title\": \"1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785880\",\n \"text\": \"multi-purpose facility, with a Loblaws grocery store occupying retail space on the lower floors, and an athletics arena for Ryerson University, occupying another level. The Maple Leafs presently use two facilities in the City of Toronto. The club moved from the Gardens on February 20, 1999, to their current home arena, the Scotiabank Arena, a multi-purpose indoor entertainment arena on Bay Street in Downtown Toronto. The arena is owned by the Maple Leafs' parent company MLSE, and is shared with the NBA's Toronto Raptors (another MLSE subsidiary), as well as the National Lacrosse League's Toronto Rock. In addition to the\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13326880\",\n \"text\": \"Boston Bruins, who defeated them 4–1. 1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 22nd season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs again advanced to the Stanley Cup Final, losing to the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs finished in third place in the regular season, which matched them up against the New York Americans in the first round, best of three series. After sweeping the Americans in 2 games, the Leafs played the Detroit Red Wings in the next round in another best of three series, which they won 2–1.\",\n \"title\": \"1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13329038\",\n \"text\": \"1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the first under the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\" name for the Toronto National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. The club finished in fourth to miss the playoffs again. Conn Smythe left his duties as coach at the University of Toronto and became the general manager and coach of the Leafs. Smythe would be general manager for 30 years. Smythe put team captain Bert Corbeau on waivers in October. Corbeau cleared waivers and joined Toronto Ravinia of the Canadian-American Professional Hockey League. Smythe named Hap Day as team captain. The Maple Leafs\",\n \"title\": \"1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20603444\",\n \"text\": \"silence prior to their game, as well as lower the banner of Barilko's retired number. College station of the Toronto subway system feature a pair of murals called \\\"Hockey Knights in Canada\\\", named after \\\"Hockey Night in Canada\\\"; one depicting the Toronto Maple Leafs on the southbound side and facing the Montreal Canadiens on the northbound side, depicting the decades-old rivalry between the two clubs. They were created by Charles Pachter in 1984, when the Toronto Maple Leafs still played at nearby Maple Leaf Gardens. Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs has\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12753326\",\n \"text\": \"1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 60th season, 50th as the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\". The Leafs finished in third place in the Adams Division with a record of 33 wins, 32 losses and 15 ties for 81 points. In the playoffs, they defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins in the preliminary round 2–1 before falling to the Philadelphia Flyers in six games in the Quarter-finals. On February 2, 1977, Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman Ian Turnbull would be the first player in NHL history to score five goals on five shots. The Maple Leafs have been\",\n \"title\": \"1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078410\",\n \"text\": \"1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the Toronto Maple Leafs 69th season of the franchise, 59th season as the Maple Leafs. Despite posting the fourth-worst record in the league, the Leafs qualified for the last playoff spot in a very weak Norris Division; the division champion Chicago Black Hawks only notched 86 points. The Leafs' .356 winning percentage is the fourth-worst in franchise history, and one of the worst ever for a playoff qualifier. Despite this, the Leafs swept the Hawks in three games in the Norris semifinals before going down to the St.\",\n \"title\": \"1985–86 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15398049\",\n \"text\": \"the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since the 2003–04 season. \\\"The Hockey News\\\" predicted that the Leafs will place tenth and miss the playoffs. The Maple Leafs were ultimately eliminated from playoff contention. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Maple Leafs. Stats reflect time with Maple Leafs only. Traded mid-season. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2011–12 season. Toronto's picks at the 2011 NHL Entry Draft in St. Paul, Minnesota. 2011–12 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2011–12 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 95th season\",\n \"title\": \"2011–12 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13532974\",\n \"text\": \"playoffs for more consecutive years. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Maple Leafs. Stats reflect time with Maple Leafs only. Traded mid-season. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2009–10 season. Toronto's picks at the 2009 NHL Entry Draft in Montreal, Quebec. 2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season is the franchise's 93rd, and their 83rd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs had not qualified for the post-season since the 2003–04 season, and began the regular season with its worst start in franchise history\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076928\",\n \"text\": \"players), Stafford Smythe, Harold Ballard, John Bassette, Punch Imlach, King Clancy, Bob Haggart, Tom Nayler (7 non-players) The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1966–67 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1966 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Mount Royal Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. 1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 50th season of the Toronto NHL franchise, fortieth as the \\\"Maple Leafs.\\\" The Leafs finished third in the NHL with a record of 32–27–11 for 75 points to qualify for the playoffs. Toronto defeated the first-place Chicago Black\",\n \"title\": \"1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076925\",\n \"text\": \"1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 50th season of the Toronto NHL franchise, fortieth as the \\\"Maple Leafs.\\\" The Leafs finished third in the NHL with a record of 32–27–11 for 75 points to qualify for the playoffs. Toronto defeated the first-place Chicago Black Hawks four games to two in the semi-finals before upending their arch-rival Montreal Canadiens in six games to win their thirteenth Stanley Cup in franchise history. As of 2017, this is the last time that the Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup, or even made it to the Finals.\",\n \"title\": \"1966–67 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11436124\",\n \"text\": \"2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the team's 86th season of the franchise, and the 76th season as the Maple Leafs. Key dates prior to the start of the season: The Maple Leafs were the most penalized team during the regular season, being penalized 426 times. The Maple Leafs qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the fifth consecutive year. They lost to the Philadelphia Flyers in 7 games in the first round. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2002–03 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 2002 NHL\",\n \"title\": \"2002–03 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12402533\",\n \"text\": \"the lowest ever for a playoff qualifier. They lost to the Red Wings in six games in the Division Semi-finals. The Maple Leafs finished last in power-play goals scored (54), power-play opportunities (347) and power-play percentage (15.56%). The Toronto Maple Leafs were defeated 4 games to 2 against the Norris Division winning Detroit Red Wings. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1987-88 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1987 NHL Entry Draft held at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. 1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the\",\n \"title\": \"1987–88 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11185310\",\n \"text\": \"involved in the following transactions during the 1970–71 season. 1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 54th season of the franchise, 44th as the Maple Leafs. Norm Ullman ranked sixth in the league in the scoring with 85 points. The Leafs placed fourth in the East to qualify for the playoffs. The Leafs lost to the New York Rangers in the first round of the playoffs. In February, the Maple Leafs and Philadelphia Flyers swung a large trade. Toronto picked up Bernie Parent and a second-round draft choice for Bruce Gamble, Mike Walton and\",\n \"title\": \"1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11147874\",\n \"text\": \"1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 73rd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs had their first non-losing season since the 1978–79 NHL season. Gary Leeman became the second member of the Maple Leafs to score 50 goals in one season. Newly acquired defenceman Rob Ramage, is named team captain. Ramage assumes a role that has been vacant for three seasons. On the Power Play, the Maple Leafs scored 81 goals on 348 advantages for a 23.3% success rate. This ranked 4th overall in the NHL. The Maple Leafs allowed\",\n \"title\": \"1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6024830\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) The Toronto Maple Leafs were a high-level minor league baseball club located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that played from 1896 to 1967. While the Maple Leafs had working agreements with numerous Major League Baseball clubs after the introduction of farm systems in the 1930s, they achieved great success as an unaffiliated club during the 1950s, when they were the strongest team on the field and in attendance in the Triple-A International League. The 1902, 1918, 1920, 1926, and 1960 teams were recognized as being among the 100 greatest minor league teams of all time. Toronto\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12001707\",\n \"text\": \"Brewer was a spy for Imlach. In Brewer's first game, many of his teammates were openly hostile to him. Brewer's defense partner was Borje Salming, and Salming refused to pass Brewer the puck. During the season, Brewer would only play in twenty contests. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1979-80 season. The Maple Leafs were affiliated with the New Brunswick Hawks of the American Hockey League. 1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 63rd season of the franchise, 53rd season as the Maple Leafs. In July 1979, Leafs\",\n \"title\": \"1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11137357\",\n \"text\": \"1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 15th season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs were coming off their best regular season in team history in 1930–31, and the club set team records in wins and points, with 23 and 53 respectively, finishing in second place in the Canadian Division. Toronto then won three playoff rounds to win the Stanley Cup, first as the Maple Leafs, and third in the history of the franchise. Prior to the season, the NHL announced that the schedule would increase from 44 games to 48. Also, the Maple\",\n \"title\": \"1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13339134\",\n \"text\": \"played for Brynas of the Swedish League, and the Leafs had to pay the Swedish Ice Hockey Federation for their release. Salming would play with the Leafs until 1989, when he joined the Detroit Red Wings. Hammarstrom would play five seasons in Toronto before moving to the St. Louis Blues. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1973–74 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. 1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 57th season of the Toronto\",\n \"title\": \"1973–74 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13532970\",\n \"text\": \"2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season is the franchise's 93rd, and their 83rd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs had not qualified for the post-season since the 2003–04 season, and began the regular season with its worst start in franchise history by going winless in the first eight games. The team moved to a new practice facility, the MasterCard Centre, from their former practice facility, the Lakeshore Lions Arena. Built next door to the old arena, the new facility has four ice sheets, allowing the Maple Leafs and their farm team the Toronto Marlies to\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12753327\",\n \"text\": \"involved in the following transactions during the 1976–77 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft held in Montreal, Quebec. 1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 60th season, 50th as the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\". The Leafs finished in third place in the Adams Division with a record of 33 wins, 32 losses and 15 ties for 81 points. In the playoffs, they defeated the Pittsburgh Penguins in the preliminary round 2–1 before falling to the Philadelphia Flyers in six games in the Quarter-finals. On February 2, 1977, Toronto Maple Leafs defenceman\",\n \"title\": \"1976–77 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10453148\",\n \"text\": \"Bold/italics denotes franchise record. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2007–08 season. Toronto's picks at the 2007 NHL Entry Draft in Columbus, Ohio. 2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season began October 4, 2007. It is the 91st season of the franchise, 81st season as the Maple Leafs. In an effort to return to the playoffs in 2007–08, the Leafs made two significant moves during the off-season. The first was to acquire goaltender Vesa Toskala, along with Mark Bell from the San Jose Sharks for three draft picks. Toronto also\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12421173\",\n \"text\": \"1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season The Maple Leafs entered the season as defending Stanley Cup champions. The franchise hosted the 21st National Hockey League National Hockey League All-Star Game. It was played at Maple Leaf Gardens on January 16, 1968. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team by a score of 4–3. The Leafs missed the playoffs for the first time since 1958 with a record of 33–31–10 for 76 points for a fifth place in the East Division. The Leafs finished with a better record than any of the six expansion teams that season. \\\"The following Maple Leafs\",\n \"title\": \"1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13329039\",\n \"text\": \"did not qualify for the playoffs. 1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the first under the \\\"Maple Leafs\\\" name for the Toronto National Hockey League (NHL) franchise. The club finished in fourth to miss the playoffs again. Conn Smythe left his duties as coach at the University of Toronto and became the general manager and coach of the Leafs. Smythe would be general manager for 30 years. Smythe put team captain Bert Corbeau on waivers in October. Corbeau cleared waivers and joined Toronto Ravinia of the Canadian-American Professional Hockey League. Smythe named Hap Day\",\n \"title\": \"1927–28 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14601117\",\n \"text\": \"2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 94th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917, and 84th season since adopting the Maple Leafs name in February 1927. The Maple Leafs posted a regular season record of 37 wins, 34 losses, and 11 overtime/shootout losses for 85 points, failing to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. The Maple Leafs did not have a first round selection in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, having traded it to the Boston Bruins in the Phil Kessel\",\n \"title\": \"2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14601122\",\n \"text\": \"in Los Angeles, California. 2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 94th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917, and 84th season since adopting the Maple Leafs name in February 1927. The Maple Leafs posted a regular season record of 37 wins, 34 losses, and 11 overtime/shootout losses for 85 points, failing to qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. The Maple Leafs did not have a first round selection in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft, having traded it to the Boston Bruins\",\n \"title\": \"2010–11 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12997619\",\n \"text\": \"traded Captain Doug Gilmour to the New Jersey Devils. \\\"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\\\" \\\"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\\\" \\\"Note: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1996–97 season. The Maple Leafs farm team was the St. John's Maple Leafs, based in St. John's, Newfoundland. 1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 80th season\",\n \"title\": \"1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785894\",\n \"text\": \"Bear, an anthropomorphic polar bear whose name and number (#60) comes from the location of Maple Leaf Gardens at 60 Carlton Street, where the Leafs played throughout much of their history. Carlton made his first public appearance on July 29, 1995. He later made his regular season appearance on October 10, 1995. The Maple Leafs are presently affiliated with two minor league teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League, and the Newfoundland Growlers of the ECHL. The Marlies play from Coca-Cola Coliseum in Toronto. Prior to its move to Coca-Cola Coliseum in 2005, the team was located in\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11147897\",\n \"text\": \"1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 72nd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1988-89 Leafs season was a disastrous one that saw John Brophy relieved from his coaching duties mid-season. Interim coach George Armstrong led the Leafs close to the playoffs, but they eventually missed out by losing to the Chicago Blackhawks on the final day of the regular season. The Leafs needed a win against Chicago to clinch a post season birth, but a Troy Murray overtime goal ended the season for Toronto. The Maple Leafs finished the regular season\",\n \"title\": \"1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12421174\",\n \"text\": \"were lost to various franchises in the Expansion Draft.\\\" The Maple Leafs were involved in the following transactions during the 1967–68 season. 1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season The Maple Leafs entered the season as defending Stanley Cup champions. The franchise hosted the 21st National Hockey League National Hockey League All-Star Game. It was played at Maple Leaf Gardens on January 16, 1968. The Toronto Maple Leafs defeated an all-star team by a score of 4–3. The Leafs missed the playoffs for the first time since 1958 with a record of 33–31–10 for 76 points for a fifth place in the\",\n \"title\": \"1967–68 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11453454\",\n \"text\": \"went an impressive 9-6-2 and clinched a playoff spot on the final day of their regular season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1995 NHL Entry Draft held at the Edmonton Coliseum in Edmonton, Alberta. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1995-96 season. The Maple Leafs played their last playoff series at Maple Leaf Gardens. 1995–96 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1995–96 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 79th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Leafs headed into the 1995-96 NHL regular season with high hopes considering the fact that the club reached\",\n \"title\": \"1995–96 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11147876\",\n \"text\": \"January 10 in a game against the New York Islanders. During the streak, Olczyk had 11 goals and 17 assists. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1989-90 season. 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 73rd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs had their first non-losing season since the 1978–79 NHL season. Gary Leeman became the second member of the Maple Leafs to score 50 goals in one season. Newly acquired defenceman Rob Ramage, is named team captain. Ramage assumes a role that has\",\n \"title\": \"1989–90 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078436\",\n \"text\": \"Blackhawks the Leafs would go on to play the eighth seed San Jose Sharks in the conference semi finals. With the win in game seven against San Jose Toronto would go on to play the Vancouver Canucks, whom would end their playoff run. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1993-94 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1993 NHL Entry Draft held at the Quebec Coliseum in Quebec City, Quebec. 1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Leafs finish in second place in the Central Division with a record\",\n \"title\": \"1993–94 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785852\",\n \"text\": \"players who were key contributors to the Leafs' late-season run had been drafted by him before Ferguson's arrival, while Ferguson's signings (Jason Allison, Belfour, Alexander Khavanov, and Eric Lindros) had suffered season-ending injuries. Paul Maurice, who had previously coached the inaugural season of the Maple Leafs' Toronto Marlies farm team, was named as Quinn's replacement. On June 30, 2006, the Leafs bought out fan-favourite Tie Domi's contract. The team also decided against picking up the option year on goaltender Ed Belfour's contract; he became a free agent. However, despite the coaching change, as well as a shuffle in the roster,\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13329099\",\n \"text\": \"Cude faced an average of 35.2 shots per game, while Hainsworth faced 23.8 shots per game. ;Scoring The Maple Leafs met the Detroit Red Wings in the second round in a best of five series and lost 3–2. 1933–34 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1933–34 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 17th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). Toronto would face Detroit WilRed Wings and goalie Wilf Cude in series A of the Playoffs. Game #1 Detroit 2 Toronto 1, #2 Detroit 6 Toronto 3, #3 Toronto 3 Detroit 1, #4Toronto 5 Detroit 1, #5 Detroit 1 Toronto 0.\",\n \"title\": \"1933–34 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19442458\",\n \"text\": \"2016–17 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2016–17 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 100th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The Maple Leafs finished the season with 95 points (a 12 year high) and qualified for the playoffs for the first time since the 2012–13 season. The off-season was relatively quiet for the Maple Leafs relative to previous seasons. On July 1, the opening day of free agency, Toronto signed forward Matt Martin to a four-year, $10 million contract, then brought back defenceman Roman Polak on a one-year deal the following day.\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12673507\",\n \"text\": \"1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Maple Leafs finish in second place in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 35 wins, 26 losses, and 9 ties for 79 points. They defeated the Detroit Red Wings in six games in the Semi-finals before being swept by their arch-rivals, the Montreal Canadiens, in the Stanley Cup Finals. Montreal swept the Chicago Black Hawks in four games to reach the Final. In the other semi-final, Toronto defeated the Detroit Red Wings four games to two. Montreal swept the Maple Leafs, outscoring them 15–5,\",\n \"title\": \"1959–60 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18823676\",\n \"text\": \"see off-season for try outs. Below are the Toronto Maple Leafs' selections at the 2015 NHL Entry Draft, held on June 26–27, 2015 at the BB&T Center in Sunrise, Florida. 2015–16 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2015–16 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 99th season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The season officially began its regular games on October 7, 2015, with a 3–1 loss against the Montreal Canadiens. Despite stretches of strong play, with the Maple Leafs at one point being within a few points of a playoff spot, they broke\",\n \"title\": \"2015–16 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6024838\",\n \"text\": \"with Howley back as manager. The following year, the National Hockey League team, the Toronto St. Patricks, changed its own nickname to Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs struggled through the 1930s, both on and off the field. In 1931, ownership of Maple Leaf Stadium passed to the Toronto Harbour Commission after the club was unable to pay taxes and other debts. Shortly after, club president Solman died, with George Oakley succeeding him in May 1931. At the same time, J. P. Bickell joined the team's board of directors. The 1932 Maple Leafs lost 113 games and only attracted 50,000 fans\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11114221\",\n \"text\": \"1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 82nd season. Two moves occurred this season. First, the club moved from the Western to the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). Secondly, the club moved from Maple Leaf Gardens to the new Air Canada Centre. Toronto qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs and made it to the Eastern Conference Finals before losing to the Buffalo Sabres. The Toronto Maple Leafs moved from the Central Division of the Western Conference to the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference. The 1998–99 season was a tremendous\",\n \"title\": \"1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11114225\",\n \"text\": \"the 1998 NHL Entry Draft held at the Marine Midland Arena in Buffalo, New York. 1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 82nd season. Two moves occurred this season. First, the club moved from the Western to the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). Secondly, the club moved from Maple Leaf Gardens to the new Air Canada Centre. Toronto qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs and made it to the Eastern Conference Finals before losing to the Buffalo Sabres. The Toronto Maple Leafs moved from the Central Division of the Western\",\n \"title\": \"1998–99 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13326879\",\n \"text\": \"1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 22nd season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs again advanced to the Stanley Cup Final, losing to the Boston Bruins. The Maple Leafs finished in third place in the regular season, which matched them up against the New York Americans in the first round, best of three series. After sweeping the Americans in 2 games, the Leafs played the Detroit Red Wings in the next round in another best of three series, which they won 2–1. In the finals, they played the\",\n \"title\": \"1938–39 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10453144\",\n \"text\": \"2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season began October 4, 2007. It is the 91st season of the franchise, 81st season as the Maple Leafs. In an effort to return to the playoffs in 2007–08, the Leafs made two significant moves during the off-season. The first was to acquire goaltender Vesa Toskala, along with Mark Bell from the San Jose Sharks for three draft picks. Toronto also signed free agent Jason Blake to a five-year, $20 million contract. Blake topped the 40-goal mark for the first time in 2006–07. With the Leafs struggling in the Northeast\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785908\",\n \"text\": \"the highest paid NHL coach in history. Earning 105 points during the 2017–18 season, Babcock recorded the most points of any Maple Leafs' coach in a single season. Punch Imlach coached the most regular season games of any Leafs' head coach with 770 games, and has the most all-time points with the Maple Leafs, with 865. He is followed by Pat Quinn, who coached 574 games, with 678 points all-time with the Maple Leafs. Both Mike Rodden and Dick Duff, have the fewest points with the Maple Leafs, with 0. Both were interim coaches who coached only two games each\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11436132\",\n \"text\": \"The Leafs did not qualify for the playoffs again until the 2012–13 season. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2003–04 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft held at the Gaylord Entertainment Center in Nashville, Tennessee. 2003–04 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2003–04 Toronto Maple Leafs season, the club's 87th season of existence and 77th as the Maple Leafs, saw the team finish in second place in the Northeast Division with a record of 45 wins, 24 losses, 10 ties and three overtime losses for 103 points. It was the highest\",\n \"title\": \"2003–04 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11114232\",\n \"text\": \"Hockey game unless it was held in Edmonton, a statement that was realized with the 2003 Heritage Classic three years later. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1999–2000 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1999 NHL Entry Draft held at the FleetCenter in Boston, Massachusetts. 1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish in first place for the first time since the 1962–63 season. It was also the Maple Leafs' first 100-point season, as well as long-time NHLer Wendel Clark's last season in the NHL. The Maple\",\n \"title\": \"1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11823374\",\n \"text\": \"the team placed Mark Bell on waivers. Toronto's picks at the 2008 NHL Entry Draft in Ottawa. 2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 92nd, and their 82nd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs did not qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season. The Leafs faced an off-season challenge to hire a general manager. Brian Burke was a favourite for the position held by Interim General Manager Cliff Fletcher, but Burke decided to stay with the Anaheim Ducks. He was not given permission to talk to the Leafs about their vacancy\",\n \"title\": \"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11823366\",\n \"text\": \"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 92nd, and their 82nd as the Maple Leafs. The Leafs did not qualify for the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season. The Leafs faced an off-season challenge to hire a general manager. Brian Burke was a favourite for the position held by Interim General Manager Cliff Fletcher, but Burke decided to stay with the Anaheim Ducks. He was not given permission to talk to the Leafs about their vacancy by Ducks owner Henry Samueli. Burke had one more year left on his contract as the general\",\n \"title\": \"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13323708\",\n \"text\": \"1945–46 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1945–46 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 29th season of play of the Toronto NHL franchise. Although the club was the defending Stanley Cup champion, the team's play declined and the club finished in fifth, missing the playoffs. Cup hero goaltender Frank McCool held out. The Maple Leafs decided to play the tandem of Baz Bastien and Gordie Bell. Without Frank McCool, the team only won three of the first thirteen games, and the Leafs and McCool came to terms. The club continued to struggle and only won eight of the first 28 games.\",\n \"title\": \"1945–46 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076941\",\n \"text\": \"1961–62 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1961–62 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the Leafs finish in second place in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 37 wins, 22 losses, and 11 ties for 85 points. They ousted the New York Rangers in six games in the Semi-finals before defeating the defending champion Chicago Black Hawks, also in six games, to win their first Stanley Cup championship since 1951. It would be the first of three straight Stanley Cup titles for the team, and four overall during the decade of the 1960s. The Toronto Maple Leafs won the\",\n \"title\": \"1961–62 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10621498\",\n \"text\": \"chosen in honour of the Maple Leaf Regiment from World War I. Another story says that Smythe named the team after a team he'd once scouted, called the East Toronto Maple Leafs. Smythe's name was initially kept in the background, even though he was the largest shareholder. When the newly renamed Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club Ltd. promoted a public share offering to raise capital, it only disclosed that \\\"one of the most prominent hockey coaches in Toronto\\\" would be taking over management of the club. That prominent coach turned out to be Smythe, who installed himself as general manager.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20603436\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Toronto Maple Leafs has been the point of subject for a number of media in Canadian popular culture, including artworks, books, novels, and songs. References to the Toronto Maple Leafs have been made typically in association with the city of Toronto, such as the case in the beginning of the 2010 spy film \\\"Fair Game\\\". During the scene, CIA agent Valerie Plame was being questioned by a suspicious weapons trafficker. He asks her if she is an American, and after responding that she is Canadian, he asks her about\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11823373\",\n \"text\": \"general manager. The Maple Leafs were mathematically eliminated from the playoffs on March 31, 2009, with six games remaining in the season. The Maple Leafs finished the season with 286 goals allowed (excluding seven shootout goals), the most out of all 30 teams. The Maple Leafs also struggled on the penalty kill, finishing 30th overall in penalty-kill percentage, at 74.68%. The Toronto Maple Leafs failed to qualify for the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs. Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Maple Leafs. Stats reflect time with Maple Leafs only. Traded mid-season. Bold/italics denotes franchise record. On October 6,\",\n \"title\": \"2008–09 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12001703\",\n \"text\": \"1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 63rd season of the franchise, 53rd season as the Maple Leafs. In July 1979, Leafs owner Harold Ballard brought back Punch Imlach, a longtime friend, as general manager. Imlach traded Lanny McDonald to undermine team captain Darryl Sittler's influence on the team. The McDonald trade sent the Leafs into a downward spiral. They finished five games under .500 and only made the playoffs due to the presence of the Quebec Nordiques, a refugee from the WHA, in the Adams Division. The 1979-80 season marked the dismantling of\",\n \"title\": \"1979–80 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20166933\",\n \"text\": \"2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 101st season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The Maple Leafs set a new franchise record in wins when they earned their 46th win of the season on March 28, 2018, and as well set a new franchise record for wins at home. The following day, the Leafs officially clinched a playoff spot for a second consecutive season. The Leafs made it to the playoffs last season, and were bumped out in the first series. Their season ended in the\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20166935\",\n \"text\": \"an additional two picks through various trades. Draft notes: 2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the 101st season for the National Hockey League franchise that was established on November 22, 1917. The Maple Leafs set a new franchise record in wins when they earned their 46th win of the season on March 28, 2018, and as well set a new franchise record for wins at home. The following day, the Leafs officially clinched a playoff spot for a second consecutive season. The Leafs made it to the playoffs last season, and were bumped out\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12997618\",\n \"text\": \"1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 80th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Maple Leafs entered the 1996–97 NHL season with the hopes of making the post-season for the fifth consecutive year. Mike Murphy was hired prior to the season as the head coach replacing interim coach Nick Beverley. The team played mediocre for most of the season and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1992. This season, would be Cliff Fletcher's last as General Manager of the Maple Leafs. In one of his final moves, Fletcher (in February)\",\n \"title\": \"1996–97 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11436120\",\n \"text\": \"season, with just two. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 2000–01 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 2000 NHL Entry Draft held at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta. 2000–01 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 2000–01 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the franchise's 84th season of existence and their 74th season as the Maple Leafs. The team finished third in the Northeast Division with a 37–29–11–5 record (90 points). In the 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs, they swept their rivals, the first-place Ottawa Senators, four games to none in the Eastern Conference Quarter-finals before falling\",\n \"title\": \"2000–01 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11229425\",\n \"text\": \"1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs season was the club's 25th season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs came off a very solid season in 1940–41, finishing with their second highest point total in club history, as they had a 28–14–6 record, earning 62 points, which was two fewer than the 1934–35 team accumulated; however, they lost to the Boston Bruins in the semifinals, extending their Stanley Cup drought to nine seasons. That drought was broken, however, when the Maple Leafs defeated the Detroit Red Wings in the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals, coming back from a\",\n \"title\": \"1941–42 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078430\",\n \"text\": \"7 was the best NHL game of his career. \\\"Los Angeles wins best-of-seven series 4–3.\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1992-93 season. 1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 76th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1992-93 season was a triumph for the Maple Leafs. It saw them set franchise records in wins (44) and points (99). The 21-year-old goaltender Felix Potvin played his first full season with the team and was solid, with a 25-15-7 record, a GAA of 2.50, 2 shutouts, and a\",\n \"title\": \"1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11114226\",\n \"text\": \"1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish in first place for the first time since the 1962–63 season. It was also the Maple Leafs' first 100-point season, as well as long-time NHLer Wendel Clark's last season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs had their second consecutive 45-win season and broke the 1992–93 franchise record for most points accumulated in a season. Mats Sundin averaged a point per game, scoring 32 goals and picking up 41 assists for 73 points in 73 games. Jonas Hoglund had a career year, finishing third on the\",\n \"title\": \"1999–2000 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078420\",\n \"text\": \"1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 76th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1992-93 season was a triumph for the Maple Leafs. It saw them set franchise records in wins (44) and points (99). The 21-year-old goaltender Felix Potvin played his first full season with the team and was solid, with a 25-15-7 record, a GAA of 2.50, 2 shutouts, and a .910 SV%. In a season that saw 20 of 24 teams average more than 3 goals scored per game, the Maple Leafs goaltending was one of the best in\",\n \"title\": \"1992–93 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11137367\",\n \"text\": \"Toronto completed the sweep, defeating New York 6–4, and winning their third Stanley Cup in team history, and first since 1922, when they were still named the Toronto St. Pats. The \\\"Kid Line\\\" of Jackson, Conacher, and Primeau combined for 8 goals in the 3 games. 1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 15th season in the NHL. The Maple Leafs were coming off their best regular season in team history in 1930–31, and the club set team records in wins and points, with 23 and 53 respectively, finishing in second place in the\",\n \"title\": \"1931–32 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076946\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Watson, Max Bentley, Joe Klukay, Danny Lewicki, Ray Timgren, Fleming Mackell, Johnny McCormack, Bob Hassard, Conn Smythe (manager), Joe Primeau (coach), Tim Daly (trainer) </div> 1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season involved winning the Stanley Cup. The Stanley Cup was famous for Bill Barilko scoring the winning goal. Every game went into overtime in this series. Bill Barilko scored the Cup-winning goal, his last goal in the NHL as he would die in a plane crash during the summer. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \\\"Toronto wins best-of-seven series four games to one.\\\" Turk\",\n \"title\": \"1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076945\",\n \"text\": \"1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season involved winning the Stanley Cup. The Stanley Cup was famous for Bill Barilko scoring the winning goal. Every game went into overtime in this series. Bill Barilko scored the Cup-winning goal, his last goal in the NHL as he would die in a plane crash during the summer. Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens \\\"Toronto wins best-of-seven series four games to one.\\\" Turk Broda, Al Rollins, Jimmy Thomson, Gus Mortson, Bill Barilko, Bill Juzda, Fern Flaman, Hugh Bolton, Ted Kennedy (captain), Sid Smith, Tod Sloan, Cal Gardner, Howie Meeker,\",\n \"title\": \"1950–51 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13339136\",\n \"text\": \"for defrauding Maple Leaf Gardens of $249,000. On October 13, just after the start of the season, Smythe died of complications from a bleeding ulcer. The Leaf's home opener, scheduled for that night was postponed, only the second postponement in Maple Leaf Gardens history. The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1971-72 season. Toronto's draft picks at the 1971 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec. 1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 55th season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). It\",\n \"title\": \"1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13339135\",\n \"text\": \"1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 55th season of operation in the National Hockey League (NHL). It was also the fortieth anniversary season of the opening of Maple Leaf Gardens. The Maple Leafs finished fourth, and qualified for the playoffs, losing in the first round to the eventual Stanley Cup champion Boston Bruins. In June, team president Stafford Smythe and vice-president Harold Ballard were arrested for theft and fraud involving funds of Maple Leaf Gardens. They were charged jointly on the theft of $146,000 of funds and securities and Smythe was further charged\",\n \"title\": \"1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10621510\",\n \"text\": \"a decline in their sponsored junior system (including the Toronto St. Michael's Majors and the Toronto Marlboros). The junior system was managed by Frank J. Selke until his departure to the Canadiens in 1946. In his absence, the quality of players it produced declined. Many who were called up to the Leafs in the early 1950s were found to be seriously lacking in ability. It was only later in the decade that the Leafs' feeder clubs produced prospects that helped them become competitive again. After a two-year drought from the playoffs, the Maple Leafs clinched a berth after the 1958–59\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10621485\",\n \"text\": \"Maple Leafs do not claim the Blue Shirts' history as their own, as the NHL was formed to remove Livingstone from the NHA and that franchise was folded. As such, pre-NHL Toronto could not be part of Maple Leafs history. They do, however, claim the history of the \\\"temporary\\\" Toronto franchise of 1917–18. The Toronto NHA franchise did not have an official name during the NHL's inaugural season in 1917–18, but was still unofficially called \\\"the Blueshirts\\\" and \\\"the Torontos\\\" by the newspapers of the day, as well as by some fans. Although the roster was composed mainly of former\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"785893\",\n \"text\": \"the latter as part of the franchise's centennial celebration. For the 2018 season, the Leafs also wore a Toronto Arenas-inspired throwback design. In addition, the Leafs participated in two outdoor games as part of the NHL's own centennial celebration. In the NHL Centennial Classic against the Red Wings, the Leafs wore blue sweaters with bold white stripes across the chest and arms. For the 2018 NHL Stadium Series, the Leafs wore white uniforms with two blue stripes across the chest and arms, and in an unusual move, paired this uniform with white pants. The Maple Leafs' mascot is Carlton the\",\n \"title\": \"Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10621497\",\n \"text\": \"a syndicate that bought the St. Pats. Smythe himself invested $10,000 of his own money and his group contributed $75,000 up front and a further $75,000 due 30 days later, with Bickell retaining his $40,000 share in the team. After taking control on Valentine's Day 1927, Smythe immediately renamed the team the Maple Leafs. (The Toronto Maple Leafs baseball team had won the International League championship a few months earlier and had been using that name for 30 years.) There have been numerous reasons cited for Smythe's decision to rename the team. The Maple Leafs say that the name was\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Toronto Maple Leafs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078414\",\n \"text\": \"The Maple Leafs were still in the playoff race with the Minnesota North Stars by mid March, but a 3-5-0 finish to the season ended any postseason hopes. Despite finishing with fewer wins than Toronto, The North Stars clinched the final playoff spot over the Leafs costing head coach Tom Watt his job. During the regular season, the Maple Leafs tied the Montreal Canadiens for the fewest short-handed goals allowed, with just 5. Several months after the Toronto Maple Leafs hired Cliff Fletcher to be their new general manager, Fletcher made a blockbuster trade with Calgary (where he had previously\",\n \"title\": \"1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11078416\",\n \"text\": \"= Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1991-92 season. 1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 75th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). Forward Wendel Clark is named team captain, following the departure of defenceman Rob Ramage to the Minnesota North Stars. After starting the season with a 2-1 record, a loss to the Washington Capitals on October 9 began what would become a seven-game losing streak. As the losses piled up, two intrepid Leafs fans from Wilfrid Laurier University went\",\n \"title\": \"1991–92 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11147898\",\n \"text\": \"last in power-play goals scored (56), power-play opportunities (334), power-play percentage (16.77%) and penalty-killing percentage (72.70%). \\\"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\\\" \\\"Note: GP= Games played; G= Goals; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PIM = Points\\\" \\\"Note: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against\\\" The Maple Leafs have been involved in the following transactions during the 1988-89 season. 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season The 1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season was Toronto's 72nd season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The 1988-89 Leafs\",\n \"title\": \"1988–89 Toronto Maple Leafs season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["maple leaf sports & entertainment"],"string":"[\n \"maple leaf sports & entertainment\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":184,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what are the basic beliefs of sikhism?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"19240433","text":"in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism. They also accepted the concept of living Gurus such as Guru Baba Dyal Singh. The Nirankari sect though unorthodox was influential in shaping the views of Tat Khalsa and the contemporary era Sikh beliefs and practices. Another significant Sikh sect of the 19th century was the Radhasoami movement in Punjab led by Baba Shiv Dyal. Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the 3HO Sikhism, also referred to as Sikh Dharma Brotherhood formed in 1971. See also Dera (organization), non-Sikh Deras, for more examples","title":"Sects of Sikhism"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19240433\",\n \"text\": \"in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism. They also accepted the concept of living Gurus such as Guru Baba Dyal Singh. The Nirankari sect though unorthodox was influential in shaping the views of Tat Khalsa and the contemporary era Sikh beliefs and practices. Another significant Sikh sect of the 19th century was the Radhasoami movement in Punjab led by Baba Shiv Dyal. Other contemporary era Sikhs sects include the 3HO Sikhism, also referred to as Sikh Dharma Brotherhood formed in 1971. See also Dera (organization), non-Sikh Deras, for more examples\",\n \"title\": \"Sects of Sikhism\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"5122269","text":"Basic belief Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be believed. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Within this basic framework of foundationalism exist a number of views regarding which types of beliefs qualify as \"properly\" basic; that is, what sorts of beliefs can be justifiably held without the justification of other beliefs. In , beliefs are held to be properly basic if they are either self-evident axioms, or evident to the senses","title":"Basic belief"},{"psg_id":"17164044","text":"Sabha movement as an attempt to distinguish Sikhism from Hinduism and restate its core beliefs and change the historic practices in Sikhism. According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, a professor of Sikh Studies, the Singh Sabha movement intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th century, created exegetical works in their attempts to overcome idolatrous notions of God. This was the Singh Sabha's attempt to cleanse Sikhism of Hinduism, but they ended up admitting the historic practice and formulating new norms that did in a different way what they accused Hindus of doing in practice. In the second half of the","title":"Idolatry in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556746","text":"Criticism of Sikhism Sikhism has been criticized in one way or another by proponents of other theories. These critics include both Sikhs and non-Sikhs under different motives. These criticisms extend across a large portion of the beliefs and practices of Sikhism and even question the authenticity of the origin of the faith. As a result, Sikhs continue to face discrimination due to their presence and past activities. Scholar William Hewat McLeod cited the tension between the doctrine of God's transcendence in Sikhism and a supposed ability of God to communicate with people. McLeod says Sikh thinkers have been unable to","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556762","text":"Human Rights dismissed the petition. Although UN's human right body supported the petition in January 2012, citing that turbans do not pose a threat to ground security. In Canada, a 2013 poll concluded that 39% of Canadians had a negative view of Sikhism, second after Islam, which was negatively viewed by 54%. Criticism of Sikhism Sikhism has been criticized in one way or another by proponents of other theories. These critics include both Sikhs and non-Sikhs under different motives. These criticisms extend across a large portion of the beliefs and practices of Sikhism and even question the authenticity of the","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"19240434","text":"of Sikh sects. Ravidassia is considered a Sikh sect around the world.Their gurdwara services and beliefs are somewhat similar to mainstream Sikhism, although its followers do not necessarily need to keep uncut hair or Kesh. They also believe that Ravidas is a guru. Until 2009, Ravidassias considered themselves a part of mainstream Sikhism. They decided to split themselves into a separate sect when their religious leader Ramanand Dass was shot dead by extremists in Vienna, Austria. Udasi has been an early sect based on the teachings of Sri Chand (1494–1643), the son of Guru Nanak, the founder and the first","title":"Sects of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378634","text":"include: Sikhism Sikhism (; ), or Sikhi \"\", , from \"Sikh\", meaning a \"disciple\", \"seeker,\" or \"learner\") is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century, and has variously been defined as monotheistic, monistic and panentheistic. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the world's fifth-largest organized religion, as well as being the world's ninth-largest overall religion. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378539","text":"Sikhism Sikhism (; ), or Sikhi \"\", , from \"Sikh\", meaning a \"disciple\", \"seeker,\" or \"learner\") is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century, and has variously been defined as monotheistic, monistic and panentheistic. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the world's fifth-largest organized religion, as well as being the world's ninth-largest overall religion. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7507950","text":"and Cole state that \"Sikhism originated and developed within Hinduism. Hindus and Sikhs, in initial years of Sikhism, used to have what is termed as \"Roti Beti di Sanjh\"; that is they eat together and intermarry\". William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi state that for some Sikhs, intermarriage between Hindus and Sikhs of same community was preferable than other communities. In the past and even now, Sikh scriptures were treated as part of the corpus of the sacred writing of Hindus. Hinduism and Sikhism Hinduism and Sikhism are both Indian religions. Hinduism is an older religion, while Sikhism was","title":"Hinduism and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"5122270","text":"(empiricism). However Anthony Kenny and others have argued that this is a self-refuting idea. Anti-foundationalism rejects foundationalism and denies there is some fundamental belief or principle which is the basic ground or foundation of inquiry and knowledge. Basic belief Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be believed. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Within this basic framework of foundationalism exist a number of views regarding which types of beliefs qualify as \"properly\"","title":"Basic belief"},{"psg_id":"19240431","text":"Sects of Sikhism Sects of Sikhism are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in an alternate lineage of Gurus, or have a different interpretation of the Sikh scriptures, or believe in following a living guru, or other concepts that differ from the orthodox. The major historic sects of Sikhism, states Harjot Oberoi, have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari and Sarvaria. The early Sikh sects were Udasis founded by Sri Chand – the elder son of Guru Nanak, and the Minas Prithi Chand – the elder son of Guru Ram Das respectively, in parallel to the official succession","title":"Sects of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"19240452","text":"the end of prayers. According to Pierluigi Zoccatelli, there were an estimated 3 million Radhasoami followers worldwide in 2004, with many subsects based on the Guru. Of these, the Beas headquartered group had 2 million followers. Other subsects and movements influenced by Radhasoami include Divine Life Mission, Eckankar, Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness, Science of Spirituality and others. Sanatan Sikhs emerged as a significant group of conservative Sikhs who opposed the orthodox Sikhs in their interpretation of Sikhism, particularly during the Singh Sabha Movement. They campaigned for an inclusive interpretation that accepted wide range of beliefs drawn from Hinduism and","title":"Sects of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556747","text":"give a convincing account of how God can communicate with people at all if this being is indeed transcendent. Although, this is what makes Sikh teachings different from other schools of thought i.e., that God is transcendental, formless and infinite but still can communicate to people as if a physical being. Hindu leader Dayanand Saraswati, in his book \"Satyarth Prakash\", criticized Sikhism, describing Guru Nanak as a \"rogue\", the hymns of the Guru Granth Sahib as falsehood, and Sikhism as a snare to rob and cheat simple folk of their wealth and property. A Sikh wrote a response, to which","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7813359","text":"On 22 May 2004 Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh to become the Prime Minister of India. There are a number of small pseudo-sikh sects who are not considered to be Sikhs. See Sects of Sikhism for more information. History of Sikhism The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru in the fifteenth century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on 13 April 1699. The latter baptised five persons from different social backgrounds to form Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ). The first","title":"History of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7813229","text":"from Bhai Bala and wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak. He also wrote 63 Saloks (stanzas), which are included in the Guru Granth Sahib. He popularised and expanded the institution of \"Guru ka Langar\" that had been started by Guru Nanak. Guru Angad travelled widely and visited all important religious places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He also established hundreds of new Centres of Sikhism (Sikh religious Institutions) and thus strengthened the base of Sikhism. The period of his Guruship was the most crucial one. The Sikh community had moved from having a","title":"History of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"19240435","text":"Guru of Sikhism. The Udasis do not reject the Sikh Gurus, but attach greater importance to the line of succession from Guru Nanak through Sri Chand to the Udasi mahants. They interpret the message of Guru Granth Sahib in Vedantic terms. They do not abide by the Khalsa's Rehat Maryada. Udasis are known for their \"Akharas\" along with the Nirmala sect of Sikhism. They accept asceticism and monastic traveler lifestyle. \"Udasi\" is derived from the Sanskrit word \"Udasin\", it literally means \"detached, journey\", and that reflects their approach to spiritual and temporal life. They were key in preserving Sikhism from","title":"Sects of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"9143400","text":"with about one in three British Sikh families (34%) owning a business in the UK. Performing Seva (selfless service) is a basic tenet of Sikhism, and Sikhs are also expected to share at least 10 per cent their earnings with those less fortunate and for good causes (Dasvandh). 64 per cent of the British Sikhs engage in some volunteering work. 40 per cent give between one and five hours of their time per week on voluntary activities, including Seva at their Gurdwara, whilst more than two per cent spend over 25 hours on such activities. Sikhs spend about 200 hours","title":"Sikhism in the United Kingdom"},{"psg_id":"378627","text":"these sects were financially and administratively supported by the Mughal rulers in the hopes of gaining a more favorable and compliant citizenry. After the collapse of Mughal Empire, and particularly during the rule of Ranjit Singh, Udasi Sikhs protected Sikh shrines, preserved the Sikh scripture and rebuilt those that were desecrated or destroyed during the Muslim–Sikh wars. However, Udasi Sikhs kept idols and images inside these Sikh temples. In the 19th century, Namdharis and Nirankaris sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism. All these sects differ from","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378624","text":"in every state and union territory, but it is predominantly found the northwestern and northern states. Only in the state of Punjab, Sikhs constitute a majority (58% of the total, per 2011 census). The states and union territories of India where Sikhs constitute more than 1.5% of its population are Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Jammu & Kashmir. Sikhism was founded in northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent in what is now Pakistan. Some of the Gurus were born near Lahore and in other parts of Pakistan. Prior to 1947, in British India, millions of Sikhs lived in what","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"1922492","text":"to Mary A. Mann, it contains the elements necessary for a global religion and caters to people of all different ethnicities and educational upbringing. Wilson writes that Scientology \"constitutes a religious system set forth in the terms of scientific discourse.\" Hubbard similarly states that \"along with science, Scientology can achieve positive invariable results. Given the same conditions, one always get the same results ... What has happened is the superstition has been subtracted from spiritual studies.\" Among the basic tenets of Scientology are the beliefs that human beings are immortal, that a person's life experience transcends a single lifetime, and","title":"Scientology beliefs and practices"},{"psg_id":"20205818","text":"are striking similarities between accounts from the 1500s vis a vis modern folk beliefs today. He describes the account of Miguel de Loarca account, in particular, to be: \"\"remarkable in that it sounds like what is now called folk Catholicism.\"\" Catholic Scholar Fr. Vitaliano R. Gorospe, meantime, notes:\"\"even today especially in the rural areas, we find merely the external trappings of Catholic belief and practice, superimposed on the original pattern of pre-Christian superstitions and rituals.\"\" Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people The indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people (sometimes referred to as Anitism, or, less accurately, using the","title":"Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people"},{"psg_id":"19240441","text":"shrine. Many Sikhs settled with Ram Rai, they followed Guru Nanak, but orthodox Sikhs have shunned them. They were one of the Panj Mel, the five reprobate groups that orthodox Sikhs are expected to shun with contempt. The other four are the Minas, the Masands, the Dhirmalias, the Sir-gums (those Sikhs who accept Amrit baptism but subsequently cut their hair). A Nanakpanthi is a follower of the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first guru of Sikhism. The community transcends the boundaries of Sikhism and Hinduism, and was also a reference to the early Sikh community. Most Sindhi Hindu people are","title":"Sects of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"8748942","text":"such as Investigations in Number, Data, and Space. Most local, state and federal education agencies are committed to standards based education reform, which is based on beliefs which conflict with the outcomes of traditional education. The goal is that all students will succeed at one high world-class level of what students know and are able to do, rather than different students learning different amounts on different tracks, producing some failures and some successes. Higher order thinking skills are emphasized by the new standards. A widely cited paper by Constance Kamii even suggests that teaching of basic arithmetic methods is harmful","title":"Basic skills"},{"psg_id":"5662767","text":"applied to life liberally rather than treated as a binding contract. The Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, details what behavior is expected of all Sikhs. It is seemingly silent on the subject of same-sex sexual behaviour, while it frequently encourages a married life. Marriage in Sikhism is seen as a union of souls, and the soul is seen as genderless, with the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) being a temporary state. Same-sex marriage advocates refer to this as support for marriage equality in Sikhism. The Laavaan, the main part of Anand Karaj, are read at Sikh","title":"Sikhism and sexual orientation"},{"psg_id":"8551919","text":"Sikhism in the United States Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia (predominantly from the Punjab region of modern-day India and Pakistan) which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. In 2007, there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States, with largest populations living on the East and West Coasts, together with additional populations in Detroit, Chicago, and Austin. The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism. Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Following","title":"Sikhism in the United States"},{"psg_id":"9105029","text":"million), which is only 1.72% of the country's total population. Out of the total Sikhs in India, 77% are concentrated in state of Punjab. Sikhism is the dominant religion in Punjab, where it is followed by 58% of the population, the only Indian state where Sikhism is the majority faith. Other states where Sikh population has some impact are U.T. of Chandigarh (13.11%), New Delhi (5.4%), Haryana (4.91%), Uttarakhand (2.34%), Rajasthan (1.27%), Jammu & Kashmir (1.87%) and Himachal Pradesh (1.16%). https://www.sikhfoundation.org (english) - https://www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de (german & english) Sikhism in India Sikhism is the fourth largest religion in India and has","title":"Sikhism in India"},{"psg_id":"378561","text":"Forgiveness is taught as a virtue in Sikhism, yet it also teaches its faithful to shun those with evil intentions and to pick up the sword to fight injustice and religious persecution. Sikhism does not differentiate religious obligations by gender. God in Sikhism has no gender, and the Sikh scripture does not discriminate against the woman, nor bar her from any roles. Women in Sikhism have led battles and issued hukamnamas. The term guru comes from the Sanskrit \"gurū\", meaning teacher, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten gurus from 1469 to 1708. Each","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556752","text":"a legend, Nanak during his trip to Mecca had debate with mullahs of Mecca, in his debate, Nanak had asserted that the Kaaba was only a black stone, which is Lingam, of Lord Shiva. However it has been alleged that later gurus of Sikhism added the practices that can be linked with polytheism, most notably waving fans over Guru Granth Sahib during worship. Sikhism also permits the veneration and Intercession of saints (such as to the Sikh martyr Bhai Maharaj Singh) and views its Gurus as the \"embodiment of Divine Light\" and \"Divine in Spirit\", which are seen by some","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"20813747","text":"History of beliefs about the human body The human body has been subject of much debate. How people are defined, and what defined them – be it their anatomy or their energy or both – depends on culture and time. Culture not only defines how sex is perceived but also how gender is defined. Today gender, sex, and identity continue to be of much debate and change based on what place and people are being examined. The early modern idea of the body was a cultural ideal, an understanding and approach to how the body works and what place that","title":"History of beliefs about the human body"},{"psg_id":"20792643","text":"the article author, all modern social positions are unsatisfactory and limited, based \"on partial and incomplete\" ideas and beliefs that do not have genuine \"spiritual legitimacy.\" He quoted: \"Unconcerned about politics; hostile to the insane dreams of Socialism and of Communism, which it abhors—as both are but disguised conspiracies of brutal force and sluggishness against honest labour; the Society cares but little about the outward human management of the material world. The whole of its aspirations are directed towards the occult truths of the visible and invisible worlds. Whether the physical man be under the rule of an empire or","title":"What Are The Theosophists?"},{"psg_id":"7813216","text":"History of Sikhism The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru in the fifteenth century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on 13 April 1699. The latter baptised five persons from different social backgrounds to form Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ). The first five, Pure Ones, then baptised Gobind Singh into the Khalsa fold. This gives the order of Khalsa, a history of around 300 years. The history of Sikhism is closely associated with the history of Punjab and the socio-political situation","title":"History of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378577","text":"from perils of lust. Five versions of \"Dasam Granth\" exist, and the authenticity of the \"Dasam Granth\" is amongst the most debated topics within Sikhism. The text played a significant role in Sikh history, but in modern times parts of the text have seen antipathy and discussion among Sikhs. The Janamsākhīs (literally \"birth stories\"), are writings which profess to be biographies of Nanak. Although not scripture in the strictest sense, they provide a hagiographic look at Nanak's life and the early start of Sikhism. There are several – often contradictory and sometimes unreliable – Janamsākhīs and they are not held","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7893769","text":"the caste system itself goes against the core principles of Sikhism. Though equality for women has always been a major attribute of Sikhism and a great number of women have made significant contributions, it is important to note that it is still a work in progress. In the 1990s a group of Sikh women requested to wash the floors or the Darbar Sahib and were denied. Also, women make up less than 20% of the SGPC members. Women in Sikhism The role of women in Sikhism is outlined in the Sikh scriptures, which state that women are equal to men.","title":"Women in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7893753","text":"Women in Sikhism The role of women in Sikhism is outlined in the Sikh scriptures, which state that women are equal to men. The principles of Sikhism state that women have the same souls as men and thus possess an equal right to cultivate their spirituality with equal chances of achieving salvation. Woman can participate in all religious, cultural, social, and secular activities including lead religious congregations, take part in the Akhand Path (the continuous recitation of the Holy Scriptures), perform \"Kirtan\" (congregational singing of hymns), and work as a Granthis. As a result, Sikhism was among the first major","title":"Women in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"2856149","text":"Sikhism, lay emphasis on being ascetic, thus violating the \"Non-family-oriented living\" principle. Sri Chand, the ascetic son of Guru Nanak, was the founder of the Udasi. Prohibitions in Sikhism There are a number of religious prohibitions in Sikhism. Not all Sikh-identified people subscribe to these prohibitions. The Sahajdhari Sikhs reject most of the prohibitions, including trimming of hair (Kesh). Some young Sikhs are now cutting their hair to the dismay of spiritual leaders. According to the Sikh clergy, \"the fad among youth to shed the pagri\" is being observed more commonly among the Sikh youth in Punjab than Sikhs in","title":"Prohibitions in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"19901152","text":"Sikhism in Bangladesh Sikhism in Bangladesh dates back to 1503 but has declined after the partition. Most of the Sikhs in the country are officials of Indian High Commission or pilgrims. There were eighteen historical Gurdwaras in Bangladesh but now only seven are left. Sikhism first emerged in Bengal when Guru Nanak visited Bangladesh in 1504 and established a number of Gurdwaras. Gurdwara Nanak Shahi is the principal Sikh Gurdwara (prayer hall) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is located at the campus of the University of Dhaka and considered to be the biggest of the 7 Gurdwaras in the country. After","title":"Sikhism in Bangladesh"},{"psg_id":"19901153","text":"the Partition of India, the Sikh community left for India. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, Indian Sikh soldiers helped renovate the Gudwaras left in Bangladesh. Sikhism in Bangladesh Sikhism in Bangladesh dates back to 1503 but has declined after the partition. Most of the Sikhs in the country are officials of Indian High Commission or pilgrims. There were eighteen historical Gurdwaras in Bangladesh but now only seven are left. Sikhism first emerged in Bengal when Guru Nanak visited Bangladesh in 1504 and established a number of Gurdwaras. Gurdwara Nanak Shahi is the principal Sikh Gurdwara","title":"Sikhism in Bangladesh"},{"psg_id":"9105021","text":"place of worship is called Gurdwara. The Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar in Punjab is a prominent Sikh Gurdwara. The Golden Temple represents the highest spiritual seat of Sikh Authority. Sikhism emphasises community services and helping the needy. One of the distinct features of Sikhism is the common kitchen called Langar. In every Gurdwara there is a Langar . Every Sikh is supposed to contribute in preparing a communal meal in the free kitchen. The meals are served to all and are eaten sitting on the floor. Sikhism does not believe in holding fasts, for the body is God's present to","title":"Sikhism in India"},{"psg_id":"8551929","text":"average American child. In the 1960s, due to increased Indian immigration and rising interest in Indian spirituality in the American counterculture, a number of non-Punjabi Americans began to enter Sikhism. Prominent in this trend was Yogi Bhajan, leader of the Sikh-related movement 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), whose Los Angeles temple was the first to initiate non-Punjabi Americans into Sikhism. Sikhism in the United States Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia (predominantly from the Punjab region of modern-day India and Pakistan) which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. In 2007, there were estimated to","title":"Sikhism in the United States"},{"psg_id":"13437280","text":"Gender of God in Sikhism Irrespective of the native-language meaning of the Mantra, the standard English translation neutralises the implied gender of God in Sikhism. Nonetheless, the Guru Granth consistently refers to God as \"He\", even in English. He is also predominantly referred to as \"Father\". The scripture of Sikhism is the Gurū Granth (GG). Printed as a heading for the Guru Granth, and for each of its major divisions, is the Mul Mantra, a short summary description of God, in Punjabi. Sikh tradition has it that this was originally composed by Nanak Dev (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism. The","title":"Gender of God in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"13437283","text":"inherent anti-anthropomorhism of Sikhism scuttles any idea of religious gender of Waheguru. The God in sikhism is considered as jot saroop(luminescence of light) so no question of gender but depending upon the feeling of the devotee God can turn itself to any shape a child(girl or boy), a young man or woman, old man or woman or whatever he desire to be i.e. he is not governed by any law or rule and he free to do anything. So in Sikhism, God is considered to be without form or gender and can't be described. Gender of God in Sikhism Irrespective","title":"Gender of God in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"14768006","text":"The state-of-the-art kitchen can serve the 10,000 plus worshipers who come every Friday. To develop religious values among the next generation of NRIs, special three-hour sessions are held for children on Saturdays at the temple where they are taught Punjabi, 'Kirtans' and how to behave in places of worship. Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates has a following of over 50,000; the majority of Sikhs in the UAE are found in Dubai and are expatriates hailing from Punjab, India. There are smaller numbers of Pakistani Sikhs also. There is a Sikh Gurdwara in Dubai","title":"Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates"},{"psg_id":"378543","text":"The persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion, with qualities of a \"Sant-Sipāhī\" a saint-soldier. The Khalsa was founded by the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the Gurmukhī alphabet, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts used in North India. Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, which means students or disciples of the Guru. The anglicised word 'Sikhism' is derived from the Punjabi verb \"Sikhi\", with roots in \"Sikhana\" (to learn), and \"Sikhi\"","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378590","text":"without regard for historical accuracy, and contain numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak. The term revelation, clarify Cole and Sambhi, in Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of Nanak, they include all Sikh Gurus, as well as the words of past, present and future men and women, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh bhagats, some who lived and died before the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of the Sikh scriptures. The Adi Granth and successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasised, states Mandair, that Sikhism","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"14768004","text":"Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates has a following of over 50,000; the majority of Sikhs in the UAE are found in Dubai and are expatriates hailing from Punjab, India. There are smaller numbers of Pakistani Sikhs also. There is a Sikh Gurdwara in Dubai which serves over 10,000 worshippers. In June 2010, foundations were laid for the Guru Nanak Darbar. At a cost of $20 million, the large gurdwara is located in Jebel Ali, Dubai and will be the first 'official' Sikh temple in the entire Gulf, catering to the needs of the","title":"Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates"},{"psg_id":"9133552","text":"Sikhism in Canada Canadian Sikhs number roughly 468,670 people (2011) and account for roughly 1.4% of Canada's population. Canadian Sikhs are often credited for paving the path to Canada for all South Asian immigrants as well as for inadvertently creating the presence of Sikhism in the United States. Sikhism is a world religion with over 35 million followers worldwide, with majority of their population in Punjab, India. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario celebrates the month of April as Sikh Heritage Month. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the number of Sikhs living in each of the Canadian provinces and","title":"Sikhism in Canada"},{"psg_id":"6051104","text":"Jainism and Sikhism Both Jainism and Sikhism are faiths native to the Indian subcontinent. Sikhism rejected the authority of the Vedas and created independent textual traditions based on the words and examples of their early teachers, eventually evolving entirely new ways for interacting with the lay community. Jainism is the oldest living sramana tradition in India. In its current form it is traced to parshvanath (250 years before mahavir), the twenty-third of tirthankaras or \"fordmakers\" in Jain belief. Mahavira was born to a ruling family in the town of Vaishali, located in the modern state of Bihar. The first tirthankara","title":"Jainism and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"20813770","text":"that even in European cultures that attempt to adhere purely to what can be seen and touched, recognize that there is a more cosmic necessity to the body and connection to the physical and cosmological worlds. History of beliefs about the human body The human body has been subject of much debate. How people are defined, and what defined them – be it their anatomy or their energy or both – depends on culture and time. Culture not only defines how sex is perceived but also how gender is defined. Today gender, sex, and identity continue to be of much","title":"History of beliefs about the human body"},{"psg_id":"12774568","text":"Irvine. Plans are also in place to open a Gurdwara in Aberdeen. Scottish Sikhs have their own tartan, and can be seen wearing kilts made from the material. Sikhism in Scotland Sikhism in Scotland includes all aspects of Sikh life and Sikhism in Scotland. Sikhs have been present in Scotland for over a century, with the first documented Sikh, Maharaja Daleep Singh, arriving in Perthshire in 1855. The next wave of migration was in early-to-mid 1920s when prominent Sikhs of the Bhat/Bhatra community established themselves in Glasgow and Edinburgh. However, the bulk of Sikhs in Scotland come from families who","title":"Sikhism in Scotland"},{"psg_id":"10187472","text":"Sikhism in Thailand Sikhism is a recognised minority religion in Thailand, with about 70,000 adherents. The religion was brought by migrants from India who began to arrive in the late 19th century. There are about twenty Sikh temples or Gurdwaras in the country, including the Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha in Bangkok. The Sikh community was estimated in 2006 to contain around 70,000 people, most of whom resided in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Ratchasima, Pattaya, and Phuket. At that time there were nineteen Sikh temples in the country. Sikhism was one of five religious groups registered with the Religious Affairs","title":"Sikhism in Thailand"},{"psg_id":"5914804","text":"called \"Folk Catholicism\" and \"Folk Islam\". The folklore narratives associated with these religious beliefs constitute what is now called Philippine mythology, and is an important aspect of the study of Philippine culture and Filipino psychology. Historian T. Valentino Sitoy, in his review of documents concerning pre-Spanish religious beliefs, notes that three core characteristics which shaped the religious worldview of Filipinos throughout the archipelago before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. First, Filipinos believed in the existence of parallel spirit world, which was invisible but had an influence on the visible world. Second, Filipinos believed that there were spirits (\"anito\") everywhere -","title":"Indigenous religious beliefs of the Philippines"},{"psg_id":"5914802","text":"languages and thus used different terms to describe their religious beliefs. While these beliefs can be treated as separate religions, scholars have noted that they follow a \"\"common structural framework of ideas\"\" which can be studied together. Some writers have noted that these beliefs have similarities with the Shinto religion of Japan, although they do not draw a historical linkage between the two belief systems. More historically linked are the various indigenous religious beliefs the various religions of Oceania and the maritime Southeast Asia, which draw their roots from Austronesian beliefs as those in the Philippines. As of 2010, an","title":"Indigenous religious beliefs of the Philippines"},{"psg_id":"164904","text":"Hold come what may Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard Van Orman Quine. Beliefs that are \"held come what may\" are beliefs one is unwilling to give up, regardless of any evidence with which one might be presented. Quine held (on a perhaps simplistic construal) that there are no beliefs that one ought to hold come what may—in other words, that all beliefs are rationally revisable (\"no statement is immune to revision\"), and compared this to the simplification of quantum mechanics. Many philosophers argue to the contrary, believing that, for example, the laws of thought","title":"Hold come what may"},{"psg_id":"378592","text":"\"Guru Granth Sahib\" and the secondary canon, the \"Dasam Granth\" and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors\". The development of Sikhism was influenced by the Bhakti movement; however, Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the Mughal Empire. Two of the Sikh gurus – Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, after they refused to convert to Islam, were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers. The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378552","text":"is Bhakti. Guru Arjan, in his \"Sukhmani Sahib\", recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God. The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib includes suggestions on how a Sikh should perform constant Bhakti. Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions, adding that it emphasises \"nirguni Bhakti\", that is loving devotion to a divine without qualities or physical form. However, Sikhism also accepts the concept of \"saguni\", that is a divine with qualities and form. While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognizing some Sufi Islamic influences,","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"378611","text":"followed by a sustained campaign by Tat Khalsa. The movement became a struggle between Sanatan Sikhs and Tat Khalsa in defining and interpreting Sikhism. Sanatan Sikhs led by Khem Singh Bedi – who claimed to be a direct descendant of Guru Nanak, Avtar Singh Vahiria and others supported a more inclusive approach which considered Sikhism as a reformed tradition of Hinduism, while Tat Khalsa campaigned for an exclusive approach to the Sikh identity, disagreeing with Sanatan Sikhs and seeking to modernize Sikhism. The Sikh Sabha movement expanded in north and northwest Indian subcontinent, leading to about a 100 Singh Sabhas.","title":"Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"19259156","text":"earlier Gurus in theological pursuits, while the Guru Hargobind followers pursued the \"miri-piri\" approach and began militarizing the Sikh tradition to resist the Mughal persecution. The Miharvans (Mina sect) is nearly extinct. Minas did not believe in authority of last five Gurus and have their own lineage. Following are Gurus common to mainstream Sikhs and Minas belief: Minas, also called the Miharban Sikh tradition, created significant literature about 16th and 17th century Sikhism. However, as outcast for orthodox Sikhs, the literature is not a part of the Khalsa approved historic texts of Sikhism. They are credited with \"Janamsakhis\" about the","title":"Mina (Sikhism)"},{"psg_id":"16267584","text":"of existing code: programmers with experience in both worlds are required to effectively target the new platform with older logic. The Visual Basic .NET developer will have to learn the use of the basic .NET types rather than what they have been used to in Visual Basic. A programmer who has only worked with Visual Basic may encounter a steep learning curve to migrate to Visual Basic .NET. A programmer who is versed in another language or who has had exposure to the .NET runtime should be able to cope. It would be better to think of Visual Basic .NET","title":"Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET"},{"psg_id":"8323079","text":"and final religion. It warns against innovation (bid‘ah) to what is revealed in the Quran and the Hadiths. It considers other religions and non-believers in Islam as wrongly guided and infidels. Islam does not recognize and accept spiritual wisdom from other religions. Islam believes in miracles and a final judgment day (Qiyama). Islam believes that there are severe punishments in the afterlife (akhirah) for those who do not submit to God, who refuse or reject Islamic teachings, calling them kafir and infidels. Sikhism does not preach or accept this view of those who are not Sikhs. Apostasy, that is abandonment","title":"Islam and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"20792631","text":"What Are The Theosophists? \"What Are The Theosophists?\" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the theosophical magazine \"The Theosophist.\" It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and it was included the 2nd volume of the \"Blavatsky Collected Writings.\" Arnold Kalnitsky wrote in his thesis that in this article \"we find a rather expansive statement of... [Blavatsky's] thoughts at that moment about the status of the movement, the Theosophical Society, its objectives, and the issues it was confronting.\" He wrote that the article begins with a question whether the Theosophists \"are they what they claim to be\": researchers of the","title":"What Are The Theosophists?"},{"psg_id":"10832540","text":"the competition grew and in 1989 netball, soccer and kabaddi. Tug o' war, volleyball and cricket are also included, while track and field and golf event have been previously competed but are currently non-competition events. Non-sports cultural events such as Bhangra and Giddha are also held simultaneously in the host city. Punjabi is the 13th most common language in Australia with over 100,000 speakers and it is the 3rd most common language spoken at home among recent migrants. 81% of Punjabi speakers are Sikhs, 13.3% are Hindus and 1.4% are Muslims. Sikhism in Australia Sikhism is a small but growing","title":"Sikhism in Australia"},{"psg_id":"10422468","text":"Sikhism by country Sikhism can be found predominantly in the Punjab region of India but Sikh communities exist on every inhabited continent, with the largest emigrant population being in Canada and United Kingdom. In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab. The figures on this list are either based on each of the country's respective censuses or are calculated by specific organisations. Some of these figures are rounded off. In case of conflicting estimates, both the lowest and highest estimates are included. These percentages","title":"Sikhism by country"},{"psg_id":"2856147","text":"Prohibitions in Sikhism There are a number of religious prohibitions in Sikhism. Not all Sikh-identified people subscribe to these prohibitions. The Sahajdhari Sikhs reject most of the prohibitions, including trimming of hair (Kesh). Some young Sikhs are now cutting their hair to the dismay of spiritual leaders. According to the Sikh clergy, \"the fad among youth to shed the pagri\" is being observed more commonly among the Sikh youth in Punjab than Sikhs in other Indian states. Nihang Sikhs of Punjab, who are defenders of historic Sikh shrines, are an exception and consume an intoxicant called \"bhang\" (cannabis sativa), opium","title":"Prohibitions in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7813218","text":"old sons of Guru Gobind Singh), along with numerous other main revered figures of Sikhism were tortured and killed (such as Banda Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala), by Islamic rulers for refusing to convert to Islam, and for opposing the persecution of Sikhs and Hindus. Subsequently, Sikhism militarised to oppose Mughal hegemony. The emergence of the Sikh Confederacy under the misls and Sikh Empire under reign of the Maharajah Ranjit Singh was characterised by religious tolerance and pluralism with Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. The establishment of the Sikh Empire is commonly","title":"History of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556756","text":"Asia alone accounts for up to 90% of the total Sikh population and approximately 75% of all Sikhs live in Punjab, India. Sikhism does not actively proselytize, and discourages it, perhaps explaining the homogeneous nature of the religion. Similar to other religions, Sikhism (and its adherents) has been accused of violence, or the glorification thereof, through its history (such as the militarisation of the Khalsa), symbols (such as the Khanda), art and legend. However this has been rejected by David C. Rapoport: \"It would be convenient to say that the prestige of violent symbols in the Sikh religion has increased","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7813236","text":"systematic and planned manner. He divided the Sikh Sangat area into 22 preaching centres or Manjis, each under the charge of a devout Sikh. He himself visited and sent Sikh missionaries to different parts of India to spread Sikhism. Guru Amar Das was impressed with Bhai Gurdas' thorough knowledge of Hindi and Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures. Following the tradition of sending out Masands across the country, Guru Amar Das deputed Bhai Gurdas to Agra to spread the gospel of Sikhism. Before leaving, Guru Amar Das prescribed the following routine for Sikhs: Guru Ji strengthened the tradition of 'Guru ka","title":"History of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556758","text":"French conjectures that Guru Gobind Singh may have hunted, as was common among Mughal rulers, \"to demonstrate his own physical and tactical prowess, to familiarize himself with the lay of the land, and to gather intelligence through networks of his own equivalent of the famous harkāre\" Sikh groups have put pressure on universities, and there has been a movement among some Sikhs to stifle academic criticism of Sikhism in North America. There is a history of tension between Sikhism and Islam. This goes back to the persecution of Sikhs by the Mughal emperors in India, but has manifested in more","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556748","text":"Dayanand Saraswati answered that his opinion had undergone a change when he visited Punjab, and the remarks about Sikhism would be deleted in the subsequent edition of his work. However, these remarks were never removed after the untimely death of Dayanand Saraswati, and later editions of \"Satyarth Prakash\" were even more critical of Sikhism. Ernest Trumpp had concluded that Adi Granth was not worth translating in full--\"the same few ideas, he thought, being endlessly repeated,\" and referring to the heterogeneous language (mostly Sadhukkadi or Saint's tongue, a mixture of Indian dialects, used by saints to preach in North India) that","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"17556755","text":"is known as Kesh. However, the practice is a common source of criticism and questioning of Sikhism, including the belief that not cutting ones hair will cause it to grow to unacceptably long lengths. Non-amritdhari young women, especially, often express criticism of the forbiddance to cut hair as being too demanding and restrictive. Sikhism has been criticised for the perception that it is an ethnoreligious group, which has seemingly very limited appeal and following beyond those claiming ancestry from the Indian subcontinent — especially the Punjab region and its surrounds, such as among the Jat Sikh and Sikh Khatris. South","title":"Criticism of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7813230","text":"founder to a succession of Gurus and the infrastructure of Sikh society was strengthened and crystallised – from being an infant, Sikhism had moved to being a young child and ready to face the dangers that were around. During this phase, Sikhism established its own separate spiritual path. Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated Sri Amar Das as his successor (the Third Nanak) before his death. He presented all the holy scripts, including those he received from Guru Nanak, to Guru Amar Das. He died on 29 March 1552 at the age of forty-eight. It is","title":"History of Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"6051109","text":"52 Rajas from the fort of Gwalior is attributed to this Guru. For Jains, Diwali is the celebration of the 24th Tirthankara Mahavira, attaining Nirvana on this day at Pavapuri on October 15, 527 BCE, on Chaturdashi of Karti. Jains are strictly vegetarian There are, however, some groups and sects of Sikhism (Namdharis, Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Guru Nanak NSJ, Handsworth, Damdami Taksal etc.) who encourage vegetarianism. The majority of Sikhs believe that in Sikhism, eating meat is left up to the individual's conscience, as it will not affect spirituality. Khushwant Singh also notes that most Sikhs are meat-eaters and decry","title":"Jainism and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"12991775","text":"colonial Malaya. A substantial amount of Sikhs in Singapore are also descendants of Indian Sikh Businessmen who immigrated to Singapore. Most Sikhs today are from the Jat community. Sikhism in Singapore Sikhism in Singapore has its roots in the military and policing forces of the British Empire. Currently, there are 12,000-15,000 Sikhs in Singapore. There are 7 Sikh Temples along with a missionary society, a welfare society, two youth organizations and two sports clubs.<ref name=\"http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015\"></ref> The first Sikh to migrate to Singapore was Maharaj Singh in 1849; he was sent there as a political prisoner by the British Empire","title":"Sikhism in Singapore"},{"psg_id":"164906","text":"such central portions of the web of beliefs would have immense, ramifying consequences, and affect many other beliefs. It is better to alter auxiliary beliefs around the edges of the web of beliefs (considered to be sense beliefs, rather than main beliefs) in the face of new evidence unfriendly to one's central principles. Thus, while one might agree that there is no belief one can hold come what may, there are some for which there is ample practical ground to \"hold more stubbornly at least\". Hold come what may Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard","title":"Hold come what may"},{"psg_id":"12372115","text":"Diet in Sikhism In Sikhism, only lacto-vegetarian food is served in the Gurdwara (Sikh temple) but Sikhs are not bound to be meat-free. The general consensus is that Sikhs are free to choose whether to adopt a meat diet or not. Sikhs, once they become Amritdhari (baptised) via the Amrit Sanchaar (baptism ceremony), are forbidden from eating Kutha or ritually-slaughtered (Halal, Kosher) meat because it transgresses one of the four restrictions in the Sikh Code of Conduct. The Akal Takht (Central Body for Sikh Temporal Affairs) represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh Panth (community or collective).","title":"Diet in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"12372125","text":"was used by Guru Gobind Singh to prepare Amrit during the Khalsa initiation ceremony in 1699. The Khanda (a double edged knife or sword) was also made of Sarbloh. To this day Amrit Sanchar ceremonies are conducted using a bata (bowl) and Khanda (sword) made of sarbloh. Diet in Sikhism In Sikhism, only lacto-vegetarian food is served in the Gurdwara (Sikh temple) but Sikhs are not bound to be meat-free. The general consensus is that Sikhs are free to choose whether to adopt a meat diet or not. Sikhs, once they become Amritdhari (baptised) via the Amrit Sanchaar (baptism ceremony),","title":"Diet in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"2794410","text":"are regularly held all over the world to feed the homeless. Major Indian Gurdwaras operate langars where thousands of visitors join in for a simple vegetarian meal everyday. Langar (Sikhism) Langar () (kitchen) is the term used in Sikhism for the community kitchen in a Gurdwara where a free meal is served to all the visitors, without distinction of religion, caste, gender, economic status or ethnicity. The free meal is always vegetarian. People sit on the floor, eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers. At the langar, all people eat a vegetarian meal as","title":"Langar (Sikhism)"},{"psg_id":"8323082","text":"Hukum. The Khalsa panth among Sikhs are guided by the five Ks. They keep their head hair long (kesh) and men wear turbans (head hair cover) Women may also wear a turban by their choice. They carry a wooden comb, wear an iron bracelet, wear a cotton underwear, and carry a kirpan (steel sword). Non baptized Sikh women are free to dress as they wish in Sikhism. Sex segregation is not required in public places or Sikh temples by Sikhism. Muslim males are encouraged to grow their beards and trim the moustache. Men in some Muslim communities wear turban (head","title":"Islam and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"14245673","text":"Sikhism in Malaysia It is estimated that there are around 450,000 Sikhs in Malaysia. Despite the popular belief that Sikhs were brought to the then Malaya as police and soldiers, historically it is proven that Sikhs were actually sent to Malaya as political prisoners. The first few Sikhs to set foot in Malaya were Nihal Singh (better known as Bhai Maharaj Singh) and Kharak Singh, who were thrown out of India due to anti-British involvement somewhere around 1800. These prisoners were sent to the Outram Road prison in what is now Singapore. In 1865, it is believed that the process","title":"Sikhism in Malaysia"},{"psg_id":"17164037","text":"Idolatry in Sikhism Sikhism has prohibited idol worship since early 20th century, led by the Tat Khalsa of the Singh Sabha Movement of late 19th-century. Prior to 1905, idols were a part of Sikh gurudwaras, including the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple, Amritsar). According to Namdhari sect of Sikhism, it was Khalsa sect of Sikhism led Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandak Committee that invented phrases such as \"Guru Maniyo Granth\" in 1925 to remove idol worship within the Sikh community. The Sanatan Sikhs considered keeping idols within the temples as not harmful. With the launch of Singh Sabha movement in late 19th-century, the","title":"Idolatry in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7909780","text":"God in Sikhism Sikhism is a monotheistic religion and hence, believes that \"God\" is One, and prevails in everything, as symbolized by the symbol Ik Onkar (\"one all pervading spirit\"). The fundamental belief of Sikhism is that God exists, indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who surrenders his egoism and Loves the Almighty. The Sikh gurus have described God in numerous ways in their hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, but the oneness of the deity is consistently emphasized throughout. God is described in the Mool Mantar (lit. the Prime Utterance), the first","title":"God in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"9105018","text":"Sikhism in India Sikhism is the fourth largest religion in India and has existed for 548 years, beginning with the birth of its founder Guru Nanak. The Sikhs are predominantly located in Punjab, but also in many other parts of India. It is also the fifth largest religion in the world, with more than 27 million followers in the world as of the year 2010. Though Sikhs are a small minority in India, the community occupies a significant place in the country. The former Chief Justice of India, Jagdish Singh Khehar, and the former Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan","title":"Sikhism in India"},{"psg_id":"7893762","text":"Guru Amar Das says, \"Satis are not those that burn themselves on the husband's funeral pyre; satis are they, O Nanak, who die of the pangs of separation \"(from the supreme God)\" (SGGS, 787)\" \"\"They, too must be reckoned satis who live virtuously and contentedly in the service of the Lord, ever cherishing Him in their hearts... Some burn themselves along with their dead husbands: but they need not, for if they really loved them they would endure the pain alive.\"\" As a practical step towards discouraging the practice of sati Sikhism permits remarriage of widows. According to Sikhism, men","title":"Women in Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"7507943","text":"is a manifestation of spirituality that is everywhere, and for some even a linga, a sunrise or a river or a flower serves the same purpose. Hindu temples are called Mandirs, while Sikh temples are called Gurdwaras. However, the most famous Sikh shrine is called Hari Mandir. The Sikh concept of salvation is similar to some schools of Hinduism, and it is called mukti (moksha) referring to spiritual liberation. It is described in Sikhism as the state that breaks the cycle of rebirths. Mukti is obtained according to Sikhism, states Singha, through \"God's grace\". In the teachings of the Sikh","title":"Hinduism and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"20506323","text":"Sikhism in Poland Sikhism in Poland dates back mostly to the 1990s or early 2000s, during the immigration of Indians to Poland. There are about approximately 700 Sikhs in Poland, with the vast majority of them living in the capital of Warsaw. There is only one Gurdwara in Poland being stationed in Warsaw. The city's Sikh Gurdwara, called \"Gurudwara Singh Sabha\", is the only Sikh shrine in the whole of Eastern Europe and it is the place where both Sikhs and Sindhis come together to celebrate Baisakhi. Sikhs in Poland are generally treated unfavourably by the locals, especially in more","title":"Sikhism in Poland"},{"psg_id":"8323070","text":"Islam and Sikhism Islam is an Abrahamic religion founded in the Arabian peninsula, while Sikhism is a Dharmic religion founded in the Indian subcontinent. Islam means \"submission\" (to the will of God). The word Sikh is derived from a Sanskrit word meaning 'disciple', or one who learns. Both religions are monotheistic. Sufi Muslims and Sikhs believe that the 'One' creator permeates the creation. Salafi Muslims on the other hand disagree. Sufi Muslims differ from Sikhs in that they believe that God manifests his attributes, namely the 99 names or attributes through his creation. According to Salafi Muslims, God's attributes are","title":"Islam and Sikhism"},{"psg_id":"10187481","text":"along with many other Sikhs together helped in constructing a new Gurdwara. The opening ceremony was held on January 22, 2001. The Chief Minister for this occasion was Privy Council Member, Bichit Kulavnich. In Thailand, Sikhs have constructed several Gurdwaras throughout the country. Currently there are Gurdwaras located in the following provinces: Sikhism in Thailand Sikhism is a recognised minority religion in Thailand, with about 70,000 adherents. The religion was brought by migrants from India who began to arrive in the late 19th century. There are about twenty Sikh temples or Gurdwaras in the country, including the Gurdwara Sri Guru","title":"Sikhism in Thailand"},{"psg_id":"12991773","text":"Sikhism in Singapore Sikhism in Singapore has its roots in the military and policing forces of the British Empire. Currently, there are 12,000-15,000 Sikhs in Singapore. There are 7 Sikh Temples along with a missionary society, a welfare society, two youth organizations and two sports clubs.<ref name=\"http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015\"></ref> The first Sikh to migrate to Singapore was Maharaj Singh in 1849; he was sent there as a political prisoner by the British Empire after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The Central Sikh Temple was built to commemorate the 518th anniversary of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The temple boasts a skilful","title":"Sikhism in Singapore"},{"psg_id":"12945392","text":"You Is\", \"Tinsel Town Rebellion\" and two series of live albums, \"Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar\" and \"You Can't Do That On Stage Anymore\". Zappa had performed most of the material from \"You Are What You Is\" on a tour running from March to July 1980 with a band including Ike Willis and Ray White on guitar and vocals, Tommy Mars on keyboards, Arthur Barrow on bass and keyboards and David Logeman on drums. This band recorded the basic tracks of the album in the summer of 1980 after finishing the tour, with guitarist Steve Vai and vocalist Bob","title":"You Are What You Is"},{"psg_id":"10491456","text":"ethical concerns, calling them an \"accumulation of religious prejudices.\" Raëlian beliefs and practices Raëlian beliefs and practices are the concepts and principles of the religion founded by Claude Vorilhon, a former French auto racing journalist who changed his name to Raël. Followers of Raëlism are believers in an advanced race of extraterrestrials called Elohim who created life on earth. Raëlians are individualists who believe in sexual self-determination. As advocates of the universal ethic and world peace, they believe the world would be better if geniuses had an exclusive right to govern in what Rael terms Geniocracy. As believers of life","title":"Raëlian beliefs and practices"},{"psg_id":"10491418","text":"Raëlian beliefs and practices Raëlian beliefs and practices are the concepts and principles of the religion founded by Claude Vorilhon, a former French auto racing journalist who changed his name to Raël. Followers of Raëlism are believers in an advanced race of extraterrestrials called Elohim who created life on earth. Raëlians are individualists who believe in sexual self-determination. As advocates of the universal ethic and world peace, they believe the world would be better if geniuses had an exclusive right to govern in what Rael terms Geniocracy. As believers of life in outer space, they hope that human scientists will","title":"Raëlian beliefs and practices"},{"psg_id":"20792648","text":"often attracted all sorts of neurotics, hysterics and even madmen: \"All organisations which depend on enthusiasm and opposition to conventional opinion suffer from this problem to some degree; Theosophy appears to have been especially prone to it. The permanent residents at Adyar during the 1880s and '90s were typical. A quarrelsome collection of minor English aristocrats, rich American widows, German professors, Indian mystics and hangerson of every description, they were all eager to have their say, especially during Olcott's prolonged absences, and all ready to quarrel with one another.\" What Are The Theosophists? \"What Are The Theosophists?\" is an editorial","title":"What Are The Theosophists?"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5122269\",\n \"text\": \"Basic belief Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be believed. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Within this basic framework of foundationalism exist a number of views regarding which types of beliefs qualify as \\\"properly\\\" basic; that is, what sorts of beliefs can be justifiably held without the justification of other beliefs. In , beliefs are held to be properly basic if they are either self-evident axioms, or evident to the senses\",\n \"title\": \"Basic belief\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17164044\",\n \"text\": \"Sabha movement as an attempt to distinguish Sikhism from Hinduism and restate its core beliefs and change the historic practices in Sikhism. According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, a professor of Sikh Studies, the Singh Sabha movement intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th century, created exegetical works in their attempts to overcome idolatrous notions of God. This was the Singh Sabha's attempt to cleanse Sikhism of Hinduism, but they ended up admitting the historic practice and formulating new norms that did in a different way what they accused Hindus of doing in practice. In the second half of the\",\n \"title\": \"Idolatry in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556746\",\n \"text\": \"Criticism of Sikhism Sikhism has been criticized in one way or another by proponents of other theories. These critics include both Sikhs and non-Sikhs under different motives. These criticisms extend across a large portion of the beliefs and practices of Sikhism and even question the authenticity of the origin of the faith. As a result, Sikhs continue to face discrimination due to their presence and past activities. Scholar William Hewat McLeod cited the tension between the doctrine of God's transcendence in Sikhism and a supposed ability of God to communicate with people. McLeod says Sikh thinkers have been unable to\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556762\",\n \"text\": \"Human Rights dismissed the petition. Although UN's human right body supported the petition in January 2012, citing that turbans do not pose a threat to ground security. In Canada, a 2013 poll concluded that 39% of Canadians had a negative view of Sikhism, second after Islam, which was negatively viewed by 54%. Criticism of Sikhism Sikhism has been criticized in one way or another by proponents of other theories. These critics include both Sikhs and non-Sikhs under different motives. These criticisms extend across a large portion of the beliefs and practices of Sikhism and even question the authenticity of the\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19240434\",\n \"text\": \"of Sikh sects. Ravidassia is considered a Sikh sect around the world.Their gurdwara services and beliefs are somewhat similar to mainstream Sikhism, although its followers do not necessarily need to keep uncut hair or Kesh. They also believe that Ravidas is a guru. Until 2009, Ravidassias considered themselves a part of mainstream Sikhism. They decided to split themselves into a separate sect when their religious leader Ramanand Dass was shot dead by extremists in Vienna, Austria. Udasi has been an early sect based on the teachings of Sri Chand (1494–1643), the son of Guru Nanak, the founder and the first\",\n \"title\": \"Sects of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378634\",\n \"text\": \"include: Sikhism Sikhism (; ), or Sikhi \\\"\\\", , from \\\"Sikh\\\", meaning a \\\"disciple\\\", \\\"seeker,\\\" or \\\"learner\\\") is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century, and has variously been defined as monotheistic, monistic and panentheistic. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the world's fifth-largest organized religion, as well as being the world's ninth-largest overall religion. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378539\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism Sikhism (; ), or Sikhi \\\"\\\", , from \\\"Sikh\\\", meaning a \\\"disciple\\\", \\\"seeker,\\\" or \\\"learner\\\") is an Indian religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century, and has variously been defined as monotheistic, monistic and panentheistic. It is one of the youngest of the major world religions, and the world's fifth-largest organized religion, as well as being the world's ninth-largest overall religion. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, divine unity and\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7507950\",\n \"text\": \"and Cole state that \\\"Sikhism originated and developed within Hinduism. Hindus and Sikhs, in initial years of Sikhism, used to have what is termed as \\\"Roti Beti di Sanjh\\\"; that is they eat together and intermarry\\\". William Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi state that for some Sikhs, intermarriage between Hindus and Sikhs of same community was preferable than other communities. In the past and even now, Sikh scriptures were treated as part of the corpus of the sacred writing of Hindus. Hinduism and Sikhism Hinduism and Sikhism are both Indian religions. Hinduism is an older religion, while Sikhism was\",\n \"title\": \"Hinduism and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5122270\",\n \"text\": \"(empiricism). However Anthony Kenny and others have argued that this is a self-refuting idea. Anti-foundationalism rejects foundationalism and denies there is some fundamental belief or principle which is the basic ground or foundation of inquiry and knowledge. Basic belief Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be believed. Beliefs therefore fall into two categories: Within this basic framework of foundationalism exist a number of views regarding which types of beliefs qualify as \\\"properly\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Basic belief\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19240431\",\n \"text\": \"Sects of Sikhism Sects of Sikhism are sub-traditions within Sikhism that believe in an alternate lineage of Gurus, or have a different interpretation of the Sikh scriptures, or believe in following a living guru, or other concepts that differ from the orthodox. The major historic sects of Sikhism, states Harjot Oberoi, have included Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari Kuka, Nirankari and Sarvaria. The early Sikh sects were Udasis founded by Sri Chand – the elder son of Guru Nanak, and the Minas Prithi Chand – the elder son of Guru Ram Das respectively, in parallel to the official succession\",\n \"title\": \"Sects of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19240452\",\n \"text\": \"the end of prayers. According to Pierluigi Zoccatelli, there were an estimated 3 million Radhasoami followers worldwide in 2004, with many subsects based on the Guru. Of these, the Beas headquartered group had 2 million followers. Other subsects and movements influenced by Radhasoami include Divine Life Mission, Eckankar, Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness, Science of Spirituality and others. Sanatan Sikhs emerged as a significant group of conservative Sikhs who opposed the orthodox Sikhs in their interpretation of Sikhism, particularly during the Singh Sabha Movement. They campaigned for an inclusive interpretation that accepted wide range of beliefs drawn from Hinduism and\",\n \"title\": \"Sects of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556747\",\n \"text\": \"give a convincing account of how God can communicate with people at all if this being is indeed transcendent. Although, this is what makes Sikh teachings different from other schools of thought i.e., that God is transcendental, formless and infinite but still can communicate to people as if a physical being. Hindu leader Dayanand Saraswati, in his book \\\"Satyarth Prakash\\\", criticized Sikhism, describing Guru Nanak as a \\\"rogue\\\", the hymns of the Guru Granth Sahib as falsehood, and Sikhism as a snare to rob and cheat simple folk of their wealth and property. A Sikh wrote a response, to which\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7813359\",\n \"text\": \"On 22 May 2004 Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh to become the Prime Minister of India. There are a number of small pseudo-sikh sects who are not considered to be Sikhs. See Sects of Sikhism for more information. History of Sikhism The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru in the fifteenth century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on 13 April 1699. The latter baptised five persons from different social backgrounds to form Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ). The first\",\n \"title\": \"History of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7813229\",\n \"text\": \"from Bhai Bala and wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak. He also wrote 63 Saloks (stanzas), which are included in the Guru Granth Sahib. He popularised and expanded the institution of \\\"Guru ka Langar\\\" that had been started by Guru Nanak. Guru Angad travelled widely and visited all important religious places and centres established by Guru Nanak for the preaching of Sikhism. He also established hundreds of new Centres of Sikhism (Sikh religious Institutions) and thus strengthened the base of Sikhism. The period of his Guruship was the most crucial one. The Sikh community had moved from having a\",\n \"title\": \"History of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19240435\",\n \"text\": \"Guru of Sikhism. The Udasis do not reject the Sikh Gurus, but attach greater importance to the line of succession from Guru Nanak through Sri Chand to the Udasi mahants. They interpret the message of Guru Granth Sahib in Vedantic terms. They do not abide by the Khalsa's Rehat Maryada. Udasis are known for their \\\"Akharas\\\" along with the Nirmala sect of Sikhism. They accept asceticism and monastic traveler lifestyle. \\\"Udasi\\\" is derived from the Sanskrit word \\\"Udasin\\\", it literally means \\\"detached, journey\\\", and that reflects their approach to spiritual and temporal life. They were key in preserving Sikhism from\",\n \"title\": \"Sects of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9143400\",\n \"text\": \"with about one in three British Sikh families (34%) owning a business in the UK. Performing Seva (selfless service) is a basic tenet of Sikhism, and Sikhs are also expected to share at least 10 per cent their earnings with those less fortunate and for good causes (Dasvandh). 64 per cent of the British Sikhs engage in some volunteering work. 40 per cent give between one and five hours of their time per week on voluntary activities, including Seva at their Gurdwara, whilst more than two per cent spend over 25 hours on such activities. Sikhs spend about 200 hours\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378627\",\n \"text\": \"these sects were financially and administratively supported by the Mughal rulers in the hopes of gaining a more favorable and compliant citizenry. After the collapse of Mughal Empire, and particularly during the rule of Ranjit Singh, Udasi Sikhs protected Sikh shrines, preserved the Sikh scripture and rebuilt those that were desecrated or destroyed during the Muslim–Sikh wars. However, Udasi Sikhs kept idols and images inside these Sikh temples. In the 19th century, Namdharis and Nirankaris sects were formed in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism. All these sects differ from\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378624\",\n \"text\": \"in every state and union territory, but it is predominantly found the northwestern and northern states. Only in the state of Punjab, Sikhs constitute a majority (58% of the total, per 2011 census). The states and union territories of India where Sikhs constitute more than 1.5% of its population are Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand and Jammu & Kashmir. Sikhism was founded in northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent in what is now Pakistan. Some of the Gurus were born near Lahore and in other parts of Pakistan. Prior to 1947, in British India, millions of Sikhs lived in what\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1922492\",\n \"text\": \"to Mary A. Mann, it contains the elements necessary for a global religion and caters to people of all different ethnicities and educational upbringing. Wilson writes that Scientology \\\"constitutes a religious system set forth in the terms of scientific discourse.\\\" Hubbard similarly states that \\\"along with science, Scientology can achieve positive invariable results. Given the same conditions, one always get the same results ... What has happened is the superstition has been subtracted from spiritual studies.\\\" Among the basic tenets of Scientology are the beliefs that human beings are immortal, that a person's life experience transcends a single lifetime, and\",\n \"title\": \"Scientology beliefs and practices\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20205818\",\n \"text\": \"are striking similarities between accounts from the 1500s vis a vis modern folk beliefs today. He describes the account of Miguel de Loarca account, in particular, to be: \\\"\\\"remarkable in that it sounds like what is now called folk Catholicism.\\\"\\\" Catholic Scholar Fr. Vitaliano R. Gorospe, meantime, notes:\\\"\\\"even today especially in the rural areas, we find merely the external trappings of Catholic belief and practice, superimposed on the original pattern of pre-Christian superstitions and rituals.\\\"\\\" Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people The indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people (sometimes referred to as Anitism, or, less accurately, using the\",\n \"title\": \"Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19240441\",\n \"text\": \"shrine. Many Sikhs settled with Ram Rai, they followed Guru Nanak, but orthodox Sikhs have shunned them. They were one of the Panj Mel, the five reprobate groups that orthodox Sikhs are expected to shun with contempt. The other four are the Minas, the Masands, the Dhirmalias, the Sir-gums (those Sikhs who accept Amrit baptism but subsequently cut their hair). A Nanakpanthi is a follower of the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first guru of Sikhism. The community transcends the boundaries of Sikhism and Hinduism, and was also a reference to the early Sikh community. Most Sindhi Hindu people are\",\n \"title\": \"Sects of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8748942\",\n \"text\": \"such as Investigations in Number, Data, and Space. Most local, state and federal education agencies are committed to standards based education reform, which is based on beliefs which conflict with the outcomes of traditional education. The goal is that all students will succeed at one high world-class level of what students know and are able to do, rather than different students learning different amounts on different tracks, producing some failures and some successes. Higher order thinking skills are emphasized by the new standards. A widely cited paper by Constance Kamii even suggests that teaching of basic arithmetic methods is harmful\",\n \"title\": \"Basic skills\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5662767\",\n \"text\": \"applied to life liberally rather than treated as a binding contract. The Sikh holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib, details what behavior is expected of all Sikhs. It is seemingly silent on the subject of same-sex sexual behaviour, while it frequently encourages a married life. Marriage in Sikhism is seen as a union of souls, and the soul is seen as genderless, with the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) being a temporary state. Same-sex marriage advocates refer to this as support for marriage equality in Sikhism. The Laavaan, the main part of Anand Karaj, are read at Sikh\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism and sexual orientation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8551919\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in the United States Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia (predominantly from the Punjab region of modern-day India and Pakistan) which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. In 2007, there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States, with largest populations living on the East and West Coasts, together with additional populations in Detroit, Chicago, and Austin. The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism. Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Following\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9105029\",\n \"text\": \"million), which is only 1.72% of the country's total population. Out of the total Sikhs in India, 77% are concentrated in state of Punjab. Sikhism is the dominant religion in Punjab, where it is followed by 58% of the population, the only Indian state where Sikhism is the majority faith. Other states where Sikh population has some impact are U.T. of Chandigarh (13.11%), New Delhi (5.4%), Haryana (4.91%), Uttarakhand (2.34%), Rajasthan (1.27%), Jammu & Kashmir (1.87%) and Himachal Pradesh (1.16%). https://www.sikhfoundation.org (english) - https://www.deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion.de (german & english) Sikhism in India Sikhism is the fourth largest religion in India and has\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in India\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378561\",\n \"text\": \"Forgiveness is taught as a virtue in Sikhism, yet it also teaches its faithful to shun those with evil intentions and to pick up the sword to fight injustice and religious persecution. Sikhism does not differentiate religious obligations by gender. God in Sikhism has no gender, and the Sikh scripture does not discriminate against the woman, nor bar her from any roles. Women in Sikhism have led battles and issued hukamnamas. The term guru comes from the Sanskrit \\\"gurū\\\", meaning teacher, guide, or mentor. The traditions and philosophy of Sikhism were established by ten gurus from 1469 to 1708. Each\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556752\",\n \"text\": \"a legend, Nanak during his trip to Mecca had debate with mullahs of Mecca, in his debate, Nanak had asserted that the Kaaba was only a black stone, which is Lingam, of Lord Shiva. However it has been alleged that later gurus of Sikhism added the practices that can be linked with polytheism, most notably waving fans over Guru Granth Sahib during worship. Sikhism also permits the veneration and Intercession of saints (such as to the Sikh martyr Bhai Maharaj Singh) and views its Gurus as the \\\"embodiment of Divine Light\\\" and \\\"Divine in Spirit\\\", which are seen by some\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20813747\",\n \"text\": \"History of beliefs about the human body The human body has been subject of much debate. How people are defined, and what defined them – be it their anatomy or their energy or both – depends on culture and time. Culture not only defines how sex is perceived but also how gender is defined. Today gender, sex, and identity continue to be of much debate and change based on what place and people are being examined. The early modern idea of the body was a cultural ideal, an understanding and approach to how the body works and what place that\",\n \"title\": \"History of beliefs about the human body\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20792643\",\n \"text\": \"the article author, all modern social positions are unsatisfactory and limited, based \\\"on partial and incomplete\\\" ideas and beliefs that do not have genuine \\\"spiritual legitimacy.\\\" He quoted: \\\"Unconcerned about politics; hostile to the insane dreams of Socialism and of Communism, which it abhors—as both are but disguised conspiracies of brutal force and sluggishness against honest labour; the Society cares but little about the outward human management of the material world. The whole of its aspirations are directed towards the occult truths of the visible and invisible worlds. Whether the physical man be under the rule of an empire or\",\n \"title\": \"What Are The Theosophists?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7813216\",\n \"text\": \"History of Sikhism The history of Sikhism started with Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Guru in the fifteenth century in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The religious practices were formalised by Guru Gobind Singh Ji on 13 April 1699. The latter baptised five persons from different social backgrounds to form Khalsa (ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ). The first five, Pure Ones, then baptised Gobind Singh into the Khalsa fold. This gives the order of Khalsa, a history of around 300 years. The history of Sikhism is closely associated with the history of Punjab and the socio-political situation\",\n \"title\": \"History of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378577\",\n \"text\": \"from perils of lust. Five versions of \\\"Dasam Granth\\\" exist, and the authenticity of the \\\"Dasam Granth\\\" is amongst the most debated topics within Sikhism. The text played a significant role in Sikh history, but in modern times parts of the text have seen antipathy and discussion among Sikhs. The Janamsākhīs (literally \\\"birth stories\\\"), are writings which profess to be biographies of Nanak. Although not scripture in the strictest sense, they provide a hagiographic look at Nanak's life and the early start of Sikhism. There are several – often contradictory and sometimes unreliable – Janamsākhīs and they are not held\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7893769\",\n \"text\": \"the caste system itself goes against the core principles of Sikhism. Though equality for women has always been a major attribute of Sikhism and a great number of women have made significant contributions, it is important to note that it is still a work in progress. In the 1990s a group of Sikh women requested to wash the floors or the Darbar Sahib and were denied. Also, women make up less than 20% of the SGPC members. Women in Sikhism The role of women in Sikhism is outlined in the Sikh scriptures, which state that women are equal to men.\",\n \"title\": \"Women in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7893753\",\n \"text\": \"Women in Sikhism The role of women in Sikhism is outlined in the Sikh scriptures, which state that women are equal to men. The principles of Sikhism state that women have the same souls as men and thus possess an equal right to cultivate their spirituality with equal chances of achieving salvation. Woman can participate in all religious, cultural, social, and secular activities including lead religious congregations, take part in the Akhand Path (the continuous recitation of the Holy Scriptures), perform \\\"Kirtan\\\" (congregational singing of hymns), and work as a Granthis. As a result, Sikhism was among the first major\",\n \"title\": \"Women in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2856149\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism, lay emphasis on being ascetic, thus violating the \\\"Non-family-oriented living\\\" principle. Sri Chand, the ascetic son of Guru Nanak, was the founder of the Udasi. Prohibitions in Sikhism There are a number of religious prohibitions in Sikhism. Not all Sikh-identified people subscribe to these prohibitions. The Sahajdhari Sikhs reject most of the prohibitions, including trimming of hair (Kesh). Some young Sikhs are now cutting their hair to the dismay of spiritual leaders. According to the Sikh clergy, \\\"the fad among youth to shed the pagri\\\" is being observed more commonly among the Sikh youth in Punjab than Sikhs in\",\n \"title\": \"Prohibitions in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19901152\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in Bangladesh Sikhism in Bangladesh dates back to 1503 but has declined after the partition. Most of the Sikhs in the country are officials of Indian High Commission or pilgrims. There were eighteen historical Gurdwaras in Bangladesh but now only seven are left. Sikhism first emerged in Bengal when Guru Nanak visited Bangladesh in 1504 and established a number of Gurdwaras. Gurdwara Nanak Shahi is the principal Sikh Gurdwara (prayer hall) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is located at the campus of the University of Dhaka and considered to be the biggest of the 7 Gurdwaras in the country. After\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Bangladesh\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19901153\",\n \"text\": \"the Partition of India, the Sikh community left for India. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, Indian Sikh soldiers helped renovate the Gudwaras left in Bangladesh. Sikhism in Bangladesh Sikhism in Bangladesh dates back to 1503 but has declined after the partition. Most of the Sikhs in the country are officials of Indian High Commission or pilgrims. There were eighteen historical Gurdwaras in Bangladesh but now only seven are left. Sikhism first emerged in Bengal when Guru Nanak visited Bangladesh in 1504 and established a number of Gurdwaras. Gurdwara Nanak Shahi is the principal Sikh Gurdwara\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Bangladesh\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9105021\",\n \"text\": \"place of worship is called Gurdwara. The Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar in Punjab is a prominent Sikh Gurdwara. The Golden Temple represents the highest spiritual seat of Sikh Authority. Sikhism emphasises community services and helping the needy. One of the distinct features of Sikhism is the common kitchen called Langar. In every Gurdwara there is a Langar . Every Sikh is supposed to contribute in preparing a communal meal in the free kitchen. The meals are served to all and are eaten sitting on the floor. Sikhism does not believe in holding fasts, for the body is God's present to\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in India\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8551929\",\n \"text\": \"average American child. In the 1960s, due to increased Indian immigration and rising interest in Indian spirituality in the American counterculture, a number of non-Punjabi Americans began to enter Sikhism. Prominent in this trend was Yogi Bhajan, leader of the Sikh-related movement 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), whose Los Angeles temple was the first to initiate non-Punjabi Americans into Sikhism. Sikhism in the United States Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia (predominantly from the Punjab region of modern-day India and Pakistan) which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. In 2007, there were estimated to\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13437280\",\n \"text\": \"Gender of God in Sikhism Irrespective of the native-language meaning of the Mantra, the standard English translation neutralises the implied gender of God in Sikhism. Nonetheless, the Guru Granth consistently refers to God as \\\"He\\\", even in English. He is also predominantly referred to as \\\"Father\\\". The scripture of Sikhism is the Gurū Granth (GG). Printed as a heading for the Guru Granth, and for each of its major divisions, is the Mul Mantra, a short summary description of God, in Punjabi. Sikh tradition has it that this was originally composed by Nanak Dev (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism. The\",\n \"title\": \"Gender of God in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13437283\",\n \"text\": \"inherent anti-anthropomorhism of Sikhism scuttles any idea of religious gender of Waheguru. The God in sikhism is considered as jot saroop(luminescence of light) so no question of gender but depending upon the feeling of the devotee God can turn itself to any shape a child(girl or boy), a young man or woman, old man or woman or whatever he desire to be i.e. he is not governed by any law or rule and he free to do anything. So in Sikhism, God is considered to be without form or gender and can't be described. Gender of God in Sikhism Irrespective\",\n \"title\": \"Gender of God in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14768006\",\n \"text\": \"The state-of-the-art kitchen can serve the 10,000 plus worshipers who come every Friday. To develop religious values among the next generation of NRIs, special three-hour sessions are held for children on Saturdays at the temple where they are taught Punjabi, 'Kirtans' and how to behave in places of worship. Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates has a following of over 50,000; the majority of Sikhs in the UAE are found in Dubai and are expatriates hailing from Punjab, India. There are smaller numbers of Pakistani Sikhs also. There is a Sikh Gurdwara in Dubai\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378543\",\n \"text\": \"The persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa as an order to protect the freedom of conscience and religion, with qualities of a \\\"Sant-Sipāhī\\\" a saint-soldier. The Khalsa was founded by the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The majority of Sikh scriptures were originally written in the Gurmukhī alphabet, a script standardised by Guru Angad out of Laṇḍā scripts used in North India. Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs, which means students or disciples of the Guru. The anglicised word 'Sikhism' is derived from the Punjabi verb \\\"Sikhi\\\", with roots in \\\"Sikhana\\\" (to learn), and \\\"Sikhi\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378590\",\n \"text\": \"without regard for historical accuracy, and contain numerous legends and myths created to show respect for Nanak. The term revelation, clarify Cole and Sambhi, in Sikhism is not limited to the teachings of Nanak, they include all Sikh Gurus, as well as the words of past, present and future men and women, who possess divine knowledge intuitively through meditation. The Sikh revelations include the words of non-Sikh bhagats, some who lived and died before the birth of Nanak, and whose teachings are part of the Sikh scriptures. The Adi Granth and successive Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasised, states Mandair, that Sikhism\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14768004\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates has a following of over 50,000; the majority of Sikhs in the UAE are found in Dubai and are expatriates hailing from Punjab, India. There are smaller numbers of Pakistani Sikhs also. There is a Sikh Gurdwara in Dubai which serves over 10,000 worshippers. In June 2010, foundations were laid for the Guru Nanak Darbar. At a cost of $20 million, the large gurdwara is located in Jebel Ali, Dubai and will be the first 'official' Sikh temple in the entire Gulf, catering to the needs of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9133552\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in Canada Canadian Sikhs number roughly 468,670 people (2011) and account for roughly 1.4% of Canada's population. Canadian Sikhs are often credited for paving the path to Canada for all South Asian immigrants as well as for inadvertently creating the presence of Sikhism in the United States. Sikhism is a world religion with over 35 million followers worldwide, with majority of their population in Punjab, India. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario celebrates the month of April as Sikh Heritage Month. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the number of Sikhs living in each of the Canadian provinces and\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6051104\",\n \"text\": \"Jainism and Sikhism Both Jainism and Sikhism are faiths native to the Indian subcontinent. Sikhism rejected the authority of the Vedas and created independent textual traditions based on the words and examples of their early teachers, eventually evolving entirely new ways for interacting with the lay community. Jainism is the oldest living sramana tradition in India. In its current form it is traced to parshvanath (250 years before mahavir), the twenty-third of tirthankaras or \\\"fordmakers\\\" in Jain belief. Mahavira was born to a ruling family in the town of Vaishali, located in the modern state of Bihar. The first tirthankara\",\n \"title\": \"Jainism and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20813770\",\n \"text\": \"that even in European cultures that attempt to adhere purely to what can be seen and touched, recognize that there is a more cosmic necessity to the body and connection to the physical and cosmological worlds. History of beliefs about the human body The human body has been subject of much debate. How people are defined, and what defined them – be it their anatomy or their energy or both – depends on culture and time. Culture not only defines how sex is perceived but also how gender is defined. Today gender, sex, and identity continue to be of much\",\n \"title\": \"History of beliefs about the human body\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12774568\",\n \"text\": \"Irvine. Plans are also in place to open a Gurdwara in Aberdeen. Scottish Sikhs have their own tartan, and can be seen wearing kilts made from the material. Sikhism in Scotland Sikhism in Scotland includes all aspects of Sikh life and Sikhism in Scotland. Sikhs have been present in Scotland for over a century, with the first documented Sikh, Maharaja Daleep Singh, arriving in Perthshire in 1855. The next wave of migration was in early-to-mid 1920s when prominent Sikhs of the Bhat/Bhatra community established themselves in Glasgow and Edinburgh. However, the bulk of Sikhs in Scotland come from families who\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Scotland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10187472\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in Thailand Sikhism is a recognised minority religion in Thailand, with about 70,000 adherents. The religion was brought by migrants from India who began to arrive in the late 19th century. There are about twenty Sikh temples or Gurdwaras in the country, including the Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha in Bangkok. The Sikh community was estimated in 2006 to contain around 70,000 people, most of whom resided in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Nakhon Ratchasima, Pattaya, and Phuket. At that time there were nineteen Sikh temples in the country. Sikhism was one of five religious groups registered with the Religious Affairs\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Thailand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5914804\",\n \"text\": \"called \\\"Folk Catholicism\\\" and \\\"Folk Islam\\\". The folklore narratives associated with these religious beliefs constitute what is now called Philippine mythology, and is an important aspect of the study of Philippine culture and Filipino psychology. Historian T. Valentino Sitoy, in his review of documents concerning pre-Spanish religious beliefs, notes that three core characteristics which shaped the religious worldview of Filipinos throughout the archipelago before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. First, Filipinos believed in the existence of parallel spirit world, which was invisible but had an influence on the visible world. Second, Filipinos believed that there were spirits (\\\"anito\\\") everywhere -\",\n \"title\": \"Indigenous religious beliefs of the Philippines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5914802\",\n \"text\": \"languages and thus used different terms to describe their religious beliefs. While these beliefs can be treated as separate religions, scholars have noted that they follow a \\\"\\\"common structural framework of ideas\\\"\\\" which can be studied together. Some writers have noted that these beliefs have similarities with the Shinto religion of Japan, although they do not draw a historical linkage between the two belief systems. More historically linked are the various indigenous religious beliefs the various religions of Oceania and the maritime Southeast Asia, which draw their roots from Austronesian beliefs as those in the Philippines. As of 2010, an\",\n \"title\": \"Indigenous religious beliefs of the Philippines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"164904\",\n \"text\": \"Hold come what may Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard Van Orman Quine. Beliefs that are \\\"held come what may\\\" are beliefs one is unwilling to give up, regardless of any evidence with which one might be presented. Quine held (on a perhaps simplistic construal) that there are no beliefs that one ought to hold come what may—in other words, that all beliefs are rationally revisable (\\\"no statement is immune to revision\\\"), and compared this to the simplification of quantum mechanics. Many philosophers argue to the contrary, believing that, for example, the laws of thought\",\n \"title\": \"Hold come what may\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378592\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Guru Granth Sahib\\\" and the secondary canon, the \\\"Dasam Granth\\\" and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors\\\". The development of Sikhism was influenced by the Bhakti movement; however, Sikhism was not simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the Mughal Empire. Two of the Sikh gurus – Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, after they refused to convert to Islam, were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers. The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378552\",\n \"text\": \"is Bhakti. Guru Arjan, in his \\\"Sukhmani Sahib\\\", recommended the true religion is one of loving devotion to God. The Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib includes suggestions on how a Sikh should perform constant Bhakti. Some scholars call Sikhism a Bhakti sect of Indian traditions, adding that it emphasises \\\"nirguni Bhakti\\\", that is loving devotion to a divine without qualities or physical form. However, Sikhism also accepts the concept of \\\"saguni\\\", that is a divine with qualities and form. While Western scholarship generally places Sikhism as arising primarily within a Hindu Bhakti movement milieu while recognizing some Sufi Islamic influences,\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"378611\",\n \"text\": \"followed by a sustained campaign by Tat Khalsa. The movement became a struggle between Sanatan Sikhs and Tat Khalsa in defining and interpreting Sikhism. Sanatan Sikhs led by Khem Singh Bedi – who claimed to be a direct descendant of Guru Nanak, Avtar Singh Vahiria and others supported a more inclusive approach which considered Sikhism as a reformed tradition of Hinduism, while Tat Khalsa campaigned for an exclusive approach to the Sikh identity, disagreeing with Sanatan Sikhs and seeking to modernize Sikhism. The Sikh Sabha movement expanded in north and northwest Indian subcontinent, leading to about a 100 Singh Sabhas.\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19259156\",\n \"text\": \"earlier Gurus in theological pursuits, while the Guru Hargobind followers pursued the \\\"miri-piri\\\" approach and began militarizing the Sikh tradition to resist the Mughal persecution. The Miharvans (Mina sect) is nearly extinct. Minas did not believe in authority of last five Gurus and have their own lineage. Following are Gurus common to mainstream Sikhs and Minas belief: Minas, also called the Miharban Sikh tradition, created significant literature about 16th and 17th century Sikhism. However, as outcast for orthodox Sikhs, the literature is not a part of the Khalsa approved historic texts of Sikhism. They are credited with \\\"Janamsakhis\\\" about the\",\n \"title\": \"Mina (Sikhism)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16267584\",\n \"text\": \"of existing code: programmers with experience in both worlds are required to effectively target the new platform with older logic. The Visual Basic .NET developer will have to learn the use of the basic .NET types rather than what they have been used to in Visual Basic. A programmer who has only worked with Visual Basic may encounter a steep learning curve to migrate to Visual Basic .NET. A programmer who is versed in another language or who has had exposure to the .NET runtime should be able to cope. It would be better to think of Visual Basic .NET\",\n \"title\": \"Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8323079\",\n \"text\": \"and final religion. It warns against innovation (bid‘ah) to what is revealed in the Quran and the Hadiths. It considers other religions and non-believers in Islam as wrongly guided and infidels. Islam does not recognize and accept spiritual wisdom from other religions. Islam believes in miracles and a final judgment day (Qiyama). Islam believes that there are severe punishments in the afterlife (akhirah) for those who do not submit to God, who refuse or reject Islamic teachings, calling them kafir and infidels. Sikhism does not preach or accept this view of those who are not Sikhs. Apostasy, that is abandonment\",\n \"title\": \"Islam and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20792631\",\n \"text\": \"What Are The Theosophists? \\\"What Are The Theosophists?\\\" is an editorial published in October 1879 in the theosophical magazine \\\"The Theosophist.\\\" It was compiled by Helena Blavatsky and it was included the 2nd volume of the \\\"Blavatsky Collected Writings.\\\" Arnold Kalnitsky wrote in his thesis that in this article \\\"we find a rather expansive statement of... [Blavatsky's] thoughts at that moment about the status of the movement, the Theosophical Society, its objectives, and the issues it was confronting.\\\" He wrote that the article begins with a question whether the Theosophists \\\"are they what they claim to be\\\": researchers of the\",\n \"title\": \"What Are The Theosophists?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10832540\",\n \"text\": \"the competition grew and in 1989 netball, soccer and kabaddi. Tug o' war, volleyball and cricket are also included, while track and field and golf event have been previously competed but are currently non-competition events. Non-sports cultural events such as Bhangra and Giddha are also held simultaneously in the host city. Punjabi is the 13th most common language in Australia with over 100,000 speakers and it is the 3rd most common language spoken at home among recent migrants. 81% of Punjabi speakers are Sikhs, 13.3% are Hindus and 1.4% are Muslims. Sikhism in Australia Sikhism is a small but growing\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10422468\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism by country Sikhism can be found predominantly in the Punjab region of India but Sikh communities exist on every inhabited continent, with the largest emigrant population being in Canada and United Kingdom. In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab. The figures on this list are either based on each of the country's respective censuses or are calculated by specific organisations. Some of these figures are rounded off. In case of conflicting estimates, both the lowest and highest estimates are included. These percentages\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism by country\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2856147\",\n \"text\": \"Prohibitions in Sikhism There are a number of religious prohibitions in Sikhism. Not all Sikh-identified people subscribe to these prohibitions. The Sahajdhari Sikhs reject most of the prohibitions, including trimming of hair (Kesh). Some young Sikhs are now cutting their hair to the dismay of spiritual leaders. According to the Sikh clergy, \\\"the fad among youth to shed the pagri\\\" is being observed more commonly among the Sikh youth in Punjab than Sikhs in other Indian states. Nihang Sikhs of Punjab, who are defenders of historic Sikh shrines, are an exception and consume an intoxicant called \\\"bhang\\\" (cannabis sativa), opium\",\n \"title\": \"Prohibitions in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7813218\",\n \"text\": \"old sons of Guru Gobind Singh), along with numerous other main revered figures of Sikhism were tortured and killed (such as Banda Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala), by Islamic rulers for refusing to convert to Islam, and for opposing the persecution of Sikhs and Hindus. Subsequently, Sikhism militarised to oppose Mughal hegemony. The emergence of the Sikh Confederacy under the misls and Sikh Empire under reign of the Maharajah Ranjit Singh was characterised by religious tolerance and pluralism with Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. The establishment of the Sikh Empire is commonly\",\n \"title\": \"History of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556756\",\n \"text\": \"Asia alone accounts for up to 90% of the total Sikh population and approximately 75% of all Sikhs live in Punjab, India. Sikhism does not actively proselytize, and discourages it, perhaps explaining the homogeneous nature of the religion. Similar to other religions, Sikhism (and its adherents) has been accused of violence, or the glorification thereof, through its history (such as the militarisation of the Khalsa), symbols (such as the Khanda), art and legend. However this has been rejected by David C. Rapoport: \\\"It would be convenient to say that the prestige of violent symbols in the Sikh religion has increased\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7813236\",\n \"text\": \"systematic and planned manner. He divided the Sikh Sangat area into 22 preaching centres or Manjis, each under the charge of a devout Sikh. He himself visited and sent Sikh missionaries to different parts of India to spread Sikhism. Guru Amar Das was impressed with Bhai Gurdas' thorough knowledge of Hindi and Sanskrit and the Hindu scriptures. Following the tradition of sending out Masands across the country, Guru Amar Das deputed Bhai Gurdas to Agra to spread the gospel of Sikhism. Before leaving, Guru Amar Das prescribed the following routine for Sikhs: Guru Ji strengthened the tradition of 'Guru ka\",\n \"title\": \"History of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556758\",\n \"text\": \"French conjectures that Guru Gobind Singh may have hunted, as was common among Mughal rulers, \\\"to demonstrate his own physical and tactical prowess, to familiarize himself with the lay of the land, and to gather intelligence through networks of his own equivalent of the famous harkāre\\\" Sikh groups have put pressure on universities, and there has been a movement among some Sikhs to stifle academic criticism of Sikhism in North America. There is a history of tension between Sikhism and Islam. This goes back to the persecution of Sikhs by the Mughal emperors in India, but has manifested in more\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556748\",\n \"text\": \"Dayanand Saraswati answered that his opinion had undergone a change when he visited Punjab, and the remarks about Sikhism would be deleted in the subsequent edition of his work. However, these remarks were never removed after the untimely death of Dayanand Saraswati, and later editions of \\\"Satyarth Prakash\\\" were even more critical of Sikhism. Ernest Trumpp had concluded that Adi Granth was not worth translating in full--\\\"the same few ideas, he thought, being endlessly repeated,\\\" and referring to the heterogeneous language (mostly Sadhukkadi or Saint's tongue, a mixture of Indian dialects, used by saints to preach in North India) that\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17556755\",\n \"text\": \"is known as Kesh. However, the practice is a common source of criticism and questioning of Sikhism, including the belief that not cutting ones hair will cause it to grow to unacceptably long lengths. Non-amritdhari young women, especially, often express criticism of the forbiddance to cut hair as being too demanding and restrictive. Sikhism has been criticised for the perception that it is an ethnoreligious group, which has seemingly very limited appeal and following beyond those claiming ancestry from the Indian subcontinent — especially the Punjab region and its surrounds, such as among the Jat Sikh and Sikh Khatris. South\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7813230\",\n \"text\": \"founder to a succession of Gurus and the infrastructure of Sikh society was strengthened and crystallised – from being an infant, Sikhism had moved to being a young child and ready to face the dangers that were around. During this phase, Sikhism established its own separate spiritual path. Guru Angad, following the example set by Guru Nanak, nominated Sri Amar Das as his successor (the Third Nanak) before his death. He presented all the holy scripts, including those he received from Guru Nanak, to Guru Amar Das. He died on 29 March 1552 at the age of forty-eight. It is\",\n \"title\": \"History of Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6051109\",\n \"text\": \"52 Rajas from the fort of Gwalior is attributed to this Guru. For Jains, Diwali is the celebration of the 24th Tirthankara Mahavira, attaining Nirvana on this day at Pavapuri on October 15, 527 BCE, on Chaturdashi of Karti. Jains are strictly vegetarian There are, however, some groups and sects of Sikhism (Namdharis, Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Guru Nanak NSJ, Handsworth, Damdami Taksal etc.) who encourage vegetarianism. The majority of Sikhs believe that in Sikhism, eating meat is left up to the individual's conscience, as it will not affect spirituality. Khushwant Singh also notes that most Sikhs are meat-eaters and decry\",\n \"title\": \"Jainism and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12991775\",\n \"text\": \"colonial Malaya. A substantial amount of Sikhs in Singapore are also descendants of Indian Sikh Businessmen who immigrated to Singapore. Most Sikhs today are from the Jat community. Sikhism in Singapore Sikhism in Singapore has its roots in the military and policing forces of the British Empire. Currently, there are 12,000-15,000 Sikhs in Singapore. There are 7 Sikh Temples along with a missionary society, a welfare society, two youth organizations and two sports clubs.<ref name=\\\"http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015\\\"></ref> The first Sikh to migrate to Singapore was Maharaj Singh in 1849; he was sent there as a political prisoner by the British Empire\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Singapore\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"164906\",\n \"text\": \"such central portions of the web of beliefs would have immense, ramifying consequences, and affect many other beliefs. It is better to alter auxiliary beliefs around the edges of the web of beliefs (considered to be sense beliefs, rather than main beliefs) in the face of new evidence unfriendly to one's central principles. Thus, while one might agree that there is no belief one can hold come what may, there are some for which there is ample practical ground to \\\"hold more stubbornly at least\\\". Hold come what may Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard\",\n \"title\": \"Hold come what may\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12372115\",\n \"text\": \"Diet in Sikhism In Sikhism, only lacto-vegetarian food is served in the Gurdwara (Sikh temple) but Sikhs are not bound to be meat-free. The general consensus is that Sikhs are free to choose whether to adopt a meat diet or not. Sikhs, once they become Amritdhari (baptised) via the Amrit Sanchaar (baptism ceremony), are forbidden from eating Kutha or ritually-slaughtered (Halal, Kosher) meat because it transgresses one of the four restrictions in the Sikh Code of Conduct. The Akal Takht (Central Body for Sikh Temporal Affairs) represents the final authority on controversial issues concerning the Sikh Panth (community or collective).\",\n \"title\": \"Diet in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12372125\",\n \"text\": \"was used by Guru Gobind Singh to prepare Amrit during the Khalsa initiation ceremony in 1699. The Khanda (a double edged knife or sword) was also made of Sarbloh. To this day Amrit Sanchar ceremonies are conducted using a bata (bowl) and Khanda (sword) made of sarbloh. Diet in Sikhism In Sikhism, only lacto-vegetarian food is served in the Gurdwara (Sikh temple) but Sikhs are not bound to be meat-free. The general consensus is that Sikhs are free to choose whether to adopt a meat diet or not. Sikhs, once they become Amritdhari (baptised) via the Amrit Sanchaar (baptism ceremony),\",\n \"title\": \"Diet in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2794410\",\n \"text\": \"are regularly held all over the world to feed the homeless. Major Indian Gurdwaras operate langars where thousands of visitors join in for a simple vegetarian meal everyday. Langar (Sikhism) Langar () (kitchen) is the term used in Sikhism for the community kitchen in a Gurdwara where a free meal is served to all the visitors, without distinction of religion, caste, gender, economic status or ethnicity. The free meal is always vegetarian. People sit on the floor, eat together, and the kitchen is maintained and serviced by Sikh community volunteers. At the langar, all people eat a vegetarian meal as\",\n \"title\": \"Langar (Sikhism)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8323082\",\n \"text\": \"Hukum. The Khalsa panth among Sikhs are guided by the five Ks. They keep their head hair long (kesh) and men wear turbans (head hair cover) Women may also wear a turban by their choice. They carry a wooden comb, wear an iron bracelet, wear a cotton underwear, and carry a kirpan (steel sword). Non baptized Sikh women are free to dress as they wish in Sikhism. Sex segregation is not required in public places or Sikh temples by Sikhism. Muslim males are encouraged to grow their beards and trim the moustache. Men in some Muslim communities wear turban (head\",\n \"title\": \"Islam and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14245673\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in Malaysia It is estimated that there are around 450,000 Sikhs in Malaysia. Despite the popular belief that Sikhs were brought to the then Malaya as police and soldiers, historically it is proven that Sikhs were actually sent to Malaya as political prisoners. The first few Sikhs to set foot in Malaya were Nihal Singh (better known as Bhai Maharaj Singh) and Kharak Singh, who were thrown out of India due to anti-British involvement somewhere around 1800. These prisoners were sent to the Outram Road prison in what is now Singapore. In 1865, it is believed that the process\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Malaysia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17164037\",\n \"text\": \"Idolatry in Sikhism Sikhism has prohibited idol worship since early 20th century, led by the Tat Khalsa of the Singh Sabha Movement of late 19th-century. Prior to 1905, idols were a part of Sikh gurudwaras, including the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple, Amritsar). According to Namdhari sect of Sikhism, it was Khalsa sect of Sikhism led Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandak Committee that invented phrases such as \\\"Guru Maniyo Granth\\\" in 1925 to remove idol worship within the Sikh community. The Sanatan Sikhs considered keeping idols within the temples as not harmful. With the launch of Singh Sabha movement in late 19th-century, the\",\n \"title\": \"Idolatry in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7909780\",\n \"text\": \"God in Sikhism Sikhism is a monotheistic religion and hence, believes that \\\"God\\\" is One, and prevails in everything, as symbolized by the symbol Ik Onkar (\\\"one all pervading spirit\\\"). The fundamental belief of Sikhism is that God exists, indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who surrenders his egoism and Loves the Almighty. The Sikh gurus have described God in numerous ways in their hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, but the oneness of the deity is consistently emphasized throughout. God is described in the Mool Mantar (lit. the Prime Utterance), the first\",\n \"title\": \"God in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9105018\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in India Sikhism is the fourth largest religion in India and has existed for 548 years, beginning with the birth of its founder Guru Nanak. The Sikhs are predominantly located in Punjab, but also in many other parts of India. It is also the fifth largest religion in the world, with more than 27 million followers in the world as of the year 2010. Though Sikhs are a small minority in India, the community occupies a significant place in the country. The former Chief Justice of India, Jagdish Singh Khehar, and the former Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in India\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7893762\",\n \"text\": \"Guru Amar Das says, \\\"Satis are not those that burn themselves on the husband's funeral pyre; satis are they, O Nanak, who die of the pangs of separation \\\"(from the supreme God)\\\" (SGGS, 787)\\\" \\\"\\\"They, too must be reckoned satis who live virtuously and contentedly in the service of the Lord, ever cherishing Him in their hearts... Some burn themselves along with their dead husbands: but they need not, for if they really loved them they would endure the pain alive.\\\"\\\" As a practical step towards discouraging the practice of sati Sikhism permits remarriage of widows. According to Sikhism, men\",\n \"title\": \"Women in Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7507943\",\n \"text\": \"is a manifestation of spirituality that is everywhere, and for some even a linga, a sunrise or a river or a flower serves the same purpose. Hindu temples are called Mandirs, while Sikh temples are called Gurdwaras. However, the most famous Sikh shrine is called Hari Mandir. The Sikh concept of salvation is similar to some schools of Hinduism, and it is called mukti (moksha) referring to spiritual liberation. It is described in Sikhism as the state that breaks the cycle of rebirths. Mukti is obtained according to Sikhism, states Singha, through \\\"God's grace\\\". In the teachings of the Sikh\",\n \"title\": \"Hinduism and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20506323\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in Poland Sikhism in Poland dates back mostly to the 1990s or early 2000s, during the immigration of Indians to Poland. There are about approximately 700 Sikhs in Poland, with the vast majority of them living in the capital of Warsaw. There is only one Gurdwara in Poland being stationed in Warsaw. The city's Sikh Gurdwara, called \\\"Gurudwara Singh Sabha\\\", is the only Sikh shrine in the whole of Eastern Europe and it is the place where both Sikhs and Sindhis come together to celebrate Baisakhi. Sikhs in Poland are generally treated unfavourably by the locals, especially in more\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8323070\",\n \"text\": \"Islam and Sikhism Islam is an Abrahamic religion founded in the Arabian peninsula, while Sikhism is a Dharmic religion founded in the Indian subcontinent. Islam means \\\"submission\\\" (to the will of God). The word Sikh is derived from a Sanskrit word meaning 'disciple', or one who learns. Both religions are monotheistic. Sufi Muslims and Sikhs believe that the 'One' creator permeates the creation. Salafi Muslims on the other hand disagree. Sufi Muslims differ from Sikhs in that they believe that God manifests his attributes, namely the 99 names or attributes through his creation. According to Salafi Muslims, God's attributes are\",\n \"title\": \"Islam and Sikhism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10187481\",\n \"text\": \"along with many other Sikhs together helped in constructing a new Gurdwara. The opening ceremony was held on January 22, 2001. The Chief Minister for this occasion was Privy Council Member, Bichit Kulavnich. In Thailand, Sikhs have constructed several Gurdwaras throughout the country. Currently there are Gurdwaras located in the following provinces: Sikhism in Thailand Sikhism is a recognised minority religion in Thailand, with about 70,000 adherents. The religion was brought by migrants from India who began to arrive in the late 19th century. There are about twenty Sikh temples or Gurdwaras in the country, including the Gurdwara Sri Guru\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Thailand\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12991773\",\n \"text\": \"Sikhism in Singapore Sikhism in Singapore has its roots in the military and policing forces of the British Empire. Currently, there are 12,000-15,000 Sikhs in Singapore. There are 7 Sikh Temples along with a missionary society, a welfare society, two youth organizations and two sports clubs.<ref name=\\\"http://www.hindustantimes.com/ 2015\\\"></ref> The first Sikh to migrate to Singapore was Maharaj Singh in 1849; he was sent there as a political prisoner by the British Empire after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The Central Sikh Temple was built to commemorate the 518th anniversary of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The temple boasts a skilful\",\n \"title\": \"Sikhism in Singapore\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12945392\",\n \"text\": \"You Is\\\", \\\"Tinsel Town Rebellion\\\" and two series of live albums, \\\"Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar\\\" and \\\"You Can't Do That On Stage Anymore\\\". Zappa had performed most of the material from \\\"You Are What You Is\\\" on a tour running from March to July 1980 with a band including Ike Willis and Ray White on guitar and vocals, Tommy Mars on keyboards, Arthur Barrow on bass and keyboards and David Logeman on drums. This band recorded the basic tracks of the album in the summer of 1980 after finishing the tour, with guitarist Steve Vai and vocalist Bob\",\n \"title\": \"You Are What You Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10491456\",\n \"text\": \"ethical concerns, calling them an \\\"accumulation of religious prejudices.\\\" Raëlian beliefs and practices Raëlian beliefs and practices are the concepts and principles of the religion founded by Claude Vorilhon, a former French auto racing journalist who changed his name to Raël. Followers of Raëlism are believers in an advanced race of extraterrestrials called Elohim who created life on earth. Raëlians are individualists who believe in sexual self-determination. As advocates of the universal ethic and world peace, they believe the world would be better if geniuses had an exclusive right to govern in what Rael terms Geniocracy. As believers of life\",\n \"title\": \"Raëlian beliefs and practices\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10491418\",\n \"text\": \"Raëlian beliefs and practices Raëlian beliefs and practices are the concepts and principles of the religion founded by Claude Vorilhon, a former French auto racing journalist who changed his name to Raël. Followers of Raëlism are believers in an advanced race of extraterrestrials called Elohim who created life on earth. Raëlians are individualists who believe in sexual self-determination. As advocates of the universal ethic and world peace, they believe the world would be better if geniuses had an exclusive right to govern in what Rael terms Geniocracy. As believers of life in outer space, they hope that human scientists will\",\n \"title\": \"Raëlian beliefs and practices\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20792648\",\n \"text\": \"often attracted all sorts of neurotics, hysterics and even madmen: \\\"All organisations which depend on enthusiasm and opposition to conventional opinion suffer from this problem to some degree; Theosophy appears to have been especially prone to it. The permanent residents at Adyar during the 1880s and '90s were typical. A quarrelsome collection of minor English aristocrats, rich American widows, German professors, Indian mystics and hangerson of every description, they were all eager to have their say, especially during Olcott's prolonged absences, and all ready to quarrel with one another.\\\" What Are The Theosophists? \\\"What Are The Theosophists?\\\" is an editorial\",\n \"title\": \"What Are The Theosophists?\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["saṃsāra","dharma","reincarnation","monotheism","karma","pyaar"],"string":"[\n \"saṃsāra\",\n \"dharma\",\n \"reincarnation\",\n \"monotheism\",\n \"karma\",\n \"pyaar\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":185,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was liz taylor married too?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"16797315","text":"expectations realistic, okay?\" Liz & Dick Liz & Dick is a 2012 American made-for-television biographical film chronicling the relationship of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. It was directed by Lloyd Kramer, written by Christopher Monger, and produced by Larry A. Thompson. The film stars Lindsay Lohan as Taylor and Grant Bowler as Burton. It premiered on Lifetime on November 25, 2012. Throughout \"Liz & Dick\", Elizabeth and Richard appear in a dark room and reminisce about their life together. On August 5, 1984 in Celigny, Switzerland, an elderly Richard is writing what would be his last letter to Elizabeth and","title":"Liz & Dick"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16797315\",\n \"text\": \"expectations realistic, okay?\\\" Liz & Dick Liz & Dick is a 2012 American made-for-television biographical film chronicling the relationship of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. It was directed by Lloyd Kramer, written by Christopher Monger, and produced by Larry A. Thompson. The film stars Lindsay Lohan as Taylor and Grant Bowler as Burton. It premiered on Lifetime on November 25, 2012. Throughout \\\"Liz & Dick\\\", Elizabeth and Richard appear in a dark room and reminisce about their life together. On August 5, 1984 in Celigny, Switzerland, an elderly Richard is writing what would be his last letter to Elizabeth and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz & Dick\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"9643654","text":"which contributed towards Justin being acquitted of killing Macki and Liz was grateful to Darlene for this. After Justin returned home, Liz chucked Richard out for having an affair with a colleague but said Darlene could stay with them. Liz had decided that her family should move away from Hollyoaks to Colchester, to start afresh. However, all of her children were unwilling to move with her and she left Hollyoaks, without Mel, Sophie and Justin. When Mel and Sophie died in 2006, Liz was too distraught to attend their funerals. Liz Burton Elizabeth Burton (also Taylor) is a fictional character","title":"Liz Burton"},{"psg_id":"9642662","text":"Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks) Richard Taylor is a fictional character from the long-running Channel 4 soap opera \"Hollyoaks\", played by Richard Calkin. He appeared on the show between 2003 and 2005. Richard Taylor arrived in Hollyoaks with two of his four children Darlene Taylor and Ali Taylor, to set up home with Liz Burton and three of her children Justin Burton, Sophie Burton and Mel Burton and to run the local Gym \"Bodyboost\". Liz and Richard's attempts to fuse the two families together was the focus of many Hollyoaks story arcs. Eventually he and Liz married, and some time later the","title":"Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks)"},{"psg_id":"16939863","text":"show of the U.S. leg of the tour in Arlington, Texas on October 6, 2018. All Too Well \"All Too Well\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was written by Swift and Liz Rose. It appears on Swift's fourth studio album, \"Red\" (2012). The song received acclaim from music critics with many calling it the artist’s best song. Swift performed the track at the 2014 Grammy Awards. \"All Too Well\" was the first song Swift wrote for her album \"Red\". While collaborating with different writers on \"Red\", Swift wrote the song along with Liz Rose, with","title":"All Too Well"},{"psg_id":"16939855","text":"All Too Well \"All Too Well\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was written by Swift and Liz Rose. It appears on Swift's fourth studio album, \"Red\" (2012). The song received acclaim from music critics with many calling it the artist’s best song. Swift performed the track at the 2014 Grammy Awards. \"All Too Well\" was the first song Swift wrote for her album \"Red\". While collaborating with different writers on \"Red\", Swift wrote the song along with Liz Rose, with whom she had written many songs on her earlier albums. Rose has said that Swift","title":"All Too Well"},{"psg_id":"14200270","text":"her nemesis. Cori does suffer a few personal defeats in the series, such as when she verbally attacked Liz at a party being given by Taylor, who stood up for her against Cori's insults. Cori then demanded that she choose between her and Liz. Taylor, finally having had enough of Cori's hateful behavior, chose Liz. Later in the season during the \"A Prom to Remember (Part 2)\" episode, Liz had a mini meltdown right before the school announced the prom queen which was awarded to someone else. Cori then had a meltdown and went to the bathroom with her other","title":"My Life as Liz"},{"psg_id":"14200268","text":"2 finale. Taylor Terri: A past sidekick for Cori Cooper, known as the \"Queen of Mean\". At first Liz didn't trust her because of Taylor befriending Liz in the summer but ignoring her while in school. But throughout Liz's senior year in Burleson High, she and Taylor slowly become good friends when she stands up for Liz against Cori Cooper at her ABC party. While helping Liz to be with Bryson, Taylor also befriends Sully and the rest of the gang, and is seen during season two frequently hanging out with the group while Liz is in New York. In","title":"My Life as Liz"},{"psg_id":"13373329","text":"Why Did I Get Married Too? Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? is a 2010 American comedy-drama film produced by Lionsgate and Tyler Perry Studios and stars Janet Jackson, Tyler Perry, and Tasha Smith. It is the sequel to \"Why Did I Get Married?\" (2007), The film shares the interactions of four couples who undertake a week-long retreat to improve their relationships. The four couples prepare for their next marriage retreat in the Bahamas. Sheila and her new husband, Troy, are the first to arrive, followed (in order) by Patricia and Gavin, Terry and Dianne, and Angela and","title":"Why Did I Get Married Too?"},{"psg_id":"9294194","text":"\"Greenzo\". In season 4, Liz uncharacteristically instigates a one-night stand with James Franco and his Japanese body pillow, Kimiko. At one point in season 5, in the episode \"It's Never Too Late For Now\", Liz decides to give up on love and embrace spinsterhood by adopting a cat she calls Emily Dickinson, attending book clubs and wearing a fanny pack and baggy sweaters. Liz has also had several multi-episode onscreen romances. A recurring gag is Liz having relationships with men who share the names of celebrities or fictional characters, including Wesley Snipes (a Caucasian Englishman), commercial airline pilot Captain Carol","title":"Liz Lemon"},{"psg_id":"9697621","text":"first season 13 episodes, released in 2015. Liz Friedman was portrayed by the actress Hudson Leick (most famous for playing Callisto) on two of the TV series \"\" – \"Yes, Virginia, There Is a Hercules\" and \"For Those of You Just Joining Us\". Leick portrayed an over-the-top, chain-smoking version of Liz Friedman who was the cynical voice of reason amongst the producers. Friedman is openly lesbian. She is married to Yvette Abatte. They have a son, Max. Liz Friedman Liz Friedman is an American television producer and television writer known especially for her work on \"\", \"Young Hercules\", \"House\" and","title":"Liz Friedman"},{"psg_id":"16797309","text":"\"classic\" look. Two additional promotional images were released the next day, one of Lohan and one of Bowler. On July 20, a 15-second promo spot for \"Liz & Dick\" aired during Lifetime's \"Project Runway\" season 10 premiere. The promo features an image of Lohan as Taylor, and the words: \"Lindsay Lohan is Elizabeth Taylor\". Three stills of Lohan taken from the film were released on August 30. The first promotional poster for \"Liz & Dick\" was revealed on September 19, 2012. Lohan is seen wearing dark red lipstick and draped in diamonds. Alongside Lohan are the words that describe Taylor's","title":"Liz & Dick"},{"psg_id":"4275451","text":"the pines. The book ends with her giving birth. A film adaptation by Simon Lavoie, \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\", was released in 2017, and garnered seven nominations at the Canadian Screen Awards. The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (orig French \"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\") is a novel by Canadian novelist Gaétan Soucy. \"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\" was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of \"Canada Reads\", broadcast on Radio-Canada in","title":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches"},{"psg_id":"5470697","text":"was reissued in 2002, headlined \"A Cult Classic,\" with a foreword by John Waters. Waters integrated the title into the dialogue of his film \"Female Trouble\" (1974), prior to working on his film \"Desperate Living\" with Renay. Renay died at age 80 on January 22, 2007, in her adopted hometown of Las Vegas, Nevada, from cardiac arrest and gastric bleeding. Liz was married a total of seven times: Liz Renay Pearl Elizabeth Dobbins (April 14, 1926 – January 22, 2007), known as Liz Renay, was an American author and actress who appeared in John Waters' film \"Desperate Living\" (1977). She","title":"Liz Renay"},{"psg_id":"3968976","text":"having an affair in a plot to drive Daredevil insane. Liz feels like Foggy has let her down and ends their relationship. After Spider-Man publicly reveals his real identity in the \"Civil War\" storyline, Liz becomes resentful of him, blaming Peter for bringing so much death into their lives. However, after the events of the \"\" storyline, the public revelation of Peter's identity has been forgotten and Harry is still alive but he and Liz are no longer married. Liz and Normie are present when the Molten Man is given the antidote to his condition. Raxton, who had escaped the","title":"Liz Allan"},{"psg_id":"4315974","text":"Who: The Television Companion\", David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker were positive towards Liz, who they said was \"very good foil, far removed from the naïve young companions of the past\". \"Radio Times\" writer Mark Braxton wrote that, despite her short appearance, \"Liz established herself thanks to her brilliant mind, a succession of crazy outfits and Caroline John's consummate professionalism as an actress\". Braxton also felt that \"she was too caring to be cold\" and despite not having the \"companionly affection\" later seen with Jo Grant and Sarah Jane Smith, they had an \"innate respect\" for each other. Braxton's","title":"Liz Shaw"},{"psg_id":"6443824","text":"attend and won him over (and later married him). In 1967, \"British Vogue\" held a contest requiring three essays. Liz was the runner-up and began an internship there, making tea, picking up dress pins, and ironing for fashion shoots for 25 pounds per week. Beatrix Miller, then editor-in-chief, noticed how nice and enthusiastic Liz was, and was promoted to fashion assistant in 1970. In 1971 she married Andrew Tilberis, whom her father forbade her to marry because \"he was a foreigner\". They remained married for almost 30 years until her death. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Liz began fertility","title":"Liz Tilberis"},{"psg_id":"18942202","text":"Brown County southeast of Abilene to Phoenix, Arizona. Jack Taylor married in Brownwood the former Eda Sarah Jane Staton (April 21, 1911 – November 11, 1995). They too followed his parents in relocating to Arizona. The Taylors' two children were born in Phoenix, Thomas Jackson Taylor, who wed the former Tommye Jean Bledsoe, and Glenda Jane Taylor (August 23, 1937 – July 18, 1979), who died at the age of forty-one. In August 1958, Glenda Taylor married Roger L. Worsley at the First Baptist Church of Mesa. Worsley became a college administrator and from 1985 to 1995 was the president","title":"Jack Taylor (Arizona politician)"},{"psg_id":"13373341","text":"stating: \"Why Did I Get Married Too? lacks the underlying goodwill of some of his better work and plays like a gift wrapped present to his detractors.\" Wilson graded the movie 1.5/5 stars. \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\" grossed a total of $30.2 million in its opening weekend placing second behind \"Clash of the Titans\". Its opening weekend gross makes it the third highest opening for films created by Tyler Perry. As of June 6, 2010 the movie has grossed over $60 million domestically. NAACP Image Awards Why Did I Get Married Too? Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get","title":"Why Did I Get Married Too?"},{"psg_id":"12190322","text":"whom she hated because Marie was married to her great love, Neil Curtis. Liz was sent to prison but was later released on parole. In 1986, she left Salem. Liz Chandler Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, \"Days of Our Lives\", and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986. Liz came to Salem in 1980. She is the daughter of the former governor of the unknown state where Salem is located. She is also a singer. One of the memorable songs performed by Liz was \"Friends and","title":"Liz Chandler"},{"psg_id":"20273026","text":"Not Too Young to Get Married Not Too Young to Get Married is a song written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry. It was recorded at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles in April 1963 by Bob B. Soxx & The Blue Jeans with the lead vocals by Bobby Sheen and Darlene Love. The song was arranged by Jack Nitzsche, Larry Levine was the engineer and Spector's Wall of Sound was played by The Wrecking Crew. The record was released later in 1963 as Philles Records # 113 and peaked at #63 on the Billboard Top 100. The","title":"Not Too Young to Get Married"},{"psg_id":"4275443","text":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (orig French \"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\") is a novel by Canadian novelist Gaétan Soucy. \"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\" was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of \"Canada Reads\", broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was championed by actor, film director, screenwriter, and musician Micheline Lanctôt. \"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\" caused a sensation in Quebec and was immediately translated into more than ten languages. It","title":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches"},{"psg_id":"8901215","text":"company in residence at Pace University in Westchester County, New York. Callaway was honored at the 25th Annual Bistro Awards in New York City. She is married to Dan Foster. They have a son, Nicholas, who attended Kenyon College. Liz Callaway Liz Callaway (born April 13, 1961) is an American singer and actress, who is best known for having provided the singing voices of many female characters in animated films, such as Anya/Anastasia in \"Anastasia\", Odette in \"The Swan Princess\", Jasmine in the \"Aladdin\" sequels \"The Return of Jafar\" and \"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\", adult Kiara in \"\",","title":"Liz Callaway"},{"psg_id":"20273027","text":"song's writers Greenwich and Barry released a version of the song by their group, The Raindrops, also in 1963, while Darlene Love released a 1985 version by 'Darlene Love and Girls.\" The British pop group Racey included the song in their 1996 album \"Lay Your Love On Me\" after issuing it as a single in 1982. Not Too Young to Get Married Not Too Young to Get Married is a song written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry. It was recorded at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles in April 1963 by Bob B. Soxx & The Blue","title":"Not Too Young to Get Married"},{"psg_id":"8826778","text":"also served as the host of WTBS's Sunday-morning magazine program \"Good News\", produced by the husband-and-wife TV writing team of Bonnie and Terry Turner. Wickersham was married for 27 years to Paul Dudley Derounian, Manhattan Attorney and Vietnam War Veteran, who died suddenly and peacefully in his sleep on Sunday July 27th, 2014, at his summer home in Westhampton, NY. Liz Wickersham Liz Wickersham is an American television personality best known as the host of CNN's entertainment newsmagazine \"Showbiz Today\" and host of WTBS's Award-Winning Magazine Program, \"Good News\". Wickersham, who grew up in Orange, Texas, moved to Georgia after","title":"Liz Wickersham"},{"psg_id":"16797297","text":"at the time, in which Burton was \"relatively unknown\" while Taylor was an \"iconic star and America's sweetheart\". Michael Thornton of \"The Daily Telegraph\" described the relationship, that saw the couple marry and divorce twice, as the \"tempestuous saga of Liz and Dick\". Their love was described as an addiction; shortly prior to her death, Taylor stated: \"The truth is I now don't give a damn about most of those men. Richard is the only one I truly loved and still care about. I shall miss him until the day I die\", referring to her various marriages. Taylor and Burton","title":"Liz & Dick"},{"psg_id":"18328814","text":"Liz VanLeeuwen Elizabeth (Liz) Susan Nelson VanLeeuwen (née Nelson; November 5, 1925), was an American politician who was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives. VanLeeuwen was born in Lakeview, Oregon where she lived until attending Oregon State University. She received a Bachelor of Science in Home Making Education and a minor in English in 1947. She married George VanLeeuwen on June 15, 1947 and was a farmer. She also was a news reporter and journalist for a newspaper in Brownsville, Oregon from 1949 to 1970. She was a school teacher at Monroe High School, a substituent teacher and","title":"Liz VanLeeuwen"},{"psg_id":"10053198","text":"Ian Taylor (New Zealand businessman) Ian Lemuel Taylor (born 1950) is a New Zealand businessman and former television presenter based in Dunedin. Born in Kaeo to a Pākehā father and Māori mother, (of Ngāti Kahungunu and Nga Puhi descent) he grew up in Raupunga and went to a Catholic boarding school in Masterton. Taylor is married to Liz and they have two children. Taylor joined the band Kal-Q-Lated Risk in c.1967 as lead singer, and later graduated with a LLB degree from the University of Otago. A former television presenter (notably for TVNZ children's programmes \"Play School\", \"Spot On (TV","title":"Ian Taylor (New Zealand businessman)"},{"psg_id":"16797311","text":"(5.8 million) and \"\" (3.5 million). The film drew 1.3 million adults 25–54 and 1.3 million adults 18–49, \"with women making up the great majority of viewers in both demos\". Ratings were lower than expected given the amount of press coverage the film received. \"Variety\" described the ratings as \"a disappointment with all the pre-debut buzz the project was getting in social media outlets\", as well as the publicity that came from Lohan portraying Taylor. \"Liz & Dick\" was released on DVD in the United States on May 14, 2013. \"Liz & Dick\" received generally negative reviews from contemporary film","title":"Liz & Dick"},{"psg_id":"527449","text":"and Maria Burton (born August 1, 1961), a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher. Dubbed \"Liz and Dick\" by the media, Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films, and led a jet-set lifestyle, spending millions on \"furs, diamonds, paintings, designer clothes, travel, food, liquor, a yacht, and a jet\". Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they \"became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess. From reports of massive spending [...] affairs, and even an open marriage, the couple came to represent a new era of 'gotcha' celebrity coverage, where the","title":"Elizabeth Taylor"},{"psg_id":"7242419","text":"story arcs. Liz was initially not included in the show's descriptions of Eve's past. In the 2001 tie-in novel \"Hidden Passions: Secrets from the Diaries of Tabitha Lenox\", Eve is characterized as the only child of \"too-busy Harvard history Professor Warren Johnson and journalist Tanya Lincoln Johnson\". Marshall felt Liz was irredeemable for her actions against Eve and her love interest Julian Crane. Interpreting the character as having a form of mental illness due to her repeated sexual abuse, Marshall said that \"[e]very emotion she has it twisted\". Ross added to Marshall's commentary by recommending that Liz should get \"some","title":"Liz Sanbourne"},{"psg_id":"9642663","text":"two families combined, just in time for them to be ripped apart again, when Ali was killed in a traffic accident and Justin was arrested for murder (a crime Ali committed and ran away from before his accident). Richard eventually cheated on Liz in a similar fashion to how he had cheated on his former wife with Liz. After Justin's trial (which he was found not guilty) Liz threw Richard out, and he left the series. Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks) Richard Taylor is a fictional character from the long-running Channel 4 soap opera \"Hollyoaks\", played by Richard Calkin. He appeared on","title":"Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks)"},{"psg_id":"14290108","text":"the song \"Like I'll Never Love You Again\". Her daughter is country/Americana artist Caitlin Rose. Liz Rose first began her career as a songwriter at the age of 37. A successful lyricist, she does not play an instrument. Liz Rose Elisabeth Wagner Rose (born in Dallas, Texas) is an American country music songwriter best known for her work with Taylor Swift. She has co-written twenty of Swift's officially released songs, including \"White Horse\", \"Teardrops on My Guitar\", and \"You Belong with Me\", which won her and Swift a Grammy Award in 2010. Rose was born in Dallas and raised in","title":"Liz Rose"},{"psg_id":"14200269","text":"Season 2, it was revealed that Taylor has decided to go to college in New York as well. Cori Cooper (season 1, guest season 2): Known as the \"queen of mean\", Cori is very self-absorbed and hates \"anyone who has an original thought\". She is the most popular girl in school, because she's the prettiest. She is also a member of the \"blonde squad\" which consists of her, Taylor, and Tori. She will do whatever it takes to get what she wants, and no one can stand in her way. She always looks for ways to get back at Liz,","title":"My Life as Liz"},{"psg_id":"6878468","text":"Liz and Pete Fordred Liz and Pete Fordred are a couple from Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) who, despite both being paraplegics, built an ocean-going sailboat and sailed her from South Africa to Florida. At the age of 18, Liz Fordred, a passionate horseback rider, was thrown from her horse, striking her head. She suffered injuries which left her with only the use of her arms, shoulders, and upper torso. While recovering from the accident, she met, and later married, Pete Fordred, another paraplegic. In 1980, in their second year of marriage, the Fordreds decided to build an ocean-capable sailboat, and sail","title":"Liz and Pete Fordred"},{"psg_id":"20313451","text":"Quebec films that lost in major categories. The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film) The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches () is a 2017 Canadian drama film directed by Simon Lavoie and starring Marine Johnson, Antoine L'Écuyer and Jean-François Casabonne. An adaptation of Gaétan Soucy's novel of the same name, the film centres on Alice Soissons (Marine Johnson), a girl raised to believe she is a boy, who lives in with her father and brother in oppressive and secluded conditions. When her father dies, she ventures into the village, where outsiders tell her she","title":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film)"},{"psg_id":"20313437","text":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film) The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches () is a 2017 Canadian drama film directed by Simon Lavoie and starring Marine Johnson, Antoine L'Écuyer and Jean-François Casabonne. An adaptation of Gaétan Soucy's novel of the same name, the film centres on Alice Soissons (Marine Johnson), a girl raised to believe she is a boy, who lives in with her father and brother in oppressive and secluded conditions. When her father dies, she ventures into the village, where outsiders tell her she is female, and she fears the family","title":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film)"},{"psg_id":"1486427","text":"Taylor, the martyr (Jeremy Taylor, Nathan Taylor, Thomas Taylor I, Rowland Taylor). In 1636 Jeremy married Phoebe Langsdale with whom he had several children. Jeremy next married Joanna Brydges (daughter of Charles Stuart I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland and Miss Brydges). Their children: Mary Taylor who married Francis Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin; (eldest son) Taylor; Edward Taylor; Joanna Taylor (married Edward Harrison, M.P. for Lisburn); Charles Taylor; William Taylor; (unknown) Taylor. Jeremy Taylor Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667) was a cleric in the Church of England who achieved fame as an author during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. He is","title":"Jeremy Taylor"},{"psg_id":"17721851","text":"in IT, \"Women in IT: Inspiring the next generation\" produced by the BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, as a free download e-book, from various sources. In 2015, Liz bacon became a Principal Fellow of the HEA and was identified as the 35th Most Influential Women in UK IT 2015, by Computer Weekly. e-learning, serious games, software engineering, crisis management, affective computing, cybersecurity, e-Health, personalisation. Liz Bacon is married to Stuart Kabler. Her hobbies are horse jumping, skiing and scuba diving. Liz Bacon Liz Bacon (born 27 September 1963) is a Professor of Software Engineering and Deputy Pro Vice-Chancellor at","title":"Liz Bacon"},{"psg_id":"11615024","text":"Liz Moeggenberg Elizabeth Ann \"Liz\" Moeggenberg (born Shimek May 25, 1984 in Empire, Michigan) was drafted by the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA, was then traded to the Houston Comets and then weeks later traded to the Chicago Sky where she played for two seasons. Shimek attended college at Michigan State University and graduated in 2006. Following her collegiate career, she was selected 18th overall in the 2006 WNBA Draft. She married Lucas Moeggenberg in October 2006. The couple has three sons. In 2012, Liz Shimek Moeggenberg returned to her alma mater, and now coaches the Glen Lake girls junior","title":"Liz Moeggenberg"},{"psg_id":"11369366","text":"her husband, ex-army sergeant Jim McDonald (Charles Lawson), and their twin sons Steve (Simon Gregson) and Andy (Nicholas Cochrane). Liz and Jim were married very young when Liz got pregnant with the twins at the age of 16. They have a stormy marriage, caused by his hot temper and her habit of playing away. Soon after arriving on the Street, Liz makes friends with Deirdre Barlow (Anne Kirkbride), whose daughter Tracy (Dawn Acton) is slightly younger than the twins. When asked in a 2010 interview with \"The Mirror\" what her favourite scenes were, Callard replied, \"when Jim beat up Liz.","title":"Liz McDonald"},{"psg_id":"9643653","text":"Liz Burton Elizabeth Burton (also Taylor) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Andrée Bernard. A single mother of three teenagers Mel, Sophie, and Justin, Liz spent most of her life trying to maintain the peace between her offspring, after their father committed suicide. She had a difficult relationship with her stepdaughter Darlene, made worse when Darlene found out that her brother Ali had (accidentally) stabbed school bully Stephen \"Macki\" Mackintosh to death, but told the police that she suspected Liz's son Justin of being the killer. Darlene changed her testimony in court,","title":"Liz Burton"},{"psg_id":"9294184","text":"other's lives in the past 5 years. In honor of his friendship with Liz and everything she has done for him, Jack gave his first-born daughter the name \"Elizabeth\", albeit using the nickname \"Liddy\" vice \"Liz\" in order to honor Liddy Dole, G. Gordon Liddy and Jack's martial arts instructor Lih De. Tina Fey has said that Liz' relationship with Jack is \"somewhere between Mary Tyler Moore and Lou Grant, and Han Solo and Princess Leia.\" Fey previously stated that there would not be a romantic relationship between the two, as it would be \"too icky.\" More recently, however, she","title":"Liz Lemon"},{"psg_id":"5086872","text":"body Creative Scotland. In 1986 Liz Lochhead married the architect Tom Logan. They lived together in Glasgow until his death in 2010. After his death she wrote the poem \"Favourite Place\" about their caravan on the West Coast of Scotland. It ends: Liz Lochhead Liz Lochhead (born 26 December 1947) is a Scottish poet, playwright, translator and broadcaster. Between 2011 and 2016 she was the Makar, or National Poet of Scotland. Elizabeth Anne Lochhead was born in Craigneuk, a “little ex-mining village just outside Motherwell”, Lanarkshire. Her mother and father had both served in the army during the Second World","title":"Liz Lochhead"},{"psg_id":"3990460","text":"grandmother. She married Victor Taylor on 1 April 1966. The couple divorced in the early 1970s and had a son. Taylor met fellow actor Peter Guinness whilst working with the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. They married in September 1996 after having been together for twenty years. Guinness appeared in a few episodes of \"The Bill\" as her lover in 2007. Alongside her acting career, Taylor is an author. Her first book, \"Too Many Mothers\", a memoir of her childhood, was published in October 2005. She was criticised by two cousins for some of the content in the book, with one of","title":"Roberta Taylor"},{"psg_id":"6740330","text":"Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks) Darlene Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Sarah Lawrence between 2003 and 2006. The archetypal moody teenager had to move in with her father’s partner Liz and her children. Darlene found it difficult and did not get along with Liz or her son Justin. Darlene refused to compromise and tried often enough to split her father and Liz's relationship up. No matter how hard Darlene tried, her plans backfired when her father and Liz wed and Darlene had to live with this. Things got worse when Justin found","title":"Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks)"},{"psg_id":"3968978","text":"his true name too public -, working with him to ensure her son's future. Following a confrontation between Spider-Man 2099 and an agent of a time-travel organization from 2211 in the Alchemax Building, Liz has deduced that the 'new' Spider-Man must work in the company and is determined to enlist him to her cause, foreshadowing the time-traveler's claims that Liz Allan and Spider-Man 2099 will have some significant impact on future history. Liz then appears as the CEO of Alchemax when Eddie Brock enters her office and brings her an experimental dinosaur he captured. She reveals that Stegron the Dinosaur","title":"Liz Allan"},{"psg_id":"3956099","text":"Lennon Todd in 2013. When she left TV, Liz spent several years decorating cakes at her family's chain of bakeries. She is currently a radio presenter on radio station, Cambridge 105. She presents the annual Fiver Awards, held in London and was the voiceover artist for the 2016, 2017 & 2018 NMG Awards, held in Cambridge. Liz is married to Michael Todd and they have four children. She has one younger sister, Suzanne (Suzie). She has two rabbits named Cosmo and Thumper, and a cat named Yellow. Liz is related to the Hi-de-Hi! actress Su Pollard, and is a member","title":"Liz Barker"},{"psg_id":"13645207","text":"LGBTQ rights. In 2008, her joke about same-sex marriage (“It’s very dear to me, the issue of gay marriage, or as I like to call it ‘marriage,’ you know, because I had lunch this afternoon, not gay lunch. I park my car, I didn’t gay park it.”) went viral, recreated thousands of times across various platforms in the campaign against Prop 8, which sought to outlaw same sex marriage. In 2012, Liz was named one of The Advocate’s “40 Under 40.” In 2016, Liz signed a multi-year overall deal with CBS Studios to develop new projects. In 2013, Liz married","title":"Liz Feldman"},{"psg_id":"16860365","text":"star she’s married to instead of the fiancé she thought was her perfect match. I Married Who? I Married Who? (also called Always a Bride) is a 2012 American made-for-television comedy film starred Kellie Martin as Jordan and Ethan Erickson as Matt. Directed by Kevin Connor, it originally aired on Hallmark Channel on October 20, 2012. Straight-laced Jordan is about to marry her perfect match, Peter a clean-cut ambitious attorney. Before she walks down the aisle, Jordan and her best friends, Claire and Jessica, head to Vegas for a bachelorette party. Determined to get Jordan to loosen up, Claire steers","title":"I Married Who?"},{"psg_id":"4275444","text":"was translated into English as \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\" by Sheila Fischman. The novel is about two siblings who live in complete isolation with their father. They are both his \"sons\". One day the father kills himself by hanging and his sons decide one of them needs to go to the nearby village to get a coffin. While in the village it is unveiled that the one son is actually a female although she has no idea of that (she has no idea of sexuality and thinks she was castrated when she was very young","title":"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches"},{"psg_id":"11369370","text":"that year. In November 2008, it was revealed that Liz would embark on a relationship with Lloyd Mullaney played by Craig Charles. Speaking of his reaction when he was told about the relationship, Charles revealed: \"Bev's a friend of me and my wife's, so it's all quite comfortable really. We get on really well, too. The relationship just opens up the whole scenario of Lloyd going out with his best mate's mum – and Steve definitely doesn't like it!\" Charles also revealed that Steve McDonald's reaction to the relationship is that he is not impressed. Liz and Lloyd's relationship was","title":"Liz McDonald"},{"psg_id":"9210611","text":"Taylor Swift (album) Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 24, 2006, by Big Machine Records. Swift was 16 years old at the time of the album's release and wrote its songs during her freshman year of high school. Swift has writing credits on all of the album's songs, including those co-written with Liz Rose. Swift experimented with several producers, ultimately choosing Nathan Chapman, who had produced her demo album. Musically, the album is country music styled, and lyrically it speaks of romantic relationships, a couple of which Swift wrote from observing","title":"Taylor Swift (album)"},{"psg_id":"18449897","text":"Liz Lefroy Elizabeth Lefroy (born 9 December 1964) is a British poet. Lefroy's first publication was \"Pretending the Weather\" (2011) Gillian Clarke, the National Poet of Wales, said of it, \"Liz Lefroy’s first slim pamphlet is a triumph. These delicately told human moments sound with the perfect pitch of a true poet. Using not a word too many, she lets us read between the lines.” \"Pretending The Weather\" was followed by \"The Gathering\" (2012), a meditation on the Anglican liturgy set to music by Brian Evans. It premiered at the 2012 St Chad's Music Festival, Shrewsbury. Her most recent collection","title":"Liz Lefroy"},{"psg_id":"3968982","text":"Liz attempts to make out with Peter, who refuses her advances when Mary Jane sees them. They later have a very personal moment when both students are called to talk about the Green Goblin's attack on the school, which affected her greatly. Otherwise, there is no instance of any relationship between Peter and Liz. Liz claims to have had an uncle who was a mutant, who died, though she never explained what exactly happened. As a result of this, Liz has a phobia of mutants (in particular) and super-powered beings (in general), and it has been suggested by other characters","title":"Liz Allan"},{"psg_id":"14650144","text":"to engineer Weston Amick after one year of dating. They were married on September 29, 2018. Megan and Liz Megan and Liz (commonly stylized as Megan & Liz) are an American country/pop girl duo composed of fraternal twin sisters, Megan and Liz Mace, from Edwardsburg, Michigan. They are both songwriters, and Megan is their guitarist. As of July 2018, they have 1,051,944 subscribers and over 238 million video views on their YouTube channel. Megan McKinley Mace and Elizabeth Morgan Mace were born on November 21, 1992, in South Bend, Indiana to Randall Mace and Mary Miars. They grew up in","title":"Megan and Liz"},{"psg_id":"9579050","text":"upset Tess and she left Roswell. Max and Liz were married in Las Vegas when they were 19 and were together until the end of the world came because when Max's enemies came to earth, Max, Michael, and Isabel were not strong enough in their powers without Tess. So they have to get Tess and Max together to save everyone and rewrite the future. She tries to get Tess to help by attracting Max towards her but it fails when Max catches Liz watching. Liz at the end has to resort to making Max think that she slept with Kyle.","title":"Liz Parker"},{"psg_id":"9294183","text":"wanted to give up on herself and break up with Carol Burnett, Jack didn't allow her to, telling her \"You deserve a guy like Carol and he deserves you because, I'll only say this once a decade: you're great\". Despite their close friendship, Jack rarely addresses her as \"Liz\", generally preferring to call her by her surname. In the Season 5 episode \"Mrs. Donaghy\", the minister at Jack and Avery Jessup's wedding accidentally married Jack to Liz. Although they remain platonic, Liz and Jack are required to go to marriage counseling and realize the impact they have had on each","title":"Liz Lemon"},{"psg_id":"20005354","text":"charity LiveTwice, which aims to give people a second chance Earle is the daughter of Rear Admiral David Kenneth Bawtree and grew up in Portsmouth. She is married to film-maker and photographer Patrick Drummond and lives with her five children on a West Country farm. Liz Earle Susan Elizabeth Earle MBE (née Bawtree; born 17 May 1963) is a British writer, TV presenter and entrepreneur. She has written over 35 books on beauty, nutrition and wellbeing and is regularly seen on ITV’s \"This Morning\". She is the founder of \"Liz Earle Wellbeing\", a bi-monthly magazine, and Liz Earle Fair and","title":"Liz Earle"},{"psg_id":"17650823","text":"and music festival, at Snape Maltings, Suffolk, home of Aldeburgh Music. She has a daughter, Rachel, and a son, Toby, and four grandchildren, Jack, Milo and Matilda in Cambridge, and Arthur in Rio de Janeiro. Married to author and editor Louis Baum, she also has a stepson, Simon Baum, and two step-grandchildren, Leo and Poppy Valentine, in London. Liz Calder Liz Calder (born 20 January 1938) is an English publisher and book editor. Born in January 1938, Liz Calder spent her early years in London, and in 1949 she emigrated with her family to New Zealand. She graduated with a","title":"Liz Calder"},{"psg_id":"6674994","text":"she is in. Liz bonds with one of McNamara/Troy's clients, a pre-op transsexual named Sofia Lopez. Sofia finds herself falling in love with her, but Liz decides not to further their relationship. During a stand-off involving violent criminal Escobar Gallardo, she is shot and sent to Bermuda to recover. Liz's biological clock starts to tick and she decides that she wants to have a baby before it is too late. After being rejected by potential donors due to her age, Liz is shocked when Christian offers his sperm to her. Despite their love/hate relationship, Liz eventually accepts his offer and","title":"Liz Cruz (Nip/Tuck)"},{"psg_id":"4321544","text":"Rental and Alamo Rent-A-Car. The current executive chairman is Taylor's son, Andrew C. Taylor. Taylor's business credo was: \"Take care of your customers and employees first, and profits will follow.\" Taylor was married and divorced twice. In 1945, Taylor married the former Mary Ann MacCarthy, and the couple had two children: Andrew C. Taylor, who is the executive chairman of Enterprise, and Jo Ann Taylor, who runs the Taylor family philanthropic activities. Taylor and his first wife divorced in 1977 after a long separation, and in 1979, he married Susan Orrison. Taylor and Orrison divorced in 2000. In 1978, Taylor's","title":"Jack C. Taylor"},{"psg_id":"5829112","text":"for Macki's murder. However, he was found not guilty. Ali Taylor Alistair \"Ali\" Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Luti Fagbenle. He appeared between 2003 and 2005. Immediately, Ali had a clash of personalities with Liz Burton's son Justin as the pair did not get on. Things got worse for Ali as Justin spiraled towards drug addiction, smoking marijuana, since the pair shared a bedroom. At school, Justin started hanging out with a boy called Steven Mackintosh who sold him the marijuana. Ali was bullied by both Justin and Macki, but","title":"Ali Taylor"},{"psg_id":"6740336","text":"to put up with Darlene’s behaviour and wanted Darlene out of the house. Having burnt all her bridges, Darlene then decided the best thing to do was move in with her mum and depart Hollyoaks for good. The \"Sunday Mercury\" described her as a \"nasty teenager\". Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks) Darlene Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Sarah Lawrence between 2003 and 2006. The archetypal moody teenager had to move in with her father’s partner Liz and her children. Darlene found it difficult and did not get along with Liz or her","title":"Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks)"},{"psg_id":"13982406","text":"Liz and Don ended their relationship in the episode \"Tabu\". Liz later told Don that their relationship had run its course and he had stuck with it until it was over. Liz has since returned to the series as a regular cast member. Liz is a tough woman who wants to achieve or exceed the men's standards. Since series regular Diane Farr was pregnant and expected to be on maternity leave, the producers and writers wanted to maintain a feminine perspective on the FBI team. They also wanted to explore some of Don's commitment issues. They decided to create Liz","title":"Liz Warner"},{"psg_id":"5829106","text":"Ali Taylor Alistair \"Ali\" Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \"Hollyoaks\", played by Luti Fagbenle. He appeared between 2003 and 2005. Immediately, Ali had a clash of personalities with Liz Burton's son Justin as the pair did not get on. Things got worse for Ali as Justin spiraled towards drug addiction, smoking marijuana, since the pair shared a bedroom. At school, Justin started hanging out with a boy called Steven Mackintosh who sold him the marijuana. Ali was bullied by both Justin and Macki, but as an intelligent and sensitive child, Ali's natural response","title":"Ali Taylor"},{"psg_id":"10659623","text":"caused the clicking; although rare, this condition does not hurt his pitching career. To treat this condition, Liz has been doing an exercise program to strengthen the muscles around his collarbone. Liz is of Haitian descent. Radhames Liz Radhames Corey Liz Garcia (born October 6, 1983) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played for the Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB), the LG Twins of the KBO League, and the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Liz, who is one of 8 children in his","title":"Radhames Liz"},{"psg_id":"3625892","text":"Deems Taylor Joseph Deems Taylor (December 22, 1885 – July 3, 1966) was an American composer, music critic, and promoter of classical music. Nat Benchley, co-editor of \"The Lost Algonquin Roundtable\", referred to him as \"the dean of American music.\" Deems Taylor was born in New York City to JoJo and Katherine Taylor. He attended New York University. Taylor married three times. His first wife was Jane Anderson. They married in 1910, but divorced in 1918. In 1921, he married Mary Kennedy, who was an actress and a writer. They had a daughter, Joan Kennedy Taylor, in 1926, and divorced","title":"Deems Taylor"},{"psg_id":"2468480","text":"maximum possible expenses, purchasing items such as a £199 DVD player, £150 on bed linen and £60 on towels. In 2004/5 her claim was £9 below the maximum possible allowable claim of £20,893, and the following year her claim was within just £2 of the limit. Blackman was one of 98 MPs who supported a bill in 2007 to keep their expense details secret. She was formerly married to Derek Blackman; the couple had a son and daughter, but divorced in 1999. Liz Blackman Elizabeth Marion Blackman (born 26 September 1949) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the","title":"Liz Blackman"},{"psg_id":"11737856","text":"Ryan Taylor (politician) Ryan M. Taylor (born July 22, 1970) of Towner, N.D., is an American politician and member of the Democratic-NPL Party. He was a member of the North Dakota Senate, representing the 7th district from 2003 to 2013, and spent his final term as Senate Minority Leader. Taylor left the Senate to run for governor, but was defeated by Republican Jack Dalrymple. Taylor is a fourth-generation North Dakotan, raised by his parents Marshall (\"Bud\") and Liz Taylor on a ranch near Towner, N.D., in McHenry County. The Taylor Ranch, founded in 1903, was inducted into the North Dakota","title":"Ryan Taylor (politician)"},{"psg_id":"12022416","text":"Care2 gathering over 14,000 signatures. In October 2011, Liz Trotta mocked the participants in Occupy Wall Street for being \"people who like good weather\", and who spout \"the ravings of what sounds like the Unabomber.\" In February 2012, she made remarks on Fox News suggesting that women in the military should not be surprised by the increase in sexual assaults by members of the army. In direct response to a Pentagon report that indicated a 64% increase in sexual assault in the military, Trotta said \"Now, what did they expect?\" She went on to say that women \"have demanded too","title":"Liz Trotta"},{"psg_id":"9579033","text":"when it leads her into making decisions where she takes too much of the responsibility. This is also a characteristic that she shares with Max Evans. It is stated that she loves White Roses in the season 2 episode, End of the World. The important premise and core plot of the show is Liz's relationship with the character Max Evans. The Co-executive producer of the series Ronald D. Moore, along with Jason Katims, stated more than once that Max and Liz represented the heart and soul of the series. Max has been in love with Liz since the first time","title":"Liz Parker"},{"psg_id":"9294190","text":"to a confidant besides Jack, especially since Jenna, her closest female friend, is far too anxious about her own life to function as such. Pete lived in Liz's apartment for an extended period while separated from his wife. He helps run TGS and serves as the only other responsible adult on the TGS staff. Liz has not really tried to pursue a relationship of any kind with Tracy, preferring to focus her energies on keeping his craziness in check. She is typically friendly towards him, though mainly to further this end. While Liz will refer to him as either \"Tracy\"","title":"Liz Lemon"},{"psg_id":"5620193","text":"honorary service organization. Les firmly supported Liz when she was elected vice president of the student body, the first woman to have held that position. In 1942, Carpenter began covering the White House and Congress for the \"Austin American-Statesman\". For the next eighteen years, she reported on presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy as a Washington reporter. Les and Liz Carpenter were married on June 17, 1944, after he was discharged from the United States Navy during World War II. They launched the Carpenter News Bureau in the National Press Building in Washington, D.C. For the next","title":"Liz Carpenter"},{"psg_id":"10637702","text":"Liz Carlyle Susan Tatum Woodhouse (born August 7, 1958, Suffolk, Virginia), known by her pseudonym Liz Carlyle, is an American writer of romance novels since 1999, primarily of historical romances. Susan Tatum Woodhouse was born in 1958 in Suffolk, Virginia. She attended college on a Scripps Howard writing scholarship and majored in journalism. She is married to Edward Carlyle, and has two stepchildren. She spent much of her career working in human resources and labor relations in the chemical and automotive industries. She didn't begin writing until December 1996, when she was between jobs. She finished the novel within two","title":"Liz Carlyle"},{"psg_id":"11659465","text":"I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too is the second full-length album of Canadian-American singer-songwriter Martha Wainwright. It was released in Australia on May 10, 2008, with other countries to follow. The 14-track album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's \"See Emily Play\" and, as a bonus track in some countries, the Eurythmics' \"Love Is a Stranger\". The Australian release included a limited edition digipak with additional images and the bonus track. \"Comin' Tonight\" was released as an iTunes exclusive download in Australia in April","title":"I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too"},{"psg_id":"9294155","text":"the pledge line which was answered by Jack, then a young executive from GE's poisons division. Liz claimed to have been a nurse in the war, who was impregnated by General Electric when he was Colonel Electric. Jack's loyalty to GE and his handsomeness impressed Don Geiss, who transferred Jack to the microwave ovens division. Liz was inspired to become a writer by Rosemary Howard, the first female head writer of \"Laugh-In\". She mentioned that she used to teach improv to senior citizens. In high school, Liz believed that she was an unpopular \"nerd\" that all of her classmates picked","title":"Liz Lemon"},{"psg_id":"16860363","text":"I Married Who? I Married Who? (also called Always a Bride) is a 2012 American made-for-television comedy film starred Kellie Martin as Jordan and Ethan Erickson as Matt. Directed by Kevin Connor, it originally aired on Hallmark Channel on October 20, 2012. Straight-laced Jordan is about to marry her perfect match, Peter a clean-cut ambitious attorney. Before she walks down the aisle, Jordan and her best friends, Claire and Jessica, head to Vegas for a bachelorette party. Determined to get Jordan to loosen up, Claire steers the girls to the hottest nightclub for a few drinks and some fun, because","title":"I Married Who?"},{"psg_id":"10732892","text":"Her stable colors of purple and pink on farm structures in time have given way to the more modest colors for McMahon of green and white. Through her social standing and involvement with horses, Liz Altemus met and married John Hay \"Jock\" Whitney (1904–1982), a member of the extremely wealthy Whitney family of New York. Jock Whitney's grandfather, father and uncle were all heavily involved in Thoroughbred horse racing. They divorced in June 1940, and Liz retained the Virginia estate. In June 1948, she married for a second time to Dr. Edward Cooper Person Jr., a surgery professor, in Upperville.","title":"Liz Whitney Tippett"},{"psg_id":"19325197","text":"presents a script adapted from Fyodor Dostoyevsky's \"Notes from Underground\" performed by a child in the form of a mock TED Talk. Liz Magic Laser is married to artist, Sanya Kantarovsky. Solo exhibitions of Laser’s work have been presented at Derek Eller Gallery, New York, 2010, Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, Germany, in 2013, and Various Small Fires, Los Angeles, in 2015. Her work has been included in MoMA P.S.1’s Greater New York in 2010, Performa 11 in 2011, and Pier 54, curated by Cecilia Alemani, in 2014. Liz Magic Laser Liz Magic Laser (born 1981, New York) is an American visual","title":"Liz Magic Laser"},{"psg_id":"18225472","text":"This helped her gain experience. In recent years, Liz Kay has joined one project after another. Over the years, Liz Kay was also invited to work with various DJ's in recording studios. Later, she met Yanou, who connected with Liz to record various topics. Liz commented: \"\"We did a song to see if we are a good team. I was very excited, because I know that Yanou is a major producer. It felt so natural and we were very happy with the results, so we never stopped working together. Manian is also an important part of the team. I am","title":"Liz Kay"},{"psg_id":"15697916","text":"people from working in the state's public schools. Writer Barry Harman recalls that series creator Norman Lear (who has cited \"Cousin Liz\" as among his favorite episodes) wanted to do an episode that commented on the issue of gay teachers. Although Harman misremembered the year that \"Cousin Liz\" was first broadcast, he recalled that it was repeated soon before voters decided on the Briggs Initiative and associated the defeat of that initiative with the message of the episode. Cousin Liz \"Cousin Liz\" is an episode of the American television sitcom \"All in the Family\". The story concerns Edith Bunker's inheritance","title":"Cousin Liz"},{"psg_id":"14704173","text":"a club that provided seven presidents of the Camogie Association. Liz Howard played on the Tipperary team that won the first ever National Camogie League, beating Wexford in the inaugural replayed final in 1977. During the presidency of Miriam Callaghan Liz, Sile Wallace, Jo Golden and Sinead O Connor developed the Strategic Plan 2004–2008, this was the template to grow and develop camogie. It was Miriam O Callaghan who asked Liz to get back directly involved with camogie. Following her election as President liz initiated an indepth review of the Association to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Camogie","title":"Liz Howard"},{"psg_id":"2011795","text":"of \"The Game\". Too Short made a cameo appearance in Jay-Z's video for the hit single Big Pimpin'. Too Short was in VH1's Rock Doc, \"Planet Rock\". Too Short made a cameo in the feature film \"Stop Pepper Palmer \"with Scott Schwartz. Too Short released two straight-to-DVD films as well, 2001's Too Short Uncensored, produced by Jarrod Donoman and Terrell Taylor, the DVD Live Nationwide, and 2003's Too Short Presents...Titty City again produced by Taylor & partner Co Garrett. On February 10, 2012, a video by Too Short was posted on XXLMag.com, a hip-hop website published by Dennis Page. In","title":"Too Short"},{"psg_id":"5202132","text":"from Gottlieb in 2012. In August 2014, Cho became engaged to journalist Josh Elliott. On July 11, 2015, she married Elliott in Montecito, California. Liz Cho Liz Cho is a news anchor at WABC-TV in New York City. She has co-anchored the weekday 4 and 6 p.m. editions of \"Eyewitness News\". Cho grew up in Concord, Massachusetts, and has a younger brother, Andrew. She was born to Sang In Cho (d. March 13, 2009), a Korean American surgeon, and a Jewish-American nurse, Donna Cho (née Weltman). Her father, born and raised in South Korea, immigrated to the United States to","title":"Liz Cho"},{"psg_id":"4643273","text":"post which she held for four years. After her term as Lord Provost, she sat as a councillor for a further 10 years, before retiring from the council at the 2017 elections. She is married to Duncan Cameron, a president of the Camanachd Association. Liz Cameron Liz Cameron, born in Partick, Glasgow is a former Lord Provost of Glasgow. She graduated from the University of Glasgow and became a college lecturer, teaching at Bell College of Technology in Hamilton. First elected as a Labour member of the \"Glasgow District Council\" in 1992, she was elected to the new City of","title":"Liz Cameron"},{"psg_id":"3968980","text":"claiming it was an organic biotech suit meant to unleash a human's hidden potential so Spinneret wouldn't rely on Regent's tech to drain her husband's powers to fight. However, Miss January ends up pushing Normie to become the Green Goblin like his father and grandfather behind Liz's back so she could take the Goblin Mech and avenge Harry by killing Spider-Man. After Miss January's defeat, Liz is reunited with Normie and vows to be there for him more. In the MC2 continuity, Liz Allan married Foggy Nelson after the death of Harry Osborn. She developed a fatal illness (of a","title":"Liz Allan"},{"psg_id":"12484230","text":"network INSIGHT's first ever adventure reality show shot in 4k Living Stone - Botswana. Cantor has filled in on a number of summer radio shows for Nova Brisbane, Hot Tomato and Sea FM on the Sunshine Coast and Gold Coast. She teamed up with well-known radio personality Michael \"Pickle\" Walkley to host Sea FM Summer Breakfast on the Gold Coast over the Christmas break in 2013/14. Cantor married Ryan Lysaught on 16 October 2016 at Ayana Resort, Bali. They live on the Gold Coast. Liz Cantor Liz Cantor (born 11 October 1982) is an Australian television personality. She was the","title":"Liz Cantor"},{"psg_id":"12111421","text":"Her surname is Polish. She is married to Akiva Schaffer, whom she met when they were both writing for the 2005 MTV Movie Awards. Liz Cackowski Liz Cackowski (born November 6, 1977) is an American comedy writer and actress. Cackowski began her comedy career at The Second City in Chicago where she was discovered and hired by Saturday Night Live, where she worked as a writer from 2003 to 2006. Since leaving \"SNL\", she and Maggie Carey created an online series called \"The Jeannie Tate Show\". She appeared in feature films such as \"Forgetting Sarah Marshall\" and \"I Love You,","title":"Liz Cackowski"},{"psg_id":"10637704","text":"in 2006 for Best Long Historical Romance (\"The Devil to Pay\"). Several of her books have become \"USA Today\" bestsellers. Liz Carlyle Susan Tatum Woodhouse (born August 7, 1958, Suffolk, Virginia), known by her pseudonym Liz Carlyle, is an American writer of romance novels since 1999, primarily of historical romances. Susan Tatum Woodhouse was born in 1958 in Suffolk, Virginia. She attended college on a Scripps Howard writing scholarship and majored in journalism. She is married to Edward Carlyle, and has two stepchildren. She spent much of her career working in human resources and labor relations in the chemical and","title":"Liz Carlyle"},{"psg_id":"11659466","text":"2008. All songs were written by Wainwright, except where noted. The album debuted at #19 on the Australian charts. In the United States, it debuted at #10 on the Heatseekers Chart, a much better showing than her debut album, which peaked at #43 in 2005. I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too is the second full-length album of Canadian-American singer-songwriter Martha Wainwright. It was released in Australia on May 10, 2008, with other countries to follow. The 14-track album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's","title":"I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too"},{"psg_id":"9597320","text":"on Call\". Liz Grogan Liz Grogan is a Canadian television host. She co-hosted CBWT's \"Noon Hour\" program in the 1970s. Later she moved to CTV on the program \"Live It Up!\", one of the first co-hosts in the program. She was co-host with Peter Feniak of CTV's \"Lifetime\" between 1986 and 1988, but had to leave the show because she was pregnant. On September 12, 1987 she married freelance cinematographer Doug McLellan. She hosted \"Globetrotter\", a travel program for women, on WTN for the 1996–97 season. In the mid-1990s she co-hosted a health phone-in program with Dr. Rosana Pellizzari on","title":"Liz Grogan"},{"psg_id":"9597319","text":"Liz Grogan Liz Grogan is a Canadian television host. She co-hosted CBWT's \"Noon Hour\" program in the 1970s. Later she moved to CTV on the program \"Live It Up!\", one of the first co-hosts in the program. She was co-host with Peter Feniak of CTV's \"Lifetime\" between 1986 and 1988, but had to leave the show because she was pregnant. On September 12, 1987 she married freelance cinematographer Doug McLellan. She hosted \"Globetrotter\", a travel program for women, on WTN for the 1996–97 season. In the mid-1990s she co-hosted a health phone-in program with Dr. Rosana Pellizzari on WTN, \"Doctor","title":"Liz Grogan"},{"psg_id":"20226316","text":"in 2006. In 2001, she married Steven Pressman and has a stepdaughter, Roshann Pressman. Perle died at the age of 59 at her San Francisco home on August 20, 2015 of breast cancer, which she had for eight years. Liz Perle Liz Perle (April 13, 1956–August 20, 2015) was an American publishing executive, writer, and co-founder and editor-in-chief of the nonprofit Common Sense Media. Elizabeth Ann Perle was born in Manhattan, New York on April 13, 1956. Her parents were E. Gabriel Perle and Ellen Kraus Perle. They lived in Rowayton, Connecticut until her mother died of breast cancer when","title":"Liz Perle"},{"psg_id":"13373339","text":"Rafati's single \"Battles\" was featured in this film. Norwegian Christel Alsos was also featured with the song \"Still\". The soundtrack for the film was released on So So Def Recordings with distribution being handled by Malaco Records. The film received mixed reviews from critics. Based on 43 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 27% with an average score of 4.5/10, based on 48 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, \"It's bolstered by a strong performance from Janet Jackson, but ultimately, \"Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too?\" doesn't add anything","title":"Why Did I Get Married Too?"},{"psg_id":"7242422","text":"adopted daughter of Mr. Sanbourne and Ruby Lincoln and the adoptive sister of Eve Russell, who is Ruby's daughter from a previous marriage. Eve and Liz are both unaware of the adoption, believing that they were half-sisters. Mr. Sanbourne repeatedly molested Liz after Eve left home to be a nightclub singer, and a prostitute, and start a relationship with businessman Julian Crane. Liz blamed Eve for abandoning her to her father's sexual abuse. When she was fourteen, Liz went to Boston in search of Eve. She tracked down Julian at a jazz club to talk to him about her sister","title":"Liz Sanbourne"},{"psg_id":"12127869","text":"Taylor was third of four children of Marjorie and Gordon Hardwick, an insurance executive. Taylor graduated from The Asheville School in 1943. Taylor then attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, where he received a bachelor's degree and Masters of Architecture in 1947. After finishing his education, he married Louise Russell. The couple had two children: Marjory Wells, born in 1953; and Taylor Junior, born in 1954. The couple divorced in 1977 and he married Gay Leslie Mackendrick in 1979. They were married until her death in 2006. In 2008 he married Jo Holland Alexander, who survives him. His","title":"Taylor Hardwick"},{"psg_id":"4315972","text":"\"fascist\" version of Liz seen in the alternate universe in \"Inferno\", disliking when she had to change to the normal Liz. Liz has been seen as more of an assistant than a traditional companion because she never travelled on the TARDIS. Unlike other \"co-conspirator\" companions, Liz serves as a bridge between the Doctor's world and the more grounded UNIT. She has also been described as more mature and equal to the Doctor than previous companions. Following John's death in 2012, current \"Doctor Who\" showrunner Steven Moffat described Liz as \"not just a sidekick but a scientist in her own right\"","title":"Liz Shaw"},{"psg_id":"11369359","text":"Becky clear from the outset, who responds by kicking Liz out of the pub. A desperate Liz then bumps into Jim at a hotel she is staying at. She seeks his support as she tells him of the situation that Becky and Steve have got themselves into. He suggests that she buy the pub but the bank manager refuses to give Liz a loan. Jim then suggests that he could buy the pub for Liz, as Steve and Becky decide to leave Weatherfield with Max and Amy. Liz makes her peace with the couple after they agree to the sale.","title":"Liz McDonald"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9643654\",\n \"text\": \"which contributed towards Justin being acquitted of killing Macki and Liz was grateful to Darlene for this. After Justin returned home, Liz chucked Richard out for having an affair with a colleague but said Darlene could stay with them. Liz had decided that her family should move away from Hollyoaks to Colchester, to start afresh. However, all of her children were unwilling to move with her and she left Hollyoaks, without Mel, Sophie and Justin. When Mel and Sophie died in 2006, Liz was too distraught to attend their funerals. Liz Burton Elizabeth Burton (also Taylor) is a fictional character\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Burton\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9642662\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks) Richard Taylor is a fictional character from the long-running Channel 4 soap opera \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Richard Calkin. He appeared on the show between 2003 and 2005. Richard Taylor arrived in Hollyoaks with two of his four children Darlene Taylor and Ali Taylor, to set up home with Liz Burton and three of her children Justin Burton, Sophie Burton and Mel Burton and to run the local Gym \\\"Bodyboost\\\". Liz and Richard's attempts to fuse the two families together was the focus of many Hollyoaks story arcs. Eventually he and Liz married, and some time later the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16939863\",\n \"text\": \"show of the U.S. leg of the tour in Arlington, Texas on October 6, 2018. All Too Well \\\"All Too Well\\\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was written by Swift and Liz Rose. It appears on Swift's fourth studio album, \\\"Red\\\" (2012). The song received acclaim from music critics with many calling it the artist’s best song. Swift performed the track at the 2014 Grammy Awards. \\\"All Too Well\\\" was the first song Swift wrote for her album \\\"Red\\\". While collaborating with different writers on \\\"Red\\\", Swift wrote the song along with Liz Rose, with\",\n \"title\": \"All Too Well\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16939855\",\n \"text\": \"All Too Well \\\"All Too Well\\\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was written by Swift and Liz Rose. It appears on Swift's fourth studio album, \\\"Red\\\" (2012). The song received acclaim from music critics with many calling it the artist’s best song. Swift performed the track at the 2014 Grammy Awards. \\\"All Too Well\\\" was the first song Swift wrote for her album \\\"Red\\\". While collaborating with different writers on \\\"Red\\\", Swift wrote the song along with Liz Rose, with whom she had written many songs on her earlier albums. Rose has said that Swift\",\n \"title\": \"All Too Well\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14200270\",\n \"text\": \"her nemesis. Cori does suffer a few personal defeats in the series, such as when she verbally attacked Liz at a party being given by Taylor, who stood up for her against Cori's insults. Cori then demanded that she choose between her and Liz. Taylor, finally having had enough of Cori's hateful behavior, chose Liz. Later in the season during the \\\"A Prom to Remember (Part 2)\\\" episode, Liz had a mini meltdown right before the school announced the prom queen which was awarded to someone else. Cori then had a meltdown and went to the bathroom with her other\",\n \"title\": \"My Life as Liz\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14200268\",\n \"text\": \"2 finale. Taylor Terri: A past sidekick for Cori Cooper, known as the \\\"Queen of Mean\\\". At first Liz didn't trust her because of Taylor befriending Liz in the summer but ignoring her while in school. But throughout Liz's senior year in Burleson High, she and Taylor slowly become good friends when she stands up for Liz against Cori Cooper at her ABC party. While helping Liz to be with Bryson, Taylor also befriends Sully and the rest of the gang, and is seen during season two frequently hanging out with the group while Liz is in New York. In\",\n \"title\": \"My Life as Liz\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13373329\",\n \"text\": \"Why Did I Get Married Too? Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? is a 2010 American comedy-drama film produced by Lionsgate and Tyler Perry Studios and stars Janet Jackson, Tyler Perry, and Tasha Smith. It is the sequel to \\\"Why Did I Get Married?\\\" (2007), The film shares the interactions of four couples who undertake a week-long retreat to improve their relationships. The four couples prepare for their next marriage retreat in the Bahamas. Sheila and her new husband, Troy, are the first to arrive, followed (in order) by Patricia and Gavin, Terry and Dianne, and Angela and\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9294194\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Greenzo\\\". In season 4, Liz uncharacteristically instigates a one-night stand with James Franco and his Japanese body pillow, Kimiko. At one point in season 5, in the episode \\\"It's Never Too Late For Now\\\", Liz decides to give up on love and embrace spinsterhood by adopting a cat she calls Emily Dickinson, attending book clubs and wearing a fanny pack and baggy sweaters. Liz has also had several multi-episode onscreen romances. A recurring gag is Liz having relationships with men who share the names of celebrities or fictional characters, including Wesley Snipes (a Caucasian Englishman), commercial airline pilot Captain Carol\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lemon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9697621\",\n \"text\": \"first season 13 episodes, released in 2015. Liz Friedman was portrayed by the actress Hudson Leick (most famous for playing Callisto) on two of the TV series \\\"\\\" – \\\"Yes, Virginia, There Is a Hercules\\\" and \\\"For Those of You Just Joining Us\\\". Leick portrayed an over-the-top, chain-smoking version of Liz Friedman who was the cynical voice of reason amongst the producers. Friedman is openly lesbian. She is married to Yvette Abatte. They have a son, Max. Liz Friedman Liz Friedman is an American television producer and television writer known especially for her work on \\\"\\\", \\\"Young Hercules\\\", \\\"House\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Friedman\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16797309\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"classic\\\" look. Two additional promotional images were released the next day, one of Lohan and one of Bowler. On July 20, a 15-second promo spot for \\\"Liz & Dick\\\" aired during Lifetime's \\\"Project Runway\\\" season 10 premiere. The promo features an image of Lohan as Taylor, and the words: \\\"Lindsay Lohan is Elizabeth Taylor\\\". Three stills of Lohan taken from the film were released on August 30. The first promotional poster for \\\"Liz & Dick\\\" was revealed on September 19, 2012. Lohan is seen wearing dark red lipstick and draped in diamonds. Alongside Lohan are the words that describe Taylor's\",\n \"title\": \"Liz & Dick\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4275451\",\n \"text\": \"the pines. The book ends with her giving birth. A film adaptation by Simon Lavoie, \\\"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\\\", was released in 2017, and garnered seven nominations at the Canadian Screen Awards. The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (orig French \\\"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\\\") is a novel by Canadian novelist Gaétan Soucy. \\\"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\\\" was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of \\\"Canada Reads\\\", broadcast on Radio-Canada in\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5470697\",\n \"text\": \"was reissued in 2002, headlined \\\"A Cult Classic,\\\" with a foreword by John Waters. Waters integrated the title into the dialogue of his film \\\"Female Trouble\\\" (1974), prior to working on his film \\\"Desperate Living\\\" with Renay. Renay died at age 80 on January 22, 2007, in her adopted hometown of Las Vegas, Nevada, from cardiac arrest and gastric bleeding. Liz was married a total of seven times: Liz Renay Pearl Elizabeth Dobbins (April 14, 1926 – January 22, 2007), known as Liz Renay, was an American author and actress who appeared in John Waters' film \\\"Desperate Living\\\" (1977). She\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Renay\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968976\",\n \"text\": \"having an affair in a plot to drive Daredevil insane. Liz feels like Foggy has let her down and ends their relationship. After Spider-Man publicly reveals his real identity in the \\\"Civil War\\\" storyline, Liz becomes resentful of him, blaming Peter for bringing so much death into their lives. However, after the events of the \\\"\\\" storyline, the public revelation of Peter's identity has been forgotten and Harry is still alive but he and Liz are no longer married. Liz and Normie are present when the Molten Man is given the antidote to his condition. Raxton, who had escaped the\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4315974\",\n \"text\": \"Who: The Television Companion\\\", David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker were positive towards Liz, who they said was \\\"very good foil, far removed from the naïve young companions of the past\\\". \\\"Radio Times\\\" writer Mark Braxton wrote that, despite her short appearance, \\\"Liz established herself thanks to her brilliant mind, a succession of crazy outfits and Caroline John's consummate professionalism as an actress\\\". Braxton also felt that \\\"she was too caring to be cold\\\" and despite not having the \\\"companionly affection\\\" later seen with Jo Grant and Sarah Jane Smith, they had an \\\"innate respect\\\" for each other. Braxton's\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Shaw\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6443824\",\n \"text\": \"attend and won him over (and later married him). In 1967, \\\"British Vogue\\\" held a contest requiring three essays. Liz was the runner-up and began an internship there, making tea, picking up dress pins, and ironing for fashion shoots for 25 pounds per week. Beatrix Miller, then editor-in-chief, noticed how nice and enthusiastic Liz was, and was promoted to fashion assistant in 1970. In 1971 she married Andrew Tilberis, whom her father forbade her to marry because \\\"he was a foreigner\\\". They remained married for almost 30 years until her death. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Liz began fertility\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Tilberis\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18942202\",\n \"text\": \"Brown County southeast of Abilene to Phoenix, Arizona. Jack Taylor married in Brownwood the former Eda Sarah Jane Staton (April 21, 1911 – November 11, 1995). They too followed his parents in relocating to Arizona. The Taylors' two children were born in Phoenix, Thomas Jackson Taylor, who wed the former Tommye Jean Bledsoe, and Glenda Jane Taylor (August 23, 1937 – July 18, 1979), who died at the age of forty-one. In August 1958, Glenda Taylor married Roger L. Worsley at the First Baptist Church of Mesa. Worsley became a college administrator and from 1985 to 1995 was the president\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Taylor (Arizona politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13373341\",\n \"text\": \"stating: \\\"Why Did I Get Married Too? lacks the underlying goodwill of some of his better work and plays like a gift wrapped present to his detractors.\\\" Wilson graded the movie 1.5/5 stars. \\\"Why Did I Get Married Too?\\\" grossed a total of $30.2 million in its opening weekend placing second behind \\\"Clash of the Titans\\\". Its opening weekend gross makes it the third highest opening for films created by Tyler Perry. As of June 6, 2010 the movie has grossed over $60 million domestically. NAACP Image Awards Why Did I Get Married Too? Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12190322\",\n \"text\": \"whom she hated because Marie was married to her great love, Neil Curtis. Liz was sent to prison but was later released on parole. In 1986, she left Salem. Liz Chandler Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, \\\"Days of Our Lives\\\", and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986. Liz came to Salem in 1980. She is the daughter of the former governor of the unknown state where Salem is located. She is also a singer. One of the memorable songs performed by Liz was \\\"Friends and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Chandler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20273026\",\n \"text\": \"Not Too Young to Get Married Not Too Young to Get Married is a song written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry. It was recorded at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles in April 1963 by Bob B. Soxx & The Blue Jeans with the lead vocals by Bobby Sheen and Darlene Love. The song was arranged by Jack Nitzsche, Larry Levine was the engineer and Spector's Wall of Sound was played by The Wrecking Crew. The record was released later in 1963 as Philles Records # 113 and peaked at #63 on the Billboard Top 100. The\",\n \"title\": \"Not Too Young to Get Married\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4275443\",\n \"text\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (orig French \\\"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\\\") is a novel by Canadian novelist Gaétan Soucy. \\\"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\\\" was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of \\\"Canada Reads\\\", broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was championed by actor, film director, screenwriter, and musician Micheline Lanctôt. \\\"La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes\\\" caused a sensation in Quebec and was immediately translated into more than ten languages. It\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8901215\",\n \"text\": \"company in residence at Pace University in Westchester County, New York. Callaway was honored at the 25th Annual Bistro Awards in New York City. She is married to Dan Foster. They have a son, Nicholas, who attended Kenyon College. Liz Callaway Liz Callaway (born April 13, 1961) is an American singer and actress, who is best known for having provided the singing voices of many female characters in animated films, such as Anya/Anastasia in \\\"Anastasia\\\", Odette in \\\"The Swan Princess\\\", Jasmine in the \\\"Aladdin\\\" sequels \\\"The Return of Jafar\\\" and \\\"Aladdin and the King of Thieves\\\", adult Kiara in \\\"\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Callaway\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20273027\",\n \"text\": \"song's writers Greenwich and Barry released a version of the song by their group, The Raindrops, also in 1963, while Darlene Love released a 1985 version by 'Darlene Love and Girls.\\\" The British pop group Racey included the song in their 1996 album \\\"Lay Your Love On Me\\\" after issuing it as a single in 1982. Not Too Young to Get Married Not Too Young to Get Married is a song written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich and Jeff Barry. It was recorded at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles in April 1963 by Bob B. Soxx & The Blue\",\n \"title\": \"Not Too Young to Get Married\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8826778\",\n \"text\": \"also served as the host of WTBS's Sunday-morning magazine program \\\"Good News\\\", produced by the husband-and-wife TV writing team of Bonnie and Terry Turner. Wickersham was married for 27 years to Paul Dudley Derounian, Manhattan Attorney and Vietnam War Veteran, who died suddenly and peacefully in his sleep on Sunday July 27th, 2014, at his summer home in Westhampton, NY. Liz Wickersham Liz Wickersham is an American television personality best known as the host of CNN's entertainment newsmagazine \\\"Showbiz Today\\\" and host of WTBS's Award-Winning Magazine Program, \\\"Good News\\\". Wickersham, who grew up in Orange, Texas, moved to Georgia after\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Wickersham\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16797297\",\n \"text\": \"at the time, in which Burton was \\\"relatively unknown\\\" while Taylor was an \\\"iconic star and America's sweetheart\\\". Michael Thornton of \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" described the relationship, that saw the couple marry and divorce twice, as the \\\"tempestuous saga of Liz and Dick\\\". Their love was described as an addiction; shortly prior to her death, Taylor stated: \\\"The truth is I now don't give a damn about most of those men. Richard is the only one I truly loved and still care about. I shall miss him until the day I die\\\", referring to her various marriages. Taylor and Burton\",\n \"title\": \"Liz & Dick\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18328814\",\n \"text\": \"Liz VanLeeuwen Elizabeth (Liz) Susan Nelson VanLeeuwen (née Nelson; November 5, 1925), was an American politician who was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives. VanLeeuwen was born in Lakeview, Oregon where she lived until attending Oregon State University. She received a Bachelor of Science in Home Making Education and a minor in English in 1947. She married George VanLeeuwen on June 15, 1947 and was a farmer. She also was a news reporter and journalist for a newspaper in Brownsville, Oregon from 1949 to 1970. She was a school teacher at Monroe High School, a substituent teacher and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz VanLeeuwen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10053198\",\n \"text\": \"Ian Taylor (New Zealand businessman) Ian Lemuel Taylor (born 1950) is a New Zealand businessman and former television presenter based in Dunedin. Born in Kaeo to a Pākehā father and Māori mother, (of Ngāti Kahungunu and Nga Puhi descent) he grew up in Raupunga and went to a Catholic boarding school in Masterton. Taylor is married to Liz and they have two children. Taylor joined the band Kal-Q-Lated Risk in c.1967 as lead singer, and later graduated with a LLB degree from the University of Otago. A former television presenter (notably for TVNZ children's programmes \\\"Play School\\\", \\\"Spot On (TV\",\n \"title\": \"Ian Taylor (New Zealand businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16797311\",\n \"text\": \"(5.8 million) and \\\"\\\" (3.5 million). The film drew 1.3 million adults 25–54 and 1.3 million adults 18–49, \\\"with women making up the great majority of viewers in both demos\\\". Ratings were lower than expected given the amount of press coverage the film received. \\\"Variety\\\" described the ratings as \\\"a disappointment with all the pre-debut buzz the project was getting in social media outlets\\\", as well as the publicity that came from Lohan portraying Taylor. \\\"Liz & Dick\\\" was released on DVD in the United States on May 14, 2013. \\\"Liz & Dick\\\" received generally negative reviews from contemporary film\",\n \"title\": \"Liz & Dick\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"527449\",\n \"text\": \"and Maria Burton (born August 1, 1961), a German orphan whose adoption process Taylor had begun while married to Fisher. Dubbed \\\"Liz and Dick\\\" by the media, Taylor and Burton starred together in 11 films, and led a jet-set lifestyle, spending millions on \\\"furs, diamonds, paintings, designer clothes, travel, food, liquor, a yacht, and a jet\\\". Sociologist Karen Sternheimer states that they \\\"became a cottage industry of speculation about their alleged life of excess. From reports of massive spending [...] affairs, and even an open marriage, the couple came to represent a new era of 'gotcha' celebrity coverage, where the\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7242419\",\n \"text\": \"story arcs. Liz was initially not included in the show's descriptions of Eve's past. In the 2001 tie-in novel \\\"Hidden Passions: Secrets from the Diaries of Tabitha Lenox\\\", Eve is characterized as the only child of \\\"too-busy Harvard history Professor Warren Johnson and journalist Tanya Lincoln Johnson\\\". Marshall felt Liz was irredeemable for her actions against Eve and her love interest Julian Crane. Interpreting the character as having a form of mental illness due to her repeated sexual abuse, Marshall said that \\\"[e]very emotion she has it twisted\\\". Ross added to Marshall's commentary by recommending that Liz should get \\\"some\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Sanbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9642663\",\n \"text\": \"two families combined, just in time for them to be ripped apart again, when Ali was killed in a traffic accident and Justin was arrested for murder (a crime Ali committed and ran away from before his accident). Richard eventually cheated on Liz in a similar fashion to how he had cheated on his former wife with Liz. After Justin's trial (which he was found not guilty) Liz threw Richard out, and he left the series. Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks) Richard Taylor is a fictional character from the long-running Channel 4 soap opera \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Richard Calkin. He appeared on\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Taylor (Hollyoaks)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14290108\",\n \"text\": \"the song \\\"Like I'll Never Love You Again\\\". Her daughter is country/Americana artist Caitlin Rose. Liz Rose first began her career as a songwriter at the age of 37. A successful lyricist, she does not play an instrument. Liz Rose Elisabeth Wagner Rose (born in Dallas, Texas) is an American country music songwriter best known for her work with Taylor Swift. She has co-written twenty of Swift's officially released songs, including \\\"White Horse\\\", \\\"Teardrops on My Guitar\\\", and \\\"You Belong with Me\\\", which won her and Swift a Grammy Award in 2010. Rose was born in Dallas and raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Rose\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14200269\",\n \"text\": \"Season 2, it was revealed that Taylor has decided to go to college in New York as well. Cori Cooper (season 1, guest season 2): Known as the \\\"queen of mean\\\", Cori is very self-absorbed and hates \\\"anyone who has an original thought\\\". She is the most popular girl in school, because she's the prettiest. She is also a member of the \\\"blonde squad\\\" which consists of her, Taylor, and Tori. She will do whatever it takes to get what she wants, and no one can stand in her way. She always looks for ways to get back at Liz,\",\n \"title\": \"My Life as Liz\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6878468\",\n \"text\": \"Liz and Pete Fordred Liz and Pete Fordred are a couple from Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) who, despite both being paraplegics, built an ocean-going sailboat and sailed her from South Africa to Florida. At the age of 18, Liz Fordred, a passionate horseback rider, was thrown from her horse, striking her head. She suffered injuries which left her with only the use of her arms, shoulders, and upper torso. While recovering from the accident, she met, and later married, Pete Fordred, another paraplegic. In 1980, in their second year of marriage, the Fordreds decided to build an ocean-capable sailboat, and sail\",\n \"title\": \"Liz and Pete Fordred\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20313451\",\n \"text\": \"Quebec films that lost in major categories. The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film) The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches () is a 2017 Canadian drama film directed by Simon Lavoie and starring Marine Johnson, Antoine L'Écuyer and Jean-François Casabonne. An adaptation of Gaétan Soucy's novel of the same name, the film centres on Alice Soissons (Marine Johnson), a girl raised to believe she is a boy, who lives in with her father and brother in oppressive and secluded conditions. When her father dies, she ventures into the village, where outsiders tell her she\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20313437\",\n \"text\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film) The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches () is a 2017 Canadian drama film directed by Simon Lavoie and starring Marine Johnson, Antoine L'Écuyer and Jean-François Casabonne. An adaptation of Gaétan Soucy's novel of the same name, the film centres on Alice Soissons (Marine Johnson), a girl raised to believe she is a boy, who lives in with her father and brother in oppressive and secluded conditions. When her father dies, she ventures into the village, where outsiders tell her she is female, and she fears the family\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1486427\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor, the martyr (Jeremy Taylor, Nathan Taylor, Thomas Taylor I, Rowland Taylor). In 1636 Jeremy married Phoebe Langsdale with whom he had several children. Jeremy next married Joanna Brydges (daughter of Charles Stuart I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland and Miss Brydges). Their children: Mary Taylor who married Francis Marsh, Archbishop of Dublin; (eldest son) Taylor; Edward Taylor; Joanna Taylor (married Edward Harrison, M.P. for Lisburn); Charles Taylor; William Taylor; (unknown) Taylor. Jeremy Taylor Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667) was a cleric in the Church of England who achieved fame as an author during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. He is\",\n \"title\": \"Jeremy Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17721851\",\n \"text\": \"in IT, \\\"Women in IT: Inspiring the next generation\\\" produced by the BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT, as a free download e-book, from various sources. In 2015, Liz bacon became a Principal Fellow of the HEA and was identified as the 35th Most Influential Women in UK IT 2015, by Computer Weekly. e-learning, serious games, software engineering, crisis management, affective computing, cybersecurity, e-Health, personalisation. Liz Bacon is married to Stuart Kabler. Her hobbies are horse jumping, skiing and scuba diving. Liz Bacon Liz Bacon (born 27 September 1963) is a Professor of Software Engineering and Deputy Pro Vice-Chancellor at\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Bacon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11615024\",\n \"text\": \"Liz Moeggenberg Elizabeth Ann \\\"Liz\\\" Moeggenberg (born Shimek May 25, 1984 in Empire, Michigan) was drafted by the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA, was then traded to the Houston Comets and then weeks later traded to the Chicago Sky where she played for two seasons. Shimek attended college at Michigan State University and graduated in 2006. Following her collegiate career, she was selected 18th overall in the 2006 WNBA Draft. She married Lucas Moeggenberg in October 2006. The couple has three sons. In 2012, Liz Shimek Moeggenberg returned to her alma mater, and now coaches the Glen Lake girls junior\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Moeggenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11369366\",\n \"text\": \"her husband, ex-army sergeant Jim McDonald (Charles Lawson), and their twin sons Steve (Simon Gregson) and Andy (Nicholas Cochrane). Liz and Jim were married very young when Liz got pregnant with the twins at the age of 16. They have a stormy marriage, caused by his hot temper and her habit of playing away. Soon after arriving on the Street, Liz makes friends with Deirdre Barlow (Anne Kirkbride), whose daughter Tracy (Dawn Acton) is slightly younger than the twins. When asked in a 2010 interview with \\\"The Mirror\\\" what her favourite scenes were, Callard replied, \\\"when Jim beat up Liz.\",\n \"title\": \"Liz McDonald\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9643653\",\n \"text\": \"Liz Burton Elizabeth Burton (also Taylor) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Andrée Bernard. A single mother of three teenagers Mel, Sophie, and Justin, Liz spent most of her life trying to maintain the peace between her offspring, after their father committed suicide. She had a difficult relationship with her stepdaughter Darlene, made worse when Darlene found out that her brother Ali had (accidentally) stabbed school bully Stephen \\\"Macki\\\" Mackintosh to death, but told the police that she suspected Liz's son Justin of being the killer. Darlene changed her testimony in court,\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Burton\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9294184\",\n \"text\": \"other's lives in the past 5 years. In honor of his friendship with Liz and everything she has done for him, Jack gave his first-born daughter the name \\\"Elizabeth\\\", albeit using the nickname \\\"Liddy\\\" vice \\\"Liz\\\" in order to honor Liddy Dole, G. Gordon Liddy and Jack's martial arts instructor Lih De. Tina Fey has said that Liz' relationship with Jack is \\\"somewhere between Mary Tyler Moore and Lou Grant, and Han Solo and Princess Leia.\\\" Fey previously stated that there would not be a romantic relationship between the two, as it would be \\\"too icky.\\\" More recently, however, she\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lemon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5086872\",\n \"text\": \"body Creative Scotland. In 1986 Liz Lochhead married the architect Tom Logan. They lived together in Glasgow until his death in 2010. After his death she wrote the poem \\\"Favourite Place\\\" about their caravan on the West Coast of Scotland. It ends: Liz Lochhead Liz Lochhead (born 26 December 1947) is a Scottish poet, playwright, translator and broadcaster. Between 2011 and 2016 she was the Makar, or National Poet of Scotland. Elizabeth Anne Lochhead was born in Craigneuk, a “little ex-mining village just outside Motherwell”, Lanarkshire. Her mother and father had both served in the army during the Second World\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lochhead\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3990460\",\n \"text\": \"grandmother. She married Victor Taylor on 1 April 1966. The couple divorced in the early 1970s and had a son. Taylor met fellow actor Peter Guinness whilst working with the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. They married in September 1996 after having been together for twenty years. Guinness appeared in a few episodes of \\\"The Bill\\\" as her lover in 2007. Alongside her acting career, Taylor is an author. Her first book, \\\"Too Many Mothers\\\", a memoir of her childhood, was published in October 2005. She was criticised by two cousins for some of the content in the book, with one of\",\n \"title\": \"Roberta Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6740330\",\n \"text\": \"Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks) Darlene Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Sarah Lawrence between 2003 and 2006. The archetypal moody teenager had to move in with her father’s partner Liz and her children. Darlene found it difficult and did not get along with Liz or her son Justin. Darlene refused to compromise and tried often enough to split her father and Liz's relationship up. No matter how hard Darlene tried, her plans backfired when her father and Liz wed and Darlene had to live with this. Things got worse when Justin found\",\n \"title\": \"Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968978\",\n \"text\": \"his true name too public -, working with him to ensure her son's future. Following a confrontation between Spider-Man 2099 and an agent of a time-travel organization from 2211 in the Alchemax Building, Liz has deduced that the 'new' Spider-Man must work in the company and is determined to enlist him to her cause, foreshadowing the time-traveler's claims that Liz Allan and Spider-Man 2099 will have some significant impact on future history. Liz then appears as the CEO of Alchemax when Eddie Brock enters her office and brings her an experimental dinosaur he captured. She reveals that Stegron the Dinosaur\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3956099\",\n \"text\": \"Lennon Todd in 2013. When she left TV, Liz spent several years decorating cakes at her family's chain of bakeries. She is currently a radio presenter on radio station, Cambridge 105. She presents the annual Fiver Awards, held in London and was the voiceover artist for the 2016, 2017 & 2018 NMG Awards, held in Cambridge. Liz is married to Michael Todd and they have four children. She has one younger sister, Suzanne (Suzie). She has two rabbits named Cosmo and Thumper, and a cat named Yellow. Liz is related to the Hi-de-Hi! actress Su Pollard, and is a member\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Barker\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13645207\",\n \"text\": \"LGBTQ rights. In 2008, her joke about same-sex marriage (“It’s very dear to me, the issue of gay marriage, or as I like to call it ‘marriage,’ you know, because I had lunch this afternoon, not gay lunch. I park my car, I didn’t gay park it.”) went viral, recreated thousands of times across various platforms in the campaign against Prop 8, which sought to outlaw same sex marriage. In 2012, Liz was named one of The Advocate’s “40 Under 40.” In 2016, Liz signed a multi-year overall deal with CBS Studios to develop new projects. In 2013, Liz married\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Feldman\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16860365\",\n \"text\": \"star she’s married to instead of the fiancé she thought was her perfect match. I Married Who? I Married Who? (also called Always a Bride) is a 2012 American made-for-television comedy film starred Kellie Martin as Jordan and Ethan Erickson as Matt. Directed by Kevin Connor, it originally aired on Hallmark Channel on October 20, 2012. Straight-laced Jordan is about to marry her perfect match, Peter a clean-cut ambitious attorney. Before she walks down the aisle, Jordan and her best friends, Claire and Jessica, head to Vegas for a bachelorette party. Determined to get Jordan to loosen up, Claire steers\",\n \"title\": \"I Married Who?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4275444\",\n \"text\": \"was translated into English as \\\"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\\\" by Sheila Fischman. The novel is about two siblings who live in complete isolation with their father. They are both his \\\"sons\\\". One day the father kills himself by hanging and his sons decide one of them needs to go to the nearby village to get a coffin. While in the village it is unveiled that the one son is actually a female although she has no idea of that (she has no idea of sexuality and thinks she was castrated when she was very young\",\n \"title\": \"The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11369370\",\n \"text\": \"that year. In November 2008, it was revealed that Liz would embark on a relationship with Lloyd Mullaney played by Craig Charles. Speaking of his reaction when he was told about the relationship, Charles revealed: \\\"Bev's a friend of me and my wife's, so it's all quite comfortable really. We get on really well, too. The relationship just opens up the whole scenario of Lloyd going out with his best mate's mum – and Steve definitely doesn't like it!\\\" Charles also revealed that Steve McDonald's reaction to the relationship is that he is not impressed. Liz and Lloyd's relationship was\",\n \"title\": \"Liz McDonald\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9210611\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor Swift (album) Taylor Swift is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 24, 2006, by Big Machine Records. Swift was 16 years old at the time of the album's release and wrote its songs during her freshman year of high school. Swift has writing credits on all of the album's songs, including those co-written with Liz Rose. Swift experimented with several producers, ultimately choosing Nathan Chapman, who had produced her demo album. Musically, the album is country music styled, and lyrically it speaks of romantic relationships, a couple of which Swift wrote from observing\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Swift (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18449897\",\n \"text\": \"Liz Lefroy Elizabeth Lefroy (born 9 December 1964) is a British poet. Lefroy's first publication was \\\"Pretending the Weather\\\" (2011) Gillian Clarke, the National Poet of Wales, said of it, \\\"Liz Lefroy’s first slim pamphlet is a triumph. These delicately told human moments sound with the perfect pitch of a true poet. Using not a word too many, she lets us read between the lines.” \\\"Pretending The Weather\\\" was followed by \\\"The Gathering\\\" (2012), a meditation on the Anglican liturgy set to music by Brian Evans. It premiered at the 2012 St Chad's Music Festival, Shrewsbury. Her most recent collection\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lefroy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968982\",\n \"text\": \"Liz attempts to make out with Peter, who refuses her advances when Mary Jane sees them. They later have a very personal moment when both students are called to talk about the Green Goblin's attack on the school, which affected her greatly. Otherwise, there is no instance of any relationship between Peter and Liz. Liz claims to have had an uncle who was a mutant, who died, though she never explained what exactly happened. As a result of this, Liz has a phobia of mutants (in particular) and super-powered beings (in general), and it has been suggested by other characters\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14650144\",\n \"text\": \"to engineer Weston Amick after one year of dating. They were married on September 29, 2018. Megan and Liz Megan and Liz (commonly stylized as Megan & Liz) are an American country/pop girl duo composed of fraternal twin sisters, Megan and Liz Mace, from Edwardsburg, Michigan. They are both songwriters, and Megan is their guitarist. As of July 2018, they have 1,051,944 subscribers and over 238 million video views on their YouTube channel. Megan McKinley Mace and Elizabeth Morgan Mace were born on November 21, 1992, in South Bend, Indiana to Randall Mace and Mary Miars. They grew up in\",\n \"title\": \"Megan and Liz\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9579050\",\n \"text\": \"upset Tess and she left Roswell. Max and Liz were married in Las Vegas when they were 19 and were together until the end of the world came because when Max's enemies came to earth, Max, Michael, and Isabel were not strong enough in their powers without Tess. So they have to get Tess and Max together to save everyone and rewrite the future. She tries to get Tess to help by attracting Max towards her but it fails when Max catches Liz watching. Liz at the end has to resort to making Max think that she slept with Kyle.\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9294183\",\n \"text\": \"wanted to give up on herself and break up with Carol Burnett, Jack didn't allow her to, telling her \\\"You deserve a guy like Carol and he deserves you because, I'll only say this once a decade: you're great\\\". Despite their close friendship, Jack rarely addresses her as \\\"Liz\\\", generally preferring to call her by her surname. In the Season 5 episode \\\"Mrs. Donaghy\\\", the minister at Jack and Avery Jessup's wedding accidentally married Jack to Liz. Although they remain platonic, Liz and Jack are required to go to marriage counseling and realize the impact they have had on each\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lemon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20005354\",\n \"text\": \"charity LiveTwice, which aims to give people a second chance Earle is the daughter of Rear Admiral David Kenneth Bawtree and grew up in Portsmouth. She is married to film-maker and photographer Patrick Drummond and lives with her five children on a West Country farm. Liz Earle Susan Elizabeth Earle MBE (née Bawtree; born 17 May 1963) is a British writer, TV presenter and entrepreneur. She has written over 35 books on beauty, nutrition and wellbeing and is regularly seen on ITV’s \\\"This Morning\\\". She is the founder of \\\"Liz Earle Wellbeing\\\", a bi-monthly magazine, and Liz Earle Fair and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Earle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17650823\",\n \"text\": \"and music festival, at Snape Maltings, Suffolk, home of Aldeburgh Music. She has a daughter, Rachel, and a son, Toby, and four grandchildren, Jack, Milo and Matilda in Cambridge, and Arthur in Rio de Janeiro. Married to author and editor Louis Baum, she also has a stepson, Simon Baum, and two step-grandchildren, Leo and Poppy Valentine, in London. Liz Calder Liz Calder (born 20 January 1938) is an English publisher and book editor. Born in January 1938, Liz Calder spent her early years in London, and in 1949 she emigrated with her family to New Zealand. She graduated with a\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Calder\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6674994\",\n \"text\": \"she is in. Liz bonds with one of McNamara/Troy's clients, a pre-op transsexual named Sofia Lopez. Sofia finds herself falling in love with her, but Liz decides not to further their relationship. During a stand-off involving violent criminal Escobar Gallardo, she is shot and sent to Bermuda to recover. Liz's biological clock starts to tick and she decides that she wants to have a baby before it is too late. After being rejected by potential donors due to her age, Liz is shocked when Christian offers his sperm to her. Despite their love/hate relationship, Liz eventually accepts his offer and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Cruz (Nip/Tuck)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4321544\",\n \"text\": \"Rental and Alamo Rent-A-Car. The current executive chairman is Taylor's son, Andrew C. Taylor. Taylor's business credo was: \\\"Take care of your customers and employees first, and profits will follow.\\\" Taylor was married and divorced twice. In 1945, Taylor married the former Mary Ann MacCarthy, and the couple had two children: Andrew C. Taylor, who is the executive chairman of Enterprise, and Jo Ann Taylor, who runs the Taylor family philanthropic activities. Taylor and his first wife divorced in 1977 after a long separation, and in 1979, he married Susan Orrison. Taylor and Orrison divorced in 2000. In 1978, Taylor's\",\n \"title\": \"Jack C. Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5829112\",\n \"text\": \"for Macki's murder. However, he was found not guilty. Ali Taylor Alistair \\\"Ali\\\" Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Luti Fagbenle. He appeared between 2003 and 2005. Immediately, Ali had a clash of personalities with Liz Burton's son Justin as the pair did not get on. Things got worse for Ali as Justin spiraled towards drug addiction, smoking marijuana, since the pair shared a bedroom. At school, Justin started hanging out with a boy called Steven Mackintosh who sold him the marijuana. Ali was bullied by both Justin and Macki, but\",\n \"title\": \"Ali Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6740336\",\n \"text\": \"to put up with Darlene’s behaviour and wanted Darlene out of the house. Having burnt all her bridges, Darlene then decided the best thing to do was move in with her mum and depart Hollyoaks for good. The \\\"Sunday Mercury\\\" described her as a \\\"nasty teenager\\\". Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks) Darlene Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Sarah Lawrence between 2003 and 2006. The archetypal moody teenager had to move in with her father’s partner Liz and her children. Darlene found it difficult and did not get along with Liz or her\",\n \"title\": \"Darlene Taylor (Hollyoaks)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13982406\",\n \"text\": \"Liz and Don ended their relationship in the episode \\\"Tabu\\\". Liz later told Don that their relationship had run its course and he had stuck with it until it was over. Liz has since returned to the series as a regular cast member. Liz is a tough woman who wants to achieve or exceed the men's standards. Since series regular Diane Farr was pregnant and expected to be on maternity leave, the producers and writers wanted to maintain a feminine perspective on the FBI team. They also wanted to explore some of Don's commitment issues. They decided to create Liz\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Warner\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5829106\",\n \"text\": \"Ali Taylor Alistair \\\"Ali\\\" Taylor is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, \\\"Hollyoaks\\\", played by Luti Fagbenle. He appeared between 2003 and 2005. Immediately, Ali had a clash of personalities with Liz Burton's son Justin as the pair did not get on. Things got worse for Ali as Justin spiraled towards drug addiction, smoking marijuana, since the pair shared a bedroom. At school, Justin started hanging out with a boy called Steven Mackintosh who sold him the marijuana. Ali was bullied by both Justin and Macki, but as an intelligent and sensitive child, Ali's natural response\",\n \"title\": \"Ali Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10659623\",\n \"text\": \"caused the clicking; although rare, this condition does not hurt his pitching career. To treat this condition, Liz has been doing an exercise program to strengthen the muscles around his collarbone. Liz is of Haitian descent. Radhames Liz Radhames Corey Liz Garcia (born October 6, 1983) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He previously played for the Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB), the LG Twins of the KBO League, and the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Liz, who is one of 8 children in his\",\n \"title\": \"Radhames Liz\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3625892\",\n \"text\": \"Deems Taylor Joseph Deems Taylor (December 22, 1885 – July 3, 1966) was an American composer, music critic, and promoter of classical music. Nat Benchley, co-editor of \\\"The Lost Algonquin Roundtable\\\", referred to him as \\\"the dean of American music.\\\" Deems Taylor was born in New York City to JoJo and Katherine Taylor. He attended New York University. Taylor married three times. His first wife was Jane Anderson. They married in 1910, but divorced in 1918. In 1921, he married Mary Kennedy, who was an actress and a writer. They had a daughter, Joan Kennedy Taylor, in 1926, and divorced\",\n \"title\": \"Deems Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2468480\",\n \"text\": \"maximum possible expenses, purchasing items such as a £199 DVD player, £150 on bed linen and £60 on towels. In 2004/5 her claim was £9 below the maximum possible allowable claim of £20,893, and the following year her claim was within just £2 of the limit. Blackman was one of 98 MPs who supported a bill in 2007 to keep their expense details secret. She was formerly married to Derek Blackman; the couple had a son and daughter, but divorced in 1999. Liz Blackman Elizabeth Marion Blackman (born 26 September 1949) is a British Labour Party politician, who was the\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Blackman\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11737856\",\n \"text\": \"Ryan Taylor (politician) Ryan M. Taylor (born July 22, 1970) of Towner, N.D., is an American politician and member of the Democratic-NPL Party. He was a member of the North Dakota Senate, representing the 7th district from 2003 to 2013, and spent his final term as Senate Minority Leader. Taylor left the Senate to run for governor, but was defeated by Republican Jack Dalrymple. Taylor is a fourth-generation North Dakotan, raised by his parents Marshall (\\\"Bud\\\") and Liz Taylor on a ranch near Towner, N.D., in McHenry County. The Taylor Ranch, founded in 1903, was inducted into the North Dakota\",\n \"title\": \"Ryan Taylor (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12022416\",\n \"text\": \"Care2 gathering over 14,000 signatures. In October 2011, Liz Trotta mocked the participants in Occupy Wall Street for being \\\"people who like good weather\\\", and who spout \\\"the ravings of what sounds like the Unabomber.\\\" In February 2012, she made remarks on Fox News suggesting that women in the military should not be surprised by the increase in sexual assaults by members of the army. In direct response to a Pentagon report that indicated a 64% increase in sexual assault in the military, Trotta said \\\"Now, what did they expect?\\\" She went on to say that women \\\"have demanded too\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Trotta\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9579033\",\n \"text\": \"when it leads her into making decisions where she takes too much of the responsibility. This is also a characteristic that she shares with Max Evans. It is stated that she loves White Roses in the season 2 episode, End of the World. The important premise and core plot of the show is Liz's relationship with the character Max Evans. The Co-executive producer of the series Ronald D. Moore, along with Jason Katims, stated more than once that Max and Liz represented the heart and soul of the series. Max has been in love with Liz since the first time\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Parker\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9294190\",\n \"text\": \"to a confidant besides Jack, especially since Jenna, her closest female friend, is far too anxious about her own life to function as such. Pete lived in Liz's apartment for an extended period while separated from his wife. He helps run TGS and serves as the only other responsible adult on the TGS staff. Liz has not really tried to pursue a relationship of any kind with Tracy, preferring to focus her energies on keeping his craziness in check. She is typically friendly towards him, though mainly to further this end. While Liz will refer to him as either \\\"Tracy\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lemon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5620193\",\n \"text\": \"honorary service organization. Les firmly supported Liz when she was elected vice president of the student body, the first woman to have held that position. In 1942, Carpenter began covering the White House and Congress for the \\\"Austin American-Statesman\\\". For the next eighteen years, she reported on presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy as a Washington reporter. Les and Liz Carpenter were married on June 17, 1944, after he was discharged from the United States Navy during World War II. They launched the Carpenter News Bureau in the National Press Building in Washington, D.C. For the next\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Carpenter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10637702\",\n \"text\": \"Liz Carlyle Susan Tatum Woodhouse (born August 7, 1958, Suffolk, Virginia), known by her pseudonym Liz Carlyle, is an American writer of romance novels since 1999, primarily of historical romances. Susan Tatum Woodhouse was born in 1958 in Suffolk, Virginia. She attended college on a Scripps Howard writing scholarship and majored in journalism. She is married to Edward Carlyle, and has two stepchildren. She spent much of her career working in human resources and labor relations in the chemical and automotive industries. She didn't begin writing until December 1996, when she was between jobs. She finished the novel within two\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Carlyle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11659465\",\n \"text\": \"I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too is the second full-length album of Canadian-American singer-songwriter Martha Wainwright. It was released in Australia on May 10, 2008, with other countries to follow. The 14-track album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's \\\"See Emily Play\\\" and, as a bonus track in some countries, the Eurythmics' \\\"Love Is a Stranger\\\". The Australian release included a limited edition digipak with additional images and the bonus track. \\\"Comin' Tonight\\\" was released as an iTunes exclusive download in Australia in April\",\n \"title\": \"I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9294155\",\n \"text\": \"the pledge line which was answered by Jack, then a young executive from GE's poisons division. Liz claimed to have been a nurse in the war, who was impregnated by General Electric when he was Colonel Electric. Jack's loyalty to GE and his handsomeness impressed Don Geiss, who transferred Jack to the microwave ovens division. Liz was inspired to become a writer by Rosemary Howard, the first female head writer of \\\"Laugh-In\\\". She mentioned that she used to teach improv to senior citizens. In high school, Liz believed that she was an unpopular \\\"nerd\\\" that all of her classmates picked\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Lemon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16860363\",\n \"text\": \"I Married Who? I Married Who? (also called Always a Bride) is a 2012 American made-for-television comedy film starred Kellie Martin as Jordan and Ethan Erickson as Matt. Directed by Kevin Connor, it originally aired on Hallmark Channel on October 20, 2012. Straight-laced Jordan is about to marry her perfect match, Peter a clean-cut ambitious attorney. Before she walks down the aisle, Jordan and her best friends, Claire and Jessica, head to Vegas for a bachelorette party. Determined to get Jordan to loosen up, Claire steers the girls to the hottest nightclub for a few drinks and some fun, because\",\n \"title\": \"I Married Who?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10732892\",\n \"text\": \"Her stable colors of purple and pink on farm structures in time have given way to the more modest colors for McMahon of green and white. Through her social standing and involvement with horses, Liz Altemus met and married John Hay \\\"Jock\\\" Whitney (1904–1982), a member of the extremely wealthy Whitney family of New York. Jock Whitney's grandfather, father and uncle were all heavily involved in Thoroughbred horse racing. They divorced in June 1940, and Liz retained the Virginia estate. In June 1948, she married for a second time to Dr. Edward Cooper Person Jr., a surgery professor, in Upperville.\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Whitney Tippett\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19325197\",\n \"text\": \"presents a script adapted from Fyodor Dostoyevsky's \\\"Notes from Underground\\\" performed by a child in the form of a mock TED Talk. Liz Magic Laser is married to artist, Sanya Kantarovsky. Solo exhibitions of Laser’s work have been presented at Derek Eller Gallery, New York, 2010, Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, Germany, in 2013, and Various Small Fires, Los Angeles, in 2015. Her work has been included in MoMA P.S.1’s Greater New York in 2010, Performa 11 in 2011, and Pier 54, curated by Cecilia Alemani, in 2014. Liz Magic Laser Liz Magic Laser (born 1981, New York) is an American visual\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Magic Laser\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18225472\",\n \"text\": \"This helped her gain experience. In recent years, Liz Kay has joined one project after another. Over the years, Liz Kay was also invited to work with various DJ's in recording studios. Later, she met Yanou, who connected with Liz to record various topics. Liz commented: \\\"\\\"We did a song to see if we are a good team. I was very excited, because I know that Yanou is a major producer. It felt so natural and we were very happy with the results, so we never stopped working together. Manian is also an important part of the team. I am\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Kay\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15697916\",\n \"text\": \"people from working in the state's public schools. Writer Barry Harman recalls that series creator Norman Lear (who has cited \\\"Cousin Liz\\\" as among his favorite episodes) wanted to do an episode that commented on the issue of gay teachers. Although Harman misremembered the year that \\\"Cousin Liz\\\" was first broadcast, he recalled that it was repeated soon before voters decided on the Briggs Initiative and associated the defeat of that initiative with the message of the episode. Cousin Liz \\\"Cousin Liz\\\" is an episode of the American television sitcom \\\"All in the Family\\\". The story concerns Edith Bunker's inheritance\",\n \"title\": \"Cousin Liz\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14704173\",\n \"text\": \"a club that provided seven presidents of the Camogie Association. Liz Howard played on the Tipperary team that won the first ever National Camogie League, beating Wexford in the inaugural replayed final in 1977. During the presidency of Miriam Callaghan Liz, Sile Wallace, Jo Golden and Sinead O Connor developed the Strategic Plan 2004–2008, this was the template to grow and develop camogie. It was Miriam O Callaghan who asked Liz to get back directly involved with camogie. Following her election as President liz initiated an indepth review of the Association to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Camogie\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2011795\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"The Game\\\". Too Short made a cameo appearance in Jay-Z's video for the hit single Big Pimpin'. Too Short was in VH1's Rock Doc, \\\"Planet Rock\\\". Too Short made a cameo in the feature film \\\"Stop Pepper Palmer \\\"with Scott Schwartz. Too Short released two straight-to-DVD films as well, 2001's Too Short Uncensored, produced by Jarrod Donoman and Terrell Taylor, the DVD Live Nationwide, and 2003's Too Short Presents...Titty City again produced by Taylor & partner Co Garrett. On February 10, 2012, a video by Too Short was posted on XXLMag.com, a hip-hop website published by Dennis Page. In\",\n \"title\": \"Too Short\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5202132\",\n \"text\": \"from Gottlieb in 2012. In August 2014, Cho became engaged to journalist Josh Elliott. On July 11, 2015, she married Elliott in Montecito, California. Liz Cho Liz Cho is a news anchor at WABC-TV in New York City. She has co-anchored the weekday 4 and 6 p.m. editions of \\\"Eyewitness News\\\". Cho grew up in Concord, Massachusetts, and has a younger brother, Andrew. She was born to Sang In Cho (d. March 13, 2009), a Korean American surgeon, and a Jewish-American nurse, Donna Cho (née Weltman). Her father, born and raised in South Korea, immigrated to the United States to\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Cho\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4643273\",\n \"text\": \"post which she held for four years. After her term as Lord Provost, she sat as a councillor for a further 10 years, before retiring from the council at the 2017 elections. She is married to Duncan Cameron, a president of the Camanachd Association. Liz Cameron Liz Cameron, born in Partick, Glasgow is a former Lord Provost of Glasgow. She graduated from the University of Glasgow and became a college lecturer, teaching at Bell College of Technology in Hamilton. First elected as a Labour member of the \\\"Glasgow District Council\\\" in 1992, she was elected to the new City of\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Cameron\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3968980\",\n \"text\": \"claiming it was an organic biotech suit meant to unleash a human's hidden potential so Spinneret wouldn't rely on Regent's tech to drain her husband's powers to fight. However, Miss January ends up pushing Normie to become the Green Goblin like his father and grandfather behind Liz's back so she could take the Goblin Mech and avenge Harry by killing Spider-Man. After Miss January's defeat, Liz is reunited with Normie and vows to be there for him more. In the MC2 continuity, Liz Allan married Foggy Nelson after the death of Harry Osborn. She developed a fatal illness (of a\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Allan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12484230\",\n \"text\": \"network INSIGHT's first ever adventure reality show shot in 4k Living Stone - Botswana. Cantor has filled in on a number of summer radio shows for Nova Brisbane, Hot Tomato and Sea FM on the Sunshine Coast and Gold Coast. She teamed up with well-known radio personality Michael \\\"Pickle\\\" Walkley to host Sea FM Summer Breakfast on the Gold Coast over the Christmas break in 2013/14. Cantor married Ryan Lysaught on 16 October 2016 at Ayana Resort, Bali. They live on the Gold Coast. Liz Cantor Liz Cantor (born 11 October 1982) is an Australian television personality. She was the\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Cantor\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12111421\",\n \"text\": \"Her surname is Polish. She is married to Akiva Schaffer, whom she met when they were both writing for the 2005 MTV Movie Awards. Liz Cackowski Liz Cackowski (born November 6, 1977) is an American comedy writer and actress. Cackowski began her comedy career at The Second City in Chicago where she was discovered and hired by Saturday Night Live, where she worked as a writer from 2003 to 2006. Since leaving \\\"SNL\\\", she and Maggie Carey created an online series called \\\"The Jeannie Tate Show\\\". She appeared in feature films such as \\\"Forgetting Sarah Marshall\\\" and \\\"I Love You,\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Cackowski\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10637704\",\n \"text\": \"in 2006 for Best Long Historical Romance (\\\"The Devil to Pay\\\"). Several of her books have become \\\"USA Today\\\" bestsellers. Liz Carlyle Susan Tatum Woodhouse (born August 7, 1958, Suffolk, Virginia), known by her pseudonym Liz Carlyle, is an American writer of romance novels since 1999, primarily of historical romances. Susan Tatum Woodhouse was born in 1958 in Suffolk, Virginia. She attended college on a Scripps Howard writing scholarship and majored in journalism. She is married to Edward Carlyle, and has two stepchildren. She spent much of her career working in human resources and labor relations in the chemical and\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Carlyle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11659466\",\n \"text\": \"2008. All songs were written by Wainwright, except where noted. The album debuted at #19 on the Australian charts. In the United States, it debuted at #10 on the Heatseekers Chart, a much better showing than her debut album, which peaked at #43 in 2005. I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too is the second full-length album of Canadian-American singer-songwriter Martha Wainwright. It was released in Australia on May 10, 2008, with other countries to follow. The 14-track album features 12 original tracks and cover versions of Pink Floyd's\",\n \"title\": \"I Know You're Married But I've Got Feelings Too\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9597320\",\n \"text\": \"on Call\\\". Liz Grogan Liz Grogan is a Canadian television host. She co-hosted CBWT's \\\"Noon Hour\\\" program in the 1970s. Later she moved to CTV on the program \\\"Live It Up!\\\", one of the first co-hosts in the program. She was co-host with Peter Feniak of CTV's \\\"Lifetime\\\" between 1986 and 1988, but had to leave the show because she was pregnant. On September 12, 1987 she married freelance cinematographer Doug McLellan. She hosted \\\"Globetrotter\\\", a travel program for women, on WTN for the 1996–97 season. In the mid-1990s she co-hosted a health phone-in program with Dr. Rosana Pellizzari on\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Grogan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9597319\",\n \"text\": \"Liz Grogan Liz Grogan is a Canadian television host. She co-hosted CBWT's \\\"Noon Hour\\\" program in the 1970s. Later she moved to CTV on the program \\\"Live It Up!\\\", one of the first co-hosts in the program. She was co-host with Peter Feniak of CTV's \\\"Lifetime\\\" between 1986 and 1988, but had to leave the show because she was pregnant. On September 12, 1987 she married freelance cinematographer Doug McLellan. She hosted \\\"Globetrotter\\\", a travel program for women, on WTN for the 1996–97 season. In the mid-1990s she co-hosted a health phone-in program with Dr. Rosana Pellizzari on WTN, \\\"Doctor\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Grogan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20226316\",\n \"text\": \"in 2006. In 2001, she married Steven Pressman and has a stepdaughter, Roshann Pressman. Perle died at the age of 59 at her San Francisco home on August 20, 2015 of breast cancer, which she had for eight years. Liz Perle Liz Perle (April 13, 1956–August 20, 2015) was an American publishing executive, writer, and co-founder and editor-in-chief of the nonprofit Common Sense Media. Elizabeth Ann Perle was born in Manhattan, New York on April 13, 1956. Her parents were E. Gabriel Perle and Ellen Kraus Perle. They lived in Rowayton, Connecticut until her mother died of breast cancer when\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Perle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13373339\",\n \"text\": \"Rafati's single \\\"Battles\\\" was featured in this film. Norwegian Christel Alsos was also featured with the song \\\"Still\\\". The soundtrack for the film was released on So So Def Recordings with distribution being handled by Malaco Records. The film received mixed reviews from critics. Based on 43 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 27% with an average score of 4.5/10, based on 48 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, \\\"It's bolstered by a strong performance from Janet Jackson, but ultimately, \\\"Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too?\\\" doesn't add anything\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did I Get Married Too?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7242422\",\n \"text\": \"adopted daughter of Mr. Sanbourne and Ruby Lincoln and the adoptive sister of Eve Russell, who is Ruby's daughter from a previous marriage. Eve and Liz are both unaware of the adoption, believing that they were half-sisters. Mr. Sanbourne repeatedly molested Liz after Eve left home to be a nightclub singer, and a prostitute, and start a relationship with businessman Julian Crane. Liz blamed Eve for abandoning her to her father's sexual abuse. When she was fourteen, Liz went to Boston in search of Eve. She tracked down Julian at a jazz club to talk to him about her sister\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Sanbourne\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12127869\",\n \"text\": \"Taylor was third of four children of Marjorie and Gordon Hardwick, an insurance executive. Taylor graduated from The Asheville School in 1943. Taylor then attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, where he received a bachelor's degree and Masters of Architecture in 1947. After finishing his education, he married Louise Russell. The couple had two children: Marjory Wells, born in 1953; and Taylor Junior, born in 1954. The couple divorced in 1977 and he married Gay Leslie Mackendrick in 1979. They were married until her death in 2006. In 2008 he married Jo Holland Alexander, who survives him. His\",\n \"title\": \"Taylor Hardwick\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4315972\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"fascist\\\" version of Liz seen in the alternate universe in \\\"Inferno\\\", disliking when she had to change to the normal Liz. Liz has been seen as more of an assistant than a traditional companion because she never travelled on the TARDIS. Unlike other \\\"co-conspirator\\\" companions, Liz serves as a bridge between the Doctor's world and the more grounded UNIT. She has also been described as more mature and equal to the Doctor than previous companions. Following John's death in 2012, current \\\"Doctor Who\\\" showrunner Steven Moffat described Liz as \\\"not just a sidekick but a scientist in her own right\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Liz Shaw\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11369359\",\n \"text\": \"Becky clear from the outset, who responds by kicking Liz out of the pub. A desperate Liz then bumps into Jim at a hotel she is staying at. She seeks his support as she tells him of the situation that Becky and Steve have got themselves into. He suggests that she buy the pub but the bank manager refuses to give Liz a loan. Jim then suggests that he could buy the pub for Liz, as Steve and Becky decide to leave Weatherfield with Max and Amy. Liz makes her peace with the couple after they agree to the sale.\",\n \"title\": \"Liz McDonald\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["richard burton"],"string":"[\n \"richard burton\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":186,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where was the ancient region of mesopotamia?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"13557801","text":"civilizations in the Near East were deeply influenced by their spiritual beliefs, which generally did not distinguish between heaven and Earth. They believed that divine action influenced all mundane matters, and also believed in divination (ability to predict the future). Omens were often inscribed in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, as were records of major events. Ancient Near East The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor","title":"Ancient Near East"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13557801\",\n \"text\": \"civilizations in the Near East were deeply influenced by their spiritual beliefs, which generally did not distinguish between heaven and Earth. They believed that divine action influenced all mundane matters, and also believed in divination (ability to predict the future). Omens were often inscribed in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, as were records of major events. Ancient Near East The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, northeastern Syria and Kuwait), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Near East\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"21015004","text":"is very arid and has poor soil quality. But the man-made infrastructure took advantage of some of the potential of this space (large rivers and broad, flat plains) to counter these issues and make lower Mesopotamia one of the most productive agricultural areas in the ancient world. In the north, the uncertainties of production were greater, as a result of the fluctuation of the climate year by year. There were, as a result, many systems of agricultural land, reflecting the diversity of ancient Mesopotamian agriculture. The natural context of ancient Mesopotamia was little different from modern conditions in this region,","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015017","text":"the poverty and fragility of the soils of Southern Mesopotamia are largely compensated for by sheer area of flat land available for irrigation. In the north by contrast, there is better soil, but less land and there is more risk arising from the variation in precipitation. Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia Agriculture was the main economic activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Operating under harsh constraints, notably the arid climate and the poor soil, the Mesopotamian farmers developed effective strategies that enabled them to support the development of the first states, the first cities, and then the first known empires, under the supervision","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853966","text":"dominant ruler in the region, who made many raids into southern Mesopotamia between 1945 BC and 1906 BC, attacking the independent Sumero-Akkadian city states of the region such as Isin, and founding colonies in Asia Minor. This was to become a pattern throughout the history of ancient Mesopotamia with the future rivalry between Assyria and Babylonia. However, Babylonia did not exist at this time, but was founded in 1894 BC by an Amorite prince named Sumuabum during the reign of Erishum I. The next two centuries or so saw southern Mesopotamia dominated by the Amorite cities of Isin and Larsa,","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"4647424","text":"to tune the instruments. Music for the ancient mesopotamians was both a religious and a social aspect to music. There was a different expectation for each musician, particularly vocalists. Where the religious singers were supposed to swing harshly, ignoring beauty to emphasize and focus on the religious chants, the social singers were expected to sing beautiful melodies. Music of Mesopotamia This article treats the music of Ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform sources reveal an orderly organized system of diatonic scales, depending on the tuning of stringed instruments in alternating fifths and fourths. Instruments of Ancient Mesopotamia include harps, lyres, lutes, reed pipes,","title":"Music of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"844939","text":"Architecture of Mesopotamia The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed construction for the government, nobility, or royalty. Sumerian masonry was usually mortarless although bitumen was sometimes used. Brick styles, which varied greatly over time, are categorized","title":"Architecture of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"844977","text":"gorge of the Comel River consists of basins cut in solid rock and descending in steps to the stream.\" The water was led from small conduits. Architecture of Mesopotamia The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed","title":"Architecture of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269215","text":"earliest sets of laws found and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia. He codified over 200 laws for Mesopotamia. Examination of the laws show a progressive weakening of the rights of women, and increasing severity in the treatment of slaves The art of Mesopotamia rivalled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th century BC. The main emphasis was on various, very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay;","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269176","text":"Iraq. In the long span of this period, Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient highly-developed and socially complex states. The region was one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was invented, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yellow River in China. Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur and Babylon, as well as major territorial states such as the city of Eridu, the Akkadian kingdoms, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the various Assyrian empires. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015001","text":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia Agriculture was the main economic activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Operating under harsh constraints, notably the arid climate and the poor soil, the Mesopotamian farmers developed effective strategies that enabled them to support the development of the first states, the first cities, and then the first known empires, under the supervision of the institutions which dominated the economy: the royal and provincial palaces, the temples, and the domains of the elites. They focussed above all on the cultivation of cereals (particularly barley) and sheep farming, but also farmed legumes, as well as date palms in the south","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"15425195","text":"Art of Mesopotamia The art of Mesopotamia has survived in the archaeological record from early hunter-gatherer societies (10th millennium BC) through the Bronze Age cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced in the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural developments, including the oldest examples of writing. The art of Mesopotamia rivaled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated, and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in","title":"Art of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015003","text":"but the returns were also usually lower. In the absence of excavations of rural contexts, our knowledge of the agriculture of ancient Mesopotamia is mostly based on ancient texts, notably documents concerning the sale of fields, rental contracts, loans for agricultural purposes, and the administrative documents from the archives of the palaces and temples of Mesopotamian cities. The economic organisation of these activities is thus very well documented, while actual agricultural practice is less well known and there is still much uncertainty. The land of Mesopotamia is not very favourable to the development of agriculture, especially the southern half, which","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"20695206","text":"Persian Gulf and severely limits productivity in the region south of Al Amarah. The salinity is reflected in the large lake in central Iraq, southwest of Baghdad, known as Bahr al Milh (Sea of Salt). There are two other major lakes in the country to the north of Bahr al Milh: Buhayrat ath Tharthar and Buhayrat al Habbaniyah. Lower Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Iraq. Also known as the Sawad and al-'Irāq al-'Arabi (\"Arabian Irāq\") in the Middle Ages. Lower Mesopotamia was home to ancient Sumerian and Babylonian civilisations. An alluvial plain begins north of Baghdad and","title":"Lower Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"20695203","text":"Lower Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Iraq. Also known as the Sawad and al-'Irāq al-'Arabi (\"Arabian Irāq\") in the Middle Ages. Lower Mesopotamia was home to ancient Sumerian and Babylonian civilisations. An alluvial plain begins north of Baghdad and extends to the Persian Gulf. Here the Tigris and Euphrates rivers lie above the level of the plain in many places, and the whole area is a river delta interlaced by the channels of the two rivers and by irrigation canals. Intermittent lakes, fed by the rivers in flood, also characterize southeastern Iraq. A fairly large area ()","title":"Lower Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015005","text":"although some changes have occurred over the intervening millennia (changing course of the river, retreat of the sea shore, deforestation). It is clear that, in addition to having developed one of the most prosperous agricultural systems of the ancient world, the societies of ancient Mesopotamia had had to do so under harsh constraints: rivers whose patterns had little relation to the growth cycle of domesticated cereals; a hot, dry climate with brutal interannual variations; generally thin and saline soil. \"A priori\", the conditions in the north were more favourable than in the south, because the soil was more fertile and","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"4647416","text":"Music of Mesopotamia This article treats the music of Ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform sources reveal an orderly organized system of diatonic scales, depending on the tuning of stringed instruments in alternating fifths and fourths. Instruments of Ancient Mesopotamia include harps, lyres, lutes, reed pipes, and drums. Many of these were shared with neighbouring cultures. Contemporary East African lyres and West African lutes preserve many features of Mesopotamian instruments (van der Merwe 1989, p. 10). The vocal tone or timbre was probably similar to the pungently nasal sound of the narrow-bore reed pipes, and most likely shared the contemporary \"typically\" Asian vocal","title":"Music of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"14337967","text":"of Amida and Diyarbakir, see the Diyarbakır article. Amida (Mesopotamia) Amida (, , ) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands. The Roman writers Ammianus Marcellinus and Procopius consider it a city of Mesopotamia. The city was located on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the recycled stones from older buildings. Amid(a), also known by various names throughout its long history, was established as an Aramean settlement, circa the 3rd millennium BC, later as the capital of Bit-Zamani. The oldest artefact from Amida is the","title":"Amida (Mesopotamia)"},{"psg_id":"14337962","text":"Amida (Mesopotamia) Amida (, , ) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands. The Roman writers Ammianus Marcellinus and Procopius consider it a city of Mesopotamia. The city was located on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the recycled stones from older buildings. Amid(a), also known by various names throughout its long history, was established as an Aramean settlement, circa the 3rd millennium BC, later as the capital of Bit-Zamani. The oldest artefact from Amida is the famous stele of king Naram-Sin also believed to","title":"Amida (Mesopotamia)"},{"psg_id":"19679929","text":"party is named after Mesopotamia, also known as Beth Nahrain, or \"the land of rivers.\" Mesopotamia was a term used to describe the lands of Assyria, the ancient empire that encompassed Iraq, Syria, and parts of Iran and Turkey. The chosen name reflects on the ethnic identity of the party's members, as well as their ongoing struggle to reclaim rights for Assyrians in their ancestral lands. The Sons of Mesopotamia is the first and only Assyrian-led political party with a female president, currently headed by Galeta Shaba. The Sons of Mesopotamia was founded as a splinter group after a number","title":"Sons of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"9630903","text":"Mesopotamia Township, Trumbull County, Ohio Mesopotamia Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 3,051 people in the township. Located in the northwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Mesopotamia Township. Named after the ancient region of Mesopotamia, it is the only Mesopotamia Township statewide. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election","title":"Mesopotamia Township, Trumbull County, Ohio"},{"psg_id":"15425227","text":"is arguably the most spectacular single work in a museum. Art of Mesopotamia The art of Mesopotamia has survived in the archaeological record from early hunter-gatherer societies (10th millennium BC) through the Bronze Age cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced in the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural developments, including the oldest examples of writing. The art of Mesopotamia rivaled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated, and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium","title":"Art of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269175","text":"Ancient Near East begins in the Lower Paleolithic period. Therein, writing emerged with a pictographic script in the Uruk IV period (c. 4th millennium BC), and the documented record of actual historical events — and the ancient history of lower Mesopotamia — commenced in the mid-third millennium BC with cuneiform records of early dynastic kings. This entire prehistory ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC, or with the Muslim conquest and the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, from which point the region came to be known as","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853944","text":"often dubbed the cradle of civilization. The rise of the first cities in southern Mesopotamia dates to the Uruk period, from c. 4000 BC onward; its regional independence ended with the Achaemenid conquest in 539 BC, although a few native neo-Assyrian kingdoms existed at different times. Mesopotamia literally means \"(Land) between rivers\" in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BC, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria. Later it was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris,","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853983","text":"of Assur was still occupied until the 14th century, and Assyrians possibly still formed the majority in northern Mesopotamia until the Middle Ages. Assyrians retain Eastern Rite Christianity whereas the Mandaeans retain their ancient gnostic religion and Mesopotamian Aramaic as a mother tongue and written script to this day. Among these peoples, the giving of traditional Mesopotamian names is still common. History of Mesopotamia The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Sumaya period up to the Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015012","text":"east, rising from 200-500 m in altitude, and which are now known as Jazirah (from the Arabic, \"al-jazayra\", 'the island'). Thus, the rivers flow through valleys which are 1-10 km wide. The southern half of Mesopotamia, which is the part properly called Mesopotamia from a geophysical point of view, since it is where the Tigris and Euphrates flow close to one another, is a vast plain, which is 150-200 km wide and has only a very slight incline, decreasing to the south until it is nearly non-existent. This encourages the development of river braiding, sudden changes of course, and the","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"9235775","text":"Woolley discovered the instruments when excavating the Royal Cemetery of Ur between from 1922 and 1934. They discovered pieces of three lyres and one harp in Ur located in what was Ancient Mesopotamia and now is Iraq. They are over 4,500 years old from ancient Mesopotamia during the ED III. The decorations on the lyres are fine examples of the court Art of Mesopotamia of the period. Press. Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to c. 2900–2350 BC and was preceded","title":"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)"},{"psg_id":"21015008","text":"baseflow occurs in summer at the time of greatest heat, when evapotranspiration is very high, especially in the south. The variability of flow rate over the year is very great - up to 4:1. The discharge of the Euphrates and its floods were weaker than those of the Tigris, so it was on particularly on its banks that agricultural communities of southern Mesopotamia focused. In this region, the ground is very flat, leading to bifurcation, which results in islands and marshes, as well as sudden changes of course, which occurred several times in antiquity. Both rivers carry silt which raised","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015006","text":"the rainfall was hig enough for agriculture without irrigation. But the scale of the rivers in the south and the flat plains which made it easy to cut irrigation channels and put large areas under cultivation gave undeniable advantages to the development of productive irrigated farms - at the cost of constant labour. The two main watercourses of Mesopotamia, which give the region its name, are the Euphrates and the Tigris, which flow from Anatolia to the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates is around 2,800 km long and the Tigris is about 1,900 km. Their regime is of the pluvio-nival type,","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"5674823","text":"Mesopotamia, Argentina La Mesopotamia or Región Mesopotámica is the humid and verdant area of north-east Argentina, comprising the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes. The landscape and its characteristics are dominated by two rivers, the Paraná and the Uruguay. When Spanish settlers came to the area, the two parallel rivers and the lush area between them drew comparisons to Mesopotamia (Greek: Μεσοποταμία \"land between rivers\") in modern-day Iraq, and it was decided to name the Argentine region for the Iraqi region. The region shares many of its ecological features with neighboring regions of Argentina and with parts of Brazil,","title":"Mesopotamia, Argentina"},{"psg_id":"14183342","text":"Phocis (ancient region) Phocis was an ancient region in the central part of Ancient Greece, which included Delphi. A modern administrative unit, also called Phocis, is named after the ancient region, although the modern region is substantially larger than the ancient one. Ancient Phocis was about 1,619 km² (625 mi²) in area, bounded on the west by Ozolian Locris and Doris, on the north by Opuntian Locris, on the east by Boeotia, and on the south by the Gulf of Corinth. The massive ridge of Parnassus (2,459 m/8,068 ft), which traverses the heart of the country, divides it into two","title":"Phocis (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"844881","text":"country, Nineveh, Kalaḫ and Arbela, were all on the east bank of the Tigris. The reason was its abundant supply of water, whereas the great plain on the western side had to depend on streams flowing into the Euphrates. Mesopotamia means \"(Land) between two rivers\" in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BCE, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria. In modern times it has been more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only","title":"Geography of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015015","text":"short, the life cycle of the plants is too slow to assure good crops. In the more arid areas of Lower Jazirah and Lower Mesopotamia, precipitation is below 200 mm and often only occurs in the form of sudden storms or showers. There the life cycle of the plants is very limited in a natural state and the support of irrigation is necessary to ensure agricultural yields. On the other hand, it is in southern Mesopotamia that date palms can be cultivated, which flourish in hot climates and saline soil. The soil in Mesopotamia is mostly of the sort that","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"21015011","text":"Jazirah: the Balikh and the Khabur. Both have weak flow (especially the former which is nearly dry in summer) and are themselves fed variably by several wadis. The terrain of Mesopotamia is mostly flat, consisting of floodplains and plateaus. It is bordered by high mountains on the eastern side - the Zagros range, which is pierced by deep valleys and canyons with a northwest-southeast orientation (Great Zab, Little Zab, Diyala) - and by smaller mountains and volcanoes in Upper Mesopotamia (Kawkab, Tur Abdin, Jebel Abd-el-Aziz, Sinjar, Mount Kirkuk). Essentially, Upper Mesopotamia consists of plateaus which are slightly inclined to the","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"15425225","text":"the city to the temple. Large wooden gates throughout the period were strengthened and decorated with large horizontal metal bands, often decorated with reliefs, several of which have survived, such as the various Balawat Gates. Other traditional types of art continued to be produced, and the Neo-Babylonians were very keen to stress their ancient heritage. Many sophisticated and finely carved seals survive. After Mesopotamia fell to the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which had much simpler artistic traditions, Mesopotamian art was, with Ancient Greek art, the main influence on the cosmopolitan Achaemenid style that emerged, and many ancient elements were retained in","title":"Art of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"14712378","text":"Mesopotamia (theme) Mesopotamia () was the name of a Byzantine theme (a military-civilian province) located in what is today eastern Turkey. It should not be confused with the region of Mesopotamia or with the older Roman and early Byzantine province of Mesopotamia. The Byzantine theme was located between the rivers Arsanias (modern Murat) and Çimisgezek. The theme was formed probably between 899 and 911, when Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) appointed the former \"strategos\" of the Charsianon, named Orestes, as its governor. Most of the province was formed out the Armenian principality of Takis, ruled by the chieftain","title":"Mesopotamia (theme)"},{"psg_id":"269170","text":"academic usage, the term \"Mesopotamia\" often also has a chronological connotation. It is usually used to designate the area until the Muslim conquests, with names like \"Syria\", \"Jazira\", and \"Iraq\" being used to describe the region after that date. It has been argued that these later euphemisms are Eurocentric terms attributed to the region in the midst of various 19th-century Western encroachments. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Taurus Mountains. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269165","text":"Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region in Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders. The Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269208","text":"The geography of Mesopotamia had a profound impact on the political development of the region. Among the rivers and streams, the Sumerian people built the first cities along with irrigation canals which were separated by vast stretches of open desert or swamp where nomadic tribes roamed. Communication among the isolated cities was difficult and, at times, dangerous. Thus, each Sumerian city became a city-state, independent of the others and protective of its independence. At times one city would try to conquer and unify the region, but such efforts were resisted and failed for centuries. As a result, the political history","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"15425218","text":"that of Babylonian art, which was the dominant contemporary art in Mesopotamia, began to emerge c. 1500 BC, well before their empire included Sumer, and lasted until the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Neo-Assyrian Empire created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. From around 879 BC the Assyrians developed a style of extremely large schemes of","title":"Art of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853976","text":"into Mesopotamia by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I. The Hittites fragmented into a number of small Neo-Hittite states, which endured in the region for many centuries. Records from the 12th and 11th centuries BC are sparse in Babylonia, which had been overrun with new Semitic settlers, namely the Arameans, Chaldeans and Sutu. Assyria however, remained a compact and strong nation, which continued to provide much written record. The 10th century BC is even worse for Babylonia, with very few inscriptions. Mesopotamia was not alone in this obscurity: the Hittite Empire fell at the beginning of this period and very few","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"844880","text":"Geography of Mesopotamia The geography of Mesopotamia, encompassing its ethnology and history, centered on the two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. While the southern is flat and marshy, the near approach of the two rivers to one another, at a spot where the undulating plateau of the north sinks suddenly into the Babylonian alluvium, tends to separate them still more completely. In the earliest recorded times, the northern portion was included in Mesopotamia; it was marked off as Assyria after the rise of the Assyrian monarchy. Apart from Assur, the original capital of Assyria, the chief cities of the","title":"Geography of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"164698","text":"History of the ancient Levant The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,","title":"History of the ancient Levant"},{"psg_id":"269223","text":"Old Babylonian remains at Nippur and Ur. Among the textual sources on building construction and associated rituals are Gudea's cylinders from the late 3rd millennium are notable, as well as the Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Iron Age. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region in Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders. The Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269177","text":"were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon of Akkad (who established the Akkadian Empire), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), Ashur-uballit II and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empire). Scientists analysed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq. The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Along with Sumerian, Semitic languages were also spoken in early Mesopotamia. Subartuan a language of the Zagros,","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"131122","text":"as well as in ancient and modern times, to have been connected by culture and trade with the neighbouring regions. Urban civilization, which includes modern-day Afghanistan, North India, and Pakistan, may have begun as early as 3000 to 2000 BC. Archaeological finds indicate the possible beginnings of the Bronze Age, which would ultimately spread throughout the ancient world from Afghanistan. It is also believed that the region had early trade contacts with Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300-1300 BCE; mature period 2600-1900 BCE) extending from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and","title":"Ancient history of Afghanistan"},{"psg_id":"269171","text":"routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf. The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained.","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"19176517","text":"of the ancient world. History of the Ancient World History of the Ancient World is a 1981 historical book written by Russian writer Fyodor Korovkin. It was first published by Progress Publishers. Subsequently, it was translated in Bengali and English respectively in 1983 and 1985. The book \"History of the Ancient World\" provides information on the history of the ancient states in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. It also includes the history of ancient Greece and Rome up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Its several chapters deal with religious views, art, and","title":"History of the Ancient World"},{"psg_id":"21015002","text":"and grapes in the north. In reality there were two types of Mesopotamian agriculture, corresponding to the two main ecological domains, which largely overlapped with cultural distinctions. The agriculture of southern or Lower Mesopotamia, the land of Sumer and Akkad, which later became Babylonia received almost no rain and required large scale irrigation works which were supervised by temple estates, but could produce high returns. The agriculture of Northern or Upper Mesopotamia, the land that would eventually become Assyria, had enough rainfall to allow dry agriculture most of the time, so that irrigation and large institutional estates were less important,","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"3990618","text":"Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians. Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as Levantine archaeology. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization. During the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals","title":"Palestine (region)"},{"psg_id":"21015007","text":"with high flow in spring as a result of melting snow and when rains fall in Upper Mesopotamia. This is more accentuated with the Tigris, which receives several tributaries from the Zagros during the second part of its course, while the Euphrates has only a minor tributaries in Upper Mesopotamia. Thus its output is weaker, especially since it crosses flatter areas and has a wide bend in Syria which slows its flow. Floods of the rivers thus take place in spring - in April for the Tigris and in May for the Euphrates (shortly after or during the harvest). Their","title":"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"269167","text":"Adiabene, Osroene, and Hatra. Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having \"inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture\". The regional toponym \"Mesopotamia\" (, \"[land] between rivers\"; \"bilād ar-rāfidayn\"; ; \"miyān rudān\"; \"Beth Nahrain\" \"land of rivers\") comes from the ancient Greek root words μέσος (\"meso\") \"middle\" and ποταμός (\"potamos\") \"river\" and translates to \"(Land) between two/the rivers\". It is","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"19176516","text":"History of the Ancient World History of the Ancient World is a 1981 historical book written by Russian writer Fyodor Korovkin. It was first published by Progress Publishers. Subsequently, it was translated in Bengali and English respectively in 1983 and 1985. The book \"History of the Ancient World\" provides information on the history of the ancient states in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. It also includes the history of ancient Greece and Rome up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Its several chapters deal with religious views, art, and culture of the peoples","title":"History of the Ancient World"},{"psg_id":"17324880","text":"including Alexandretta and the ancient city of Antioch or in an extended sense the entire Levant as far south as Roman Egypt, but not including Mesopotamia. The area of Greater Syria (; also \"Natural Syria\" () or \"Northern Country\" )) extends roughly over the medieval Arab Caliphate province of Bilad al-Sham, encompassing the Eastern Mediterranean or the Levant, and Western Mesopotamia. The Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century gave rise to this province, which encompassed much of the region of Syria, and became largely overlapping with this concept. Other sources indicate that the term Greater Syria was","title":"Syria (region)"},{"psg_id":"9392849","text":"and the Syriac Military Council. The group began to cooperate with other parties in the Rojava region, the Syrian Democratic Council and its military wing, the Syrian Democratic Forces. From 25 to 27 May 2016, the 8th conference of the Mesopotamia National Council was held in Switzerland. Mesopotamia National Council The Mesopotamia National Council (, MUB), formerly the Mesopotamia Freedom Party (, GHB) and the \"Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Bethnahrin\" (PROB) or \"Bethnahrin Patriotic Revolution Organization\" is a militant Assyrian/Syriac party, whose stated aim is to create an independent or autonomous Assyrian state in a territory called Beth Nahrain, a","title":"Mesopotamia National Council"},{"psg_id":"20224176","text":"Eastern Catholic : Hirta, Mesopotamia Hirta was an Ancient city and bishopric in Mesopotamia which only remains as a Latin Catholic titular see. Hirta, now completely ruined, lied near modern Iraq's city of Najaf. It is documented as diocese of the Oriental Assyrian Church between 410 and 1012, directly dependent on its Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesifonte. A dozen of its Eparch (bishops) are attested, including : The diocese was nominally restored in July 2004.07 as Latin Titular See of Hirta (Latin - Curiate Italian) / Hirten(sis) (Latin adjective). It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest)","title":"Hirta, Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"20224175","text":"Hirta, Mesopotamia Hirta was an Ancient city and bishopric in Mesopotamia which only remains as a Latin Catholic titular see. Hirta, now completely ruined, lied near modern Iraq's city of Najaf. It is documented as diocese of the Oriental Assyrian Church between 410 and 1012, directly dependent on its Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesifonte. A dozen of its Eparch (bishops) are attested, including : The diocese was nominally restored in July 2004.07 as Latin Titular See of Hirta (Latin - Curiate Italian) / Hirten(sis) (Latin adjective). It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank, \"including an","title":"Hirta, Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"6765227","text":"Arcadia (ancient region) Arcadia () was a region in the central Peloponnese. It took its name from the mythological character Arcas and in Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness; as such, it was referenced in popular culture. There is also a modern regional unit of Greece of the same name, which is more extensive than the ancient region. Arcadia was gradually linked in a loose confederation that included all the Arcadian towns and was named League of the Arcadians. It successfully faced in 7th","title":"Arcadia (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"19428139","text":"any Semitic people comes from 30th century BC Mesopotamia, with the East Semitic-speaking peoples of the Kish civilization, entering the region originally dominated by the people of Sumer (who spoke a language isolate). Between the 30th and 20th centuries BC, Semitic languages covered a broad area covering much of the Ancient Near East, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula. The earliest written evidence of them are found in the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) c. the 30th century BC, an area encompassing Sumer, the Akkadian Empire and others civilizations of Assyria and Babylonia along the Tigris and Euphrates (modern","title":"Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples"},{"psg_id":"14313593","text":"Messenia (ancient region) Messenia or Messinia () was an ancient district of the southwestern Peloponnese more or less overlapping the modern Messenia region of Greece. To the north it had a border with Elis along the Neda river. From there the border with Arcadia ran along the tops of Mount Elaeum and Mount Nomia and then through foothills of Taygetus. The eastern border with Laconia went along the Taygetus ridge up to the Koskaraka river, and then along that river to the sea, near the city of Abia. Ancient Messenia descended continuously without change of name and with little change","title":"Messenia (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"19428146","text":"of the Old Assyrian Empire intervening from northern Mesopotamia, these Amorites would eventually overrun southern Mesopotamia, and found the state of Babylon in 1894 BC, where they became \"Akkadianized\", adopted Mesopotamian culture and language, and blended into the indigenous population. Babylon became the centre of a short lived but influential Babylonian Empire in the 18th century BC, and subsequent to this southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia, with Babylon superseding the far more ancient city of Nippur as the primary religious center of southern Mesopotamia. Northern Mesopotamia had long before already coalesced into Assyria. After the fall of","title":"Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples"},{"psg_id":"9235718","text":"this area was better known than neighboring regions, but the excavation and publication of the archives of Ebla have changed this perspective by shedding more light on surrounding areas, such as Upper Mesopotamia, western Syria, and southwestern Iran. These new findings revealed that Lower Mesopotamia shared many socio-cultural developments with neighboring areas and that the entirety of the ancient Near East participated in an exchange network in which material goods and ideas were being circulated. Dutch archaeologist Henri Frankfort coined the term \"Early Dynastic\" (ED) \"period\" for Mesopotamia, the naming convention having been borrowed from the similarly named \"Early Dynastic","title":"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)"},{"psg_id":"5674824","text":"Paraguay, and Uruguay. Mesopotamia has some of the most popular tourist attractions in Argentina, mainly the Iguazú Falls, the Iguazú National Park and the Jesuit mission stations in Misiones. The Iberá Wetlands in Corrientes are an extensive area of flooded forest similar to Brazil's Pantanal. The region is part of the Brazilian central plateau. The whole region has high rainfall, particularly in August and September, up to 2,000 mm annually. Misiones, in the northern part of Mesopotamia, is largely covered by subtropical forest, with caiman, toucans and monkeys. Fast decomposition of organic matter gives the area a red soil with","title":"Mesopotamia, Argentina"},{"psg_id":"618552","text":"(see music of Mesopotamia, music of ancient Greece, music of ancient Rome, music of Iran). Ancient music is designated by the characterization of the basic audible tones and scales. It may have been transmitted through oral or written systems. Arts of the ancient world refers to the many types of art that were in the cultures of ancient societies, such as those of ancient China, Egypt, Greece, India, Persia, Mesopotamia and Rome. The Ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; created the first coherent writing system, invented the potter's","title":"Ancient history"},{"psg_id":"11887366","text":"Julian of Mesopotamia Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia adopted the ascetic life during the reign of Roman emperor Julian the Apostate in the fourth century AD. Saint Julian dwelt in solitude near the river Euphrates. It was in his solitude that Julian heard from God that the apostate emperor would soon die. The emperor's death quickly came to pass as the Lord had revealed to Julian. Through the efforts of St. Julian, a church was built on Mount Sinai in memory of the obtaining of the tablets of the Law by the holy Prophet Moses on the spot where Moses","title":"Julian of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853961","text":"and reached its zenith under Naram-Sin, who began the trend for rulers to claim divinity for themselves. The Akkadian Empire lost power after the reign of Naram-Sin, and eventually was invaded by the Guti from the Zagros Mountains. For half a century the Guti controlled Mesopotamia, especially the south, but they left few inscriptions, so they are not well understood. The Guti hold loosened on southern Mesopotamia, where the second dynasty of Lagash came into prominence. Its most famous ruler was Gudea, who left many statues of himself in temples across Sumer. Eventually the Guti were overthrown by Utu-hengal of","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"844976","text":"one fifth enclosure of Nippur. Another important landscape element was the vacant lot (Akkadian: \"kišubbû\"). External to the city, Sumerian irrigation agriculture created some of the first garden forms in history. The garden (sar) was 144 square cubits with a perimeter canal. This form of the enclosed quadrangle was the basis for the later paradise gardens of Persia. In Mesopotamia, the use of fountains date as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. An early example is preserved in a carved Babylonian basin, dating back to \"circa\" 3000 B.C., found at Girsu, Lagash. An ancient Assyrian fountain \"discovered in the","title":"Architecture of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"14180094","text":"based on the ancient region. Dolmens and cromlechs have been found in the ancient area of Achaea dating back to the Neolithic period. Flint axes and blades fabricated from materials such as quartz or obsidian have been found in megalithic chamber tombs from this ancient region. Among other finds, alabaster pottery sherds have been discovered during excavations at Antheia in Achaia and dated to the thirteenth century CE. The twelve cities of Achaea were grouped into an early Achaean League which had important cultural and religious functions. In its later 3rd century BC incarnation the Achaean League would play an","title":"Achaea (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"6188897","text":"Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East ( \"ʿĒdtā ʿAttiqtā ḏMaḏnḥā\", , \"Kanīsat al-Mašriq al-Qadīma\"), officially the Ancient Holy Apostolic Catholic Church of the East, is an Eastern Christian denomination founded by Thoma Darmo in 1968. The Ancient Church of the East distinguished itself from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964. It is one of the Assyrian churches that claim continuity with the historical Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon – the Church of the East, one of the oldest Christian churches in Mesopotamia. The church is headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq. In 1970, Catholicos-Patriarch Addai II Giwargis","title":"Ancient Church of the East"},{"psg_id":"14313602","text":"Caesar and others, the question was settled in 25 AD by Tiberius and the Senate in favour of the Messenians. Messenia (ancient region) Messenia or Messinia () was an ancient district of the southwestern Peloponnese more or less overlapping the modern Messenia region of Greece. To the north it had a border with Elis along the Neda river. From there the border with Arcadia ran along the tops of Mount Elaeum and Mount Nomia and then through foothills of Taygetus. The eastern border with Laconia went along the Taygetus ridge up to the Koskaraka river, and then along that river","title":"Messenia (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"18993445","text":"Banker (ancient) The banker of ancient times was employed within financial activities, during the ancient Mesopotamian, ancient Greek and ancient Roman periods. While certain families of Mesopotamia might be thought of as banking families, according to one source, these families' economic activities were not banking proper. This is because the families charged the same for loans as they gave in interest on deposits, so accordingly, their situation with foreign enterprises was one in which they did not participate in arbitrage, in addition to the absence of an economic situation where-by credit provision might increase the quantity of specie (i.e. coins)","title":"Banker (ancient)"},{"psg_id":"7853971","text":"Mitanni domination occurred from the mid-15th to early 14th centuries BC. This was ended by Eriba-Adad I (1392 BC - 1366), and his successor Ashur-uballit I completely overthrew the Mitanni Empire and founded a powerful Assyrian Empire that came to dominate Mesopotamia and much of the ancient Near East (including Babylonia, Asia Minor, Iran, the Levant and parts of the Caucasus and Arabia), with Assyrian armies campaigning from the Mediterranean Sea to the Caspian, and from the Caucasus to Arabia. The empire endured until 1076 BC with the death of Tiglath-Pileser I. During this period Assyria became a major power,","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"844882","text":"parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The neighboring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia. Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jazirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad. Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation.","title":"Geography of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853945","text":"thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia. Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jezirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad. Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"5658289","text":"Religions of the ancient Near East The religions of the ancient Near East were mostly polytheistic, with some early examples of primitive monolatry (Yahwism/Judaism, Mardukites), Ashurism and Monism (Atenism). Some scholars believe that the similarities between these religions indicate that the religions are related, a belief known as patternism. Many religions of the ancient near East and their offshoots can be traced to Proto-Semitic religion. Other religions in the ancient Near East include Ancient Egyptian religion, the Luwian and Hittite religions of Asia Minor and the Sumerian religion of ancient Mesopotamia. Offshoots of Proto-Semitic religion include Assyro-Babylonian religion, Canaanite religion,","title":"Religions of the ancient Near East"},{"psg_id":"9235774","text":"practice in ancient Mesopotamia Similar mosaic elements were discovered at Mari, where a mother-of-pearl engraver's workshop was identified, and at Ebla where marble fragments were found from a 3-meter-high panel decorating a room of the royal palace. The scenes of the two sites have strong similarities in their style and themes. In Mari the scenes are military (a parade of prisoners) or religious (a ram’s sacrifice). In Ebla, they show a military triumph and mythological animals. The Lyres of Ur (or Harps of Ur) are considered to be the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. In 1929, archaeologists led by Leonard","title":"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)"},{"psg_id":"844883","text":"In modern Western historiography of the region, the term \"Mesopotamia\" is usually used to designate the area from the beginning of time, until the Muslim conquest in the 630s, with the Arabic names Iraq and Jazirah being used to describe the region after that event. This vast flat is about in length, interrupted only by a single limestone range rising abruptly out of the plain, and branching off from the Zagros Mountains under the names of Sarazur, Hainrin and Sinjar. The numerous remains of old habitations show how thickly this level tract must once have been peopled, though now mostly","title":"Geography of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853954","text":"including Ur, Uruk and Larsa. The entire Early Dynastic period is generally dated to 2900–2350 BC according to the Middle Chronology, or 2800–2230 BC according to the Short Chronology. The Sumerians were firmly established in Mesopotamia by the middle of the 4th millennium BC, in the archaeological Uruk period, although scholars dispute when they arrived. It is hard to tell where the Sumerians might have come from because the Sumerian language is a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language. Their mythology includes many references to the area of Mesopotamia but little clue regarding their place of origin, perhaps","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853943","text":"History of Mesopotamia The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Sumaya period up to the Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. While in the Paleolithic and early Neolithic periods only parts of Upper Mesopotamia were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period. Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the Early Bronze Age, for which reason it is","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"14180091","text":"Achaea (ancient region) Achaea () or Achaia (; , \"Akhaia\", ) was (and is) the northernmost region of the Peloponnese, occupying the coastal strip north of Arcadia. Its approximate boundaries were to the south the mountain range of Erymanthus, to the south-east the range of Cyllene, to the east Sicyon, and to the west the Larissos river. Apart from the plain around Dyme, to the west, Achaea was generally a mountainous region. The name of Achaea has a slightly convoluted history. Homer uses the term Achaeans as a generic term for Greeks throughout the \"Iliad\"; conversely, a distinct region of","title":"Achaea (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"18740705","text":"the Forest of Bowland. At the time they would have been wild with fauna that were hunted, including: eurasian brown bear, wild boar, bison, wolves, deer and eagles. Brigantia (ancient region) Brigantia is the land inhabited by the Brigantes, a British Celtic tribe which occupied the largest territory in ancient Britain. The territory of Brigantia which now forms Northern England and part of The Midlands covered the majority of the land between the River Tyne and the River Humber forming the largest Brythonic Kingdom in ancient Britain. It was recorded by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to extend sea","title":"Brigantia (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"4647418","text":"A number of reconstructions have been proposed, the most recent being a pair of thin tubes with three finger holes in one tube and four finger holes in the other (Goss 2012). For horned instruments, the Mesopotamians seem to have had horn instruments, similar to today's French Horn and Trumpet. Only few surviving examples remain, for example a silver Trumpet found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Most of the horns in ancient Mesopotamia were in fact horns from an animal, so would have decayed. These instruments would have worked like a bugle, using the harmonic series to get","title":"Music of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"18740700","text":"Brigantia (ancient region) Brigantia is the land inhabited by the Brigantes, a British Celtic tribe which occupied the largest territory in ancient Britain. The territory of Brigantia which now forms Northern England and part of The Midlands covered the majority of the land between the River Tyne and the River Humber forming the largest Brythonic Kingdom in ancient Britain. It was recorded by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to extend sea to sea, from the Irish sea on the west coast to the North sea in the east It is unclear if the Celtic name Brigantia is derived from","title":"Brigantia (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"7853949","text":"documents are available, so-called Long, Middle, Short and Ultra-short Chronologies have been proposed by various scholars, varying by as much as 150 years in their dating of specific periods. Despite problems with the Middle Chronology, this chronological framework continues to be used by many recent handbooks on the archaeology and history of the ancient Near East. A study from 2001 published high-resolution radiocarbon dates from Turkey supporting dates for the 2nd millennium BC that are very close to those proposed by the Middle Chronology. ←—°Hajar Rachidi°—→ The early Neolithic human occupation of Mesopotamia is, like the previous Epipaleolithic period, confined","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"4647419","text":"the notes needed for music. All tubes have a harmonic series, the image shown for the Harmonic Series shows what notes any tube can play. The blackened notes are out of tune, but are still recognizable as that particular pitch. The harmonic series makes a lydian scale, shown from the 8th pitch in the picture to the 16th pitch, the 14th pitch not being a note on the lydian scale. Percussive instruments were only played in specific, ritualistic circumstances. Drums in ancient Mesopotamia weren't played with sticks, but played with the hands. Plucked instruments, such as the harp, were more","title":"Music of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"16111633","text":"including Tell Brak and Uruk and Susa in Mesopotamia. By the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, the gemstone lapis lazuli was being traded from its only known source in the ancient world—Badakhshan, in what is now northeastern Afghanistan—as far as Mesopotamia and Egypt. By the 3rd millennium BCE, the lapis lazuli trade was extended to Harappa, Lothal and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley Civilization of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. The Indus Valley was also known as Meluhha, the earliest maritime trading partner of the Sumerians and Akkadians in Mesopotamia. The ancient harbor constructed in Lothal, India, around","title":"Ancient Egyptian trade"},{"psg_id":"5674826","text":"tobacco, citrus and rice. Gualeguaychú in Entre Ríos is popular for its carnival at the beginning of Lent. Corrientes is also known for its carnival celebrations and is a centre of music and festivals generally: the chamamé music style has recently seen a resurgence in popularity. The region called Litoral (Spanish for coastal) consists of the Mesopotamia and the provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Santa Fe. Mesopotamia has a subtropical climate with no dry season. Under the Köppen climate classification, it has a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\"). The main features of the climate are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout","title":"Mesopotamia, Argentina"},{"psg_id":"844877","text":"Mesopotamia in Classical literature Before the decipherment of cuneiform text, knowledge of the history of the ancient Mesopotamia was mostly dependent upon classical authorities and the Hebrew Bible. These testimonies were scanty and confused for times predating the 7th century BCE. Had the native history of Berossus survived, this may not have been the case; all that is known of the Chaldaean historian's work, however, is derived from quotations in Josephus, Ptolemy, Eusebius, Jerome and George Syncellus. The account of Babylon given by Herodotus is not that of an eye-witness and not very extensive. In his \"Histories\" he mentions that","title":"Mesopotamia in Classical literature"},{"psg_id":"844879","text":"and the numbers associated with them are probably corrupt. It is different with the 7th and 8th dynasties as given by Ptolemy in the Canon of Kings in his \"Almagest\", which prove to have been recorded faithfully: Mesopotamia in Classical literature Before the decipherment of cuneiform text, knowledge of the history of the ancient Mesopotamia was mostly dependent upon classical authorities and the Hebrew Bible. These testimonies were scanty and confused for times predating the 7th century BCE. Had the native history of Berossus survived, this may not have been the case; all that is known of the Chaldaean historian's","title":"Mesopotamia in Classical literature"},{"psg_id":"269193","text":"screw may have been used by Sennacherib, King of Assyria, for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the 7th century BC, although mainstream scholarship holds it to be a Greek invention of later times. Later, during the Parthian or Sasanian periods, the Baghdad Battery, which may have been the world's first battery, was created in Mesopotamia. Ancient Mesopotamian religion was the first recorded. Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc, surrounded by a huge, holed space, and above that, heaven. They also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides,","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"5674825","text":"only a thin fertile layer that can easily be washed away. Corrientes is marshy and wooded, with low hills. Entre Ríos is covered with fertile pasture land stretching into Uruguay. The flora of Mesopotamia includes the yatay palm (\"Syagrus yatay\", \"Butia yatay\"), which is a protected species in the El Palmar National Park, and the \"Araucaria angustifolia\" (Paraná pine tree). Tree ferns, orchids and large trees can also be found. \"Yerba mate\" (\"Ilex paraguariensis\") is grown largely in Mesopotamia; 1,800 square kilometres of Misiones are devoted to its production. The region is also important for cattle and sheep, poultry, linseed,","title":"Mesopotamia, Argentina"},{"psg_id":"269166","text":"Empire. Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with western parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, the eastern regions of Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians. The division of Mesopotamia between Roman (Byzantine from AD 395) and Sassanid Empires lasted until the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia of the Sasanian Empire and Muslim conquest of the Levant from Byzantines. A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including","title":"Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"7853981","text":"Achaemenid Empire, much as it had done in Assyrian times. Mesopotamia fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BC, and remained under Hellenistic rule for another two centuries, with Seleucia as capital from 305 BC. In the 1st century BC, Mesopotamia was in constant turmoil as the Seleucid Empire was weakened by Parthia on one hand and the Mithridatic Wars on the other. The Parthian Empire lasted for five centuries, into the 3rd century AD, when it was succeeded by the Sassanids. After constant wars between Romans and firstly Parthians, laterly Sassanids; the western part of Mesopotamia was passed to","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"11887367","text":"was standing when he received the tablets. Venerable Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia is commemorated 18 October in the Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine Catholic, and Roman Catholic Churches. Julian of Mesopotamia Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia adopted the ascetic life during the reign of Roman emperor Julian the Apostate in the fourth century AD. Saint Julian dwelt in solitude near the river Euphrates. It was in his solitude that Julian heard from God that the apostate emperor would soon die. The emperor's death quickly came to pass as the Lord had revealed to Julian. Through the efforts of St. Julian, a","title":"Julian of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"14183348","text":"BC, Phocis passed into the power of Macedonia and of the Aetolian League, to which in 196 BC it was definitely annexed. Under the dominion of the Roman republic the Aeotolian League was dissolved, but was revived by Augustus, who also restored to Phocis the votes in the Delphic Amphictyony, which Phocis had lost in 346 BC. Augustus instituted an Achaean synod (σύνοδος) comprising the dependent cities of Peloponnese and central Greece; this body sat at Argos and acted as guardian of Hellenic sentiment. This Achaean synod is last heard of under Trajan. Phocis (ancient region) Phocis was an ancient","title":"Phocis (ancient region)"},{"psg_id":"7853951","text":"southeastern Turkey date to the PPNA/Early PPNB and represent, according to the excavator, the communal efforts of a large community of hunter-gatherers. The Fertile Crescent was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures between the end of the last ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and the beginning of history. One of the oldest known Neolithic sites in Mesopotamia is Jarmo, settled around 7000 BC and broadly contemporary with Jericho (in the Levant) and Çatal Hüyük (in Anatolia). It as well as other early Neolithic sites, such as Samarra and Tell Halaf were in northern Mesopotamia; later settlements in southern Mesopotamia required","title":"History of Mesopotamia"},{"psg_id":"8330022","text":"the near-constant wars with Persia in the 6th century. In 573, the Persians even took Dara, although the East Romans recovered it under the peace of 591. They lost it again to the Persians in the great war of 602–628, and regained it afterwards only to lose the entire region permanently to the Muslim conquests in 633–640. Mesopotamia (Roman province) Mesopotamia was the name of two distinct Roman provinces, the one a short-lived creation of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 116–117 and the other established by Emperor Septimius Severus in ca. 198, which ranged between the Roman and the Sassanid","title":"Mesopotamia (Roman province)"},{"psg_id":"618551","text":"armies could help states grow in size and became increasingly centralized, and the first empire, that of the Sumerians, formed in Mesopotamia. Early ancient armies continued to primarily use bows and spears, the same weapons that had been developed in prehistoric times for hunting. Early armies in Egypt and China followed a similar pattern of using massed infantry armed with bows and spears. Ancient music is music that developed in literate cultures, replacing prehistoric music. Ancient music refers to the various musical systems that were developed across various geographical regions such as Persia, India, China, Greece, Rome, Egypt and Mesopotamia","title":"Ancient history"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015004\",\n \"text\": \"is very arid and has poor soil quality. But the man-made infrastructure took advantage of some of the potential of this space (large rivers and broad, flat plains) to counter these issues and make lower Mesopotamia one of the most productive agricultural areas in the ancient world. In the north, the uncertainties of production were greater, as a result of the fluctuation of the climate year by year. There were, as a result, many systems of agricultural land, reflecting the diversity of ancient Mesopotamian agriculture. The natural context of ancient Mesopotamia was little different from modern conditions in this region,\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015017\",\n \"text\": \"the poverty and fragility of the soils of Southern Mesopotamia are largely compensated for by sheer area of flat land available for irrigation. In the north by contrast, there is better soil, but less land and there is more risk arising from the variation in precipitation. Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia Agriculture was the main economic activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Operating under harsh constraints, notably the arid climate and the poor soil, the Mesopotamian farmers developed effective strategies that enabled them to support the development of the first states, the first cities, and then the first known empires, under the supervision\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853966\",\n \"text\": \"dominant ruler in the region, who made many raids into southern Mesopotamia between 1945 BC and 1906 BC, attacking the independent Sumero-Akkadian city states of the region such as Isin, and founding colonies in Asia Minor. This was to become a pattern throughout the history of ancient Mesopotamia with the future rivalry between Assyria and Babylonia. However, Babylonia did not exist at this time, but was founded in 1894 BC by an Amorite prince named Sumuabum during the reign of Erishum I. The next two centuries or so saw southern Mesopotamia dominated by the Amorite cities of Isin and Larsa,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4647424\",\n \"text\": \"to tune the instruments. Music for the ancient mesopotamians was both a religious and a social aspect to music. There was a different expectation for each musician, particularly vocalists. Where the religious singers were supposed to swing harshly, ignoring beauty to emphasize and focus on the religious chants, the social singers were expected to sing beautiful melodies. Music of Mesopotamia This article treats the music of Ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform sources reveal an orderly organized system of diatonic scales, depending on the tuning of stringed instruments in alternating fifths and fourths. Instruments of Ancient Mesopotamia include harps, lyres, lutes, reed pipes,\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844939\",\n \"text\": \"Architecture of Mesopotamia The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed construction for the government, nobility, or royalty. Sumerian masonry was usually mortarless although bitumen was sometimes used. Brick styles, which varied greatly over time, are categorized\",\n \"title\": \"Architecture of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844977\",\n \"text\": \"gorge of the Comel River consists of basins cut in solid rock and descending in steps to the stream.\\\" The water was led from small conduits. Architecture of Mesopotamia The architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning a period from the 10th millennium BC, when the first permanent structures were built, to the 6th century BC. Among the Mesopotamian architectural accomplishments are the development of urban planning, the courtyard house, and ziggurats. No architectural profession existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes drafted and managed\",\n \"title\": \"Architecture of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269215\",\n \"text\": \"earliest sets of laws found and one of the best preserved examples of this type of document from ancient Mesopotamia. He codified over 200 laws for Mesopotamia. Examination of the laws show a progressive weakening of the rights of women, and increasing severity in the treatment of slaves The art of Mesopotamia rivalled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in the 6th century BC. The main emphasis was on various, very durable, forms of sculpture in stone and clay;\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269176\",\n \"text\": \"Iraq. In the long span of this period, Mesopotamia housed some of the world's most ancient highly-developed and socially complex states. The region was one of the four riverine civilizations where writing was invented, along with the Nile valley in Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization in the Indian subcontinent, and the Yellow River in China. Mesopotamia housed historically important cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur and Babylon, as well as major territorial states such as the city of Eridu, the Akkadian kingdoms, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the various Assyrian empires. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015001\",\n \"text\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia Agriculture was the main economic activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Operating under harsh constraints, notably the arid climate and the poor soil, the Mesopotamian farmers developed effective strategies that enabled them to support the development of the first states, the first cities, and then the first known empires, under the supervision of the institutions which dominated the economy: the royal and provincial palaces, the temples, and the domains of the elites. They focussed above all on the cultivation of cereals (particularly barley) and sheep farming, but also farmed legumes, as well as date palms in the south\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15425195\",\n \"text\": \"Art of Mesopotamia The art of Mesopotamia has survived in the archaeological record from early hunter-gatherer societies (10th millennium BC) through the Bronze Age cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced in the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural developments, including the oldest examples of writing. The art of Mesopotamia rivaled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated, and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium BC until the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region in\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015003\",\n \"text\": \"but the returns were also usually lower. In the absence of excavations of rural contexts, our knowledge of the agriculture of ancient Mesopotamia is mostly based on ancient texts, notably documents concerning the sale of fields, rental contracts, loans for agricultural purposes, and the administrative documents from the archives of the palaces and temples of Mesopotamian cities. The economic organisation of these activities is thus very well documented, while actual agricultural practice is less well known and there is still much uncertainty. The land of Mesopotamia is not very favourable to the development of agriculture, especially the southern half, which\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20695206\",\n \"text\": \"Persian Gulf and severely limits productivity in the region south of Al Amarah. The salinity is reflected in the large lake in central Iraq, southwest of Baghdad, known as Bahr al Milh (Sea of Salt). There are two other major lakes in the country to the north of Bahr al Milh: Buhayrat ath Tharthar and Buhayrat al Habbaniyah. Lower Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Iraq. Also known as the Sawad and al-'Irāq al-'Arabi (\\\"Arabian Irāq\\\") in the Middle Ages. Lower Mesopotamia was home to ancient Sumerian and Babylonian civilisations. An alluvial plain begins north of Baghdad and\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20695203\",\n \"text\": \"Lower Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia is a historical region of Iraq. Also known as the Sawad and al-'Irāq al-'Arabi (\\\"Arabian Irāq\\\") in the Middle Ages. Lower Mesopotamia was home to ancient Sumerian and Babylonian civilisations. An alluvial plain begins north of Baghdad and extends to the Persian Gulf. Here the Tigris and Euphrates rivers lie above the level of the plain in many places, and the whole area is a river delta interlaced by the channels of the two rivers and by irrigation canals. Intermittent lakes, fed by the rivers in flood, also characterize southeastern Iraq. A fairly large area ()\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015005\",\n \"text\": \"although some changes have occurred over the intervening millennia (changing course of the river, retreat of the sea shore, deforestation). It is clear that, in addition to having developed one of the most prosperous agricultural systems of the ancient world, the societies of ancient Mesopotamia had had to do so under harsh constraints: rivers whose patterns had little relation to the growth cycle of domesticated cereals; a hot, dry climate with brutal interannual variations; generally thin and saline soil. \\\"A priori\\\", the conditions in the north were more favourable than in the south, because the soil was more fertile and\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4647416\",\n \"text\": \"Music of Mesopotamia This article treats the music of Ancient Mesopotamia. Cuneiform sources reveal an orderly organized system of diatonic scales, depending on the tuning of stringed instruments in alternating fifths and fourths. Instruments of Ancient Mesopotamia include harps, lyres, lutes, reed pipes, and drums. Many of these were shared with neighbouring cultures. Contemporary East African lyres and West African lutes preserve many features of Mesopotamian instruments (van der Merwe 1989, p. 10). The vocal tone or timbre was probably similar to the pungently nasal sound of the narrow-bore reed pipes, and most likely shared the contemporary \\\"typically\\\" Asian vocal\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14337967\",\n \"text\": \"of Amida and Diyarbakir, see the Diyarbakır article. Amida (Mesopotamia) Amida (, , ) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands. The Roman writers Ammianus Marcellinus and Procopius consider it a city of Mesopotamia. The city was located on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the recycled stones from older buildings. Amid(a), also known by various names throughout its long history, was established as an Aramean settlement, circa the 3rd millennium BC, later as the capital of Bit-Zamani. The oldest artefact from Amida is the\",\n \"title\": \"Amida (Mesopotamia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14337962\",\n \"text\": \"Amida (Mesopotamia) Amida (, , ) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands. The Roman writers Ammianus Marcellinus and Procopius consider it a city of Mesopotamia. The city was located on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the recycled stones from older buildings. Amid(a), also known by various names throughout its long history, was established as an Aramean settlement, circa the 3rd millennium BC, later as the capital of Bit-Zamani. The oldest artefact from Amida is the famous stele of king Naram-Sin also believed to\",\n \"title\": \"Amida (Mesopotamia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19679929\",\n \"text\": \"party is named after Mesopotamia, also known as Beth Nahrain, or \\\"the land of rivers.\\\" Mesopotamia was a term used to describe the lands of Assyria, the ancient empire that encompassed Iraq, Syria, and parts of Iran and Turkey. The chosen name reflects on the ethnic identity of the party's members, as well as their ongoing struggle to reclaim rights for Assyrians in their ancestral lands. The Sons of Mesopotamia is the first and only Assyrian-led political party with a female president, currently headed by Galeta Shaba. The Sons of Mesopotamia was founded as a splinter group after a number\",\n \"title\": \"Sons of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9630903\",\n \"text\": \"Mesopotamia Township, Trumbull County, Ohio Mesopotamia Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The 2000 census found 3,051 people in the township. Located in the northwestern corner of the county, it borders the following townships: No municipalities are located in Mesopotamia Township. Named after the ancient region of Mesopotamia, it is the only Mesopotamia Township statewide. The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia Township, Trumbull County, Ohio\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15425227\",\n \"text\": \"is arguably the most spectacular single work in a museum. Art of Mesopotamia The art of Mesopotamia has survived in the archaeological record from early hunter-gatherer societies (10th millennium BC) through the Bronze Age cultures of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. These empires were later replaced in the Iron Age by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural developments, including the oldest examples of writing. The art of Mesopotamia rivaled that of Ancient Egypt as the most grand, sophisticated, and elaborate in western Eurasia from the 4th millennium\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269175\",\n \"text\": \"Ancient Near East begins in the Lower Paleolithic period. Therein, writing emerged with a pictographic script in the Uruk IV period (c. 4th millennium BC), and the documented record of actual historical events — and the ancient history of lower Mesopotamia — commenced in the mid-third millennium BC with cuneiform records of early dynastic kings. This entire prehistory ends with either the arrival of the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th century BC, or with the Muslim conquest and the establishment of the Caliphate in the late 7th century AD, from which point the region came to be known as\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853944\",\n \"text\": \"often dubbed the cradle of civilization. The rise of the first cities in southern Mesopotamia dates to the Uruk period, from c. 4000 BC onward; its regional independence ended with the Achaemenid conquest in 539 BC, although a few native neo-Assyrian kingdoms existed at different times. Mesopotamia literally means \\\"(Land) between rivers\\\" in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BC, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria. Later it was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853983\",\n \"text\": \"of Assur was still occupied until the 14th century, and Assyrians possibly still formed the majority in northern Mesopotamia until the Middle Ages. Assyrians retain Eastern Rite Christianity whereas the Mandaeans retain their ancient gnostic religion and Mesopotamian Aramaic as a mother tongue and written script to this day. Among these peoples, the giving of traditional Mesopotamian names is still common. History of Mesopotamia The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Sumaya period up to the Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015012\",\n \"text\": \"east, rising from 200-500 m in altitude, and which are now known as Jazirah (from the Arabic, \\\"al-jazayra\\\", 'the island'). Thus, the rivers flow through valleys which are 1-10 km wide. The southern half of Mesopotamia, which is the part properly called Mesopotamia from a geophysical point of view, since it is where the Tigris and Euphrates flow close to one another, is a vast plain, which is 150-200 km wide and has only a very slight incline, decreasing to the south until it is nearly non-existent. This encourages the development of river braiding, sudden changes of course, and the\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9235775\",\n \"text\": \"Woolley discovered the instruments when excavating the Royal Cemetery of Ur between from 1922 and 1934. They discovered pieces of three lyres and one harp in Ur located in what was Ancient Mesopotamia and now is Iraq. They are over 4,500 years old from ancient Mesopotamia during the ED III. The decorations on the lyres are fine examples of the court Art of Mesopotamia of the period. Press. Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to c. 2900–2350 BC and was preceded\",\n \"title\": \"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015008\",\n \"text\": \"baseflow occurs in summer at the time of greatest heat, when evapotranspiration is very high, especially in the south. The variability of flow rate over the year is very great - up to 4:1. The discharge of the Euphrates and its floods were weaker than those of the Tigris, so it was on particularly on its banks that agricultural communities of southern Mesopotamia focused. In this region, the ground is very flat, leading to bifurcation, which results in islands and marshes, as well as sudden changes of course, which occurred several times in antiquity. Both rivers carry silt which raised\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015006\",\n \"text\": \"the rainfall was hig enough for agriculture without irrigation. But the scale of the rivers in the south and the flat plains which made it easy to cut irrigation channels and put large areas under cultivation gave undeniable advantages to the development of productive irrigated farms - at the cost of constant labour. The two main watercourses of Mesopotamia, which give the region its name, are the Euphrates and the Tigris, which flow from Anatolia to the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates is around 2,800 km long and the Tigris is about 1,900 km. Their regime is of the pluvio-nival type,\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5674823\",\n \"text\": \"Mesopotamia, Argentina La Mesopotamia or Región Mesopotámica is the humid and verdant area of north-east Argentina, comprising the provinces of Misiones, Entre Ríos and Corrientes. The landscape and its characteristics are dominated by two rivers, the Paraná and the Uruguay. When Spanish settlers came to the area, the two parallel rivers and the lush area between them drew comparisons to Mesopotamia (Greek: Μεσοποταμία \\\"land between rivers\\\") in modern-day Iraq, and it was decided to name the Argentine region for the Iraqi region. The region shares many of its ecological features with neighboring regions of Argentina and with parts of Brazil,\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia, Argentina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14183342\",\n \"text\": \"Phocis (ancient region) Phocis was an ancient region in the central part of Ancient Greece, which included Delphi. A modern administrative unit, also called Phocis, is named after the ancient region, although the modern region is substantially larger than the ancient one. Ancient Phocis was about 1,619 km² (625 mi²) in area, bounded on the west by Ozolian Locris and Doris, on the north by Opuntian Locris, on the east by Boeotia, and on the south by the Gulf of Corinth. The massive ridge of Parnassus (2,459 m/8,068 ft), which traverses the heart of the country, divides it into two\",\n \"title\": \"Phocis (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844881\",\n \"text\": \"country, Nineveh, Kalaḫ and Arbela, were all on the east bank of the Tigris. The reason was its abundant supply of water, whereas the great plain on the western side had to depend on streams flowing into the Euphrates. Mesopotamia means \\\"(Land) between two rivers\\\" in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BCE, when it was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria. In modern times it has been more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015015\",\n \"text\": \"short, the life cycle of the plants is too slow to assure good crops. In the more arid areas of Lower Jazirah and Lower Mesopotamia, precipitation is below 200 mm and often only occurs in the form of sudden storms or showers. There the life cycle of the plants is very limited in a natural state and the support of irrigation is necessary to ensure agricultural yields. On the other hand, it is in southern Mesopotamia that date palms can be cultivated, which flourish in hot climates and saline soil. The soil in Mesopotamia is mostly of the sort that\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015011\",\n \"text\": \"Jazirah: the Balikh and the Khabur. Both have weak flow (especially the former which is nearly dry in summer) and are themselves fed variably by several wadis. The terrain of Mesopotamia is mostly flat, consisting of floodplains and plateaus. It is bordered by high mountains on the eastern side - the Zagros range, which is pierced by deep valleys and canyons with a northwest-southeast orientation (Great Zab, Little Zab, Diyala) - and by smaller mountains and volcanoes in Upper Mesopotamia (Kawkab, Tur Abdin, Jebel Abd-el-Aziz, Sinjar, Mount Kirkuk). Essentially, Upper Mesopotamia consists of plateaus which are slightly inclined to the\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15425225\",\n \"text\": \"the city to the temple. Large wooden gates throughout the period were strengthened and decorated with large horizontal metal bands, often decorated with reliefs, several of which have survived, such as the various Balawat Gates. Other traditional types of art continued to be produced, and the Neo-Babylonians were very keen to stress their ancient heritage. Many sophisticated and finely carved seals survive. After Mesopotamia fell to the Persian Achaemenid Empire, which had much simpler artistic traditions, Mesopotamian art was, with Ancient Greek art, the main influence on the cosmopolitan Achaemenid style that emerged, and many ancient elements were retained in\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14712378\",\n \"text\": \"Mesopotamia (theme) Mesopotamia () was the name of a Byzantine theme (a military-civilian province) located in what is today eastern Turkey. It should not be confused with the region of Mesopotamia or with the older Roman and early Byzantine province of Mesopotamia. The Byzantine theme was located between the rivers Arsanias (modern Murat) and Çimisgezek. The theme was formed probably between 899 and 911, when Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) appointed the former \\\"strategos\\\" of the Charsianon, named Orestes, as its governor. Most of the province was formed out the Armenian principality of Takis, ruled by the chieftain\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia (theme)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269170\",\n \"text\": \"academic usage, the term \\\"Mesopotamia\\\" often also has a chronological connotation. It is usually used to designate the area until the Muslim conquests, with names like \\\"Syria\\\", \\\"Jazira\\\", and \\\"Iraq\\\" being used to describe the region after that date. It has been argued that these later euphemisms are Eurocentric terms attributed to the region in the midst of various 19th-century Western encroachments. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Taurus Mountains. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269165\",\n \"text\": \"Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region in Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders. The Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269208\",\n \"text\": \"The geography of Mesopotamia had a profound impact on the political development of the region. Among the rivers and streams, the Sumerian people built the first cities along with irrigation canals which were separated by vast stretches of open desert or swamp where nomadic tribes roamed. Communication among the isolated cities was difficult and, at times, dangerous. Thus, each Sumerian city became a city-state, independent of the others and protective of its independence. At times one city would try to conquer and unify the region, but such efforts were resisted and failed for centuries. As a result, the political history\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15425218\",\n \"text\": \"that of Babylonian art, which was the dominant contemporary art in Mesopotamia, began to emerge c. 1500 BC, well before their empire included Sumer, and lasted until the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Neo-Assyrian Empire created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. From around 879 BC the Assyrians developed a style of extremely large schemes of\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853976\",\n \"text\": \"into Mesopotamia by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I. The Hittites fragmented into a number of small Neo-Hittite states, which endured in the region for many centuries. Records from the 12th and 11th centuries BC are sparse in Babylonia, which had been overrun with new Semitic settlers, namely the Arameans, Chaldeans and Sutu. Assyria however, remained a compact and strong nation, which continued to provide much written record. The 10th century BC is even worse for Babylonia, with very few inscriptions. Mesopotamia was not alone in this obscurity: the Hittite Empire fell at the beginning of this period and very few\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844880\",\n \"text\": \"Geography of Mesopotamia The geography of Mesopotamia, encompassing its ethnology and history, centered on the two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. While the southern is flat and marshy, the near approach of the two rivers to one another, at a spot where the undulating plateau of the north sinks suddenly into the Babylonian alluvium, tends to separate them still more completely. In the earliest recorded times, the northern portion was included in Mesopotamia; it was marked off as Assyria after the rise of the Assyrian monarchy. Apart from Assur, the original capital of Assyria, the chief cities of the\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"164698\",\n \"text\": \"History of the ancient Levant The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the ancient Levant\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269223\",\n \"text\": \"Old Babylonian remains at Nippur and Ur. Among the textual sources on building construction and associated rituals are Gudea's cylinders from the late 3rd millennium are notable, as well as the Assyrian and Babylonian royal inscriptions from the Iron Age. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is a historical region in Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders. The Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269177\",\n \"text\": \"were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon of Akkad (who established the Akkadian Empire), Hammurabi (who established the Old Babylonian state), Ashur-uballit II and Tiglath-Pileser I (who established the Assyrian Empire). Scientists analysed DNA from the 8,000-year-old remains of early farmers found at an ancient graveyard in Germany. They compared the genetic signatures to those of modern populations and found similarities with the DNA of people living in today's Turkey and Iraq. The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate. Along with Sumerian, Semitic languages were also spoken in early Mesopotamia. Subartuan a language of the Zagros,\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"131122\",\n \"text\": \"as well as in ancient and modern times, to have been connected by culture and trade with the neighbouring regions. Urban civilization, which includes modern-day Afghanistan, North India, and Pakistan, may have begun as early as 3000 to 2000 BC. Archaeological finds indicate the possible beginnings of the Bronze Age, which would ultimately spread throughout the ancient world from Afghanistan. It is also believed that the region had early trade contacts with Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300-1300 BCE; mature period 2600-1900 BCE) extending from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient history of Afghanistan\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269171\",\n \"text\": \"routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf. The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained.\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19176517\",\n \"text\": \"of the ancient world. History of the Ancient World History of the Ancient World is a 1981 historical book written by Russian writer Fyodor Korovkin. It was first published by Progress Publishers. Subsequently, it was translated in Bengali and English respectively in 1983 and 1985. The book \\\"History of the Ancient World\\\" provides information on the history of the ancient states in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. It also includes the history of ancient Greece and Rome up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Its several chapters deal with religious views, art, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Ancient World\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015002\",\n \"text\": \"and grapes in the north. In reality there were two types of Mesopotamian agriculture, corresponding to the two main ecological domains, which largely overlapped with cultural distinctions. The agriculture of southern or Lower Mesopotamia, the land of Sumer and Akkad, which later became Babylonia received almost no rain and required large scale irrigation works which were supervised by temple estates, but could produce high returns. The agriculture of Northern or Upper Mesopotamia, the land that would eventually become Assyria, had enough rainfall to allow dry agriculture most of the time, so that irrigation and large institutional estates were less important,\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3990618\",\n \"text\": \"Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis and Palestinians. Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as Levantine archaeology. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and civilization. During the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals\",\n \"title\": \"Palestine (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"21015007\",\n \"text\": \"with high flow in spring as a result of melting snow and when rains fall in Upper Mesopotamia. This is more accentuated with the Tigris, which receives several tributaries from the Zagros during the second part of its course, while the Euphrates has only a minor tributaries in Upper Mesopotamia. Thus its output is weaker, especially since it crosses flatter areas and has a wide bend in Syria which slows its flow. Floods of the rivers thus take place in spring - in April for the Tigris and in May for the Euphrates (shortly after or during the harvest). Their\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in ancient Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269167\",\n \"text\": \"Adiabene, Osroene, and Hatra. Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. It has been identified as having \\\"inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script, mathematics, astronomy and agriculture\\\". The regional toponym \\\"Mesopotamia\\\" (, \\\"[land] between rivers\\\"; \\\"bilād ar-rāfidayn\\\"; ; \\\"miyān rudān\\\"; \\\"Beth Nahrain\\\" \\\"land of rivers\\\") comes from the ancient Greek root words μέσος (\\\"meso\\\") \\\"middle\\\" and ποταμός (\\\"potamos\\\") \\\"river\\\" and translates to \\\"(Land) between two/the rivers\\\". It is\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19176516\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Ancient World History of the Ancient World is a 1981 historical book written by Russian writer Fyodor Korovkin. It was first published by Progress Publishers. Subsequently, it was translated in Bengali and English respectively in 1983 and 1985. The book \\\"History of the Ancient World\\\" provides information on the history of the ancient states in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. It also includes the history of ancient Greece and Rome up to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. Its several chapters deal with religious views, art, and culture of the peoples\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Ancient World\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17324880\",\n \"text\": \"including Alexandretta and the ancient city of Antioch or in an extended sense the entire Levant as far south as Roman Egypt, but not including Mesopotamia. The area of Greater Syria (; also \\\"Natural Syria\\\" () or \\\"Northern Country\\\" )) extends roughly over the medieval Arab Caliphate province of Bilad al-Sham, encompassing the Eastern Mediterranean or the Levant, and Western Mesopotamia. The Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century gave rise to this province, which encompassed much of the region of Syria, and became largely overlapping with this concept. Other sources indicate that the term Greater Syria was\",\n \"title\": \"Syria (region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9392849\",\n \"text\": \"and the Syriac Military Council. The group began to cooperate with other parties in the Rojava region, the Syrian Democratic Council and its military wing, the Syrian Democratic Forces. From 25 to 27 May 2016, the 8th conference of the Mesopotamia National Council was held in Switzerland. Mesopotamia National Council The Mesopotamia National Council (, MUB), formerly the Mesopotamia Freedom Party (, GHB) and the \\\"Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Bethnahrin\\\" (PROB) or \\\"Bethnahrin Patriotic Revolution Organization\\\" is a militant Assyrian/Syriac party, whose stated aim is to create an independent or autonomous Assyrian state in a territory called Beth Nahrain, a\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia National Council\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20224176\",\n \"text\": \"Eastern Catholic : Hirta, Mesopotamia Hirta was an Ancient city and bishopric in Mesopotamia which only remains as a Latin Catholic titular see. Hirta, now completely ruined, lied near modern Iraq's city of Najaf. It is documented as diocese of the Oriental Assyrian Church between 410 and 1012, directly dependent on its Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesifonte. A dozen of its Eparch (bishops) are attested, including : The diocese was nominally restored in July 2004.07 as Latin Titular See of Hirta (Latin - Curiate Italian) / Hirten(sis) (Latin adjective). It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest)\",\n \"title\": \"Hirta, Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20224175\",\n \"text\": \"Hirta, Mesopotamia Hirta was an Ancient city and bishopric in Mesopotamia which only remains as a Latin Catholic titular see. Hirta, now completely ruined, lied near modern Iraq's city of Najaf. It is documented as diocese of the Oriental Assyrian Church between 410 and 1012, directly dependent on its Catholicos-Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesifonte. A dozen of its Eparch (bishops) are attested, including : The diocese was nominally restored in July 2004.07 as Latin Titular See of Hirta (Latin - Curiate Italian) / Hirten(sis) (Latin adjective). It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank, \\\"including an\",\n \"title\": \"Hirta, Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6765227\",\n \"text\": \"Arcadia (ancient region) Arcadia () was a region in the central Peloponnese. It took its name from the mythological character Arcas and in Greek mythology, it was the home of the god Pan. In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness; as such, it was referenced in popular culture. There is also a modern regional unit of Greece of the same name, which is more extensive than the ancient region. Arcadia was gradually linked in a loose confederation that included all the Arcadian towns and was named League of the Arcadians. It successfully faced in 7th\",\n \"title\": \"Arcadia (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19428139\",\n \"text\": \"any Semitic people comes from 30th century BC Mesopotamia, with the East Semitic-speaking peoples of the Kish civilization, entering the region originally dominated by the people of Sumer (who spoke a language isolate). Between the 30th and 20th centuries BC, Semitic languages covered a broad area covering much of the Ancient Near East, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula. The earliest written evidence of them are found in the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) c. the 30th century BC, an area encompassing Sumer, the Akkadian Empire and others civilizations of Assyria and Babylonia along the Tigris and Euphrates (modern\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14313593\",\n \"text\": \"Messenia (ancient region) Messenia or Messinia () was an ancient district of the southwestern Peloponnese more or less overlapping the modern Messenia region of Greece. To the north it had a border with Elis along the Neda river. From there the border with Arcadia ran along the tops of Mount Elaeum and Mount Nomia and then through foothills of Taygetus. The eastern border with Laconia went along the Taygetus ridge up to the Koskaraka river, and then along that river to the sea, near the city of Abia. Ancient Messenia descended continuously without change of name and with little change\",\n \"title\": \"Messenia (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19428146\",\n \"text\": \"of the Old Assyrian Empire intervening from northern Mesopotamia, these Amorites would eventually overrun southern Mesopotamia, and found the state of Babylon in 1894 BC, where they became \\\"Akkadianized\\\", adopted Mesopotamian culture and language, and blended into the indigenous population. Babylon became the centre of a short lived but influential Babylonian Empire in the 18th century BC, and subsequent to this southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia, with Babylon superseding the far more ancient city of Nippur as the primary religious center of southern Mesopotamia. Northern Mesopotamia had long before already coalesced into Assyria. After the fall of\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9235718\",\n \"text\": \"this area was better known than neighboring regions, but the excavation and publication of the archives of Ebla have changed this perspective by shedding more light on surrounding areas, such as Upper Mesopotamia, western Syria, and southwestern Iran. These new findings revealed that Lower Mesopotamia shared many socio-cultural developments with neighboring areas and that the entirety of the ancient Near East participated in an exchange network in which material goods and ideas were being circulated. Dutch archaeologist Henri Frankfort coined the term \\\"Early Dynastic\\\" (ED) \\\"period\\\" for Mesopotamia, the naming convention having been borrowed from the similarly named \\\"Early Dynastic\",\n \"title\": \"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5674824\",\n \"text\": \"Paraguay, and Uruguay. Mesopotamia has some of the most popular tourist attractions in Argentina, mainly the Iguazú Falls, the Iguazú National Park and the Jesuit mission stations in Misiones. The Iberá Wetlands in Corrientes are an extensive area of flooded forest similar to Brazil's Pantanal. The region is part of the Brazilian central plateau. The whole region has high rainfall, particularly in August and September, up to 2,000 mm annually. Misiones, in the northern part of Mesopotamia, is largely covered by subtropical forest, with caiman, toucans and monkeys. Fast decomposition of organic matter gives the area a red soil with\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia, Argentina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"618552\",\n \"text\": \"(see music of Mesopotamia, music of ancient Greece, music of ancient Rome, music of Iran). Ancient music is designated by the characterization of the basic audible tones and scales. It may have been transmitted through oral or written systems. Arts of the ancient world refers to the many types of art that were in the cultures of ancient societies, such as those of ancient China, Egypt, Greece, India, Persia, Mesopotamia and Rome. The Ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; created the first coherent writing system, invented the potter's\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient history\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11887366\",\n \"text\": \"Julian of Mesopotamia Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia adopted the ascetic life during the reign of Roman emperor Julian the Apostate in the fourth century AD. Saint Julian dwelt in solitude near the river Euphrates. It was in his solitude that Julian heard from God that the apostate emperor would soon die. The emperor's death quickly came to pass as the Lord had revealed to Julian. Through the efforts of St. Julian, a church was built on Mount Sinai in memory of the obtaining of the tablets of the Law by the holy Prophet Moses on the spot where Moses\",\n \"title\": \"Julian of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853961\",\n \"text\": \"and reached its zenith under Naram-Sin, who began the trend for rulers to claim divinity for themselves. The Akkadian Empire lost power after the reign of Naram-Sin, and eventually was invaded by the Guti from the Zagros Mountains. For half a century the Guti controlled Mesopotamia, especially the south, but they left few inscriptions, so they are not well understood. The Guti hold loosened on southern Mesopotamia, where the second dynasty of Lagash came into prominence. Its most famous ruler was Gudea, who left many statues of himself in temples across Sumer. Eventually the Guti were overthrown by Utu-hengal of\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844976\",\n \"text\": \"one fifth enclosure of Nippur. Another important landscape element was the vacant lot (Akkadian: \\\"kišubbû\\\"). External to the city, Sumerian irrigation agriculture created some of the first garden forms in history. The garden (sar) was 144 square cubits with a perimeter canal. This form of the enclosed quadrangle was the basis for the later paradise gardens of Persia. In Mesopotamia, the use of fountains date as far back as the 3rd millennium BC. An early example is preserved in a carved Babylonian basin, dating back to \\\"circa\\\" 3000 B.C., found at Girsu, Lagash. An ancient Assyrian fountain \\\"discovered in the\",\n \"title\": \"Architecture of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14180094\",\n \"text\": \"based on the ancient region. Dolmens and cromlechs have been found in the ancient area of Achaea dating back to the Neolithic period. Flint axes and blades fabricated from materials such as quartz or obsidian have been found in megalithic chamber tombs from this ancient region. Among other finds, alabaster pottery sherds have been discovered during excavations at Antheia in Achaia and dated to the thirteenth century CE. The twelve cities of Achaea were grouped into an early Achaean League which had important cultural and religious functions. In its later 3rd century BC incarnation the Achaean League would play an\",\n \"title\": \"Achaea (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6188897\",\n \"text\": \"Ancient Church of the East The Ancient Church of the East ( \\\"ʿĒdtā ʿAttiqtā ḏMaḏnḥā\\\", , \\\"Kanīsat al-Mašriq al-Qadīma\\\"), officially the Ancient Holy Apostolic Catholic Church of the East, is an Eastern Christian denomination founded by Thoma Darmo in 1968. The Ancient Church of the East distinguished itself from the Assyrian Church of the East in 1964. It is one of the Assyrian churches that claim continuity with the historical Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon – the Church of the East, one of the oldest Christian churches in Mesopotamia. The church is headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq. In 1970, Catholicos-Patriarch Addai II Giwargis\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Church of the East\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14313602\",\n \"text\": \"Caesar and others, the question was settled in 25 AD by Tiberius and the Senate in favour of the Messenians. Messenia (ancient region) Messenia or Messinia () was an ancient district of the southwestern Peloponnese more or less overlapping the modern Messenia region of Greece. To the north it had a border with Elis along the Neda river. From there the border with Arcadia ran along the tops of Mount Elaeum and Mount Nomia and then through foothills of Taygetus. The eastern border with Laconia went along the Taygetus ridge up to the Koskaraka river, and then along that river\",\n \"title\": \"Messenia (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18993445\",\n \"text\": \"Banker (ancient) The banker of ancient times was employed within financial activities, during the ancient Mesopotamian, ancient Greek and ancient Roman periods. While certain families of Mesopotamia might be thought of as banking families, according to one source, these families' economic activities were not banking proper. This is because the families charged the same for loans as they gave in interest on deposits, so accordingly, their situation with foreign enterprises was one in which they did not participate in arbitrage, in addition to the absence of an economic situation where-by credit provision might increase the quantity of specie (i.e. coins)\",\n \"title\": \"Banker (ancient)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853971\",\n \"text\": \"Mitanni domination occurred from the mid-15th to early 14th centuries BC. This was ended by Eriba-Adad I (1392 BC - 1366), and his successor Ashur-uballit I completely overthrew the Mitanni Empire and founded a powerful Assyrian Empire that came to dominate Mesopotamia and much of the ancient Near East (including Babylonia, Asia Minor, Iran, the Levant and parts of the Caucasus and Arabia), with Assyrian armies campaigning from the Mediterranean Sea to the Caspian, and from the Caucasus to Arabia. The empire endured until 1076 BC with the death of Tiglath-Pileser I. During this period Assyria became a major power,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844882\",\n \"text\": \"parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The neighboring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia. Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jazirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad. Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation.\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853945\",\n \"text\": \"thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia. Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jezirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad. Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5658289\",\n \"text\": \"Religions of the ancient Near East The religions of the ancient Near East were mostly polytheistic, with some early examples of primitive monolatry (Yahwism/Judaism, Mardukites), Ashurism and Monism (Atenism). Some scholars believe that the similarities between these religions indicate that the religions are related, a belief known as patternism. Many religions of the ancient near East and their offshoots can be traced to Proto-Semitic religion. Other religions in the ancient Near East include Ancient Egyptian religion, the Luwian and Hittite religions of Asia Minor and the Sumerian religion of ancient Mesopotamia. Offshoots of Proto-Semitic religion include Assyro-Babylonian religion, Canaanite religion,\",\n \"title\": \"Religions of the ancient Near East\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9235774\",\n \"text\": \"practice in ancient Mesopotamia Similar mosaic elements were discovered at Mari, where a mother-of-pearl engraver's workshop was identified, and at Ebla where marble fragments were found from a 3-meter-high panel decorating a room of the royal palace. The scenes of the two sites have strong similarities in their style and themes. In Mari the scenes are military (a parade of prisoners) or religious (a ram’s sacrifice). In Ebla, they show a military triumph and mythological animals. The Lyres of Ur (or Harps of Ur) are considered to be the world's oldest surviving stringed instruments. In 1929, archaeologists led by Leonard\",\n \"title\": \"Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844883\",\n \"text\": \"In modern Western historiography of the region, the term \\\"Mesopotamia\\\" is usually used to designate the area from the beginning of time, until the Muslim conquest in the 630s, with the Arabic names Iraq and Jazirah being used to describe the region after that event. This vast flat is about in length, interrupted only by a single limestone range rising abruptly out of the plain, and branching off from the Zagros Mountains under the names of Sarazur, Hainrin and Sinjar. The numerous remains of old habitations show how thickly this level tract must once have been peopled, though now mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Geography of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853954\",\n \"text\": \"including Ur, Uruk and Larsa. The entire Early Dynastic period is generally dated to 2900–2350 BC according to the Middle Chronology, or 2800–2230 BC according to the Short Chronology. The Sumerians were firmly established in Mesopotamia by the middle of the 4th millennium BC, in the archaeological Uruk period, although scholars dispute when they arrived. It is hard to tell where the Sumerians might have come from because the Sumerian language is a language isolate, unrelated to any other known language. Their mythology includes many references to the area of Mesopotamia but little clue regarding their place of origin, perhaps\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853943\",\n \"text\": \"History of Mesopotamia The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Lower Sumaya period up to the Late antiquity. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. While in the Paleolithic and early Neolithic periods only parts of Upper Mesopotamia were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period. Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the Early Bronze Age, for which reason it is\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14180091\",\n \"text\": \"Achaea (ancient region) Achaea () or Achaia (; , \\\"Akhaia\\\", ) was (and is) the northernmost region of the Peloponnese, occupying the coastal strip north of Arcadia. Its approximate boundaries were to the south the mountain range of Erymanthus, to the south-east the range of Cyllene, to the east Sicyon, and to the west the Larissos river. Apart from the plain around Dyme, to the west, Achaea was generally a mountainous region. The name of Achaea has a slightly convoluted history. Homer uses the term Achaeans as a generic term for Greeks throughout the \\\"Iliad\\\"; conversely, a distinct region of\",\n \"title\": \"Achaea (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18740705\",\n \"text\": \"the Forest of Bowland. At the time they would have been wild with fauna that were hunted, including: eurasian brown bear, wild boar, bison, wolves, deer and eagles. Brigantia (ancient region) Brigantia is the land inhabited by the Brigantes, a British Celtic tribe which occupied the largest territory in ancient Britain. The territory of Brigantia which now forms Northern England and part of The Midlands covered the majority of the land between the River Tyne and the River Humber forming the largest Brythonic Kingdom in ancient Britain. It was recorded by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to extend sea\",\n \"title\": \"Brigantia (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4647418\",\n \"text\": \"A number of reconstructions have been proposed, the most recent being a pair of thin tubes with three finger holes in one tube and four finger holes in the other (Goss 2012). For horned instruments, the Mesopotamians seem to have had horn instruments, similar to today's French Horn and Trumpet. Only few surviving examples remain, for example a silver Trumpet found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Most of the horns in ancient Mesopotamia were in fact horns from an animal, so would have decayed. These instruments would have worked like a bugle, using the harmonic series to get\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18740700\",\n \"text\": \"Brigantia (ancient region) Brigantia is the land inhabited by the Brigantes, a British Celtic tribe which occupied the largest territory in ancient Britain. The territory of Brigantia which now forms Northern England and part of The Midlands covered the majority of the land between the River Tyne and the River Humber forming the largest Brythonic Kingdom in ancient Britain. It was recorded by Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD to extend sea to sea, from the Irish sea on the west coast to the North sea in the east It is unclear if the Celtic name Brigantia is derived from\",\n \"title\": \"Brigantia (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853949\",\n \"text\": \"documents are available, so-called Long, Middle, Short and Ultra-short Chronologies have been proposed by various scholars, varying by as much as 150 years in their dating of specific periods. Despite problems with the Middle Chronology, this chronological framework continues to be used by many recent handbooks on the archaeology and history of the ancient Near East. A study from 2001 published high-resolution radiocarbon dates from Turkey supporting dates for the 2nd millennium BC that are very close to those proposed by the Middle Chronology. ←—°Hajar Rachidi°—→ The early Neolithic human occupation of Mesopotamia is, like the previous Epipaleolithic period, confined\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4647419\",\n \"text\": \"the notes needed for music. All tubes have a harmonic series, the image shown for the Harmonic Series shows what notes any tube can play. The blackened notes are out of tune, but are still recognizable as that particular pitch. The harmonic series makes a lydian scale, shown from the 8th pitch in the picture to the 16th pitch, the 14th pitch not being a note on the lydian scale. Percussive instruments were only played in specific, ritualistic circumstances. Drums in ancient Mesopotamia weren't played with sticks, but played with the hands. Plucked instruments, such as the harp, were more\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16111633\",\n \"text\": \"including Tell Brak and Uruk and Susa in Mesopotamia. By the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, the gemstone lapis lazuli was being traded from its only known source in the ancient world—Badakhshan, in what is now northeastern Afghanistan—as far as Mesopotamia and Egypt. By the 3rd millennium BCE, the lapis lazuli trade was extended to Harappa, Lothal and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley Civilization of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. The Indus Valley was also known as Meluhha, the earliest maritime trading partner of the Sumerians and Akkadians in Mesopotamia. The ancient harbor constructed in Lothal, India, around\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Egyptian trade\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5674826\",\n \"text\": \"tobacco, citrus and rice. Gualeguaychú in Entre Ríos is popular for its carnival at the beginning of Lent. Corrientes is also known for its carnival celebrations and is a centre of music and festivals generally: the chamamé music style has recently seen a resurgence in popularity. The region called Litoral (Spanish for coastal) consists of the Mesopotamia and the provinces of Chaco, Formosa and Santa Fe. Mesopotamia has a subtropical climate with no dry season. Under the Köppen climate classification, it has a humid subtropical climate (\\\"Cfa\\\"). The main features of the climate are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia, Argentina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844877\",\n \"text\": \"Mesopotamia in Classical literature Before the decipherment of cuneiform text, knowledge of the history of the ancient Mesopotamia was mostly dependent upon classical authorities and the Hebrew Bible. These testimonies were scanty and confused for times predating the 7th century BCE. Had the native history of Berossus survived, this may not have been the case; all that is known of the Chaldaean historian's work, however, is derived from quotations in Josephus, Ptolemy, Eusebius, Jerome and George Syncellus. The account of Babylon given by Herodotus is not that of an eye-witness and not very extensive. In his \\\"Histories\\\" he mentions that\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia in Classical literature\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"844879\",\n \"text\": \"and the numbers associated with them are probably corrupt. It is different with the 7th and 8th dynasties as given by Ptolemy in the Canon of Kings in his \\\"Almagest\\\", which prove to have been recorded faithfully: Mesopotamia in Classical literature Before the decipherment of cuneiform text, knowledge of the history of the ancient Mesopotamia was mostly dependent upon classical authorities and the Hebrew Bible. These testimonies were scanty and confused for times predating the 7th century BCE. Had the native history of Berossus survived, this may not have been the case; all that is known of the Chaldaean historian's\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia in Classical literature\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269193\",\n \"text\": \"screw may have been used by Sennacherib, King of Assyria, for the water systems at the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and Nineveh in the 7th century BC, although mainstream scholarship holds it to be a Greek invention of later times. Later, during the Parthian or Sasanian periods, the Baghdad Battery, which may have been the world's first battery, was created in Mesopotamia. Ancient Mesopotamian religion was the first recorded. Mesopotamians believed that the world was a flat disc, surrounded by a huge, holed space, and above that, heaven. They also believed that water was everywhere, the top, bottom and sides,\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5674825\",\n \"text\": \"only a thin fertile layer that can easily be washed away. Corrientes is marshy and wooded, with low hills. Entre Ríos is covered with fertile pasture land stretching into Uruguay. The flora of Mesopotamia includes the yatay palm (\\\"Syagrus yatay\\\", \\\"Butia yatay\\\"), which is a protected species in the El Palmar National Park, and the \\\"Araucaria angustifolia\\\" (Paraná pine tree). Tree ferns, orchids and large trees can also be found. \\\"Yerba mate\\\" (\\\"Ilex paraguariensis\\\") is grown largely in Mesopotamia; 1,800 square kilometres of Misiones are devoted to its production. The region is also important for cattle and sheep, poultry, linseed,\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia, Argentina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"269166\",\n \"text\": \"Empire. Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthian Empire. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with western parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, the eastern regions of Mesopotamia fell to the Sassanid Persians. The division of Mesopotamia between Roman (Byzantine from AD 395) and Sassanid Empires lasted until the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia of the Sasanian Empire and Muslim conquest of the Levant from Byzantines. A number of primarily neo-Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853981\",\n \"text\": \"Achaemenid Empire, much as it had done in Assyrian times. Mesopotamia fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BC, and remained under Hellenistic rule for another two centuries, with Seleucia as capital from 305 BC. In the 1st century BC, Mesopotamia was in constant turmoil as the Seleucid Empire was weakened by Parthia on one hand and the Mithridatic Wars on the other. The Parthian Empire lasted for five centuries, into the 3rd century AD, when it was succeeded by the Sassanids. After constant wars between Romans and firstly Parthians, laterly Sassanids; the western part of Mesopotamia was passed to\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11887367\",\n \"text\": \"was standing when he received the tablets. Venerable Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia is commemorated 18 October in the Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine Catholic, and Roman Catholic Churches. Julian of Mesopotamia Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia adopted the ascetic life during the reign of Roman emperor Julian the Apostate in the fourth century AD. Saint Julian dwelt in solitude near the river Euphrates. It was in his solitude that Julian heard from God that the apostate emperor would soon die. The emperor's death quickly came to pass as the Lord had revealed to Julian. Through the efforts of St. Julian, a\",\n \"title\": \"Julian of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14183348\",\n \"text\": \"BC, Phocis passed into the power of Macedonia and of the Aetolian League, to which in 196 BC it was definitely annexed. Under the dominion of the Roman republic the Aeotolian League was dissolved, but was revived by Augustus, who also restored to Phocis the votes in the Delphic Amphictyony, which Phocis had lost in 346 BC. Augustus instituted an Achaean synod (σύνοδος) comprising the dependent cities of Peloponnese and central Greece; this body sat at Argos and acted as guardian of Hellenic sentiment. This Achaean synod is last heard of under Trajan. Phocis (ancient region) Phocis was an ancient\",\n \"title\": \"Phocis (ancient region)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7853951\",\n \"text\": \"southeastern Turkey date to the PPNA/Early PPNB and represent, according to the excavator, the communal efforts of a large community of hunter-gatherers. The Fertile Crescent was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures between the end of the last ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and the beginning of history. One of the oldest known Neolithic sites in Mesopotamia is Jarmo, settled around 7000 BC and broadly contemporary with Jericho (in the Levant) and Çatal Hüyük (in Anatolia). It as well as other early Neolithic sites, such as Samarra and Tell Halaf were in northern Mesopotamia; later settlements in southern Mesopotamia required\",\n \"title\": \"History of Mesopotamia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8330022\",\n \"text\": \"the near-constant wars with Persia in the 6th century. In 573, the Persians even took Dara, although the East Romans recovered it under the peace of 591. They lost it again to the Persians in the great war of 602–628, and regained it afterwards only to lose the entire region permanently to the Muslim conquests in 633–640. Mesopotamia (Roman province) Mesopotamia was the name of two distinct Roman provinces, the one a short-lived creation of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 116–117 and the other established by Emperor Septimius Severus in ca. 198, which ranged between the Roman and the Sassanid\",\n \"title\": \"Mesopotamia (Roman province)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"618551\",\n \"text\": \"armies could help states grow in size and became increasingly centralized, and the first empire, that of the Sumerians, formed in Mesopotamia. Early ancient armies continued to primarily use bows and spears, the same weapons that had been developed in prehistoric times for hunting. Early armies in Egypt and China followed a similar pattern of using massed infantry armed with bows and spears. Ancient music is music that developed in literate cultures, replacing prehistoric music. Ancient music refers to the various musical systems that were developed across various geographical regions such as Persia, India, China, Greece, Rome, Egypt and Mesopotamia\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient history\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["middle east"],"string":"[\n \"middle east\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":187,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when did the charlotte bobcats first play in the nba?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"12419248","text":"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2004–05 NBA season was the first season for the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association. This season marked the return of NBA basketball to Charlotte after a two-year hiatus. The original Hornets had moved to New Orleans after the 2001–02 season to become the New Orleans Hornets, now the New Orleans Pelicans. The Bobcats had the second overall pick in the 2004 NBA draft, which they used to select Emeka Okafor out of the University of Connecticut, and hired Bernie Bickerstaff as head coach during the offseason. The Bobcats played their first game at","title":"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12419248\",\n \"text\": \"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2004–05 NBA season was the first season for the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association. This season marked the return of NBA basketball to Charlotte after a two-year hiatus. The original Hornets had moved to New Orleans after the 2001–02 season to become the New Orleans Hornets, now the New Orleans Pelicans. The Bobcats had the second overall pick in the 2004 NBA draft, which they used to select Emeka Okafor out of the University of Connecticut, and hired Bernie Bickerstaff as head coach during the offseason. The Bobcats played their first game at\",\n \"title\": \"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11856203","text":"2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 19th season of the NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their 5th as the Charlotte Bobcats. The previous season, Charlotte finished 32–50 under coach Sam Vincent, and did not qualify for the playoffs. In response to the dismal season, co-owner and basketball operations chief Michael Jordan fired Vincent and brought in veteran coach Larry Brown. True to his reputation for turning teams around, Brown kept the young team in playoff contention well into April. They ultimately finished four games short of the first playoff","title":"2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"11856204","text":"appearance in their current incarnation. Michael Jordan fired coach Sam Vincent on April 27, 2008 and subsequently signed legendary coach Larry Brown 2 days later. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total for entire season including previous team(s) NBA All-Rookie Second Team 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 19th season of the NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their 5th as the Charlotte Bobcats. The previous season, Charlotte finished 32–50 under coach Sam Vincent, and did not qualify for the playoffs. In response to the dismal season, co-owner and basketball operations chief Michael Jordan fired Vincent","title":"2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"17479555","text":"2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season was the franchise's 24th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was also the 10th and final season under the Bobcats name. Starting with the 2014–15 NBA season, the franchise reclaimed the name and history of the city's original NBA franchise, the Hornets. 2014 first round draft pick from Portland Portland's 1st round pick to Charlotte (top-12 protected in 2014 and 2015, and unprotected in 2016). [Charlotte-Portland, 2/24/2011] 2014 first round draft pick from Detroit Detroit's 1st round pick to Charlotte (top-8 protected in 2014, top-1 protected in 2015, and","title":"2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"13481503","text":"2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 20th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte, and their 6th as the Charlotte Bobcats. Michael Jordan bought controlling interest in the team from founding owner Bob Johnson in March. The season saw the franchise finish with its first winning record and playoff appearance in its current incarnation. However, their playoff stay was short-lived, as they were swept by the Orlando Magic in four games. The Charlotte Bobcats made the following selections: Charlotte free agents: <small>Stats with the Bobcats. First Bobcats Team to make it to the postseason. The Bobcats","title":"2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"15691074","text":"weeks of the regular season were scrapped, and a two-game pre-season was set for each team once the lockout concluded. Many players signed with teams from other leagues due to the 2011 NBA lockout. FIBA allows players under NBA contracts to sign and play for teams from other leagues if the contracts have opt-out clauses that allow the players to return to the NBA if the lockout ends. The Chinese Basketball Association, however, only allows its clubs to sign foreign free agents who could play for at least the entire season. 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season","title":"2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"13481504","text":"made the playoffs for the first time ever, had a winning record for the first time ever, and had an NBA All-Star (Wallace) for the first time ever. They broke (and as of April 10 continue to set) a franchise record for wins in a season with 42, setting them for an above-.500 season. They clinched their first ever playoff berth April 8. 2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 20th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte, and their 6th as the Charlotte Bobcats. Michael Jordan bought controlling interest in the team from founding owner Bob","title":"2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"12419250","text":"original Hornets team changed its name to the Pelicans. As a result, this is now considered the 15th season of the Hornets/Bobcats franchise, the team having returned after suspending operations from 2002 to 2004. Rookie of the Year NBA All-Rookie First Team 2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2004–05 NBA season was the first season for the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association. This season marked the return of NBA basketball to Charlotte after a two-year hiatus. The original Hornets had moved to New Orleans after the 2001–02 season to become the New Orleans Hornets, now the New Orleans Pelicans.","title":"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"15691072","text":"2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 8th season of the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the 22nd overall season of NBA basketball in Charlotte. The Bobcats set the record for worst winning percentage in a season with a .106 winning percentage, surpassing the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers (.110) for worst winning percentage. They were eliminated from playoff contention on March 28, 2012, after an 88–83 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves, with a record of 7–41. The Bobcats clinched the worst record in NBA history by losing 104-84 to the New York Knicks","title":"2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"10460004","text":"had with the Golden State Warriors. Phil Ford and Lee Rose were tapped to join Vincent's coaching staff on June 6, 2007. Buzz Peterson was hired from Coastal Carolina University, where he served as head basketball coach, to become director of player personnel on June 13, 2007. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total for entire season including previous team(s) The Bobcats were involved in the following transactions during the 2007–08 season: 2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 18th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their fourth as the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte finished 32–50","title":"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"10460000","text":"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 18th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their fourth as the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte finished 32–50 for the season and didn't qualify for the playoffs. Despite a frenzy of offseason moves, including trading for Jason Richardson and hiring new coach Sam Vincent, the Bobcats were unable to build on their successful 33–49 season in 2007. As a result, Vincent was relieved of his duties soon after the season ended, and replaced by veteran hall of fame coach Larry Brown three days later.","title":"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"10460001","text":"On May 22, the Bobcats were assigned the 8th pick in the 2007 NBA Draft Lottery after finishing 33–49 the previrous season. With their lottery pick, Charlotte selected power forward Brandan Wright out of North Carolina. The Bobcats then traded Wright for Golden State Warriors swingman Jason Richardson and the draft rights to Golden State's second round pick Jermareo Davidson (Alabama, 36th overall). Later in the first round, Charlotte selected Jared Dudley out of Boston College with the 22nd pick. The Bobcats lost the services of both Sean May and Adam Morrison prior to the season. After an exploratory procedure,","title":"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"17479556","text":"unprotected in 2016). [Charlotte-Detroit, 6/26/2012] 2014 first round draft pick to Chicago Charlotte's 1st round pick to Chicago (top-10 protected in 2014, top-8 in 2015, and unprotected in 2016). [Charlotte-Chicago, 2/18/2010] 2016 second round draft pick to San Antonio Charlotte's 2016 2nd round pick to San Antonio protected for selections 31-55 (if this pick falls within its protected range and is therefore not conveyed, then Charlotte's obligation to San Antonio will be extinguished) [Charlotte-San Antonio, 2/18/2010] 2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season was the franchise's 24th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was also the","title":"2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"16318139","text":"eight African American head coaches. Robert Johnson of the Charlotte Bobcats (now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05. He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American, Michael Jordan. In 2013–14, Jordan and Sacramento Kings owner Vivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league. Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition of race and ethnicity in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has changed","title":"Race and ethnicity in the NBA"},{"psg_id":"1823658","text":"of the Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats franchise. The Hornets played their first 15 seasons at the Charlotte Coliseum, which was called \"The Hive\" by fans. With almost 24,000 seats, it was (and still remains) the largest basketball-specific venue in the league by seating capacity. The Coliseum hosted 364 consecutive NBA sell-outs from December 1988 to November 1997. The Hornets would go on to lead the NBA in attendance over the course of their first seven seasons. When they returned as the Bobcats, they temporarily played in the Coliseum in the 2004–05 season while their new arena (the Charlotte Bobcats Arena) was being","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"18751022","text":"Gary Neal and Luke Ridnour to the Bobcats for Ramon Sessions and Jeff Adrien. Charlotte clinched a playoff berth for the second time in franchise history on April 5, 2014, when they won a game on the road against the Cleveland Cavaliers. On April 10, 2014, the Bobcats signed forward DJ White for the remainder of the season. The Bobcats finished the 2013–14 regular season 43-39, the second highest number of wins in a single season in franchise history. The Bobcats were swept by the defending champion Miami Heat in the first round of the 2014 NBA Playoffs. The fourth","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"10460002","text":"it was determined that May would need season-ending micofracture surgery on his right knee. Morrison tore his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on October 20, 2007 in a preseason game against the Los Angeles Lakers. The Bobcats also waived team veteran Brevin Knight who was formerly the starting point guard but lost the job to Charlotte draft pick Raymond Felton. On December 14, 2007 the Bobcats said goodbye to original starting center Primož Brezec, and 2007 Second Team NBA All-Rookie selection Wálter Herrmann, trading them to the Detroit Pistons. The Bobcats' most notable move in the off-season was the retirement of","title":"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"18751020","text":"could speed up the process. The New Orleans Hornets had recently changed their name to the New Orleans Pelicans for the 2013–14 NBA season. On July 18, 2013, the NBA announced that it had unanimously approved the decision for the Charlotte Bobcats to take on the Hornets name upon the conclusion of the 2013–14 season. During the 2013 NBA draft, the Bobcats selected power forward/center Cody Zeller with the 4th overall pick. The Bobcats would also get former Utah Jazz player Al Jefferson during the free agency period. On November 22, in a widely expected move, the Bobcats announced they","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"18751010","text":"voiced their frustration at management for hosting the Charlotte Jumper Classic, an equestrian event, at the end of the season. The scheduling conflict forced the Bobcats to play their final four games on the road, virtually ending any playoff hopes. Following the season, Robert L. Johnson announced he was putting the team up for sale. During the offseason, Gerald Henderson from Duke was chosen with the 12th pick by the Bobcats in the 2009 NBA draft. The Bobcats traded Emeka Okafor for New Orleans Hornets center Tyson Chandler, and through more trades acquired Stephen Jackson and Acie Law from the","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"18751004","text":"in franchise history over the Orlando Magic, 111–100. On December 14, the Bobcats beat the New Orleans Hornets 94–93 in overtime in the team's first trip to Charlotte after their move to New Orleans. However, the Bobcats mostly struggled, finishing their inaugural season with a record of 18–64, never winning more than two games in a row. Emeka Okafor put on a strong performance, and won the 2004–05 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In the 2005 NBA draft, the Bobcats drafted Raymond Felton and Sean May from North Carolina. With them, in addition to Okafor and Wallace, the team","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"9872781","text":"Charlotte Hornets all-time roster The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Hornets were first established in 1988 as an expansion team, but relocated to New Orleans following the 2001–02 season. In 2004, a new expansion team, the Charlotte Bobcats, was established. After 10 seasons as the Bobcats, the team changed its name to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014–15 season, a year after the New Orleans franchise relinquished the Hornets name and renamed itself the Pelicans.","title":"Charlotte Hornets all-time roster"},{"psg_id":"18751002","text":"as a play on his name. The Bobcats hired Bernie Bickerstaff as the first head coach and general manager. A new arena to host the Bobcats at uptown Charlotte begun its construction on July 2003, and the team would play its home games at the Coliseum until the new building was ready. Despite failed attempts at the ballot box to fully fund the arena, city politicians decided to implement a hotel and leisure tax in Charlotte to help pay for it. The Bobcats held their expansion draft on June 22, 2004, picking up youngsters such as Gerald Wallace, Primož Brezec,","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"8232433","text":"play in the NBA. The 2009 draft marked the first time three sons of former NBA players were selected in the top 15 picks of the draft. Stephen Curry, son of Dell Curry, was drafted 7th by the Golden State Warriors. Gerald Henderson Jr., son of Gerald Henderson, was drafted 12th by the Charlotte Bobcats. Austin Daye, son of Darren Daye, was drafted 15th by the Detroit Pistons. The draft also marked the first time a former high school player who skipped college to play professional basketball in Europe was selected in an NBA draft. Brandon Jennings, who skipped college","title":"2009 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"18069789","text":"2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season The 2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season was the franchise's 25th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This was the Charlotte Hornets’ first appearance in the NBA since 2002. The team had been known as the Charlotte Bobcats since 2004. However, when the team formally changed its name to the Hornets on May 20, 2014; they also reclaimed the history and records of the original Charlotte Hornets franchise from the 1988–89 NBA season through the 2001–02 NBA season. The New Orleans Pelicans retained the remaining history that exists under the New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets name from the","title":"2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season"},{"psg_id":"18751023","text":"game was also the franchise' last as the Charlotte Bobcats. On May 20, 2014, the Bobcats officially became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets. At a press conference heralding the change, team officials also announced that as part of a deal with the NBA and the Pelicans, the renamed Hornets reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Hornets, while all of the Hornets' records during their time in New Orleans from 2002 to 2013 remained with the Pelicans. Charlotte had already been using past footage of the original Hornets era as part of the \"Buzz City\" campaign. To","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"11534770","text":"2004 NBA Expansion draft The expansion draft for the construction of the Charlotte Bobcats, the 30th NBA franchise, was held on June 22, 2004. The Bobcats selected 19 players from other teams' unprotected players lists and constructed their squad for, what was regarded, at the time, as their inaugural season. This was the second time an expansion draft was held for the Charlotte NBA franchise, known since the 2014–15 season as the Hornets. The original team relocated to New Orleans prior to the 2002–03 season, retaining the Hornets name until , when it was renamed the New Orleans Pelicans. The","title":"2004 NBA Expansion draft"},{"psg_id":"18069790","text":"2002–03 NBA season through the 2012–13 NBA season. The team was led by head coach Steve Clifford and assistant coaches Patrick Ewing, Bob Beyer, Stephen Silas, Bob Weiss, and Mark Price. The pre-season schedule was released on July 31. The schedule was announced on August 13. 2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season The 2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season was the franchise's 25th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This was the Charlotte Hornets’ first appearance in the NBA since 2002. The team had been known as the Charlotte Bobcats since 2004. However, when the team formally changed its name to the Hornets","title":"2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season"},{"psg_id":"7591338","text":"Southeast Division (NBA) The Southeast Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Atlanta Hawks, the Charlotte Hornets, the Miami Heat, the Orlando Magic and the Washington Wizards. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Southeast Division began with five inaugural members, the Hawks, the Bobcats, the Heat, the Magic and the Wizards.","title":"Southeast Division (NBA)"},{"psg_id":"1823608","text":"the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats, which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time. In 2013, the New Orleans' franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans, ultimately returning the Hornets name, records, and official history (spanning from 1988 to 2002) to Charlotte. The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014–15 season. In 1985, the NBA was planning to expand by three teams by the 1988–1989 season, later modified to include a total of four expansion teams. George Shinn, an entrepreneur from Kannapolis, North Carolina, wanted to bring an NBA team to","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"15566710","text":"Baron Davis was selected to play in the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. The Hornets defeated the Orlando Magic 3–1 in the first round of the playoffs, but lost 4–1 in the semifinals to the New Jersey Nets. Following the season, the Hornets relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana, and became the New Orleans Hornets. The city of Charlotte would return to the NBA two seasons later with the expansion Charlotte Bobcats, who began play in the 2004–05 season. That franchise changed its name to the Hornets in 2014 after the original franchise renamed itself the Pelicans, and also reclaimed the original","title":"2001–02 Charlotte Hornets season"},{"psg_id":"1823662","text":"until the New Orleans franchise's rebranding as the Pelicans. Shortly after the news that the Bobcats would get the Hornets name back, at halftime of a December 21, 2013, game between the Bobcats and the Utah Jazz, Hugo was announced to return as the Charlotte Hornets' new mascot for the 2014–15 NBA season. From 2004 to 2014, Rufus D. Lynx was the mascot of the Bobcats. He first appeared on November 1, 2003, according to his official bio on the Bobcats' website. The name comes from the scientific name of the bobcat, which is \"Lynx rufus\". During the 2012 NBA","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"18751001","text":"abstract and reminiscent of the then-current Iraq War aerial strikes. During the summer of 2003, at a street festival that attracted an overflow crowd of 7,000 fans, the Charlotte NBA expansion franchise unveiled \"Bobcats\" as the team name. The bobcat, according to the North Carolina Wildlife Commission, is an athletic, fierce predator indigenous to the Carolinas. Given Charlotte was already home to a cat-named team, the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League, designer Chris Weiller made sure to create a logo that could avert confusion or excessive comparisons. There is also suspicion that owner Robert \"Bob\" Johnson chose \"Bobcats\"","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"1807032","text":"Charlotte Sting The Charlotte Sting were a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team based in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, one of the league's eight original teams. The team folded on January 3, 2007. The Sting was originally the sister organization of the Charlotte Hornets, until that NBA team relocated to New Orleans in 2002. Robert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television, purchased the team in January 2003, shortly after he was announced as the principal owner of an NBA expansion franchise that was later named the Charlotte Bobcats now known as the Charlotte Hornets as of 2014 when","title":"Charlotte Sting"},{"psg_id":"678377","text":"relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana in 2002 after animosity grew between the team's fans and principal owner George Shinn. The NBA quickly granted Charlotte an expansion franchise following the departure of the Hornets, and the new franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, began to play in 2004. The team retook the Hornets name when the New Orleans-based team renamed itself the New Orleans Pelicans in 2013. The name change became official on May 20, 2014. On the same day, the franchise reclaimed the history and records of the original 1988–2002 Hornets. Charlotte is represented in ice hockey and baseball at the 'AAA'","title":"Charlotte, North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"1823626","text":"The Bobcats finished their inaugural season 18–64. Emeka Okafor, however, won the 2004–05 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In the 2005 NBA draft, the Bobcats drafted Raymond Felton and Sean May from North Carolina. In their second season, the Bobcats opened Charlotte Bobcats Arena with an overtime victory over the Celtics. Despite struggling for most of the year, they managed to close out the season with four straight wins to finish with a record of 26–56, an eight-game improvement from the previous season. After the season, the Bobcats announced that NBA legend and North Carolina native Michael Jordan had","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"10145534","text":"MVP, a four-time All-star game MVP, a two-time Finals MVP, an eleven-time all-NBA first team, and a five-time NBA Champion. The first player picked by the Bobcats, Emeka Okafor, was named the 2004–05 Rookie of the Year and voted to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Charlotte Hornets draft history The original Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) were established in 1988 as an expansion team, based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The team's roster was filled with unprotected players at the 1988 NBA Expansion Draft, and five days later the Hornets made their first picks out of college players","title":"Charlotte Hornets draft history"},{"psg_id":"18751005","text":"hoped to build a young, solid foundation for future success. In their second season, the Bobcats opened the new Charlotte Bobcats Arena with an overtime victory over the Boston Celtics. Despite struggling again for most of the year, they managed to close out the season with four straight wins to finish with a record of 26–56, an eight-game improvement over their inaugural season. After the season, the Bobcats announced that NBA legend and North Carolina native Michael Jordan had bought a minority stake in the team, becoming the second-largest shareholder. As part of the deal, he became head of basketball","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"9236466","text":"minor league and collegiate summer league teams. Many colleges with athletic programs also field baseball teams. The first successful major professional sports team to be created in North Carolina were the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA), which began play in the 1988–89 season. In 2004, the NBA added the Charlotte Bobcats franchise at the same time the city lost the Hornets to New Orleans. The Charlotte team plays its home games at the Spectrum Center. The Bobcats assumed the Hornets nickname after the conclusion of the 2013–14 season; the New Orleans team had changed its name to","title":"Sports in North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"18751013","text":"veteran coach Paul Silas returned to Charlotte for the first time since 2001. On February 24, 2011, the day of the NBA trade deadline, the Bobcats made some moves to clear up some cap space by sending former all-star forward Gerald Wallace to the Portland Trail Blazers for two first round draft picks, Joel Przybilla, Sean Marks, and Dante Cunningham. They also sent veteran center Nazr Mohammed to the Oklahoma City Thunder for D. J. White and Morris Peterson. Going down the stretch, the injuries to Stephen Jackson and Tyrus Thomas derailed any chances of Charlotte trying to catch the","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"17944781","text":"Valuable Player Award. The regular season ended on Wednesday April 15, 2015 and the playoffs began on Saturday, April 18, 2015 and ended with the 2015 NBA Finals on June 16, 2015, after the Golden State Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title. The Charlotte Bobcats played their first official game as the Charlotte Hornets since 2002. Free agency negotiations began on July 1, 2014, when players began to sign starting on July 10, after the July moratorium ended. The preseason began on Saturday, October 4, 2014 and ended on Friday, October 24,","title":"2014–15 NBA season"},{"psg_id":"18751017","text":"not return to the team for the 2012–13 season. St. John's assistant Mike Dunlap was named his successor. Despite having the best odds of winning the draft lottery, the Bobcats did not obtain the first overall pick. In the 2012 NBA draft, the Bobcats selected Michael Kidd-Gilchrist with the second overall pick. They also selected Jeffery Taylor with the thirty-first pick. They added Ben Gordon, Ramon Sessions and Brendan Haywood. The Bobcats' first game was against the Indiana Pacers, and they won the game 90–89 in a heated last minute battle, snapping their 23-game losing streak. On November 13, 2012,","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"13329639","text":"Cavaliers last year, losing to Boston in 6. The Cavs loss led to the LeBron James decision to join the Miami Heat. This was the last playoff appearance for the Cavs until 2015 when James returned to Cleveland and, along with Kyrie Irving, faced again his common rivals the Celtics and Bulls. The Charlotte Bobcats made their first playoff appearance in franchise history, and the first in the Charlotte NBA team's history since 2002. However, they failed to win a single playoff game in a loss to the Magic in the first round. The Celtics-Cavaliers series marked the first time","title":"2010 NBA Playoffs"},{"psg_id":"18751024","text":"restate and clarify a confusing series of events: after the 2002 season, the original Hornets moved to New Orleans. In 2004, Charlotte was granted a new franchise, the Bobcats. After the 2013–14 season, the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Hornets. As a result, the Hornets are now retconned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004, while the Pelicans are now retconned as having joined the league in 2002 as an expansion team. In the 2014 NBA draft, the Hornets had the No. 9 pick from an earlier trade","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"15939614","text":"that would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz relocated to Salt Lake City in 1979. Although New Orleans was a smaller television market, a deal was quickly made to play at the New Orleans Arena, next door to the Louisiana Superdome. Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs, the NBA approved the deal. As part of a deal, the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team, which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats. In a 2008 interview with the \"Charlotte Observer\", Shinn, who has not returned to Charlotte since","title":"History of the New Orleans Pelicans"},{"psg_id":"12419249","text":"the Charlotte Coliseum on November 4, which was a 103–96 loss to the Washington Wizards. They would win their first game defeating the Orlando Magic 111–100 at home on November 6. However, the expansion team struggled losing ten straight games in January and March, finishing fourth in the Southeast Division with an 18–64 record. Okafor averaged 15.1 points, 10.9 rebounds, 1.7 blocks per game and was named Rookie of The Year. At the time, this was reckoned as the inaugural season of the Bobcats. However, after the 2013-14 season, the Bobcats reclaimed the Hornets name and pre-2002 history after the","title":"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"7591340","text":"three championships (2006, 2012, and 2013) each came after winning the Southeast Division. The most recent division champions are the Miami Heat. Southeast Division (NBA) The Southeast Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Atlanta Hawks, the Charlotte Hornets, the Miami Heat, the Orlando Magic and the Washington Wizards. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions","title":"Southeast Division (NBA)"},{"psg_id":"17249615","text":"longest active playoff streak in the NBA at 17 straight appearances. The Toronto Raptors and Washington Wizards made their first playoff appearances since 2008, while the Charlotte Bobcats, in their final playoff appearance before renaming themselves the Hornets, returned after a four-year absence. All three teams from Texas made the playoffs for the first time since 2009. For the first time since 2005, the Los Angeles Lakers and New York Knicks did not qualify for the playoffs in the same year. For the first time since 1994, the Lakers and Celtics missed the playoffs in the same season. In addition,","title":"2014 NBA Playoffs"},{"psg_id":"12135391","text":"with team.Points scored (regular season) Notes: in Eastern Conference First Round Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records This is a list of the accomplishments and records of the current Charlotte Hornets. The Hornets, known from their creation in 2004 until May 2014 as the Charlotte Bobcats, are an American professional basketball team currently playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The current Hornets are the second NBA team to have played under that name. The original Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; since 2013, they have been known as the New Orleans Pelicans. Bold","title":"Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records"},{"psg_id":"7776760","text":"games. The playoffs also marked the last appearance of the Charlotte Hornets in the playoffs until 2010. The Hornets moved the next year to New Orleans, while an expansion team, formerly the Bobcats, was formed in 2004. The Hornets were renamed the Pelicans in 2013, after which the Bobcats reclaimed the Hornets name in 2014. The Hornets also reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Charlotte teams. The Charlotte Coliseum played host to its final playoff game on May 12. The playoffs marked the last time NBC and TBS aired NBA games as regular TV partners of the league.","title":"2002 NBA Playoffs"},{"psg_id":"17325968","text":"then joined the Los Angeles Lakers in 2012–13 as an assistant. On May 29, 2013, Clifford was hired by the Charlotte Bobcats to be their head coach. Clifford implemented a defensive mentality in Charlotte during his first year as head coach turning the Charlotte Bobcats into a top five defensive team when in the years prior to his tenure they ranked near the bottom of the NBA in that category. He led the Bobcats to the 2014 NBA playoffs in his first year as head coach, during which he coached the Bobcats to a 43–39 record. The two years prior","title":"Steve Clifford"},{"psg_id":"2478135","text":"the Coliseum—the Charlotte Rage (1992–96) and the Carolina Cobras (2003–04). When the NBA returned to Charlotte in 2004 with the expansion Bobcats, they played their first season (2004–05) in the Coliseum as the new Spectrum Center was being built. Although the Coliseum and all but one of its parking lots had been demolished as of September 2013, the street leading to the grounds named Hive Drive (after the Coliseum's nickname of \"The Hive\") and a sign at the beginning guiding drivers to the Coliseum and surrounding amenities remain. The arena was also used for a variety of collegiate basketball events.","title":"Charlotte Coliseum"},{"psg_id":"7776777","text":"the extra session to force the 2nd overtime. This was the first NBA playoff meeting between the Pacers and the Nets. As members of the ABA, both teams met in the 1972 ABA Finals, where the Pacers won 4–2. Game 4 is Patrick Ewing's final NBA game. This was the first playoff meeting between the Magic and the Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats franchise. Game 5 is Hakeem Olajuwon's final NBA game. This was the first playoff meeting between the Pistons and the Raptors. This series marked the return of the Celtics to the playoffs for the first time in seven years, and","title":"2002 NBA Playoffs"},{"psg_id":"7899619","text":"the 55th pick. However, he never played in the NBA. He spent his playing career within the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) before joining the newly formed American Basketball Association (ABA) in 1967. He played there for five seasons, earning one All-ABA Team selection and three ABA All-Star Game selections. After his playing career, he became a head coach. He coached nine NBA teams, most recently with the Charlotte Bobcats (now Charlotte Hornets). He won the NBA championship with the Detroit Pistons in 2004 and went to the NBA Finals two other times; with the Philadelphia 76ers in 2001 and with","title":"1963 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"3569477","text":"For individual game statistics, scroll further downwards. (*) As a result of the original franchise's relocation to New Orleans, the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002–03 and the 2003–04 seasons, before a new team, named the Bobcats, was established for the 2004–05 season. In 2014, the original Hornets were renamed the Pelicans and obtained the records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013. The Bobcats became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets, and retained the history and records of the Hornets organization from 1988 to 2002. (*) the number in","title":"NBA Finals"},{"psg_id":"2197740","text":"by both states, the three teams are all based in NC, two in Charlotte and the third in Raleigh. All of the sports teams are fairly recent additions; the oldest team, the NFL's Panthers, was established in 1995, while the youngest, the Hornets, was added to the NBA in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats, although a prior NBA team also named the Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 before leaving for New Orleans in 2002. The Bobcats were renamed the Hornets in May 2014, one season after the former New Orleans Hornets decided to rebrand themselves as the Pelicans. At","title":"The Carolinas"},{"psg_id":"1823637","text":"former Los Angeles Lakers assistant head coach Steve Clifford. During the 2013 NBA draft, the Bobcats selected power forward/center Cody Zeller 4th overall. The Bobcats would also obtain former Utah Jazz center Al Jefferson in free agency. In February 2014, the team received Gary Neal and Luke Ridnour in a trade with the Bucks. The new players and coaching staff worked as the Bobcats clinched a playoff berth for the second time in franchise history by beating Cleveland on the road. Charlotte finished the regular season 43–39. However, the Bobcats were swept in four games by defending champion Miami in","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"11560626","text":"Coliseum, the team would also play games in Raleigh and Winston-Salem. It would be until 1988 that Charlotte would be awarded its first major league team in the form of the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA. The team played out of the 24,000-seat Charlotte Coliseum, known affectionately as \"The Hive\", and would lead the league in attendance for several seasons before an acrimonious fall out with owner George Shinn triggered a number of events which led to the team relocating to New Orleans in 2002. However, it didn't take long for the Queen City to return to the NBA when","title":"Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"7590892","text":"in the 2017–2018 NBA season. Notes Northwest Division (NBA) The Northwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams: the Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Portland Trail Blazers and the Utah Jazz. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Northwest Division began with five inaugural members: the Nuggets, the","title":"Northwest Division (NBA)"},{"psg_id":"6777922","text":"2 to take the series in 7. With the addition of the 30th NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, in 2005, the NBA realigned its divisions. Each conference had three divisions of five teams each, and at this point in time, the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed regardless of whether the team had one of the top-eight records in its conference. However, the division champion was not guaranteed home-court advantage; a division-leading team could be seeded second or third but face a lower seed (that did not win its division) with a better record, and the","title":"2006 NBA Playoffs"},{"psg_id":"5468352","text":"the \"Lynx.\" The name fits in with the city's cat theme (the NFL team is the Carolina Panthers and the NBA team was known as the Charlotte Bobcats when the name was chosen); also, \"Lynx\" is a homophone of \"links\", and was mainly chosen because the light rail is about \"connectivity.\" The rapid rail cars are , the colors of the Carolina Panthers. Gold will appear around the \"Lynx\" logo to tie in the history of the Charlotte region being home to the first major U.S. Gold Rush. The original light rail system used 16 Siemens S70 train cars acquired","title":"Charlotte Area Transit System"},{"psg_id":"10460003","text":"head coach Bernie Bickerstaff. Bickerstaff remained in the organization by becoming Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations. The Bobcats replaced him with Sam Vincent, former coach of the NBA Development League's Fort Worth Flyers. To complement Vincent, the organization hired assistants Dell Curry and Paul Mokeski to the coaching staff. Assistant coach John Outlaw was moved from his position to Player Programs/Director of Pro Player Personnel. The rest of the front office has been a key issue for the Bobcats during the 2007 offseason. Rod Higgins was hired on May 31, 2007 as general manager, assuming the same role he","title":"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season"},{"psg_id":"16087633","text":"2014 NBA draft The 2014 NBA draft was held on June 26, 2014, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The draft lottery took place on May 20, 2014. The Cleveland Cavaliers won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft; this is the fourth number-one pick for Cleveland since 2003 and third number-one pick over a four-year span from 2011–2014. This draft would also be the first for the reborn Charlotte Hornets, who played as the Bobcats","title":"2014 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"2478129","text":"NBA basketball game on October 26, 2005, a preseason game between the Charlotte Bobcats and the Indiana Pacers. The city of Charlotte sold the property, and the building was demolished via implosion on June 3, 2007. Construction on the Charlotte Coliseum began in 1986 and was opened on August 11, 1988 with a dedication by the Rev. Billy Graham. At the time the venue was seen as state-of-the-art, complete with luxury boxes and a large eight-sided video scoreboard. George Shinn had used the under-construction arena as his hole card to get the NBA to place a team in the city.","title":"Charlotte Coliseum"},{"psg_id":"3574391","text":"moved to New Orleans in 2002. However, Charlotte did receive a new expansion club that began play in 2004 as the Bobcats. In 2014, one year after the New Orleans Hornets were renamed the New Orleans Pelicans, the Bobcats were renamed the Hornets and inherited the original franchise's records and legacy from its 1988–2002 Charlotte period. Since 2012, the Cougars' uniforms are often used by the Bobcats/Hornets under the NBA Hardwood Classics moniker. Carolina Cougars The Carolina Cougars were a basketball franchise in the former American Basketball Association that existed from late 1969 through 1974. The Cougars were originally a","title":"Carolina Cougars"},{"psg_id":"15544807","text":"Nick Fazekas, was selected first overall by the Reno Bighorns. Former Charlotte Bobcats player, Alan Anderson was selected second by the New Mexico Thunderbirds. Magnum Rolle, the 51st pick in the 2010 NBA draft was selected third by the Maine Red Claws. Other notable first-round picks are former NBA second-round draft picks Robert Vaden, Cheikh Samb and Salim Stoudamire. In the second round, two former NBA draft picks, Walter Sharpe and Antonio Daniels, were selected. Daniels, who has played 12 seasons in the NBA since he was drafted fourth in the 1997 NBA draft, was selected by the Texas Legends","title":"2010–11 NBA Development League season"},{"psg_id":"2478128","text":"Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte Coliseum was a multi-purpose sports and entertainment arena located in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was operated by the Charlotte Coliseum Authority, which also oversees the operation of Bojangles' Coliseum (which was called Charlotte Coliseum prior to 1988), the Charlotte Convention Center, and Ovens Auditorium. It is best known as the home of the NBA's Charlotte Hornets from 1988 to 2002, and the Charlotte Bobcats (now the second incarnation of the Hornets) from 2004 to 2005. The Coliseum hosted 371 consecutive NBA sell-outs from December 1988 to November 1997, which includes seven playoff games. It hosted its final","title":"Charlotte Coliseum"},{"psg_id":"16982720","text":"2013 NBA draft The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27, 2013, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The lottery took place on May 21, 2013. This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously. It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name, as they went back to playing under their old Hornets moniker that they last used in","title":"2013 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"18751012","text":"to become an NBA All-Star. However, in the first round of the playoffs, the Bobcats were swept by the Orlando Magic, quickly ending their season. The Bobcats began the 2010–11 season with high hopes following their success the previous season. Despite the departures of key players such as Raymond Felton and Tyson Chandler, the Bobcats started their season hoping to once again make the playoffs. However, the Bobcats struggled early during the season, and on December 22, 2010, following a dismal 9–19 start, Michael Jordan announced that Larry Brown had stepped down as the Bobcats Head Coach; that same day,","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"16318134","text":"played in 1946–47. Wataru Misaka debuted in 1947–48 as the first non-white player and the first player of Asian descent to play in the league. African Americans first appeared in the NBA in 1950. Chuck Cooper was the first black player drafted in the NBA. On April 26, 1950, Harold Hunter signed with the Washington Capitols, becoming the first African American to sign a contract with any NBA team in history. However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally. On May 24, Nathaniel \"Sweetwater\" Clifton was the second African-American player to sign an","title":"Race and ethnicity in the NBA"},{"psg_id":"16982727","text":"made on the day of the draft. 2013 NBA draft The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27, 2013, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The lottery took place on May 21, 2013. This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously. It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name, as they went back to playing under their old","title":"2013 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"4978896","text":"to grab their attention. This was also the first game to feature the Charlotte Bobcats; they are the worst team in the game with a rating of 50. Since the game's rosters were finalized before the expansion draft, the Bobcats' lineup consisted of players named after their specific positions, for example, the point guard was named \"Point Guard\". The game received \"favorable\" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, \"Famitsu\" gave the PlayStation 2 version a score of three eights and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40. NBA Live 2004","title":"NBA Live 2004"},{"psg_id":"1823638","text":"the first round. On May 21, 2013, Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of the franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014–15 NBA season, pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas on July 18, 2013. The NBA announced, on July 18, 2013, that it had unanimously approved the rebranding, which would begin upon the conclusion of the 2013–14 season. The Bobcats announced on November 22, they would adopt a modified version of the original Hornets' teal-purple-white color palette, with black, gray","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"3340950","text":"became NBA All-Stars. This was the last draft the Vancouver Grizzlies participated in while in their original city; their move to Memphis was finalized several weeks later. This was also the final draft participated by the Charlotte Hornets until 2014; the then-current team moved to New Orleans the following year as the future Pelicans, while an expansion Charlotte team (formerly the Bobcats) was later formed in 2004. Minnesota Timberwolves forfeited their first-round pick due to salary cap violations. It would be the first of two first rounders that would have to forfeit their picks during the early 2000s. These players","title":"2001 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"1823634","text":"the same position and promoting Rod Higgins to President of Basketball Operations. During the 2011 NBA draft the Bobcats sent Jackson, Shaun Livingston, and the 19th pick to Milwaukee and received Corey Maggette and the 7th pick in return. The Bobcats used that pick to draft Bismack Biyombo and with their 9th pick drafted Connecticut's Kemba Walker, the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. In the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, Charlotte lost often, including their last 23 games. During their season finale against the New York Knicks, the Bobcats recorded yet another loss as their win percentage dropped to .106, setting","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"18750973","text":"History of the Charlotte Hornets The history of the National Basketball Association's Charlotte Hornets goes back to 1985, when George Shinn first thought up the idea of bringing professional basketball to Charlotte, North Carolina. Since then, the Hornets have recorded ten playoff appearances under two different franchises. In 1985, the NBA, then with 23 teams, was planning to expand by four teams by the 1988–89 season. George Shinn, an entrepreneur from Kannapolis, North Carolina, wanted to bring an NBA team to the Charlotte area, and he assembled a group of prominent local businessmen to head the prospective franchise. The Charlotte","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"11534771","text":"Charlotte franchise was suspended for two seasons, before an expansion team known as the Bobcats was established in 2004. It was renamed the Hornets prior to the 2014–15 season after the Pelicans relinquished the rights to the Hornets name. Prior to the day of the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of future draft picks between the teams, along with a particular agreement in the expansion draft. The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft. 2004 NBA Expansion draft The expansion draft for the construction of the Charlotte Bobcats, the","title":"2004 NBA Expansion draft"},{"psg_id":"1823624","text":"League, designer Chris Weiller made sure to create a logo that would not be similar to the Panthers logo. It has also been speculated that Johnson chose the name \"Bobcats\" in reference to his own name. The Bobcats hired Bernie Bickerstaff as the first head coach and general manager in franchise history. A new arena to host the Bobcats in uptown Charlotte began construction in July 2003. The team would play its home games at the Coliseum until the new building was ready. The Bobcats held their expansion draft on June 22, 2004, picking up youngsters such as Gerald Wallace,","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"12135390","text":"Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records This is a list of the accomplishments and records of the current Charlotte Hornets. The Hornets, known from their creation in 2004 until May 2014 as the Charlotte Bobcats, are an American professional basketball team currently playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The current Hornets are the second NBA team to have played under that name. The original Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; since 2013, they have been known as the New Orleans Pelicans. Bold denotes still active with team. \"Italic\" denotes still active but not","title":"Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records"},{"psg_id":"7465381","text":"Southwest Division (NBA) The Southwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division is located in the South Central United States and consists of five teams, the Dallas Mavericks, the Houston Rockets, the Memphis Grizzlies, the New Orleans Pelicans and the San Antonio Spurs. Three of the teams, the Mavericks, Rockets, and Spurs, are based in Texas. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into","title":"Southwest Division (NBA)"},{"psg_id":"7590890","text":"Northwest Division (NBA) The Northwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams: the Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Portland Trail Blazers and the Utah Jazz. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Northwest Division began with five inaugural members: the Nuggets, the Timberwolves, the Trail Blazers, the Seattle","title":"Northwest Division (NBA)"},{"psg_id":"9236469","text":"play two seasons at the Coliseum before taking up residence at a new venue now known as Spectrum Center in Uptown. After the 2012–13 NBA season, New Orleans changed their franchise name to the New Orleans Pelicans. The franchise rights to the Hornets name and logo, plus the history of the original Charlotte Hornets, were given back to the city of Charlotte after the 2013–14 NBA season, at the same time the Charlotte Bobcats became the Charlotte Hornets. North Carolina Tar Heels legend Michael Jordan is the majority owner of the Hornets. In 2016, Greensboro was awarded with the Hornets'","title":"Sports in North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"18751011","text":"Golden State Warriors. On February 27, 2010, it was announced that Robert Johnson had decided to sell the team to Michael Jordan, allowing Jordan to become the first former NBA player to become majority owner of a franchise. On April 9, 2010, the Bobcats clinched their first ever playoff berth with an exciting 104–103 road win over the New Orleans Hornets, finishing the 2009–10 season with an overall record of 44–38, the team's first-ever winning record. Gerald Wallace was a huge factor in the Bobcats run to the playoffs as he became the first and only player in Bobcats history","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"11560627","text":"a group led by businessman Bob Johnson, the founder of BET, was awarded a franchise which would come to be known as the Charlotte Bobcats. In 2013, eleven years after the Hornets left the city, the Bobcats, now playing at the Spectrum Center, announced the team would assume the city's beloved nickname following the rebranding of the New Orleans team as the Pelicans. Charlotte was also home to a WNBA team, the Charlotte Sting from 1988 until they folded in 2006. The history of professional football in Charlotte began in 1967, when the American Football League staged a preseason exhibition","title":"Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina"},{"psg_id":"7899515","text":"for two seasons and then the New Jersey Nets for two seasons. Paul Silas, the 10th pick, won three NBA championships, two with the Boston Celtics in 1974 and 1976 and one with the Seattle SuperSonics in 1979. He also had two All-Star Game selections. After his playing career, he coached four NBA teams, most recently with the Charlotte Bobcats (now Charlotte Hornets). Jerry Sloan, the 19th pick, was selected to two All-Star Games in his playing career before becoming a head coach. He coached the Chicago Bulls for three seasons before being fired during the 1981–82 season. He then","title":"1964 NBA draft"},{"psg_id":"1807041","text":"league, citing low attendance in Charlotte (despite a new arena) and loss of revenue. An investment group in Kansas City had an interest in moving the Sting to Kansas City. The Sting were to play in the Sprint Center, which was due to open in the Fall of 2007. The city has not had an NBA team since the Kings' move to Sacramento, California after the 1984–85 season. After months of talk and deliberation between the league and the investors, the plans ultimately fell through. On January 3, 2007, the Bobcats announced that the fundraising effort by a group seeking","title":"Charlotte Sting"},{"psg_id":"18751007","text":"a 33–49 record. In three seasons with the Bobcats, Bickerstaff finished with an overall record of 77–169. Front office and coaching were key focuses for the Bobcats during the 2007 offseason. Rod Higgins was hired as general manager, and Sam Vincent was hired as the second head coach in franchise history. Phil Ford was added to the coaching staff over the summer, and another position was filled when Buzz Peterson was hired from Coastal Carolina University to become director of player personnel. In the 2007 NBA draft, Brandan Wright was selected by the Bobcats with the eighth pick; he was","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"10519962","text":"games including two at home.) Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-\"four\" seed, as described below. The previous playoff format, in place for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA playoffs, after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions, created controversy","title":"NBA playoffs"},{"psg_id":"1807036","text":"games. The Sting posted a solid 18-14 record in the 2002 season, but were swept by the Washington Mystics in the first round of the playoffs. After the 2001–2002 NBA season, the Charlotte Hornets relocated to New Orleans (see \"New Orleans Hornets\"). The Sting did not accompany the Hornets out to New Orleans. For one season (2003), the Sting had no brother team. The NBA immediately announced, after the Hornets moved, that a new team would begin play in Charlotte starting in the 2004–2005 season. Shortly after, Robert L. Johnson was announced as owner of this new franchise. Johnson also","title":"Charlotte Sting"},{"psg_id":"18751016","text":"hard to come by after that. In the lockout-shortened season the Bobcats struggled and posted an NBA-worst record of 7–59, losing their last 23 games of the season. In a nationally televised game against the New York Knicks the Bobcats recorded yet another loss as their win percentage dropped to .106, setting a new record for the worst season by an NBA team in history. (As this season had been shortened by the lockout, the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers still hold the record for most losses in a season, with 73.) On April 30, 2012, the Bobcats announced that Silas would","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"20884667","text":"The First Gentleman (play) The First Gentleman is a 1945 historical play by the British writer Norman Ginsbury. It portrays the relationship between the future George IV, his daughter Princess Charlotte of Wales and her husband Leopold. It is set during the Regency era and features many other prominent figures of the time. Its West end run lasted for 553 performances between 18 July 1945 and 16 November 1946, originally at the New Theatre before transferring to the Savoy. The cast included Robert Morley as Prince George, Wendy Hiller as Charlotte and Philip Friend as Leopold. In 1948 the work","title":"The First Gentleman (play)"},{"psg_id":"9613823","text":"Young was drafted by the Philadelphia 76ers with the 12th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft. In his NBA debut on November 7, 2007, Young made his first NBA field goal at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia in a 94–63 76ers' win over the Charlotte Bobcats. Young finished the night with 6 points and 3 rebounds. Until general manager Ed Stefanski was hired, Young did not play very often. After the trade of Kyle Korver, Young played more minutes and alternated with Reggie Evans in the starting lineup. Young averaged 8.2 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 21 minutes per game","title":"Thaddeus Young"},{"psg_id":"13265868","text":"Charlotte Bobcats had not have any national TV appearances on ABC, ESPN and TNT. ABC had air several Sunday games and a double-header on Christmas day. ESPN has mainly televised the regular season games on Wednesdays and Fridays, while TNT has mainly televised the Thursday games. TNT has also broadcast the 2010 NBA All-Star Game and the NBA All-Star Saturday Night Events in February. 2009–10 NBA season The 2009–10 NBA season was the 64th season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The 1,230-game regular season (82 games for each of the 30 teams) began on Tuesday, October 27, 2009, and","title":"2009–10 NBA season"},{"psg_id":"1823639","text":"and Carolina blue as accents. The team officially unveiled its future logo and identity scheme during halftime of their December 21 game against the Jazz. The team also started the \"Buzz City\" campaign to hype up the Hornets return. On January 16, 2014, the Bobcats revealed new Hornets shirts, hats and gear. On May 20, 2014, the Bobcats officially became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets. At a press conference regarding the change, team officials also announced that as part of a deal with the NBA and the Pelicans, the renamed Hornets reclaimed the history and records of the","title":"Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"16327176","text":"mark for any NBA franchise. The 76ers' 0.110 winning percentage was a record worst at the time, and is still the second lowest in NBA history. This record was broken by the 2011–2012 Charlotte Bobcats which was shortened due to a lockout. (That Bobcats team finished 7-59, for a .106 winning percentage.) Only six seasons earlier, the 76ers had set the NBA record for most wins in a season. The 76ers of 1972–73 is considered to be the worst team that ever played in NBA history. The next year, the 76ers would hire Gene Shue as their head coach and","title":"History of the Philadelphia 76ers"},{"psg_id":"11969705","text":"Howard won Defensive Player of the Year for the second straight year. In the playoffs the Magic swept the Charlotte Bobcats and the Atlanta Hawks, becoming the first team in NBA history to win their first eight playoff games by 20 or more points. However, the Magic would lose to the Boston Celtics in six games of the Eastern Conference Finals, marking the final games held at Amway Arena. The Magic moved to the Amway Center the next season, then proceeded to lose in the first round for two straight years to the Hawks and the Indiana Pacers, respectively. After","title":"2009 NBA Finals"},{"psg_id":"18751000","text":"to become the first majority African American owner in U.S. major professional sports. The rapper Nelly became a notable co-owner. In June 2003, the team was named the Bobcats. The Charlotte Regional Sports Commission aided with the \"Help Name The Team\" effort that drew over 1,250 suggestions. The three finalists were Bobcats, Dragons, and the eventual winner Flight, referencing North Carolina's \"First in Flight\" status due to hosting the Wright Flyer demonstrations as well as the state's current military bases. But this name was eventually discarded by Johnson and the team involved in creating the team's identity, being considered too","title":"History of the Charlotte Hornets"},{"psg_id":"1823652","text":"and blue was featured on the beltline and the piping. The Bobcats' first home jerseys were white, reading \"Bobcats\" in orange with blue and black trimming. The primary away jersey was orange reading \"Charlotte\" in white with blue and black trimming. In the 2006 offseason, the Bobcats announced a new alternate away jersey which debuted during the 2006–07 season. The alternate jersey is blue, with the name \"Bobcats\" in white with black, orange and white trimming. Racing Day blue alternates (with an arched 'Charlotte', checkered flag side stripes, and centered numbers) were used to honor Charlotte's NASCAR fanbase. For the","title":"Charlotte Hornets"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11856203\",\n \"text\": \"2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 19th season of the NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their 5th as the Charlotte Bobcats. The previous season, Charlotte finished 32–50 under coach Sam Vincent, and did not qualify for the playoffs. In response to the dismal season, co-owner and basketball operations chief Michael Jordan fired Vincent and brought in veteran coach Larry Brown. True to his reputation for turning teams around, Brown kept the young team in playoff contention well into April. They ultimately finished four games short of the first playoff\",\n \"title\": \"2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11856204\",\n \"text\": \"appearance in their current incarnation. Michael Jordan fired coach Sam Vincent on April 27, 2008 and subsequently signed legendary coach Larry Brown 2 days later. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total for entire season including previous team(s) NBA All-Rookie Second Team 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 19th season of the NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their 5th as the Charlotte Bobcats. The previous season, Charlotte finished 32–50 under coach Sam Vincent, and did not qualify for the playoffs. In response to the dismal season, co-owner and basketball operations chief Michael Jordan fired Vincent\",\n \"title\": \"2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17479555\",\n \"text\": \"2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season was the franchise's 24th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was also the 10th and final season under the Bobcats name. Starting with the 2014–15 NBA season, the franchise reclaimed the name and history of the city's original NBA franchise, the Hornets. 2014 first round draft pick from Portland Portland's 1st round pick to Charlotte (top-12 protected in 2014 and 2015, and unprotected in 2016). [Charlotte-Portland, 2/24/2011] 2014 first round draft pick from Detroit Detroit's 1st round pick to Charlotte (top-8 protected in 2014, top-1 protected in 2015, and\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13481503\",\n \"text\": \"2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 20th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte, and their 6th as the Charlotte Bobcats. Michael Jordan bought controlling interest in the team from founding owner Bob Johnson in March. The season saw the franchise finish with its first winning record and playoff appearance in its current incarnation. However, their playoff stay was short-lived, as they were swept by the Orlando Magic in four games. The Charlotte Bobcats made the following selections: Charlotte free agents: <small>Stats with the Bobcats. First Bobcats Team to make it to the postseason. The Bobcats\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15691074\",\n \"text\": \"weeks of the regular season were scrapped, and a two-game pre-season was set for each team once the lockout concluded. Many players signed with teams from other leagues due to the 2011 NBA lockout. FIBA allows players under NBA contracts to sign and play for teams from other leagues if the contracts have opt-out clauses that allow the players to return to the NBA if the lockout ends. The Chinese Basketball Association, however, only allows its clubs to sign foreign free agents who could play for at least the entire season. 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season\",\n \"title\": \"2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13481504\",\n \"text\": \"made the playoffs for the first time ever, had a winning record for the first time ever, and had an NBA All-Star (Wallace) for the first time ever. They broke (and as of April 10 continue to set) a franchise record for wins in a season with 42, setting them for an above-.500 season. They clinched their first ever playoff berth April 8. 2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 20th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte, and their 6th as the Charlotte Bobcats. Michael Jordan bought controlling interest in the team from founding owner Bob\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12419250\",\n \"text\": \"original Hornets team changed its name to the Pelicans. As a result, this is now considered the 15th season of the Hornets/Bobcats franchise, the team having returned after suspending operations from 2002 to 2004. Rookie of the Year NBA All-Rookie First Team 2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2004–05 NBA season was the first season for the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association. This season marked the return of NBA basketball to Charlotte after a two-year hiatus. The original Hornets had moved to New Orleans after the 2001–02 season to become the New Orleans Hornets, now the New Orleans Pelicans.\",\n \"title\": \"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15691072\",\n \"text\": \"2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 8th season of the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the 22nd overall season of NBA basketball in Charlotte. The Bobcats set the record for worst winning percentage in a season with a .106 winning percentage, surpassing the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers (.110) for worst winning percentage. They were eliminated from playoff contention on March 28, 2012, after an 88–83 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves, with a record of 7–41. The Bobcats clinched the worst record in NBA history by losing 104-84 to the New York Knicks\",\n \"title\": \"2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10460004\",\n \"text\": \"had with the Golden State Warriors. Phil Ford and Lee Rose were tapped to join Vincent's coaching staff on June 6, 2007. Buzz Peterson was hired from Coastal Carolina University, where he served as head basketball coach, to become director of player personnel on June 13, 2007. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total for entire season including previous team(s) The Bobcats were involved in the following transactions during the 2007–08 season: 2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 18th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their fourth as the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte finished 32–50\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10460000\",\n \"text\": \"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 18th season of NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their fourth as the Charlotte Bobcats. Charlotte finished 32–50 for the season and didn't qualify for the playoffs. Despite a frenzy of offseason moves, including trading for Jason Richardson and hiring new coach Sam Vincent, the Bobcats were unable to build on their successful 33–49 season in 2007. As a result, Vincent was relieved of his duties soon after the season ended, and replaced by veteran hall of fame coach Larry Brown three days later.\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10460001\",\n \"text\": \"On May 22, the Bobcats were assigned the 8th pick in the 2007 NBA Draft Lottery after finishing 33–49 the previrous season. With their lottery pick, Charlotte selected power forward Brandan Wright out of North Carolina. The Bobcats then traded Wright for Golden State Warriors swingman Jason Richardson and the draft rights to Golden State's second round pick Jermareo Davidson (Alabama, 36th overall). Later in the first round, Charlotte selected Jared Dudley out of Boston College with the 22nd pick. The Bobcats lost the services of both Sean May and Adam Morrison prior to the season. After an exploratory procedure,\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17479556\",\n \"text\": \"unprotected in 2016). [Charlotte-Detroit, 6/26/2012] 2014 first round draft pick to Chicago Charlotte's 1st round pick to Chicago (top-10 protected in 2014, top-8 in 2015, and unprotected in 2016). [Charlotte-Chicago, 2/18/2010] 2016 second round draft pick to San Antonio Charlotte's 2016 2nd round pick to San Antonio protected for selections 31-55 (if this pick falls within its protected range and is therefore not conveyed, then Charlotte's obligation to San Antonio will be extinguished) [Charlotte-San Antonio, 2/18/2010] 2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season was the franchise's 24th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). It was also the\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16318139\",\n \"text\": \"eight African American head coaches. Robert Johnson of the Charlotte Bobcats (now known as the Charlotte Hornets) was the first black majority team owner in the NBA in 2004–05. He was succeeded as Bobcats owner in 2010–11 by another African American, Michael Jordan. In 2013–14, Jordan and Sacramento Kings owner Vivek Ranadivé, who is Indian, marked the first time in the history of major pro sports leagues in the U.S. that there were two non-white majority owners in a league. Race and ethnicity in the NBA The composition of race and ethnicity in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has changed\",\n \"title\": \"Race and ethnicity in the NBA\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823658\",\n \"text\": \"of the Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats franchise. The Hornets played their first 15 seasons at the Charlotte Coliseum, which was called \\\"The Hive\\\" by fans. With almost 24,000 seats, it was (and still remains) the largest basketball-specific venue in the league by seating capacity. The Coliseum hosted 364 consecutive NBA sell-outs from December 1988 to November 1997. The Hornets would go on to lead the NBA in attendance over the course of their first seven seasons. When they returned as the Bobcats, they temporarily played in the Coliseum in the 2004–05 season while their new arena (the Charlotte Bobcats Arena) was being\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751022\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Neal and Luke Ridnour to the Bobcats for Ramon Sessions and Jeff Adrien. Charlotte clinched a playoff berth for the second time in franchise history on April 5, 2014, when they won a game on the road against the Cleveland Cavaliers. On April 10, 2014, the Bobcats signed forward DJ White for the remainder of the season. The Bobcats finished the 2013–14 regular season 43-39, the second highest number of wins in a single season in franchise history. The Bobcats were swept by the defending champion Miami Heat in the first round of the 2014 NBA Playoffs. The fourth\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10460002\",\n \"text\": \"it was determined that May would need season-ending micofracture surgery on his right knee. Morrison tore his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on October 20, 2007 in a preseason game against the Los Angeles Lakers. The Bobcats also waived team veteran Brevin Knight who was formerly the starting point guard but lost the job to Charlotte draft pick Raymond Felton. On December 14, 2007 the Bobcats said goodbye to original starting center Primož Brezec, and 2007 Second Team NBA All-Rookie selection Wálter Herrmann, trading them to the Detroit Pistons. The Bobcats' most notable move in the off-season was the retirement of\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751020\",\n \"text\": \"could speed up the process. The New Orleans Hornets had recently changed their name to the New Orleans Pelicans for the 2013–14 NBA season. On July 18, 2013, the NBA announced that it had unanimously approved the decision for the Charlotte Bobcats to take on the Hornets name upon the conclusion of the 2013–14 season. During the 2013 NBA draft, the Bobcats selected power forward/center Cody Zeller with the 4th overall pick. The Bobcats would also get former Utah Jazz player Al Jefferson during the free agency period. On November 22, in a widely expected move, the Bobcats announced they\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751010\",\n \"text\": \"voiced their frustration at management for hosting the Charlotte Jumper Classic, an equestrian event, at the end of the season. The scheduling conflict forced the Bobcats to play their final four games on the road, virtually ending any playoff hopes. Following the season, Robert L. Johnson announced he was putting the team up for sale. During the offseason, Gerald Henderson from Duke was chosen with the 12th pick by the Bobcats in the 2009 NBA draft. The Bobcats traded Emeka Okafor for New Orleans Hornets center Tyson Chandler, and through more trades acquired Stephen Jackson and Acie Law from the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751004\",\n \"text\": \"in franchise history over the Orlando Magic, 111–100. On December 14, the Bobcats beat the New Orleans Hornets 94–93 in overtime in the team's first trip to Charlotte after their move to New Orleans. However, the Bobcats mostly struggled, finishing their inaugural season with a record of 18–64, never winning more than two games in a row. Emeka Okafor put on a strong performance, and won the 2004–05 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In the 2005 NBA draft, the Bobcats drafted Raymond Felton and Sean May from North Carolina. With them, in addition to Okafor and Wallace, the team\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9872781\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte Hornets all-time roster The Charlotte Hornets are an American professional basketball team based in Charlotte, North Carolina. They play in the Southeast Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Hornets were first established in 1988 as an expansion team, but relocated to New Orleans following the 2001–02 season. In 2004, a new expansion team, the Charlotte Bobcats, was established. After 10 seasons as the Bobcats, the team changed its name to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014–15 season, a year after the New Orleans franchise relinquished the Hornets name and renamed itself the Pelicans.\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets all-time roster\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751002\",\n \"text\": \"as a play on his name. The Bobcats hired Bernie Bickerstaff as the first head coach and general manager. A new arena to host the Bobcats at uptown Charlotte begun its construction on July 2003, and the team would play its home games at the Coliseum until the new building was ready. Despite failed attempts at the ballot box to fully fund the arena, city politicians decided to implement a hotel and leisure tax in Charlotte to help pay for it. The Bobcats held their expansion draft on June 22, 2004, picking up youngsters such as Gerald Wallace, Primož Brezec,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8232433\",\n \"text\": \"play in the NBA. The 2009 draft marked the first time three sons of former NBA players were selected in the top 15 picks of the draft. Stephen Curry, son of Dell Curry, was drafted 7th by the Golden State Warriors. Gerald Henderson Jr., son of Gerald Henderson, was drafted 12th by the Charlotte Bobcats. Austin Daye, son of Darren Daye, was drafted 15th by the Detroit Pistons. The draft also marked the first time a former high school player who skipped college to play professional basketball in Europe was selected in an NBA draft. Brandon Jennings, who skipped college\",\n \"title\": \"2009 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18069789\",\n \"text\": \"2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season The 2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season was the franchise's 25th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This was the Charlotte Hornets’ first appearance in the NBA since 2002. The team had been known as the Charlotte Bobcats since 2004. However, when the team formally changed its name to the Hornets on May 20, 2014; they also reclaimed the history and records of the original Charlotte Hornets franchise from the 1988–89 NBA season through the 2001–02 NBA season. The New Orleans Pelicans retained the remaining history that exists under the New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets name from the\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751023\",\n \"text\": \"game was also the franchise' last as the Charlotte Bobcats. On May 20, 2014, the Bobcats officially became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets. At a press conference heralding the change, team officials also announced that as part of a deal with the NBA and the Pelicans, the renamed Hornets reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Hornets, while all of the Hornets' records during their time in New Orleans from 2002 to 2013 remained with the Pelicans. Charlotte had already been using past footage of the original Hornets era as part of the \\\"Buzz City\\\" campaign. To\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11534770\",\n \"text\": \"2004 NBA Expansion draft The expansion draft for the construction of the Charlotte Bobcats, the 30th NBA franchise, was held on June 22, 2004. The Bobcats selected 19 players from other teams' unprotected players lists and constructed their squad for, what was regarded, at the time, as their inaugural season. This was the second time an expansion draft was held for the Charlotte NBA franchise, known since the 2014–15 season as the Hornets. The original team relocated to New Orleans prior to the 2002–03 season, retaining the Hornets name until , when it was renamed the New Orleans Pelicans. The\",\n \"title\": \"2004 NBA Expansion draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18069790\",\n \"text\": \"2002–03 NBA season through the 2012–13 NBA season. The team was led by head coach Steve Clifford and assistant coaches Patrick Ewing, Bob Beyer, Stephen Silas, Bob Weiss, and Mark Price. The pre-season schedule was released on July 31. The schedule was announced on August 13. 2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season The 2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season was the franchise's 25th season in the National Basketball Association (NBA). This was the Charlotte Hornets’ first appearance in the NBA since 2002. The team had been known as the Charlotte Bobcats since 2004. However, when the team formally changed its name to the Hornets\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 Charlotte Hornets season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7591338\",\n \"text\": \"Southeast Division (NBA) The Southeast Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Atlanta Hawks, the Charlotte Hornets, the Miami Heat, the Orlando Magic and the Washington Wizards. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Southeast Division began with five inaugural members, the Hawks, the Bobcats, the Heat, the Magic and the Wizards.\",\n \"title\": \"Southeast Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823608\",\n \"text\": \"the NBA established the Charlotte Bobcats, which was regarded as a new expansion team at the time. In 2013, the New Orleans' franchise announced it would rebrand itself the New Orleans Pelicans, ultimately returning the Hornets name, records, and official history (spanning from 1988 to 2002) to Charlotte. The Bobcats were officially renamed the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014–15 season. In 1985, the NBA was planning to expand by three teams by the 1988–1989 season, later modified to include a total of four expansion teams. George Shinn, an entrepreneur from Kannapolis, North Carolina, wanted to bring an NBA team to\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15566710\",\n \"text\": \"Baron Davis was selected to play in the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. The Hornets defeated the Orlando Magic 3–1 in the first round of the playoffs, but lost 4–1 in the semifinals to the New Jersey Nets. Following the season, the Hornets relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana, and became the New Orleans Hornets. The city of Charlotte would return to the NBA two seasons later with the expansion Charlotte Bobcats, who began play in the 2004–05 season. That franchise changed its name to the Hornets in 2014 after the original franchise renamed itself the Pelicans, and also reclaimed the original\",\n \"title\": \"2001–02 Charlotte Hornets season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823662\",\n \"text\": \"until the New Orleans franchise's rebranding as the Pelicans. Shortly after the news that the Bobcats would get the Hornets name back, at halftime of a December 21, 2013, game between the Bobcats and the Utah Jazz, Hugo was announced to return as the Charlotte Hornets' new mascot for the 2014–15 NBA season. From 2004 to 2014, Rufus D. Lynx was the mascot of the Bobcats. He first appeared on November 1, 2003, according to his official bio on the Bobcats' website. The name comes from the scientific name of the bobcat, which is \\\"Lynx rufus\\\". During the 2012 NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751001\",\n \"text\": \"abstract and reminiscent of the then-current Iraq War aerial strikes. During the summer of 2003, at a street festival that attracted an overflow crowd of 7,000 fans, the Charlotte NBA expansion franchise unveiled \\\"Bobcats\\\" as the team name. The bobcat, according to the North Carolina Wildlife Commission, is an athletic, fierce predator indigenous to the Carolinas. Given Charlotte was already home to a cat-named team, the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League, designer Chris Weiller made sure to create a logo that could avert confusion or excessive comparisons. There is also suspicion that owner Robert \\\"Bob\\\" Johnson chose \\\"Bobcats\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1807032\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte Sting The Charlotte Sting were a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) team based in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, one of the league's eight original teams. The team folded on January 3, 2007. The Sting was originally the sister organization of the Charlotte Hornets, until that NBA team relocated to New Orleans in 2002. Robert L. Johnson, founder of Black Entertainment Television, purchased the team in January 2003, shortly after he was announced as the principal owner of an NBA expansion franchise that was later named the Charlotte Bobcats now known as the Charlotte Hornets as of 2014 when\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Sting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"678377\",\n \"text\": \"relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana in 2002 after animosity grew between the team's fans and principal owner George Shinn. The NBA quickly granted Charlotte an expansion franchise following the departure of the Hornets, and the new franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, began to play in 2004. The team retook the Hornets name when the New Orleans-based team renamed itself the New Orleans Pelicans in 2013. The name change became official on May 20, 2014. On the same day, the franchise reclaimed the history and records of the original 1988–2002 Hornets. Charlotte is represented in ice hockey and baseball at the 'AAA'\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823626\",\n \"text\": \"The Bobcats finished their inaugural season 18–64. Emeka Okafor, however, won the 2004–05 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In the 2005 NBA draft, the Bobcats drafted Raymond Felton and Sean May from North Carolina. In their second season, the Bobcats opened Charlotte Bobcats Arena with an overtime victory over the Celtics. Despite struggling for most of the year, they managed to close out the season with four straight wins to finish with a record of 26–56, an eight-game improvement from the previous season. After the season, the Bobcats announced that NBA legend and North Carolina native Michael Jordan had\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10145534\",\n \"text\": \"MVP, a four-time All-star game MVP, a two-time Finals MVP, an eleven-time all-NBA first team, and a five-time NBA Champion. The first player picked by the Bobcats, Emeka Okafor, was named the 2004–05 Rookie of the Year and voted to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Charlotte Hornets draft history The original Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) were established in 1988 as an expansion team, based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The team's roster was filled with unprotected players at the 1988 NBA Expansion Draft, and five days later the Hornets made their first picks out of college players\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets draft history\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751005\",\n \"text\": \"hoped to build a young, solid foundation for future success. In their second season, the Bobcats opened the new Charlotte Bobcats Arena with an overtime victory over the Boston Celtics. Despite struggling again for most of the year, they managed to close out the season with four straight wins to finish with a record of 26–56, an eight-game improvement over their inaugural season. After the season, the Bobcats announced that NBA legend and North Carolina native Michael Jordan had bought a minority stake in the team, becoming the second-largest shareholder. As part of the deal, he became head of basketball\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9236466\",\n \"text\": \"minor league and collegiate summer league teams. Many colleges with athletic programs also field baseball teams. The first successful major professional sports team to be created in North Carolina were the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA), which began play in the 1988–89 season. In 2004, the NBA added the Charlotte Bobcats franchise at the same time the city lost the Hornets to New Orleans. The Charlotte team plays its home games at the Spectrum Center. The Bobcats assumed the Hornets nickname after the conclusion of the 2013–14 season; the New Orleans team had changed its name to\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751013\",\n \"text\": \"veteran coach Paul Silas returned to Charlotte for the first time since 2001. On February 24, 2011, the day of the NBA trade deadline, the Bobcats made some moves to clear up some cap space by sending former all-star forward Gerald Wallace to the Portland Trail Blazers for two first round draft picks, Joel Przybilla, Sean Marks, and Dante Cunningham. They also sent veteran center Nazr Mohammed to the Oklahoma City Thunder for D. J. White and Morris Peterson. Going down the stretch, the injuries to Stephen Jackson and Tyrus Thomas derailed any chances of Charlotte trying to catch the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17944781\",\n \"text\": \"Valuable Player Award. The regular season ended on Wednesday April 15, 2015 and the playoffs began on Saturday, April 18, 2015 and ended with the 2015 NBA Finals on June 16, 2015, after the Golden State Warriors defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title. The Charlotte Bobcats played their first official game as the Charlotte Hornets since 2002. Free agency negotiations began on July 1, 2014, when players began to sign starting on July 10, after the July moratorium ended. The preseason began on Saturday, October 4, 2014 and ended on Friday, October 24,\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 NBA season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751017\",\n \"text\": \"not return to the team for the 2012–13 season. St. John's assistant Mike Dunlap was named his successor. Despite having the best odds of winning the draft lottery, the Bobcats did not obtain the first overall pick. In the 2012 NBA draft, the Bobcats selected Michael Kidd-Gilchrist with the second overall pick. They also selected Jeffery Taylor with the thirty-first pick. They added Ben Gordon, Ramon Sessions and Brendan Haywood. The Bobcats' first game was against the Indiana Pacers, and they won the game 90–89 in a heated last minute battle, snapping their 23-game losing streak. On November 13, 2012,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13329639\",\n \"text\": \"Cavaliers last year, losing to Boston in 6. The Cavs loss led to the LeBron James decision to join the Miami Heat. This was the last playoff appearance for the Cavs until 2015 when James returned to Cleveland and, along with Kyrie Irving, faced again his common rivals the Celtics and Bulls. The Charlotte Bobcats made their first playoff appearance in franchise history, and the first in the Charlotte NBA team's history since 2002. However, they failed to win a single playoff game in a loss to the Magic in the first round. The Celtics-Cavaliers series marked the first time\",\n \"title\": \"2010 NBA Playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751024\",\n \"text\": \"restate and clarify a confusing series of events: after the 2002 season, the original Hornets moved to New Orleans. In 2004, Charlotte was granted a new franchise, the Bobcats. After the 2013–14 season, the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Hornets. As a result, the Hornets are now retconned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004, while the Pelicans are now retconned as having joined the league in 2002 as an expansion team. In the 2014 NBA draft, the Hornets had the No. 9 pick from an earlier trade\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15939614\",\n \"text\": \"that would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz relocated to Salt Lake City in 1979. Although New Orleans was a smaller television market, a deal was quickly made to play at the New Orleans Arena, next door to the Louisiana Superdome. Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs, the NBA approved the deal. As part of a deal, the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team, which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats. In a 2008 interview with the \\\"Charlotte Observer\\\", Shinn, who has not returned to Charlotte since\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New Orleans Pelicans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12419249\",\n \"text\": \"the Charlotte Coliseum on November 4, which was a 103–96 loss to the Washington Wizards. They would win their first game defeating the Orlando Magic 111–100 at home on November 6. However, the expansion team struggled losing ten straight games in January and March, finishing fourth in the Southeast Division with an 18–64 record. Okafor averaged 15.1 points, 10.9 rebounds, 1.7 blocks per game and was named Rookie of The Year. At the time, this was reckoned as the inaugural season of the Bobcats. However, after the 2013-14 season, the Bobcats reclaimed the Hornets name and pre-2002 history after the\",\n \"title\": \"2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7591340\",\n \"text\": \"three championships (2006, 2012, and 2013) each came after winning the Southeast Division. The most recent division champions are the Miami Heat. Southeast Division (NBA) The Southeast Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Atlanta Hawks, the Charlotte Hornets, the Miami Heat, the Orlando Magic and the Washington Wizards. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions\",\n \"title\": \"Southeast Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17249615\",\n \"text\": \"longest active playoff streak in the NBA at 17 straight appearances. The Toronto Raptors and Washington Wizards made their first playoff appearances since 2008, while the Charlotte Bobcats, in their final playoff appearance before renaming themselves the Hornets, returned after a four-year absence. All three teams from Texas made the playoffs for the first time since 2009. For the first time since 2005, the Los Angeles Lakers and New York Knicks did not qualify for the playoffs in the same year. For the first time since 1994, the Lakers and Celtics missed the playoffs in the same season. In addition,\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NBA Playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12135391\",\n \"text\": \"with team.Points scored (regular season) Notes: in Eastern Conference First Round Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records This is a list of the accomplishments and records of the current Charlotte Hornets. The Hornets, known from their creation in 2004 until May 2014 as the Charlotte Bobcats, are an American professional basketball team currently playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The current Hornets are the second NBA team to have played under that name. The original Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; since 2013, they have been known as the New Orleans Pelicans. Bold\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7776760\",\n \"text\": \"games. The playoffs also marked the last appearance of the Charlotte Hornets in the playoffs until 2010. The Hornets moved the next year to New Orleans, while an expansion team, formerly the Bobcats, was formed in 2004. The Hornets were renamed the Pelicans in 2013, after which the Bobcats reclaimed the Hornets name in 2014. The Hornets also reclaimed the history and records of the 1988–2002 Charlotte teams. The Charlotte Coliseum played host to its final playoff game on May 12. The playoffs marked the last time NBC and TBS aired NBA games as regular TV partners of the league.\",\n \"title\": \"2002 NBA Playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17325968\",\n \"text\": \"then joined the Los Angeles Lakers in 2012–13 as an assistant. On May 29, 2013, Clifford was hired by the Charlotte Bobcats to be their head coach. Clifford implemented a defensive mentality in Charlotte during his first year as head coach turning the Charlotte Bobcats into a top five defensive team when in the years prior to his tenure they ranked near the bottom of the NBA in that category. He led the Bobcats to the 2014 NBA playoffs in his first year as head coach, during which he coached the Bobcats to a 43–39 record. The two years prior\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Clifford\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2478135\",\n \"text\": \"the Coliseum—the Charlotte Rage (1992–96) and the Carolina Cobras (2003–04). When the NBA returned to Charlotte in 2004 with the expansion Bobcats, they played their first season (2004–05) in the Coliseum as the new Spectrum Center was being built. Although the Coliseum and all but one of its parking lots had been demolished as of September 2013, the street leading to the grounds named Hive Drive (after the Coliseum's nickname of \\\"The Hive\\\") and a sign at the beginning guiding drivers to the Coliseum and surrounding amenities remain. The arena was also used for a variety of collegiate basketball events.\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Coliseum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7776777\",\n \"text\": \"the extra session to force the 2nd overtime. This was the first NBA playoff meeting between the Pacers and the Nets. As members of the ABA, both teams met in the 1972 ABA Finals, where the Pacers won 4–2. Game 4 is Patrick Ewing's final NBA game. This was the first playoff meeting between the Magic and the Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats franchise. Game 5 is Hakeem Olajuwon's final NBA game. This was the first playoff meeting between the Pistons and the Raptors. This series marked the return of the Celtics to the playoffs for the first time in seven years, and\",\n \"title\": \"2002 NBA Playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7899619\",\n \"text\": \"the 55th pick. However, he never played in the NBA. He spent his playing career within the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) before joining the newly formed American Basketball Association (ABA) in 1967. He played there for five seasons, earning one All-ABA Team selection and three ABA All-Star Game selections. After his playing career, he became a head coach. He coached nine NBA teams, most recently with the Charlotte Bobcats (now Charlotte Hornets). He won the NBA championship with the Detroit Pistons in 2004 and went to the NBA Finals two other times; with the Philadelphia 76ers in 2001 and with\",\n \"title\": \"1963 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3569477\",\n \"text\": \"For individual game statistics, scroll further downwards. (*) As a result of the original franchise's relocation to New Orleans, the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002–03 and the 2003–04 seasons, before a new team, named the Bobcats, was established for the 2004–05 season. In 2014, the original Hornets were renamed the Pelicans and obtained the records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013. The Bobcats became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets, and retained the history and records of the Hornets organization from 1988 to 2002. (*) the number in\",\n \"title\": \"NBA Finals\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2197740\",\n \"text\": \"by both states, the three teams are all based in NC, two in Charlotte and the third in Raleigh. All of the sports teams are fairly recent additions; the oldest team, the NFL's Panthers, was established in 1995, while the youngest, the Hornets, was added to the NBA in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats, although a prior NBA team also named the Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 before leaving for New Orleans in 2002. The Bobcats were renamed the Hornets in May 2014, one season after the former New Orleans Hornets decided to rebrand themselves as the Pelicans. At\",\n \"title\": \"The Carolinas\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823637\",\n \"text\": \"former Los Angeles Lakers assistant head coach Steve Clifford. During the 2013 NBA draft, the Bobcats selected power forward/center Cody Zeller 4th overall. The Bobcats would also obtain former Utah Jazz center Al Jefferson in free agency. In February 2014, the team received Gary Neal and Luke Ridnour in a trade with the Bucks. The new players and coaching staff worked as the Bobcats clinched a playoff berth for the second time in franchise history by beating Cleveland on the road. Charlotte finished the regular season 43–39. However, the Bobcats were swept in four games by defending champion Miami in\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11560626\",\n \"text\": \"Coliseum, the team would also play games in Raleigh and Winston-Salem. It would be until 1988 that Charlotte would be awarded its first major league team in the form of the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA. The team played out of the 24,000-seat Charlotte Coliseum, known affectionately as \\\"The Hive\\\", and would lead the league in attendance for several seasons before an acrimonious fall out with owner George Shinn triggered a number of events which led to the team relocating to New Orleans in 2002. However, it didn't take long for the Queen City to return to the NBA when\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7590892\",\n \"text\": \"in the 2017–2018 NBA season. Notes Northwest Division (NBA) The Northwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams: the Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Portland Trail Blazers and the Utah Jazz. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Northwest Division began with five inaugural members: the Nuggets, the\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6777922\",\n \"text\": \"2 to take the series in 7. With the addition of the 30th NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, in 2005, the NBA realigned its divisions. Each conference had three divisions of five teams each, and at this point in time, the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed regardless of whether the team had one of the top-eight records in its conference. However, the division champion was not guaranteed home-court advantage; a division-leading team could be seeded second or third but face a lower seed (that did not win its division) with a better record, and the\",\n \"title\": \"2006 NBA Playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5468352\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Lynx.\\\" The name fits in with the city's cat theme (the NFL team is the Carolina Panthers and the NBA team was known as the Charlotte Bobcats when the name was chosen); also, \\\"Lynx\\\" is a homophone of \\\"links\\\", and was mainly chosen because the light rail is about \\\"connectivity.\\\" The rapid rail cars are , the colors of the Carolina Panthers. Gold will appear around the \\\"Lynx\\\" logo to tie in the history of the Charlotte region being home to the first major U.S. Gold Rush. The original light rail system used 16 Siemens S70 train cars acquired\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Area Transit System\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10460003\",\n \"text\": \"head coach Bernie Bickerstaff. Bickerstaff remained in the organization by becoming Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations. The Bobcats replaced him with Sam Vincent, former coach of the NBA Development League's Fort Worth Flyers. To complement Vincent, the organization hired assistants Dell Curry and Paul Mokeski to the coaching staff. Assistant coach John Outlaw was moved from his position to Player Programs/Director of Pro Player Personnel. The rest of the front office has been a key issue for the Bobcats during the 2007 offseason. Rod Higgins was hired on May 31, 2007 as general manager, assuming the same role he\",\n \"title\": \"2007–08 Charlotte Bobcats season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16087633\",\n \"text\": \"2014 NBA draft The 2014 NBA draft was held on June 26, 2014, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The draft lottery took place on May 20, 2014. The Cleveland Cavaliers won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft; this is the fourth number-one pick for Cleveland since 2003 and third number-one pick over a four-year span from 2011–2014. This draft would also be the first for the reborn Charlotte Hornets, who played as the Bobcats\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2478129\",\n \"text\": \"NBA basketball game on October 26, 2005, a preseason game between the Charlotte Bobcats and the Indiana Pacers. The city of Charlotte sold the property, and the building was demolished via implosion on June 3, 2007. Construction on the Charlotte Coliseum began in 1986 and was opened on August 11, 1988 with a dedication by the Rev. Billy Graham. At the time the venue was seen as state-of-the-art, complete with luxury boxes and a large eight-sided video scoreboard. George Shinn had used the under-construction arena as his hole card to get the NBA to place a team in the city.\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Coliseum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3574391\",\n \"text\": \"moved to New Orleans in 2002. However, Charlotte did receive a new expansion club that began play in 2004 as the Bobcats. In 2014, one year after the New Orleans Hornets were renamed the New Orleans Pelicans, the Bobcats were renamed the Hornets and inherited the original franchise's records and legacy from its 1988–2002 Charlotte period. Since 2012, the Cougars' uniforms are often used by the Bobcats/Hornets under the NBA Hardwood Classics moniker. Carolina Cougars The Carolina Cougars were a basketball franchise in the former American Basketball Association that existed from late 1969 through 1974. The Cougars were originally a\",\n \"title\": \"Carolina Cougars\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15544807\",\n \"text\": \"Nick Fazekas, was selected first overall by the Reno Bighorns. Former Charlotte Bobcats player, Alan Anderson was selected second by the New Mexico Thunderbirds. Magnum Rolle, the 51st pick in the 2010 NBA draft was selected third by the Maine Red Claws. Other notable first-round picks are former NBA second-round draft picks Robert Vaden, Cheikh Samb and Salim Stoudamire. In the second round, two former NBA draft picks, Walter Sharpe and Antonio Daniels, were selected. Daniels, who has played 12 seasons in the NBA since he was drafted fourth in the 1997 NBA draft, was selected by the Texas Legends\",\n \"title\": \"2010–11 NBA Development League season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2478128\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte Coliseum was a multi-purpose sports and entertainment arena located in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was operated by the Charlotte Coliseum Authority, which also oversees the operation of Bojangles' Coliseum (which was called Charlotte Coliseum prior to 1988), the Charlotte Convention Center, and Ovens Auditorium. It is best known as the home of the NBA's Charlotte Hornets from 1988 to 2002, and the Charlotte Bobcats (now the second incarnation of the Hornets) from 2004 to 2005. The Coliseum hosted 371 consecutive NBA sell-outs from December 1988 to November 1997, which includes seven playoff games. It hosted its final\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Coliseum\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16982720\",\n \"text\": \"2013 NBA draft The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27, 2013, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The lottery took place on May 21, 2013. This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously. It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name, as they went back to playing under their old Hornets moniker that they last used in\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751012\",\n \"text\": \"to become an NBA All-Star. However, in the first round of the playoffs, the Bobcats were swept by the Orlando Magic, quickly ending their season. The Bobcats began the 2010–11 season with high hopes following their success the previous season. Despite the departures of key players such as Raymond Felton and Tyson Chandler, the Bobcats started their season hoping to once again make the playoffs. However, the Bobcats struggled early during the season, and on December 22, 2010, following a dismal 9–19 start, Michael Jordan announced that Larry Brown had stepped down as the Bobcats Head Coach; that same day,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16318134\",\n \"text\": \"played in 1946–47. Wataru Misaka debuted in 1947–48 as the first non-white player and the first player of Asian descent to play in the league. African Americans first appeared in the NBA in 1950. Chuck Cooper was the first black player drafted in the NBA. On April 26, 1950, Harold Hunter signed with the Washington Capitols, becoming the first African American to sign a contract with any NBA team in history. However, Hunter was cut from the team during training camp and did not play professionally. On May 24, Nathaniel \\\"Sweetwater\\\" Clifton was the second African-American player to sign an\",\n \"title\": \"Race and ethnicity in the NBA\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16982727\",\n \"text\": \"made on the day of the draft. 2013 NBA draft The 2013 NBA draft was held on June 27, 2013, at Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players, including international players. The lottery took place on May 21, 2013. This was the first draft for New Orleans under their new Pelicans name after playing as the New Orleans Hornets previously. It would also be the last draft for the Charlotte Bobcats under their old name, as they went back to playing under their old\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4978896\",\n \"text\": \"to grab their attention. This was also the first game to feature the Charlotte Bobcats; they are the worst team in the game with a rating of 50. Since the game's rosters were finalized before the expansion draft, the Bobcats' lineup consisted of players named after their specific positions, for example, the point guard was named \\\"Point Guard\\\". The game received \\\"favorable\\\" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, \\\"Famitsu\\\" gave the PlayStation 2 version a score of three eights and one seven for a total of 31 out of 40. NBA Live 2004\",\n \"title\": \"NBA Live 2004\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823638\",\n \"text\": \"the first round. On May 21, 2013, Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of the franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014–15 NBA season, pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas on July 18, 2013. The NBA announced, on July 18, 2013, that it had unanimously approved the rebranding, which would begin upon the conclusion of the 2013–14 season. The Bobcats announced on November 22, they would adopt a modified version of the original Hornets' teal-purple-white color palette, with black, gray\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3340950\",\n \"text\": \"became NBA All-Stars. This was the last draft the Vancouver Grizzlies participated in while in their original city; their move to Memphis was finalized several weeks later. This was also the final draft participated by the Charlotte Hornets until 2014; the then-current team moved to New Orleans the following year as the future Pelicans, while an expansion Charlotte team (formerly the Bobcats) was later formed in 2004. Minnesota Timberwolves forfeited their first-round pick due to salary cap violations. It would be the first of two first rounders that would have to forfeit their picks during the early 2000s. These players\",\n \"title\": \"2001 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823634\",\n \"text\": \"the same position and promoting Rod Higgins to President of Basketball Operations. During the 2011 NBA draft the Bobcats sent Jackson, Shaun Livingston, and the 19th pick to Milwaukee and received Corey Maggette and the 7th pick in return. The Bobcats used that pick to draft Bismack Biyombo and with their 9th pick drafted Connecticut's Kemba Walker, the NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. In the lockout-shortened 2011–12 season, Charlotte lost often, including their last 23 games. During their season finale against the New York Knicks, the Bobcats recorded yet another loss as their win percentage dropped to .106, setting\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18750973\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets The history of the National Basketball Association's Charlotte Hornets goes back to 1985, when George Shinn first thought up the idea of bringing professional basketball to Charlotte, North Carolina. Since then, the Hornets have recorded ten playoff appearances under two different franchises. In 1985, the NBA, then with 23 teams, was planning to expand by four teams by the 1988–89 season. George Shinn, an entrepreneur from Kannapolis, North Carolina, wanted to bring an NBA team to the Charlotte area, and he assembled a group of prominent local businessmen to head the prospective franchise. The Charlotte\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11534771\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte franchise was suspended for two seasons, before an expansion team known as the Bobcats was established in 2004. It was renamed the Hornets prior to the 2014–15 season after the Pelicans relinquished the rights to the Hornets name. Prior to the day of the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of future draft picks between the teams, along with a particular agreement in the expansion draft. The following trades involving drafted players were made on the day of the draft. 2004 NBA Expansion draft The expansion draft for the construction of the Charlotte Bobcats, the\",\n \"title\": \"2004 NBA Expansion draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823624\",\n \"text\": \"League, designer Chris Weiller made sure to create a logo that would not be similar to the Panthers logo. It has also been speculated that Johnson chose the name \\\"Bobcats\\\" in reference to his own name. The Bobcats hired Bernie Bickerstaff as the first head coach and general manager in franchise history. A new arena to host the Bobcats in uptown Charlotte began construction in July 2003. The team would play its home games at the Coliseum until the new building was ready. The Bobcats held their expansion draft on June 22, 2004, picking up youngsters such as Gerald Wallace,\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12135390\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records This is a list of the accomplishments and records of the current Charlotte Hornets. The Hornets, known from their creation in 2004 until May 2014 as the Charlotte Bobcats, are an American professional basketball team currently playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The current Hornets are the second NBA team to have played under that name. The original Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; since 2013, they have been known as the New Orleans Pelicans. Bold denotes still active with team. \\\"Italic\\\" denotes still active but not\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets accomplishments and records\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7465381\",\n \"text\": \"Southwest Division (NBA) The Southwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division is located in the South Central United States and consists of five teams, the Dallas Mavericks, the Houston Rockets, the Memphis Grizzlies, the New Orleans Pelicans and the San Antonio Spurs. Three of the teams, the Mavericks, Rockets, and Spurs, are based in Texas. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into\",\n \"title\": \"Southwest Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7590890\",\n \"text\": \"Northwest Division (NBA) The Northwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams: the Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Portland Trail Blazers and the Utah Jazz. The division was created at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The Northwest Division began with five inaugural members: the Nuggets, the Timberwolves, the Trail Blazers, the Seattle\",\n \"title\": \"Northwest Division (NBA)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9236469\",\n \"text\": \"play two seasons at the Coliseum before taking up residence at a new venue now known as Spectrum Center in Uptown. After the 2012–13 NBA season, New Orleans changed their franchise name to the New Orleans Pelicans. The franchise rights to the Hornets name and logo, plus the history of the original Charlotte Hornets, were given back to the city of Charlotte after the 2013–14 NBA season, at the same time the Charlotte Bobcats became the Charlotte Hornets. North Carolina Tar Heels legend Michael Jordan is the majority owner of the Hornets. In 2016, Greensboro was awarded with the Hornets'\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751011\",\n \"text\": \"Golden State Warriors. On February 27, 2010, it was announced that Robert Johnson had decided to sell the team to Michael Jordan, allowing Jordan to become the first former NBA player to become majority owner of a franchise. On April 9, 2010, the Bobcats clinched their first ever playoff berth with an exciting 104–103 road win over the New Orleans Hornets, finishing the 2009–10 season with an overall record of 44–38, the team's first-ever winning record. Gerald Wallace was a huge factor in the Bobcats run to the playoffs as he became the first and only player in Bobcats history\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11560627\",\n \"text\": \"a group led by businessman Bob Johnson, the founder of BET, was awarded a franchise which would come to be known as the Charlotte Bobcats. In 2013, eleven years after the Hornets left the city, the Bobcats, now playing at the Spectrum Center, announced the team would assume the city's beloved nickname following the rebranding of the New Orleans team as the Pelicans. Charlotte was also home to a WNBA team, the Charlotte Sting from 1988 until they folded in 2006. The history of professional football in Charlotte began in 1967, when the American Football League staged a preseason exhibition\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7899515\",\n \"text\": \"for two seasons and then the New Jersey Nets for two seasons. Paul Silas, the 10th pick, won three NBA championships, two with the Boston Celtics in 1974 and 1976 and one with the Seattle SuperSonics in 1979. He also had two All-Star Game selections. After his playing career, he coached four NBA teams, most recently with the Charlotte Bobcats (now Charlotte Hornets). Jerry Sloan, the 19th pick, was selected to two All-Star Games in his playing career before becoming a head coach. He coached the Chicago Bulls for three seasons before being fired during the 1981–82 season. He then\",\n \"title\": \"1964 NBA draft\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1807041\",\n \"text\": \"league, citing low attendance in Charlotte (despite a new arena) and loss of revenue. An investment group in Kansas City had an interest in moving the Sting to Kansas City. The Sting were to play in the Sprint Center, which was due to open in the Fall of 2007. The city has not had an NBA team since the Kings' move to Sacramento, California after the 1984–85 season. After months of talk and deliberation between the league and the investors, the plans ultimately fell through. On January 3, 2007, the Bobcats announced that the fundraising effort by a group seeking\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Sting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751007\",\n \"text\": \"a 33–49 record. In three seasons with the Bobcats, Bickerstaff finished with an overall record of 77–169. Front office and coaching were key focuses for the Bobcats during the 2007 offseason. Rod Higgins was hired as general manager, and Sam Vincent was hired as the second head coach in franchise history. Phil Ford was added to the coaching staff over the summer, and another position was filled when Buzz Peterson was hired from Coastal Carolina University to become director of player personnel. In the 2007 NBA draft, Brandan Wright was selected by the Bobcats with the eighth pick; he was\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10519962\",\n \"text\": \"games including two at home.) Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-\\\"four\\\" seed, as described below. The previous playoff format, in place for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA playoffs, after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions, created controversy\",\n \"title\": \"NBA playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1807036\",\n \"text\": \"games. The Sting posted a solid 18-14 record in the 2002 season, but were swept by the Washington Mystics in the first round of the playoffs. After the 2001–2002 NBA season, the Charlotte Hornets relocated to New Orleans (see \\\"New Orleans Hornets\\\"). The Sting did not accompany the Hornets out to New Orleans. For one season (2003), the Sting had no brother team. The NBA immediately announced, after the Hornets moved, that a new team would begin play in Charlotte starting in the 2004–2005 season. Shortly after, Robert L. Johnson was announced as owner of this new franchise. Johnson also\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Sting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751016\",\n \"text\": \"hard to come by after that. In the lockout-shortened season the Bobcats struggled and posted an NBA-worst record of 7–59, losing their last 23 games of the season. In a nationally televised game against the New York Knicks the Bobcats recorded yet another loss as their win percentage dropped to .106, setting a new record for the worst season by an NBA team in history. (As this season had been shortened by the lockout, the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers still hold the record for most losses in a season, with 73.) On April 30, 2012, the Bobcats announced that Silas would\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20884667\",\n \"text\": \"The First Gentleman (play) The First Gentleman is a 1945 historical play by the British writer Norman Ginsbury. It portrays the relationship between the future George IV, his daughter Princess Charlotte of Wales and her husband Leopold. It is set during the Regency era and features many other prominent figures of the time. Its West end run lasted for 553 performances between 18 July 1945 and 16 November 1946, originally at the New Theatre before transferring to the Savoy. The cast included Robert Morley as Prince George, Wendy Hiller as Charlotte and Philip Friend as Leopold. In 1948 the work\",\n \"title\": \"The First Gentleman (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9613823\",\n \"text\": \"Young was drafted by the Philadelphia 76ers with the 12th overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft. In his NBA debut on November 7, 2007, Young made his first NBA field goal at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia in a 94–63 76ers' win over the Charlotte Bobcats. Young finished the night with 6 points and 3 rebounds. Until general manager Ed Stefanski was hired, Young did not play very often. After the trade of Kyle Korver, Young played more minutes and alternated with Reggie Evans in the starting lineup. Young averaged 8.2 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 21 minutes per game\",\n \"title\": \"Thaddeus Young\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13265868\",\n \"text\": \"Charlotte Bobcats had not have any national TV appearances on ABC, ESPN and TNT. ABC had air several Sunday games and a double-header on Christmas day. ESPN has mainly televised the regular season games on Wednesdays and Fridays, while TNT has mainly televised the Thursday games. TNT has also broadcast the 2010 NBA All-Star Game and the NBA All-Star Saturday Night Events in February. 2009–10 NBA season The 2009–10 NBA season was the 64th season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The 1,230-game regular season (82 games for each of the 30 teams) began on Tuesday, October 27, 2009, and\",\n \"title\": \"2009–10 NBA season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823639\",\n \"text\": \"and Carolina blue as accents. The team officially unveiled its future logo and identity scheme during halftime of their December 21 game against the Jazz. The team also started the \\\"Buzz City\\\" campaign to hype up the Hornets return. On January 16, 2014, the Bobcats revealed new Hornets shirts, hats and gear. On May 20, 2014, the Bobcats officially became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets. At a press conference regarding the change, team officials also announced that as part of a deal with the NBA and the Pelicans, the renamed Hornets reclaimed the history and records of the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16327176\",\n \"text\": \"mark for any NBA franchise. The 76ers' 0.110 winning percentage was a record worst at the time, and is still the second lowest in NBA history. This record was broken by the 2011–2012 Charlotte Bobcats which was shortened due to a lockout. (That Bobcats team finished 7-59, for a .106 winning percentage.) Only six seasons earlier, the 76ers had set the NBA record for most wins in a season. The 76ers of 1972–73 is considered to be the worst team that ever played in NBA history. The next year, the 76ers would hire Gene Shue as their head coach and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Philadelphia 76ers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11969705\",\n \"text\": \"Howard won Defensive Player of the Year for the second straight year. In the playoffs the Magic swept the Charlotte Bobcats and the Atlanta Hawks, becoming the first team in NBA history to win their first eight playoff games by 20 or more points. However, the Magic would lose to the Boston Celtics in six games of the Eastern Conference Finals, marking the final games held at Amway Arena. The Magic moved to the Amway Center the next season, then proceeded to lose in the first round for two straight years to the Hawks and the Indiana Pacers, respectively. After\",\n \"title\": \"2009 NBA Finals\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18751000\",\n \"text\": \"to become the first majority African American owner in U.S. major professional sports. The rapper Nelly became a notable co-owner. In June 2003, the team was named the Bobcats. The Charlotte Regional Sports Commission aided with the \\\"Help Name The Team\\\" effort that drew over 1,250 suggestions. The three finalists were Bobcats, Dragons, and the eventual winner Flight, referencing North Carolina's \\\"First in Flight\\\" status due to hosting the Wright Flyer demonstrations as well as the state's current military bases. But this name was eventually discarded by Johnson and the team involved in creating the team's identity, being considered too\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Charlotte Hornets\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1823652\",\n \"text\": \"and blue was featured on the beltline and the piping. The Bobcats' first home jerseys were white, reading \\\"Bobcats\\\" in orange with blue and black trimming. The primary away jersey was orange reading \\\"Charlotte\\\" in white with blue and black trimming. In the 2006 offseason, the Bobcats announced a new alternate away jersey which debuted during the 2006–07 season. The alternate jersey is blue, with the name \\\"Bobcats\\\" in white with black, orange and white trimming. Racing Day blue alternates (with an arched 'Charlotte', checkered flag side stripes, and centered numbers) were used to honor Charlotte's NASCAR fanbase. For the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlotte Hornets\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["2004 nba draft"],"string":"[\n \"2004 nba draft\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":188,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what's the book hitler wrote in prison?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"6072316","text":"trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. There, he received friendly treatment from the guards, and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of \"Mein Kampf\" (\"My","title":"Adolf Hitler"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6072316\",\n \"text\": \"trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. There, he received friendly treatment from the guards, and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of \\\"Mein Kampf\\\" (\\\"My\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"17165329","text":"imperative\". The Hitler Book The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin is the English-language title of the translated 2005 publication of a long-secret Soviet report on the life of Adolf Hitler written at the behest of Joseph Stalin. The project that grew into the compilation of \"The Hitler Book\" began shortly after the end of the Second World War in Europe. Josef Stalin had doubted the official story that Adolf Hitler had indeed committed suicide, and personally believed that Hitler had fled and that the Western Allies had granted him political asylum. At the end of 1945, Stalin","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"17165322","text":"The Hitler Book The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin is the English-language title of the translated 2005 publication of a long-secret Soviet report on the life of Adolf Hitler written at the behest of Joseph Stalin. The project that grew into the compilation of \"The Hitler Book\" began shortly after the end of the Second World War in Europe. Josef Stalin had doubted the official story that Adolf Hitler had indeed committed suicide, and personally believed that Hitler had fled and that the Western Allies had granted him political asylum. At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"5681296","text":"the Friedrich Schiedel Literature Prize and, posthumously in 2003, the Wingate Literary Prize. Golo Mann called it a 'witty, original and clarifying book... excellently suited for discussion in the upper classes of schools' For Dieter Wunderlich the book is a 'linguistic masterpiece... not a biography but a concentrated reflection' by a 'wise and original' author. What follows are Haffner's views on different aspects of Hitler. According to Sebastian Haffner, whereas Hitler's father made a modest success of life, Hitler, uniquely, failed drastically, then succeeded, then failed again. His life lacked education, occupation, love, friendship, marriage, parenthood. A readiness for suicide,","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"17165328","text":"were conducted under duress and inhumane conditions, thereby undermining the reliability of much of the information. One journalist's summary of the description of Hitler states that the book \"supports the widely held view that Hitler was delusional, irrational and because of his infantile psychological make-up, utterly unable to tolerate any criticism of his own deficiencies\". The review by Publishers Weekly reminded readers that the two aides who provided the content for the book \"appreciated the [Soviet] regime's need to present Hitler as a degenerate, drug-addicted tool of German imperialist capitalism. Their lives depended on how well they understood that unwritten","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"5681295","text":"The Meaning of Hitler (book) The Meaning of Hitler () is a 1978 book by the journalist and writer Raimund Pretzel, who published all his books under the pseudonym Sebastian Haffner. Journalist Sir Max Hastings called it 'among the best' studies of Hitler; Edward Crankshaw called it a 'quite dazzlingly brilliant analysis'. The book analyzes the life and work of Adolf Hitler and is divided into seven chapters, each treating a different aspect of the man. The book was a best-seller in Germany and was awarded the Heinrich Heine Prize of the city of Dusseldorf, the Johann Heinrich Merck Prize,","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"5681301","text":"stronger nation from the east.' One of the effects of this, Haffner claims, is that after Hitler, Germans no longer dare to be patriots, not knowing how much precisely this anti-patriotism is fulfillment of Hitler's last wish. The Meaning of Hitler (book) The Meaning of Hitler () is a 1978 book by the journalist and writer Raimund Pretzel, who published all his books under the pseudonym Sebastian Haffner. Journalist Sir Max Hastings called it 'among the best' studies of Hitler; Edward Crankshaw called it a 'quite dazzlingly brilliant analysis'. The book analyzes the life and work of Adolf Hitler and","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"7932363","text":"Hitler's popularity. In his book \"Last Train from Berlin\", Howard K. Smith wrote: \"I was convinced that of all the millions on whom the Hitler Myth had fastened itself, the most carried away was Adolf Hitler, himself.\" The book was reviewed in \"The English Historical Review\", \"European History Quarterly\", and \"Journal of European Studies\". The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich (1987) is a book by historian Ian Kershaw. In the book, Kershaw explores a concept he calls the \"Hitler Myth\" that describes two key points in","title":"The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich"},{"psg_id":"17256960","text":"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by the British historian Sir Alan Bullock. \"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\" was the first major historical study of the life of the Nazi dictator, Adolf Hitler. In 1992, \"The New York Times\" wrote: \"First published in 1952, Alan Bullock's \"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\" remains the standard biography of the dictator and a widely respected work on the Nazi movement in general\". In 1998, Hitler expert Ian Kershaw described the book as a \"masterpiece\". In his 2007 book \"Cultural","title":"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny"},{"psg_id":"9602338","text":"to Paris and then England. She came to write the book when her own son was eight; after seeing \"The Sound of Music\" he remarked, \"now we know what it was like when Mummy was a little girl\". Kerr wanted him to know what it was really like and so wrote \"When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit\". The book gives a distinctive child's perspective on the rise of Nazism in 1930s Germany and the experience of being a refugee, reflecting Kerr's positive feelings about her own experience: The story starts in Berlin, in March 1933, when nine-year-old Anna, the main character","title":"Out of the Hitler Time"},{"psg_id":"7138534","text":"work \"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\" and in Waite's psychoanalytic history \"\". However, most scholars dismiss these claims and believe Hitler was heterosexual. \"The New York Times Book Review (12/16/01) - \"... \"But the biggest problem with Machtan's book (which has been translated by John Brownjohn) isn't the reliability of his sources but his mode of argumentation. He accepts what fits his thesis and rejects what doesn't. One feels, at times, that one is reading an internal F.B.I. report from the J. Edgar Hoover era rather than an evenhanded work of scholarship in which the author is ready to be","title":"The Hidden Hitler"},{"psg_id":"12498453","text":"When he writes fully developed stories, he's abrasive, thought-provoking and explosively funny\". The book was \"Publishers Weekly\"'s book of the year. The Littlest Hitler The Littlest Hitler is a 2006 collection of short stories by Ryan Boudinot. The book has characters who have occupations such as drugstore workers and pharmacists. The short stories have things such a cannabalistic mother, serial killers, zombies and terrorists. The last story is called \"The Newholy\" which has to do with immigration. A \"Publishers Weekly\" review says, \"Reminiscent of early Rick Moody or the short stories of Daniel Handler, each of Boudinot's 13 stories is","title":"The Littlest Hitler"},{"psg_id":"11463657","text":"The Play What I Wrote The Play What I Wrote is a comedy play written by Hamish McColl, Sean Foley and Eddie Braben, starring Foley and McColl (the double act The Right Size, playing characters named \"Sean\" and \"Hamish\"), with Toby Jones, directed by Kenneth Branagh and produced in its original production by David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers. The show is a celebration of the British double act Morecambe and Wise, and an irreverent and farcical exploration of the nature of double acts in general. Its title is drawn from one of Morecambe and Wise's catchphrases, as is \"A Tight","title":"The Play What I Wrote"},{"psg_id":"11463662","text":"been familiar with Morecambe and Wise. The show offered tickets for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth Broadway preview performances for $1, $2, $3, $4, and $5, respectively as a publicity stunt. The Play What I Wrote The Play What I Wrote is a comedy play written by Hamish McColl, Sean Foley and Eddie Braben, starring Foley and McColl (the double act The Right Size, playing characters named \"Sean\" and \"Hamish\"), with Toby Jones, directed by Kenneth Branagh and produced in its original production by David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers. The show is a celebration of the British double","title":"The Play What I Wrote"},{"psg_id":"11212825","text":"by the Nazis during World War II. The book has been read in many classrooms around the world. It is an clear example of what young children had to face when Adolf Hitler rose to power in the 1930s-mid 1940s. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow Hitler Youth: Growing up in Hitler's Shadow is a non-fiction children's book written by Susan Campbell Bartoletti, and published in 2005. It received the Newbery Honor medal in 2006. The book is a study of the Hitler Youth, a paramilitary organization of children dedicated to furthering the aims of the Third Reich, and","title":"Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow"},{"psg_id":"15807116","text":"of a father and daughter in Mr Bailey’s Minder Matt Cameron discusses the dark side of suburbia in Ruby Moon Matt Cameron explores the nature of indifference in Tear from a Glass Eye Katherine Thomson talks about our relationship to land and history in Wonderlands Katherine Thomson discusses the end of old style unionism in Harbour Ray Lawler talks about writing Australia onto the stage in Summer of the Seventeenth Doll Ray Lawler talks about becoming a playwright in Finding a Way What I Wrote What I Wrote is a TV series broadcast on ABCTV 1 in Australia. The series","title":"What I Wrote"},{"psg_id":"15807114","text":"What I Wrote What I Wrote is a TV series broadcast on ABCTV 1 in Australia. The series focuses on Australian writers talking about their work. They are interviewed and presented by Dr. Tess Brady. The first series broadcast on ABC TV 1 in February 2010. The second series broadcast from mid October 2010. Joanna Murray-Smith discusses the power of words in Nightfall Joanna Murray-Smith explores love, identity and belonging in Honour Louis Nowra talks about shedding the misconceptions of childhood in Radiance Louis Nowra discusses art and claims it should not be relevant in Cosi Hannie Rayson explores family","title":"What I Wrote"},{"psg_id":"17165326","text":"former Soviet Union starting in 1991, this \"document no. 462a\" lay undiscovered, due to its bland and innocuous title, for many years. Researchers from the Institute for Contemporary History in Münich, including Matthias Uhl and Henrik Eberle, \"discovered\" the report in the Communist Party Archives that became \"The Hitler Book\" in 2005. The volume was first translated and published in German by Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, and then immediately presented in an English version, with a translation by Giles McDonogh. It has now been published in more than thirty languages. This work provides not only insight into the inner","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"17165327","text":"workings of the Third Reich, but also into the biases of the political system that prepared the volume. It should be noted that this work was written not for a general audience, but only for the eyes of one man: Josef Stalin. Subsequent historians have pointed out, for instance, that \"The Hitler Book\" prepared for Stalin omits the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the subsequent Soviet invasion of Poland (only Germany's role is mentioned), events later known as The Holocaust, or any mention of German anti-Jewish policies. Furthermore, the work is based heavily upon firsthand interviews with Heinz Linge and Otto Günsche that","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"20952852","text":"The Death of Adolf Hitler The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives is a 1968 book by Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski which includes the autopsy report on the death of Adolf Hitler. The author was present in the Battle of Berlin as an interpreter. The book features 16 photographs which help establish Hitler's death, although some of the theories it presents have been discredited, including by the author himself. Forensic reports on others who died in the bunker, such as Joseph Goebbels, are also included. In 1995, Western historians Ada Petrova and Peter Watson wrote that they","title":"The Death of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"11463660","text":"Branagh. The play proved a prolonged success and earned positive reviews. Michael Billington, reviewing for \"The Guardian\", wrote: \"The real joy of the evening, however, is that the gags come thick and fast, producing a kind of comic delirium. Matt Wolf, reviewing for \"Variety\", wrote \"...it’s the innocence of “The Play What I Wrote” (the grammatical inaccuracy of the title is part of its point) that represents the evening’s best calling card...the evening trades in old-fashioned verbal jokes...and visual ones.\" It won Foley and McColl a joint Best Actor nomination at the 2002 Laurence Olivier Awards and, although they did","title":"The Play What I Wrote"},{"psg_id":"11463658","text":"Squeeze for the Scarlet Pimple\", the \"play within a play\" (with a cameo by a mystery guest star) which formed the play's second half. It is named after the \"play wot I wrote\", the inept play supposedly written by Wise and featuring a celebrity guest which formed the finale to each Morecambe and Wise show. In \"The Play What I Wrote\", \"Sean\" writes a similarly inept play and is humoured by \"Hamish\" in the first half by having it performed. As in the Morecambe and Wise antecedent, the celebrity would play him or herself set up to appear, rather foolishly,","title":"The Play What I Wrote"},{"psg_id":"7888503","text":"who specialize on the life and thought of Hitler have concluded he was irreligious and anti-Christian. Alan Bullock was an early influential Hitler expert who wrote important biographies of the dictator in the 1950s and 1960s. He wrote that Hitler had been raised Catholic, and though impressed by its organizational powers, Hitler repudiated Christianity on what he considered to be rational and moral grounds. Bullock considered Hitler to be a rationalist and materialist, with no feeling for the spiritual or emotional side of human existence. Bullock wrote that Hitler believed neither in \"God nor conscience\" but found both \"justification and","title":"Religious views of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"14748643","text":"acknowledged so far, and we have to first learn to understand what that means.” Hant has repeatedly accused the German media of “hypocrisy with regard to Hitler” and rejects a publication of Young Hitler in Germany. Consequently, the publication of Young Hitler in England was mostly ignored by the German press. Only \"Der Spiegel\" reviewed the book, treating Young Hitler merely as a piece of literature. Critics who were concerned with the book’s literary value were divided in their opinion. \"Der Spiegel\" reviewer Wolfgang Höbel refers to Young Hitler as “slush”, while British author Anthony Read calls Young Hitler “ingenious","title":"Young Hitler"},{"psg_id":"15106662","text":"was directed by Alastair Reid and starred: The series, which \"The Guardian\" described as \"a rollicking comedy with black edges\", was released on Region 1 DVD in July 2010. Selling Hitler Selling Hitler is a 1991 ITV television drama-documentary mini-series about the Hitler Diaries hoax and was based on Robert Harris's 1986 book \"Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries\". In 1981, Gerd Heidemann (Jonathan Pryce), a war correspondent and reporter with the German magazine \"Stern\", makes what he believes is the literary and historical scoop of the century: the diary of Adolf Hitler. Over the next two years,","title":"Selling Hitler"},{"psg_id":"15106660","text":"Selling Hitler Selling Hitler is a 1991 ITV television drama-documentary mini-series about the Hitler Diaries hoax and was based on Robert Harris's 1986 book \"Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries\". In 1981, Gerd Heidemann (Jonathan Pryce), a war correspondent and reporter with the German magazine \"Stern\", makes what he believes is the literary and historical scoop of the century: the diary of Adolf Hitler. Over the next two years, Heidemann and the senior management figures at \"Stern\" secretly pay DM 9 million to a mysterious \"Dr Fischer\" (Alexei Sayle) for the sixty volumes of 'Hitler's diaries', covering the","title":"Selling Hitler"},{"psg_id":"13673614","text":"Hitler – Dead or Alive Hitler – Dead or Alive is a 1942 American propaganda war film directed by Nick Grinde. The plot of \"Hitler – Dead or Alive\" was inspired by true events but takes a quasi-comic tone. In 1939, during the early days of World War II, Samuel Thornton (Russell Hicks), a prominent American businessman, offers a reward of one million dollars to bring Adolf Hitler to justice, dead or alive. He hires three gangster ex-convicts released from Alcatraz prison, Steve Maschick (Ward Bond), Hans \"Dutch\" Havermann (Warren Hymer) and Joe \"The Book\" Conway (Paul Fix). The three","title":"Hitler – Dead or Alive"},{"psg_id":"17256961","text":"Amnesia\", critic Clive James wrote: \"Books about Hitler are without number, but after more than 60 years, the first one to read is still Alan Bullock's \"Hitler A Study in Tyranny\".\" A revised version was published in 1962. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by the British historian Sir Alan Bullock. \"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\" was the first major historical study of the life of the Nazi dictator, Adolf Hitler. In 1992, \"The New York Times\" wrote: \"First published in 1952, Alan Bullock's \"Hitler: A","title":"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny"},{"psg_id":"12715772","text":"in 1996. The biography has been extensively reviewed: the reviewers include Paul Theroux, who wrote an earlier book about Naipaul. The biography was selected by the editors of the \"New York Times Book Review\" as one of the \"Times\"' \"10 Best Books of 2008\". It won the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography, and the British literary award the Hawthornden Prize. The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in","title":"The World Is What It Is"},{"psg_id":"14918457","text":"the doctor was: 'Can I still father children? Military records show that Hitler was wounded in 1916 during the Battle of the Somme, which has been described as a wound to the groin or in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. Other more recent historians, such as Ian Kershaw, conclude the wound was to Hitler's left thigh. In December 2015, it was reported that documents from Landsberg prison were to be released and compiled for a book. Amongst them is a note in prison doctor Josef Brinsteiner's \"Aufnahmebuch\" (book of arrivals at prison), who","title":"Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"7932359","text":"The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich (1987) is a book by historian Ian Kershaw. In the book, Kershaw explores a concept he calls the \"Hitler Myth\" that describes two key points in Nazi ideology that depict Adolf Hitler as a demagogue figure and as a mighty defender. In the demagogue aspect Hitler is presented as a figure that embodies and shapes the German people, giving him a mandate to rule. As a defender, he is depicted as defending Germany against its enemies and redressing the imbalance","title":"The \"Hitler Myth\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich"},{"psg_id":"20270177","text":"2012's \"No Easy Day\". Simon & Schuster also announced that \"What Happened\" sold more e-books in its first-week than any nonfiction book had since 2010. The book debuted at number one of the \"Publishers Weekly\" \"Top 10 overall\" and \"hardcover nonfiction\" bestseller lists. In its third week on the lists, it dropped to number three of the \"Top 10 overall\" and to number two of the \"hardcover nonfiction\" lists with a total of 311,982 hardcover copies sold. As of December 10, 2017, the book had sold 448,947 hardcover copies. \"What Happened\" also performed strongly in its release outside of the","title":"What Happened (Clinton book)"},{"psg_id":"20270186","text":"suggests \"that the person we've seen over the past quarter-century, and the person we watched seek the presidency twice, \"is\" the authentic Hillary. In fact, to judge by her book, she may have been the most authentic person in the race.\" \"Time\" magazine listed \"What Happened\" as #1 on its list of the best non-fiction books of 2017. NPR's Book Concierge included \"What Happened\" on its list of \"2017's Great Reads.\" \"What Happened\" also won the Goodreads Choice Award for \"Best Memoir & Autobiography\". It was announced on August 28, 2017, that Hillary Clinton would be starting a North American","title":"What Happened (Clinton book)"},{"psg_id":"16476445","text":"history.\" Ian Kershaw relates the story in his 2008 \"Hitler: A Biography\". Kershaw felt that Kubizek had been helped in creating his book by a ghostwriter. He considers the story of Stefanie exaggerated, writing, \"There can be little doubt that Kubizek greatly embellishes what was at most a passing juvenile infatuation.\" However, Kershaw concludes that although Kubizek's book has weaknesses it also has intrinsic value as a portrait of the young Hitler. Frederic Spotts in his 2009 \"Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics\" notes that no documentation or sources other than Kubizek's book provide any substantiation for the alleged infatuation.","title":"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch"},{"psg_id":"20270185","text":"own complicity.\" Sarah Jones of \"The New Republic\" wrote: The real problem with \"What Happened\" is that it is not the book it needed to be. It spends more time on descriptions of Clinton's various post-election coping strategies, which include chardonnay and \"alternative nostril breathing,\" than it does on her campaign decisions in the Midwest. It is written for her fans, in other words, and not for those who want real answers about her campaign, and who worry that the Democratic Party is learning the wrong lessons from the 2016 debacle. Jeff Greenfield wrote in \"Politico Magazine\" that the book","title":"What Happened (Clinton book)"},{"psg_id":"16476446","text":"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch Stefanie Rabatsch (\"née\" Isak; born 28 December 1887 – died unknown, after 1973) was an Austrian woman who was allegedly an unrequited love of then-teenage Adolf Hitler, a claim made by Hitler's childhood friend August Kubizek. Her Jewish-sounding maiden name, Isak, has been subject to speculation in this context. However, there is no evidence apart from Kubizek that Hitler ever had such an attachment. Kubizek, a childhood friend and later biographer of his childhood experience with Hitler, wrote about Stefanie in his book, \"Adolf Hitler, My Childhood Friend\". He alleges that Hitler fell in love","title":"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch"},{"psg_id":"16476428","text":"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch Stefanie Rabatsch (\"née\" Isak; born 28 December 1887 – died unknown, after 1973) was an Austrian woman who was allegedly an unrequited love of then-teenage Adolf Hitler, a claim made by Hitler's childhood friend August Kubizek. Her Jewish-sounding maiden name, Isak, has been subject to speculation in this context. However, there is no evidence apart from Kubizek that Hitler ever had such an attachment. Kubizek, a childhood friend and later biographer of his childhood experience with Hitler, wrote about Stefanie in his book, \"Adolf Hitler, My Childhood Friend\". He alleges that Hitler fell in love","title":"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch"},{"psg_id":"17559219","text":"him over billing his them an estimated $5 million. On Labor Day 1994 the FBI served him with an indictment for Medicare fraud charges. On May 2, 2000, John was once again sentenced to 42 months in Federal Prison. He was also sentenced to 78 months for income Tax Fraud. While in prison John S. Watts Jr. wrote 39 books and once released from prison he wrote one additional book. In 2012 one of his best friends, Ice-T invested $20,000 into John S. Watts Jr. publishing company. He has also written six movie scripts, 21 business plans and ideas, and","title":"John S. Watts Jr"},{"psg_id":"7138533","text":"The Hidden Hitler The Hidden Hitler (; the title translates literally as \"Hitler's Secret: The Double Life of a Dictator\") is a 2001 book by German professor and historian Lothar Machtan. The German original was published by Alexander Fest Verlag, while the English-translated version was published by Basic Books in New York City. () The book discusses Adolf Hitler's sexuality. Machtan argues that Hitler was a closeted homosexual. Among the evidence, he cites the allegedly homoerotic nature of his friendship with August Kubizek during Hitler's youth in Vienna. The question of Hitler's homosexuality is also raised in Walter C. Langer's","title":"The Hidden Hitler"},{"psg_id":"6040852","text":"adversely affected the discussion of the film\", referring to the fact that the script of \"Caligari\" was not rediscovered until 1977 and that Kracauer hadn't seen the film for around 20 years when he wrote the work. From Caligari to Hitler From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film is a book by film critic and writer Siegfried Kracauer, published in 1947. This book in film theory is considered one of the first major studies of German film between World War I and World War II. Among other things, the book is known for proposing a link","title":"From Caligari to Hitler"},{"psg_id":"15249790","text":"Hitler (1998 film) Hitler is a 1998 Hindi language Indian film directed by T. L. V. Prasad, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Shilpa Shirodkar, Dipti Bhatnagar, Sadiya Siddiqui, Mohnish Bahl, Arun Bakshi, Hemant Birje, Mangal Dhillon, Johnny Lever and Raghuvaran. Siddhant Sharma (Mithun Chakraborty), a senior prison official, is widely known as \"Hitler\" because of his rigid disciplinarian manner. At the prison he foils the planned escape of a gangster, arranged by his gang. He beats and then sacks a corrupt prison officer who was in on it. At home Siddhant is equally authoritarian. His family are only able to relax when","title":"Hitler (1998 film)"},{"psg_id":"6098414","text":"shun meat. In the BBC series \"\", an eyewitness account tells of Hitler watching movies (which he did very often). If ever a scene showed (even fictional) cruelty to or death of an animal, Hitler would cover his eyes and look away until someone alerted him the scene was over. Alexander Cockburn also wrote of Hitler: It has also been theorized that Hitler's diet may have been based on Richard Wagner's historical theories which connected the future of Germany with vegetarianism. In the book, \"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\" by psychologist Walter C. Langer, the author speculates: Despite Hitler's plans","title":"Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism"},{"psg_id":"5681298","text":"Haffner states that all Hitler's foreign policy successes up to 1939 were gained without bloodshed. From then until 1941, he was also a successful war leader. His attack on Russia began his decline, and the pattern of failure, success, then failure again, is unique in history. Hitler, who believed in the constant Darwinian struggle for power between nations, turned the German state into a war machine, according to Haffner. For Hitler, the emergency was the norm. The Jews, being internationalists, took no part in this struggle between nations and had to be eliminated in a 'murder of the helpless'. Hitler","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"1619830","text":"considered tainted for corrupting the minds of young Germans. Many adult leaders of the Hitler Youth were put on trial by Allied authorities, and Baldur von Schirach was sentenced to 20 years in prison, never having revealed anything worthwhile about the collaboration between the SS and the HJ. However, he was convicted of crimes against humanity for his actions as \"Gauleiter\" of Vienna, not for his leadership of the Hitler Youth, because Artur Axmann had been serving as the functioning leader of the Hitler Youth from 1940 onward. Axmann only received a 39-month prison sentence in May 1949, but was","title":"Hitler Youth"},{"psg_id":"20270176","text":"two on both lists in its third week.<ref name=\"NYT10/15/17\"></ref> By the beginning of November it had spent six weeks in the top four positions of the list. By the beginning of January 2018 the book had spent sixteen weeks on the list. The following week it fell off. \"What Happened\" sold 300,000 copies in its first week. The first-week sales were lower than her 2003 memoir, \"Living History\", but triple the first-week sales of Clinton's previous memoir, 2014's \"Hard Choices\". The first-week hardcover sales for \"What Happened\" were 167,000. This marked the strongest hardcover debut for a nonfiction book since","title":"What Happened (Clinton book)"},{"psg_id":"4199178","text":"was a state secret. The book also relates how Kersten learned from Himmler's secretary, Rudolf Brandt, that at that time, probably the only other people privy to the report's information were Nazi Party chairman Martin Bormann and Hermann Göring, the head of the Luftwaffe. It has been alleged that Hitler had monorchism, the medical condition of having only one testicle. Hitler's personal doctor, Johan Jambor, supposedly described the dictator's condition to a priest who later wrote down what he had been told in a document which was uncovered recently, 23 years after the doctor's death. Soviet doctor Lev Bezymensky, allegedly","title":"Health of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"5681299","text":"achieved the exact opposite of his stated goals, according to Sebastian Haffner. Germany did not become great, but was occupied and divided. The Jews were not eliminated, but created their own state. Communism was not defeated; instead, hegemony passed from Europe to the US and the USSR. European colonial empires dissolved: 'Today's world, whether we like it or not, is the work of Hitler.' When Germany failed to meet his expectations for conquest, Hitler wished it to be annihilated. Haffner asserts that Hitler was a criminal who killed millions for his own gratification. He does not stand with Alexander or","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"8677482","text":"The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack The Prison - A Book With A Soundtrack (or simply The Prison) is Michael Nesmith's seventh solo album of his post-Monkees career and his first to be released under his own record label, Pacific Arts. It includes a novella meant to be read while listening to the album as its \"soundtrack\". In 1994 Nesmith recorded a companion novella/album entitled \"The Garden\". According to Nesmith's website (Videoranch), a third installment titled \"The Ocean\" has been released and completes the Infinitia trilogy \"The Prison\" and \"The Garden\" were re-released together on CD in 2004 by","title":"The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack"},{"psg_id":"8677484","text":"<BR>Although the iTunes download of \"The Prison\" is credited in the iTunes store as the 1990 remix, it is actually the 2007 remix. As of September 2013, the original mix that appeared on vinyl has not been officially released on CD. All songs by Michael Nesmith. The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack The Prison - A Book With A Soundtrack (or simply The Prison) is Michael Nesmith's seventh solo album of his post-Monkees career and his first to be released under his own record label, Pacific Arts. It includes a novella meant to be read while listening to the","title":"The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack"},{"psg_id":"15249795","text":"Amar fight and defeat the gangsters, who are taken into custody. Back at home with his family, Siddhant leaves behind his \"Hitler\" persona, and learns to relax, dancing to Michael Jackson's \"Bad\". Hitler (1998 film) Hitler is a 1998 Hindi language Indian film directed by T. L. V. Prasad, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Shilpa Shirodkar, Dipti Bhatnagar, Sadiya Siddiqui, Mohnish Bahl, Arun Bakshi, Hemant Birje, Mangal Dhillon, Johnny Lever and Raghuvaran. Siddhant Sharma (Mithun Chakraborty), a senior prison official, is widely known as \"Hitler\" because of his rigid disciplinarian manner. At the prison he foils the planned escape of a gangster,","title":"Hitler (1998 film)"},{"psg_id":"3845268","text":"people with the \"evil\" gene are sent and they are transporting their latest prisoner and speculating on his influence on the prison planet just as it is revealed he is Adolf Hitler. DC Comics feature Hitler on several occasions. In \"Strange Adventures\", in issue #3 (December 1950-January 1951), there is a story in which Hitler is captured by space aliens just before his attempted suicide. A fake corpse is left for the SS to find. As punishment for Hitler's crimes, he is imprisoned for life alone on a rocket ship which will travel through space until he dies (the rocket","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"3845296","text":"business sought to attract attention by using the Hitler theme, and was decorated with Nazi imagery. Actor Murli Sharma attended the opening party; when asked what he thought about the name, he said \"I am not really agitated as I have not read much about the man. However, from what I know about Hitler, I find this name rather amusing.\" Alternative names suggested included Stalin Samosa Shop, Ayatollah Khomeini's Falafels, and Kim Jong's Juicy Juice. Adolf Hitler in popular culture Adolf Hitler (born April 20th 1889 died April 30th 1945) was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"3845278","text":"and Steve Yeowell deals with the idea that Hitler stayed in Liverpool, based on rumors that he visited local family members like William Patrick Hitler. Other examples of Hitler in comics includes Osamu Tezuka's manga \"Adolf\" (Hitler is one of the three men named Adolf around which the story revolves), the Mexican comic book series \"Fantômas\" (in which a multi-part storyline titled \"The Son of Hitler\" has the son of Hitler and Eva Braun raise a Fourth Reich that conquers France) and \"Spriggan\" (Neo-Nazis use clones of Hitler in order to gain access to a hidden stash of ancient artifacts","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"12835218","text":"Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War: How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World, is a book by Patrick J. Buchanan, published in May 2008. Buchanan argues that both world wars were unnecessary and that the British Empire's decision to fight in them was disastrous for the world. One of Buchanan's express purposes is to undermine what he describes as a \"Churchill cult\" in America's élite and so he focuses particularly on how Winston Churchill helped Britain get into wars with Germany in 1914 and again in 1939. Buchanan cites many","title":"Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War"},{"psg_id":"9134547","text":"strategies that protect food—and energy—supply networks and that can better cope with surprise.\" Several reviewers identified the book's ending as its weakness. Kymlicka wrote that \"his discussion of what we should do in response to these challenges...[is] disappointing\". Heft wrote that the book's weakness was in guessing what Heft called \"fictional doomsday scenario[s]\" because there are ultimately \"an infinite number of possible destinies\". The Upside of Down (book) The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization () is a non-fiction book published in 2006 by Thomas Homer-Dixon, a professor who at the time was the director of","title":"The Upside of Down (book)"},{"psg_id":"20270179","text":"number four in its third week (selling 1,117 copies). In its fourth week it dropped to number six (however with consistent sales, selling 1,116 copies). It exited the top-ten in its seventh week. In New Zealand, \"What Happened\" debuted number 8 on Nielsen Bookscan's \"International Non-fiction - Adults\" chart. In Australia, \"What Happened\" charted on \"Books+Publishing\"s bestsellers chart. \"What Happened\" polarized book critics. \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave it a \"B\" grade. Writer Tina Jordan said: I think the first woman candidate for President, the one who won the popular vote, has every right to offer her own take on the election.","title":"What Happened (Clinton book)"},{"psg_id":"18602335","text":"Manfred Lütz. Ian Kershaw has concluded that Hitler had no major psychotic disorders and was not clinically insane. The American psychologist Glenn D. Walters wrote in 2000: \"\"Much of the debate about Hitler's long-term mental health is probably questionable, because even if he had suffered from significant psychiatric problems, he attained the supreme power in Germany rather in spite of these difficulties than through them.\"\" The psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist Erik Erikson has given Adolf Hitler a chapter in his 1950 book, \"Childhood and Society\". Erikson referred to Hitler as an \"histrionic and hysterical adventurer\" and discovered evidence of an","title":"Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"3844639","text":"Much like the political activists in the DAP, Hitler blamed the loss of the First World War on Jewish intrigue at home and abroad, espousing \"völkisch\"-nationalist political beliefs with the intention of resurrecting Germany’s greatness by smashing the Versailles Treaty. Along those lines, Hitler proclaimed that the \"German yoke must be broken by German iron\" (\"Das deutsche Elend muß durch deutsches Eisen zerbrochen werden\"). In September 1919 Hitler wrote what is often deemed his first antisemitic text, requested by Mayr as a reply to an inquiry by Adolf Gemlich, who had participated in the same \"educational courses\" as Hitler. In","title":"Political views of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"11086013","text":"violation of Paragraph 175, which dealt with pederasty. No evidence of either of these two charges has been found. In 1943, the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) received \"A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler: His Life and Legend\" by Walter C. Langer, commissioned to help the Allies understand the dictator. The report, later expanded into book form as \"The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report\" (1972), describes Hitler as having repressed homosexual tendencies and states that he was an impotent coprophile. Psychologist Henry Murray wrote a separate psychoanalytical report for OSS also in 1943, entitled \"Analysis of","title":"Sexuality of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"3845246","text":"movie director as well, was used in the film \"The Empty Mirror\" (1996), directed by Barry J. Hershey, starring Norman Rodway, which speculates about Hitler surviving World War II, living in a secret subterranean bunker, and is today undergoing psychoanalysis conducted by Sigmund Freud. Kosovar Emin Xhinovci has attracted considerable media attention for his striking resemblance to Hitler, and subsequent impersonation of him. WorldCat lists 553 published books under this heading. Hitler appears in many alternate history novels. Hitler made it onto the stage through Japanese novelist Yukio Mishima, who wrote a play called \"My Friend Hitler\" (\"Wagatomo Hitora\"), retelling","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"3845254","text":"traveler (Katherine Heigl) goes back in time to kill Hitler as an infant while disguising herself as the new housekeeper. She kidnaps the infant Hitler and leaps from a bridge, killing herself and the baby. A horrified housekeeper, who has been following her and had witnessed the murder, does not tell Hitler's parents because of fear of death as punishment, but rather bribes a gypsy to sell her baby. The baby is then returned to the Hitler household where he takes his place to become the Hitler that the world knew. William Saroyan wrote a short story about Hitler in","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"13162880","text":"descriptions of the evidence and of its interpretations. Regarding the earlier Murray report which fed into the Langer report, psychiatrist Michael Stone states \"There's a whole lot of what we would now think of as psychobabble...\", including discredited psychoanalytic theories and psychiatric labels used in different ways to today. The dust jacket of the 1972 publication states: \"What effect did this astounding secret document have on Allied war policy? That is not yet known. But in the words of Robert G.L. Waite, the distinguished historian [who wrote the afterword], Dr. Langer’s \"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\" is, in itself, “fascinating…a","title":"The Mind of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"20952853","text":"considered Bezymenski's account at odds with British intelligence officer Hugh Trevor-Roper's report, published as \"The Last Days of Hitler\" (1947). Also in 1995, the author admitted that the book included \"deliberate lies\", such as that Hitler had died by poisoning or a \"coup de grâce\". Notwithstanding the discreditation of theories put forth by Bezymenski, the autopsy report was used by odontologists at UCLA to confirm Hitler's dental remains in 1972. The Death of Adolf Hitler The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives is a 1968 book by Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski which includes the autopsy report on","title":"The Death of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"17770954","text":"gun control and the Nazis]\". \"The Daily Caller\" said, \"the famed Second Amendment attorney attempts to take a scholarly look at gun control in Germany before-and-after Hitler took power. But Halbrook doesn’t shy away from pointing out what he sees as parallels, if not comparisons, between what happened then with what is happening in America now.\" \"American Thinker\" wrote, \"Would armed resistance on German soil have made a difference? No one can answer that with any certainty, but clearly it was a formidable concern for Werner Best and his Gestapo henchmen. Without arms there was no hope of meaningful resistance.","title":"Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)"},{"psg_id":"16080893","text":"a federal prison for corruption connected to his lobbying. When asked why he wrote the book, he said in an interview: \"When I was in prison, I started thinking about how to fix the system that is there. Because, obviously, throwing Jack Abramoff in jail didn't clean up the system\", adding \"I had something to give back, some way to make some recompense for what I was by telling what is going on in Washington – from the point of view of somebody who rose very high in that industry – and what goes on behind those doors, and how","title":"Capitol Punishment (book)"},{"psg_id":"9602345","text":"Children's Books, in Newcastle. It is an American Library Association Notable Book, a School Library Journal Best Book of the Year and a Horn Book Fanfare Title. Out of the Hitler Time Out of the Hitler Time is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical children's novels by Judith Kerr. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit is a semi-autobiographical novel of a young Jewish girl and her family escaping the Nazis and the journey they experience. The family escaped through Switzerland, spent some time in Paris, before finally arriving in England in 1936. It is based upon the early life of the author whose","title":"Out of the Hitler Time"},{"psg_id":"3845240","text":"comic book superheroes who battled Hitler directly or indirectly in comics published during World War II. Superheroes that fought Hitler include Superman, Captain America, The Shield, and Namor the Sub-Mariner. The first Captain America comic showed Captain America hitting Hitler on the jaw. Captain America's archenemy, Red Skull, was established as being an apprentice to Hitler. In \"Superman\" vol 1 #15 the dictator Razan appeared, who attempted to invade a nearby democratic nation. Superman defeated his army, and Razan was shot while trying to escape. Hitler was mocked in satirical folk songs such as \"Stalin Wasn't Stallin' or when new","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"17919653","text":"How Hitler Lost the War How Hitler Lost the War is a 1989 World War II documentary created and produced by David Hoffman and Robert Denny, and narrated by Norman Rose. The documentary explores Hitler's upbringing and efforts during World War II and includes footage from this time period. It also contains interviews and statements from military historians and veterans, and looks into what mistakes Hitler made during the war and what he could have potentially done differently in order to win. Critical reception for \"How Hitler Lost the War\" was mostly positive. \"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the movie a B-","title":"How Hitler Lost the War"},{"psg_id":"14748636","text":"Young Hitler Young Hitler is a fact based narrative (\"non-fiction novel\") that covers the time between Hitler’s 16th and 30th year of age. The second part of the book is factual. It was written in English by German writer Claus Hant. Writers James Trivers and Alan Roche assisted Hant in producing the original English version of the book. \"Young Hitler\" was published in 2010 by Quartet Books, London. The book is divided into two sections: in the first part, a narrative retells the formative years of the young Adolf Hitler between 1907 and 1918, when he lived as a starving","title":"Young Hitler"},{"psg_id":"3845281","text":"how Hitler was plagued by paranoia and began to hate the Jewish people and religion. Australian band TISM's debut single was \"Defecate on My Face\", which was about Adolf Hitler's supposed coprophilia. Australian comedy troupe the Doug Anthony Allstars had a song called \"Mexican Hitler\", which told the story of what Hitler would have been like if he was born Mexican. It made an appearance in their television show, \"DAAS Kapital\". The song \"Hitler as Kalki\" by apocalyptic folk band Current 93 makes use of Savitri Devi's idea that Hitler was an avatar of the Hindu god Kalki. \"Two Little","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"17165323","text":"the NKVD (The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs—a precursor to the KGB) to investigate the circumstances of Hitler's supposed death and to reconstruct the last days of April 1945 inside Hitler's Bunker. The NKVD codenamed this project \"Operation Myth.\" People's Commissar Sergei Kruglov was in charge of this investigation, while the actual writing of the final report was done by the security service officers Fyodor Parparov and Igor Saleyev. In the immediate aftermath of the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945 and the end of World War II in Europe, the forces of the Soviet Union had immediate","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"17165324","text":"access to the German Reich Chancellery and Hitler's Bunker in Berlin. Their investigation went on for almost four years and by the time it was completed, its scope had widened from simply researching the circumstances of Hitler's death into a detailed report on Hitler's life from 1933 to 1945. The NKVD researchers had access to large numbers of documents confiscated from Hitler's headquarters and living quarters, and also were able to question many Nazis who had known Hitler personally. These included Heinz Linge, who was Hitler's personal assistant and valet, and Otto Günsche, Hitler's SS adjutant. Both men were imprisoned","title":"The Hitler Book"},{"psg_id":"20270184","text":"extended defense of a political style that has become unfashionable in both the Republican and Democratic parties.\" David L. Ulin of the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote in his review for the newspaper that the book is a \"necessary — if at times clunky and unconvincing — retrospective\" and that \"She should have been president, and she knows it; regret and loss is palpable throughout the book. And yet it's also the case that she remains unable to reckon with just what happened in the 2016 election, looking for explanations, for reasons, while at the same time never quite uncovering her","title":"What Happened (Clinton book)"},{"psg_id":"8161383","text":"Heinz Hitler Heinrich \"Heinz\" Hitler (14 March 1920 – 21 February 1942) was the son of Alois Hitler, Jr. and his second wife Hedwig Heidemann. He was also a nephew of Adolf Hitler, who reportedly called Heinz his \"favorite nephew\". Heinz was a strong supporter of the Nazis and when World War II began, he joined the Wehrmacht and served on the Eastern Front. He was captured by Soviet troops and died in prison in February 1942. Heinz attended an elite military academy, the National Political Institutes of Education (Napola) in Ballenstedt/Saxony-Anhalt. Aspiring to be an officer, Heinz joined the","title":"Heinz Hitler"},{"psg_id":"5681300","text":"Napoleon but with Crippen or Christie. His victims included invalids, Gipsies, Poles, Russians and Jews. In December 1941 he abandoned the goal of world conquest in favour of the Final solution–exterminating the Jews. From October 1944, Hitler deliberately prolonged the war by eliminating moderate opposition within Germany, in Haffner's opinion. In doing so he betrayed the German people and his 'fight to the finish' created a 'stirring legend' but destroyed Germany as a unified nation. The Ardennes offensive allowed the Russians to take Berlin, allowing Russia the upper hand in postwar Europe. Hitler said, 'the future belongs exclusively to the","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"8161385","text":"[and] the police just saluted and let them drive on (laughs).\" </div> Heinz Hitler Heinrich \"Heinz\" Hitler (14 March 1920 – 21 February 1942) was the son of Alois Hitler, Jr. and his second wife Hedwig Heidemann. He was also a nephew of Adolf Hitler, who reportedly called Heinz his \"favorite nephew\". Heinz was a strong supporter of the Nazis and when World War II began, he joined the Wehrmacht and served on the Eastern Front. He was captured by Soviet troops and died in prison in February 1942. Heinz attended an elite military academy, the National Political Institutes of","title":"Heinz Hitler"},{"psg_id":"5681297","text":"of Geli Raubal, Eva Braun and himself, accompanied his career. All soft, lovable traits were missing from his character. He was also full of himself and unselfcritical. Hitler was an 'empty man' who filled himself with pride and hatred. Haffner argues that on gaining office in 1933, Hitler achieved many 'miracles' in economic and military policy.. 90% of Germans approved. Had he died in 1938, he would have been remembered as 'one of the greatest Germans ever'. Few people noticed that he had dismantled the state and concealed the resultant chaos. In the long run, his achievement came to nothing.","title":"The Meaning of Hitler (book)"},{"psg_id":"2118170","text":"\"My Transportation for Life\" – an account of his early revolutionary days, arrest, trial and incarceration. He also wrote and published a collection of poems, plays and novels. He also wrote a book named \"Majhi Janmathep\" (\"My Life-term\") about his experience in Andaman prison. In many of Savarkar's speeches and writings, he praises Nazi ideology. Savarkar criticized Nehru for opposing Nazism, arguing \"Surely Hitler knows better than Pandit Nehru does what suits Germany best\". In his 1949 book, \"Hindu Rashtra Darshan\", Savarkar wrote \"Nazism proved undeniably the savior of Germany\". Savarkar often compared Germany's German majority and Jewish minority as","title":"Vinayak Damodar Savarkar"},{"psg_id":"3845280","text":"Hitler one way or the other, for example \"Gotterdammerung\" by Stratovarius directly mentions the history of Hitler and the Nazi regime. Bowie has also been quoted saying \"Hitler was the first rock star\" and, at one time, wanted to direct a film based on the life of Heinrich Himmler. \"Heads We're Dancing\" by Kate Bush tells the story of a woman who dances all night with a charming stranger, only to discover the following morning that he is Adolf Hitler. Texas Groove metal band Pantera wrote and recorded a song called \"By Demons Be Driven\". It tells the story of","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"11212824","text":"Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow Hitler Youth: Growing up in Hitler's Shadow is a non-fiction children's book written by Susan Campbell Bartoletti, and published in 2005. It received the Newbery Honor medal in 2006. The book is a study of the Hitler Youth, a paramilitary organization of children dedicated to furthering the aims of the Third Reich, and was organized around interviews with 12 former members and their experiences in the organization. One episode of the book is fleshed out into her novel \"The Boy Who Dared\", about Helmuth Hübener, the youngest person to be sentenced to death","title":"Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow"},{"psg_id":"16636737","text":"of what might be called Gutter Modernism'. The Guardian newspaper noted that \"The Prison House\" is written in 'an exhausting prose that can be mesmerically powerful or simply unreadable, depending on your mood and attention span', adding that King 'writes with a straightforward, aggressive intelligence that is perfectly suited to his subject matter, and his frenzied descriptions are exhilarating'. The Prison House The Prison House is the sixth novel written by John King, published in 2004 by Jonathan Cape. The main character in the book is an Englishman, Jimmy Ramone, who has reached a crossroads in his life. After many","title":"The Prison House"},{"psg_id":"14748644","text":"and fascinating”. Other comments relate its thesis regarding the reasons behind Hitler’s rise rather than its literary merits. \"The Guardian\" included it in its mention of “the hottest books of the Frankfurt book fair” and the \"Sunday Express\" headlined: “an explosive new book turns our understanding of Hitler on its head.“ Young Hitler Young Hitler is a fact based narrative (\"non-fiction novel\") that covers the time between Hitler’s 16th and 30th year of age. The second part of the book is factual. It was written in English by German writer Claus Hant. Writers James Trivers and Alan Roche assisted Hant","title":"Young Hitler"},{"psg_id":"11039407","text":"of Thomas S. Ferguson to the Norman & Sorenson Papers\" in which he concluded, \"I'm afraid that up to this point, I must agree with Dee Green, who has told us that to date there is no Book-of-Mormon geography\". Referring to his own paper, Ferguson wrote a 1976 letter in which he stated: \"The real implication of the paper is that you can't set the Book-of-Mormon geography down anywhere—because it is fictional and will never meet the requirements of the dirt-archeology. I should say—what is in the ground will never conform to what is in the book.\" The archaeological investigations","title":"Historicity of the Book of Mormon"},{"psg_id":"906015","text":"In January 1984 Broyles resigned as editor of \"Newsweek\", to \"pursue new entrepreneurial ventures\". In 1986 the journalist Robert Harris published an account of the hoax, \"Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries\". Five years later \"Selling Hitler\", a five-episode drama-documentary series based on Harris's book, was broadcast on the British ITV channel. It starred Jonathan Pryce as Heidemann, Alexei Sayle as Kujau, Tom Baker as Fischer, Alan Bennett as Trevor-Roper, Roger Lloyd-Pack as Irving, Richard Wilson as Nannen and Barry Humphries as Murdoch. Later that year Charles Hamilton published the second book to investigate the forgeries: \"The Hitler","title":"Hitler Diaries"},{"psg_id":"19758330","text":"on the way events develop and the policies that are followed...After the pendulum has swung between exaggerating and underestimating [individuals]...the longer perspective suggests that in both cases neither the historical circumstances nor the individual personality is sufficient explanation by itself without the other\" Those historians who took an intentionalist line, like Andreas Hillgruber, argued that everything that happened after the invasion of the USSR in 1941 was part of a masterplan he credited Hitler with developing in the 1920s. Hillgruber wrote in his 1967 book \"Germany and the Two World Wars\" that for Hitler: The German historian Helmut Krausnick argued","title":"Historiography of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"18602326","text":"and how this could appeal to large numbers of people. In 2007, the above mentionened authors Coolidge, Davis, and Segal, too, assumed that Hitler suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder. Hitler regularly consumed methamphetamine, barbiturates, amphetamine, opiates and cocaine. In 2015, Norman Ohler published a work \"Der totale Rausch\" (\"The Total Rush\") in which he claims that all of Hitler's irrational behavior can be attributed to his excessive drug use. Helena Barop, who reviewed the book in Die Zeit, wrote that Ohler's account is not based on solid research. Hypotheses like the ones that Hitler's personality and behavior pointed to a","title":"Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"19758324","text":"rise to power firsthand, and fled to exile when he realized that he was a target of the regime. (He managed to escape the Gestapo). In his introduction Heiden wrote \"the 'hero' of this book is neither a superman nor a puppet. He is a very interesting contemporary and, viewed quantitatively, a man who is stirred up the masses more than anyone else in human history.\" Heiden was successful in analyzing Hitler as an orator, how he drew strength from his audience, learning which points to emphasize to maximize his impact. Hitler realized it was emotion, not rationality, he had","title":"Historiography of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"12070656","text":"From Darwin to Hitler From Darwin to Hitler: evolutionary ethics, eugenics, and racism in Germany is a 2004 book by Richard Weikart, a historian at California State University, Stanislaus, and a senior fellow for the Center for Science and Culture of the Discovery Institute. The work is controversial. Graeme Gooday, John M. Lynch, Kenneth G. Wilson, and Constance K. Barsky wrote that \"numerous reviews have accused Weikart of selectively viewing his rich primary material, ignoring political, social, psychological, and economic factors\" that helped shape Nazi eugenics and racism. The Discovery Institute, the hub of the intelligent design movement, \"provided crucial","title":"From Darwin to Hitler"},{"psg_id":"10286349","text":"What Remains (book) What Remains is a 2003 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Bullfinch Press and contains 132 images on the subject of death, including photographs of decomposing bodies. The book lent its name to the 2005 film about Sally Mann, \"\", in which Mann can be seen at the University of Tennessee's anthropological facility, taking photos for the book of corpses which had specifically been left outside for scientific study of human decomposition. Mann opened her exhibition for the book at the Corcoran College of Art and Design in 2004. The exhibition was divided","title":"What Remains (book)"},{"psg_id":"4199176","text":"Historian Robert Waite claims Hitler tested negative on a Wassermann test as late as 1939, which does not prove that he did not have the disease, because the Wassermann test was prone to false negative results. Regardless of whether he actually had syphilis or not, Hitler lived in constant fear of the disease, and took treatment for it no matter what doctors told him. In his biography of Doctor Felix Kersten called \"The Man with the Miraculous Hands,\" journalist and Académie française member Joseph Kessel wrote that in the winter of 1942, Kersten heard of Hitler's medical condition. Consulted by","title":"Health of Adolf Hitler"},{"psg_id":"3845261","text":"in the planet Venus. In the game \"\", at the end of a victorious multiplayer match when playing as the German Army, when the march song is played the background Hitler can also be heard saying during it \"\"Vor uns liegt Deutschland, in uns marschiert Deutschland, und hinter uns kommt Deutschland!\"\" Translated in English as \"Germany lies around us, in us marches Germany, and behind us Germany follows!\" The point and click adaptation of \"\" features an interactive meeting between the player and Adolf Hitler. The player can ask Hitler to give him an autograph on a book or a","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"3845255","text":"his 1971 book, \"Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody\". Hitler appears in the three-parter episode of \"Justice League\" entitled \"The Savage Time,\" where he is overthrown and cryogenically frozen by Vandal Savage, Savage having learned how to win the war from his future self. After Savage is defeated by the Justice League, Hitler is thawed and reinstated as Germany's dictator. Throughout the story, many characters (including Hitler's own subordinates) often refer him being a tyrannical lunatic. In the animated series \"Code Monkeys\", Hitler is also cryogenically frozen (in carbonite, in","title":"Adolf Hitler in popular culture"},{"psg_id":"8915132","text":"after World War I and worked as the editor of the newspaper \"Desabhaktan\" (\"Patriot\"). He was arrested in 1921 on sedition charges and spent nine months in prison. While in prison Aiyar wrote the book \"A Study of Kamba Ramayana\". As a writer, Aiyar has often been referred to as the \"founder\" of the short story genre in Tamil. Aiyar drowned in the Papanasam falls, when trying to save his drowning daughter Subhadra, on 3 June 1925. Citations Bibliography V. V. S. Aiyar Varahaneri Venkatesa Subramaniam Aiyar (2 April 1881 – 3 June 1925), also known as V. V. S.","title":"V. V. S. Aiyar"},{"psg_id":"10286352","text":"also spoke highly of the images in the book. Mann stated that she was under the impression that all of the people in the photos had signed release forms for photographs to be taken. Later, however, she learned that some of the corpses were of street people who had no opportunity to sign consent forms. After her experiences taking photos for the book Mann decided to arrange for her own body to be donated to science after her death. What Remains (book) What Remains is a 2003 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Bullfinch Press and","title":"What Remains (book)"},{"psg_id":"13412759","text":"Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931 Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931 is a book first published in 1968 claiming to comprise transcripts of shorthand notes by of two confidential 1931 interviews with Adolf Hitler. In addition the book has an essay (in the form of an epilogue) by Dr. entitled \"The Anatomy of Demagogy and Adolf Hitler's Bent for Destruction\"; a set of comprehensive notes also by Calic and a foreword by Golo Mann. The authenticity of the transcripts has been challenged. First published in German in 1968 with the title \"Ohne Maske\", the book","title":"Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931"},{"psg_id":"16162802","text":"purge of 1934 are dramatically shown. The film is honest in its effort to render an accurate account of the Nazis, but suffers somewhat from an over-simplification of history.\" \"Life\" magazine featured the film as \"Movie of the Week\" in its issue dated May 15, 1944. \"\"The Hitler Gang\" is best when it follows the narrative of history,\" \"Life\" wrote. \"Its great weakness, however, is that history is still in the process of working out the last act and so the movie has no place to go at the end. … The originality of \"The Hitler Gang\" is largely the","title":"The Hitler Gang"},{"psg_id":"13162872","text":"Kurt Ludecke. The so-called \"Hitler Source Book\" which was appended to the wartime report, ran over one thousand pages and was indexed against the report. The groundbreaking study was the pioneer of offender profiling and political psychology, today commonly used by many countries as part of assessing international relations. In addition to predicting that if defeat for Germany was near, Hitler would most likely choose suicide, Langer's report stated that Hitler was \"probably impotent\" as far as heterosexual relations were concerned and that there was a possibility that Hitler had participated in a homosexual relationship. The report stated that: [t]he","title":"The Mind of Adolf Hitler"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165329\",\n \"text\": \"imperative\\\". The Hitler Book The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin is the English-language title of the translated 2005 publication of a long-secret Soviet report on the life of Adolf Hitler written at the behest of Joseph Stalin. The project that grew into the compilation of \\\"The Hitler Book\\\" began shortly after the end of the Second World War in Europe. Josef Stalin had doubted the official story that Adolf Hitler had indeed committed suicide, and personally believed that Hitler had fled and that the Western Allies had granted him political asylum. At the end of 1945, Stalin\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165322\",\n \"text\": \"The Hitler Book The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin is the English-language title of the translated 2005 publication of a long-secret Soviet report on the life of Adolf Hitler written at the behest of Joseph Stalin. The project that grew into the compilation of \\\"The Hitler Book\\\" began shortly after the end of the Second World War in Europe. Josef Stalin had doubted the official story that Adolf Hitler had indeed committed suicide, and personally believed that Hitler had fled and that the Western Allies had granted him political asylum. At the end of 1945, Stalin ordered\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681296\",\n \"text\": \"the Friedrich Schiedel Literature Prize and, posthumously in 2003, the Wingate Literary Prize. Golo Mann called it a 'witty, original and clarifying book... excellently suited for discussion in the upper classes of schools' For Dieter Wunderlich the book is a 'linguistic masterpiece... not a biography but a concentrated reflection' by a 'wise and original' author. What follows are Haffner's views on different aspects of Hitler. According to Sebastian Haffner, whereas Hitler's father made a modest success of life, Hitler, uniquely, failed drastically, then succeeded, then failed again. His life lacked education, occupation, love, friendship, marriage, parenthood. A readiness for suicide,\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165328\",\n \"text\": \"were conducted under duress and inhumane conditions, thereby undermining the reliability of much of the information. One journalist's summary of the description of Hitler states that the book \\\"supports the widely held view that Hitler was delusional, irrational and because of his infantile psychological make-up, utterly unable to tolerate any criticism of his own deficiencies\\\". The review by Publishers Weekly reminded readers that the two aides who provided the content for the book \\\"appreciated the [Soviet] regime's need to present Hitler as a degenerate, drug-addicted tool of German imperialist capitalism. Their lives depended on how well they understood that unwritten\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681295\",\n \"text\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book) The Meaning of Hitler () is a 1978 book by the journalist and writer Raimund Pretzel, who published all his books under the pseudonym Sebastian Haffner. Journalist Sir Max Hastings called it 'among the best' studies of Hitler; Edward Crankshaw called it a 'quite dazzlingly brilliant analysis'. The book analyzes the life and work of Adolf Hitler and is divided into seven chapters, each treating a different aspect of the man. The book was a best-seller in Germany and was awarded the Heinrich Heine Prize of the city of Dusseldorf, the Johann Heinrich Merck Prize,\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681301\",\n \"text\": \"stronger nation from the east.' One of the effects of this, Haffner claims, is that after Hitler, Germans no longer dare to be patriots, not knowing how much precisely this anti-patriotism is fulfillment of Hitler's last wish. The Meaning of Hitler (book) The Meaning of Hitler () is a 1978 book by the journalist and writer Raimund Pretzel, who published all his books under the pseudonym Sebastian Haffner. Journalist Sir Max Hastings called it 'among the best' studies of Hitler; Edward Crankshaw called it a 'quite dazzlingly brilliant analysis'. The book analyzes the life and work of Adolf Hitler and\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932363\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler's popularity. In his book \\\"Last Train from Berlin\\\", Howard K. Smith wrote: \\\"I was convinced that of all the millions on whom the Hitler Myth had fastened itself, the most carried away was Adolf Hitler, himself.\\\" The book was reviewed in \\\"The English Historical Review\\\", \\\"European History Quarterly\\\", and \\\"Journal of European Studies\\\". The \\\"Hitler Myth\\\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich The \\\"Hitler Myth\\\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich (1987) is a book by historian Ian Kershaw. In the book, Kershaw explores a concept he calls the \\\"Hitler Myth\\\" that describes two key points in\",\n \"title\": \"The \\\"Hitler Myth\\\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17256960\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by the British historian Sir Alan Bullock. \\\"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\\\" was the first major historical study of the life of the Nazi dictator, Adolf Hitler. In 1992, \\\"The New York Times\\\" wrote: \\\"First published in 1952, Alan Bullock's \\\"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\\\" remains the standard biography of the dictator and a widely respected work on the Nazi movement in general\\\". In 1998, Hitler expert Ian Kershaw described the book as a \\\"masterpiece\\\". In his 2007 book \\\"Cultural\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9602338\",\n \"text\": \"to Paris and then England. She came to write the book when her own son was eight; after seeing \\\"The Sound of Music\\\" he remarked, \\\"now we know what it was like when Mummy was a little girl\\\". Kerr wanted him to know what it was really like and so wrote \\\"When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit\\\". The book gives a distinctive child's perspective on the rise of Nazism in 1930s Germany and the experience of being a refugee, reflecting Kerr's positive feelings about her own experience: The story starts in Berlin, in March 1933, when nine-year-old Anna, the main character\",\n \"title\": \"Out of the Hitler Time\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7138534\",\n \"text\": \"work \\\"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\\\" and in Waite's psychoanalytic history \\\"\\\". However, most scholars dismiss these claims and believe Hitler was heterosexual. \\\"The New York Times Book Review (12/16/01) - \\\"... \\\"But the biggest problem with Machtan's book (which has been translated by John Brownjohn) isn't the reliability of his sources but his mode of argumentation. He accepts what fits his thesis and rejects what doesn't. One feels, at times, that one is reading an internal F.B.I. report from the J. Edgar Hoover era rather than an evenhanded work of scholarship in which the author is ready to be\",\n \"title\": \"The Hidden Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12498453\",\n \"text\": \"When he writes fully developed stories, he's abrasive, thought-provoking and explosively funny\\\". The book was \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\"'s book of the year. The Littlest Hitler The Littlest Hitler is a 2006 collection of short stories by Ryan Boudinot. The book has characters who have occupations such as drugstore workers and pharmacists. The short stories have things such a cannabalistic mother, serial killers, zombies and terrorists. The last story is called \\\"The Newholy\\\" which has to do with immigration. A \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\" review says, \\\"Reminiscent of early Rick Moody or the short stories of Daniel Handler, each of Boudinot's 13 stories is\",\n \"title\": \"The Littlest Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11463657\",\n \"text\": \"The Play What I Wrote The Play What I Wrote is a comedy play written by Hamish McColl, Sean Foley and Eddie Braben, starring Foley and McColl (the double act The Right Size, playing characters named \\\"Sean\\\" and \\\"Hamish\\\"), with Toby Jones, directed by Kenneth Branagh and produced in its original production by David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers. The show is a celebration of the British double act Morecambe and Wise, and an irreverent and farcical exploration of the nature of double acts in general. Its title is drawn from one of Morecambe and Wise's catchphrases, as is \\\"A Tight\",\n \"title\": \"The Play What I Wrote\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11463662\",\n \"text\": \"been familiar with Morecambe and Wise. The show offered tickets for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth Broadway preview performances for $1, $2, $3, $4, and $5, respectively as a publicity stunt. The Play What I Wrote The Play What I Wrote is a comedy play written by Hamish McColl, Sean Foley and Eddie Braben, starring Foley and McColl (the double act The Right Size, playing characters named \\\"Sean\\\" and \\\"Hamish\\\"), with Toby Jones, directed by Kenneth Branagh and produced in its original production by David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers. The show is a celebration of the British double\",\n \"title\": \"The Play What I Wrote\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11212825\",\n \"text\": \"by the Nazis during World War II. The book has been read in many classrooms around the world. It is an clear example of what young children had to face when Adolf Hitler rose to power in the 1930s-mid 1940s. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow Hitler Youth: Growing up in Hitler's Shadow is a non-fiction children's book written by Susan Campbell Bartoletti, and published in 2005. It received the Newbery Honor medal in 2006. The book is a study of the Hitler Youth, a paramilitary organization of children dedicated to furthering the aims of the Third Reich, and\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15807116\",\n \"text\": \"of a father and daughter in Mr Bailey’s Minder Matt Cameron discusses the dark side of suburbia in Ruby Moon Matt Cameron explores the nature of indifference in Tear from a Glass Eye Katherine Thomson talks about our relationship to land and history in Wonderlands Katherine Thomson discusses the end of old style unionism in Harbour Ray Lawler talks about writing Australia onto the stage in Summer of the Seventeenth Doll Ray Lawler talks about becoming a playwright in Finding a Way What I Wrote What I Wrote is a TV series broadcast on ABCTV 1 in Australia. The series\",\n \"title\": \"What I Wrote\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15807114\",\n \"text\": \"What I Wrote What I Wrote is a TV series broadcast on ABCTV 1 in Australia. The series focuses on Australian writers talking about their work. They are interviewed and presented by Dr. Tess Brady. The first series broadcast on ABC TV 1 in February 2010. The second series broadcast from mid October 2010. Joanna Murray-Smith discusses the power of words in Nightfall Joanna Murray-Smith explores love, identity and belonging in Honour Louis Nowra talks about shedding the misconceptions of childhood in Radiance Louis Nowra discusses art and claims it should not be relevant in Cosi Hannie Rayson explores family\",\n \"title\": \"What I Wrote\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165326\",\n \"text\": \"former Soviet Union starting in 1991, this \\\"document no. 462a\\\" lay undiscovered, due to its bland and innocuous title, for many years. Researchers from the Institute for Contemporary History in Münich, including Matthias Uhl and Henrik Eberle, \\\"discovered\\\" the report in the Communist Party Archives that became \\\"The Hitler Book\\\" in 2005. The volume was first translated and published in German by Henrik Eberle and Matthias Uhl, and then immediately presented in an English version, with a translation by Giles McDonogh. It has now been published in more than thirty languages. This work provides not only insight into the inner\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165327\",\n \"text\": \"workings of the Third Reich, but also into the biases of the political system that prepared the volume. It should be noted that this work was written not for a general audience, but only for the eyes of one man: Josef Stalin. Subsequent historians have pointed out, for instance, that \\\"The Hitler Book\\\" prepared for Stalin omits the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the subsequent Soviet invasion of Poland (only Germany's role is mentioned), events later known as The Holocaust, or any mention of German anti-Jewish policies. Furthermore, the work is based heavily upon firsthand interviews with Heinz Linge and Otto Günsche that\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20952852\",\n \"text\": \"The Death of Adolf Hitler The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives is a 1968 book by Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski which includes the autopsy report on the death of Adolf Hitler. The author was present in the Battle of Berlin as an interpreter. The book features 16 photographs which help establish Hitler's death, although some of the theories it presents have been discredited, including by the author himself. Forensic reports on others who died in the bunker, such as Joseph Goebbels, are also included. In 1995, Western historians Ada Petrova and Peter Watson wrote that they\",\n \"title\": \"The Death of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11463660\",\n \"text\": \"Branagh. The play proved a prolonged success and earned positive reviews. Michael Billington, reviewing for \\\"The Guardian\\\", wrote: \\\"The real joy of the evening, however, is that the gags come thick and fast, producing a kind of comic delirium. Matt Wolf, reviewing for \\\"Variety\\\", wrote \\\"...it’s the innocence of “The Play What I Wrote” (the grammatical inaccuracy of the title is part of its point) that represents the evening’s best calling card...the evening trades in old-fashioned verbal jokes...and visual ones.\\\" It won Foley and McColl a joint Best Actor nomination at the 2002 Laurence Olivier Awards and, although they did\",\n \"title\": \"The Play What I Wrote\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11463658\",\n \"text\": \"Squeeze for the Scarlet Pimple\\\", the \\\"play within a play\\\" (with a cameo by a mystery guest star) which formed the play's second half. It is named after the \\\"play wot I wrote\\\", the inept play supposedly written by Wise and featuring a celebrity guest which formed the finale to each Morecambe and Wise show. In \\\"The Play What I Wrote\\\", \\\"Sean\\\" writes a similarly inept play and is humoured by \\\"Hamish\\\" in the first half by having it performed. As in the Morecambe and Wise antecedent, the celebrity would play him or herself set up to appear, rather foolishly,\",\n \"title\": \"The Play What I Wrote\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7888503\",\n \"text\": \"who specialize on the life and thought of Hitler have concluded he was irreligious and anti-Christian. Alan Bullock was an early influential Hitler expert who wrote important biographies of the dictator in the 1950s and 1960s. He wrote that Hitler had been raised Catholic, and though impressed by its organizational powers, Hitler repudiated Christianity on what he considered to be rational and moral grounds. Bullock considered Hitler to be a rationalist and materialist, with no feeling for the spiritual or emotional side of human existence. Bullock wrote that Hitler believed neither in \\\"God nor conscience\\\" but found both \\\"justification and\",\n \"title\": \"Religious views of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14748643\",\n \"text\": \"acknowledged so far, and we have to first learn to understand what that means.” Hant has repeatedly accused the German media of “hypocrisy with regard to Hitler” and rejects a publication of Young Hitler in Germany. Consequently, the publication of Young Hitler in England was mostly ignored by the German press. Only \\\"Der Spiegel\\\" reviewed the book, treating Young Hitler merely as a piece of literature. Critics who were concerned with the book’s literary value were divided in their opinion. \\\"Der Spiegel\\\" reviewer Wolfgang Höbel refers to Young Hitler as “slush”, while British author Anthony Read calls Young Hitler “ingenious\",\n \"title\": \"Young Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15106662\",\n \"text\": \"was directed by Alastair Reid and starred: The series, which \\\"The Guardian\\\" described as \\\"a rollicking comedy with black edges\\\", was released on Region 1 DVD in July 2010. Selling Hitler Selling Hitler is a 1991 ITV television drama-documentary mini-series about the Hitler Diaries hoax and was based on Robert Harris's 1986 book \\\"Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries\\\". In 1981, Gerd Heidemann (Jonathan Pryce), a war correspondent and reporter with the German magazine \\\"Stern\\\", makes what he believes is the literary and historical scoop of the century: the diary of Adolf Hitler. Over the next two years,\",\n \"title\": \"Selling Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15106660\",\n \"text\": \"Selling Hitler Selling Hitler is a 1991 ITV television drama-documentary mini-series about the Hitler Diaries hoax and was based on Robert Harris's 1986 book \\\"Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries\\\". In 1981, Gerd Heidemann (Jonathan Pryce), a war correspondent and reporter with the German magazine \\\"Stern\\\", makes what he believes is the literary and historical scoop of the century: the diary of Adolf Hitler. Over the next two years, Heidemann and the senior management figures at \\\"Stern\\\" secretly pay DM 9 million to a mysterious \\\"Dr Fischer\\\" (Alexei Sayle) for the sixty volumes of 'Hitler's diaries', covering the\",\n \"title\": \"Selling Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13673614\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler – Dead or Alive Hitler – Dead or Alive is a 1942 American propaganda war film directed by Nick Grinde. The plot of \\\"Hitler – Dead or Alive\\\" was inspired by true events but takes a quasi-comic tone. In 1939, during the early days of World War II, Samuel Thornton (Russell Hicks), a prominent American businessman, offers a reward of one million dollars to bring Adolf Hitler to justice, dead or alive. He hires three gangster ex-convicts released from Alcatraz prison, Steve Maschick (Ward Bond), Hans \\\"Dutch\\\" Havermann (Warren Hymer) and Joe \\\"The Book\\\" Conway (Paul Fix). The three\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler – Dead or Alive\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17256961\",\n \"text\": \"Amnesia\\\", critic Clive James wrote: \\\"Books about Hitler are without number, but after more than 60 years, the first one to read is still Alan Bullock's \\\"Hitler A Study in Tyranny\\\".\\\" A revised version was published in 1962. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by the British historian Sir Alan Bullock. \\\"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\\\" was the first major historical study of the life of the Nazi dictator, Adolf Hitler. In 1992, \\\"The New York Times\\\" wrote: \\\"First published in 1952, Alan Bullock's \\\"Hitler: A\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler: A Study in Tyranny\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12715772\",\n \"text\": \"in 1996. The biography has been extensively reviewed: the reviewers include Paul Theroux, who wrote an earlier book about Naipaul. The biography was selected by the editors of the \\\"New York Times Book Review\\\" as one of the \\\"Times\\\"' \\\"10 Best Books of 2008\\\". It won the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography, and the British literary award the Hawthornden Prize. The World Is What It Is The World Is What It Is: The Authorized Biography of V. S. Naipaul is a biography of the Nobel Prize-winning author V. S. Naipaul by Patrick French. It was published in\",\n \"title\": \"The World Is What It Is\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14918457\",\n \"text\": \"the doctor was: 'Can I still father children? Military records show that Hitler was wounded in 1916 during the Battle of the Somme, which has been described as a wound to the groin or in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. Other more recent historians, such as Ian Kershaw, conclude the wound was to Hitler's left thigh. In December 2015, it was reported that documents from Landsberg prison were to be released and compiled for a book. Amongst them is a note in prison doctor Josef Brinsteiner's \\\"Aufnahmebuch\\\" (book of arrivals at prison), who\",\n \"title\": \"Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932359\",\n \"text\": \"The \\\"Hitler Myth\\\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich The \\\"Hitler Myth\\\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich (1987) is a book by historian Ian Kershaw. In the book, Kershaw explores a concept he calls the \\\"Hitler Myth\\\" that describes two key points in Nazi ideology that depict Adolf Hitler as a demagogue figure and as a mighty defender. In the demagogue aspect Hitler is presented as a figure that embodies and shapes the German people, giving him a mandate to rule. As a defender, he is depicted as defending Germany against its enemies and redressing the imbalance\",\n \"title\": \"The \\\"Hitler Myth\\\": Image and Reality in the Third Reich\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20270177\",\n \"text\": \"2012's \\\"No Easy Day\\\". Simon & Schuster also announced that \\\"What Happened\\\" sold more e-books in its first-week than any nonfiction book had since 2010. The book debuted at number one of the \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\" \\\"Top 10 overall\\\" and \\\"hardcover nonfiction\\\" bestseller lists. In its third week on the lists, it dropped to number three of the \\\"Top 10 overall\\\" and to number two of the \\\"hardcover nonfiction\\\" lists with a total of 311,982 hardcover copies sold. As of December 10, 2017, the book had sold 448,947 hardcover copies. \\\"What Happened\\\" also performed strongly in its release outside of the\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened (Clinton book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20270186\",\n \"text\": \"suggests \\\"that the person we've seen over the past quarter-century, and the person we watched seek the presidency twice, \\\"is\\\" the authentic Hillary. In fact, to judge by her book, she may have been the most authentic person in the race.\\\" \\\"Time\\\" magazine listed \\\"What Happened\\\" as #1 on its list of the best non-fiction books of 2017. NPR's Book Concierge included \\\"What Happened\\\" on its list of \\\"2017's Great Reads.\\\" \\\"What Happened\\\" also won the Goodreads Choice Award for \\\"Best Memoir & Autobiography\\\". It was announced on August 28, 2017, that Hillary Clinton would be starting a North American\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened (Clinton book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16476445\",\n \"text\": \"history.\\\" Ian Kershaw relates the story in his 2008 \\\"Hitler: A Biography\\\". Kershaw felt that Kubizek had been helped in creating his book by a ghostwriter. He considers the story of Stefanie exaggerated, writing, \\\"There can be little doubt that Kubizek greatly embellishes what was at most a passing juvenile infatuation.\\\" However, Kershaw concludes that although Kubizek's book has weaknesses it also has intrinsic value as a portrait of the young Hitler. Frederic Spotts in his 2009 \\\"Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics\\\" notes that no documentation or sources other than Kubizek's book provide any substantiation for the alleged infatuation.\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20270185\",\n \"text\": \"own complicity.\\\" Sarah Jones of \\\"The New Republic\\\" wrote: The real problem with \\\"What Happened\\\" is that it is not the book it needed to be. It spends more time on descriptions of Clinton's various post-election coping strategies, which include chardonnay and \\\"alternative nostril breathing,\\\" than it does on her campaign decisions in the Midwest. It is written for her fans, in other words, and not for those who want real answers about her campaign, and who worry that the Democratic Party is learning the wrong lessons from the 2016 debacle. Jeff Greenfield wrote in \\\"Politico Magazine\\\" that the book\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened (Clinton book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16476446\",\n \"text\": \"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch Stefanie Rabatsch (\\\"née\\\" Isak; born 28 December 1887 – died unknown, after 1973) was an Austrian woman who was allegedly an unrequited love of then-teenage Adolf Hitler, a claim made by Hitler's childhood friend August Kubizek. Her Jewish-sounding maiden name, Isak, has been subject to speculation in this context. However, there is no evidence apart from Kubizek that Hitler ever had such an attachment. Kubizek, a childhood friend and later biographer of his childhood experience with Hitler, wrote about Stefanie in his book, \\\"Adolf Hitler, My Childhood Friend\\\". He alleges that Hitler fell in love\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16476428\",\n \"text\": \"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch Stefanie Rabatsch (\\\"née\\\" Isak; born 28 December 1887 – died unknown, after 1973) was an Austrian woman who was allegedly an unrequited love of then-teenage Adolf Hitler, a claim made by Hitler's childhood friend August Kubizek. Her Jewish-sounding maiden name, Isak, has been subject to speculation in this context. However, there is no evidence apart from Kubizek that Hitler ever had such an attachment. Kubizek, a childhood friend and later biographer of his childhood experience with Hitler, wrote about Stefanie in his book, \\\"Adolf Hitler, My Childhood Friend\\\". He alleges that Hitler fell in love\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17559219\",\n \"text\": \"him over billing his them an estimated $5 million. On Labor Day 1994 the FBI served him with an indictment for Medicare fraud charges. On May 2, 2000, John was once again sentenced to 42 months in Federal Prison. He was also sentenced to 78 months for income Tax Fraud. While in prison John S. Watts Jr. wrote 39 books and once released from prison he wrote one additional book. In 2012 one of his best friends, Ice-T invested $20,000 into John S. Watts Jr. publishing company. He has also written six movie scripts, 21 business plans and ideas, and\",\n \"title\": \"John S. Watts Jr\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7138533\",\n \"text\": \"The Hidden Hitler The Hidden Hitler (; the title translates literally as \\\"Hitler's Secret: The Double Life of a Dictator\\\") is a 2001 book by German professor and historian Lothar Machtan. The German original was published by Alexander Fest Verlag, while the English-translated version was published by Basic Books in New York City. () The book discusses Adolf Hitler's sexuality. Machtan argues that Hitler was a closeted homosexual. Among the evidence, he cites the allegedly homoerotic nature of his friendship with August Kubizek during Hitler's youth in Vienna. The question of Hitler's homosexuality is also raised in Walter C. Langer's\",\n \"title\": \"The Hidden Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6040852\",\n \"text\": \"adversely affected the discussion of the film\\\", referring to the fact that the script of \\\"Caligari\\\" was not rediscovered until 1977 and that Kracauer hadn't seen the film for around 20 years when he wrote the work. From Caligari to Hitler From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film is a book by film critic and writer Siegfried Kracauer, published in 1947. This book in film theory is considered one of the first major studies of German film between World War I and World War II. Among other things, the book is known for proposing a link\",\n \"title\": \"From Caligari to Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15249790\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler (1998 film) Hitler is a 1998 Hindi language Indian film directed by T. L. V. Prasad, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Shilpa Shirodkar, Dipti Bhatnagar, Sadiya Siddiqui, Mohnish Bahl, Arun Bakshi, Hemant Birje, Mangal Dhillon, Johnny Lever and Raghuvaran. Siddhant Sharma (Mithun Chakraborty), a senior prison official, is widely known as \\\"Hitler\\\" because of his rigid disciplinarian manner. At the prison he foils the planned escape of a gangster, arranged by his gang. He beats and then sacks a corrupt prison officer who was in on it. At home Siddhant is equally authoritarian. His family are only able to relax when\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6098414\",\n \"text\": \"shun meat. In the BBC series \\\"\\\", an eyewitness account tells of Hitler watching movies (which he did very often). If ever a scene showed (even fictional) cruelty to or death of an animal, Hitler would cover his eyes and look away until someone alerted him the scene was over. Alexander Cockburn also wrote of Hitler: It has also been theorized that Hitler's diet may have been based on Richard Wagner's historical theories which connected the future of Germany with vegetarianism. In the book, \\\"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\\\" by psychologist Walter C. Langer, the author speculates: Despite Hitler's plans\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681298\",\n \"text\": \"Haffner states that all Hitler's foreign policy successes up to 1939 were gained without bloodshed. From then until 1941, he was also a successful war leader. His attack on Russia began his decline, and the pattern of failure, success, then failure again, is unique in history. Hitler, who believed in the constant Darwinian struggle for power between nations, turned the German state into a war machine, according to Haffner. For Hitler, the emergency was the norm. The Jews, being internationalists, took no part in this struggle between nations and had to be eliminated in a 'murder of the helpless'. Hitler\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1619830\",\n \"text\": \"considered tainted for corrupting the minds of young Germans. Many adult leaders of the Hitler Youth were put on trial by Allied authorities, and Baldur von Schirach was sentenced to 20 years in prison, never having revealed anything worthwhile about the collaboration between the SS and the HJ. However, he was convicted of crimes against humanity for his actions as \\\"Gauleiter\\\" of Vienna, not for his leadership of the Hitler Youth, because Artur Axmann had been serving as the functioning leader of the Hitler Youth from 1940 onward. Axmann only received a 39-month prison sentence in May 1949, but was\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler Youth\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20270176\",\n \"text\": \"two on both lists in its third week.<ref name=\\\"NYT10/15/17\\\"></ref> By the beginning of November it had spent six weeks in the top four positions of the list. By the beginning of January 2018 the book had spent sixteen weeks on the list. The following week it fell off. \\\"What Happened\\\" sold 300,000 copies in its first week. The first-week sales were lower than her 2003 memoir, \\\"Living History\\\", but triple the first-week sales of Clinton's previous memoir, 2014's \\\"Hard Choices\\\". The first-week hardcover sales for \\\"What Happened\\\" were 167,000. This marked the strongest hardcover debut for a nonfiction book since\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened (Clinton book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4199178\",\n \"text\": \"was a state secret. The book also relates how Kersten learned from Himmler's secretary, Rudolf Brandt, that at that time, probably the only other people privy to the report's information were Nazi Party chairman Martin Bormann and Hermann Göring, the head of the Luftwaffe. It has been alleged that Hitler had monorchism, the medical condition of having only one testicle. Hitler's personal doctor, Johan Jambor, supposedly described the dictator's condition to a priest who later wrote down what he had been told in a document which was uncovered recently, 23 years after the doctor's death. Soviet doctor Lev Bezymensky, allegedly\",\n \"title\": \"Health of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681299\",\n \"text\": \"achieved the exact opposite of his stated goals, according to Sebastian Haffner. Germany did not become great, but was occupied and divided. The Jews were not eliminated, but created their own state. Communism was not defeated; instead, hegemony passed from Europe to the US and the USSR. European colonial empires dissolved: 'Today's world, whether we like it or not, is the work of Hitler.' When Germany failed to meet his expectations for conquest, Hitler wished it to be annihilated. Haffner asserts that Hitler was a criminal who killed millions for his own gratification. He does not stand with Alexander or\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8677482\",\n \"text\": \"The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack The Prison - A Book With A Soundtrack (or simply The Prison) is Michael Nesmith's seventh solo album of his post-Monkees career and his first to be released under his own record label, Pacific Arts. It includes a novella meant to be read while listening to the album as its \\\"soundtrack\\\". In 1994 Nesmith recorded a companion novella/album entitled \\\"The Garden\\\". According to Nesmith's website (Videoranch), a third installment titled \\\"The Ocean\\\" has been released and completes the Infinitia trilogy \\\"The Prison\\\" and \\\"The Garden\\\" were re-released together on CD in 2004 by\",\n \"title\": \"The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8677484\",\n \"text\": \"<BR>Although the iTunes download of \\\"The Prison\\\" is credited in the iTunes store as the 1990 remix, it is actually the 2007 remix. As of September 2013, the original mix that appeared on vinyl has not been officially released on CD. All songs by Michael Nesmith. The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack The Prison - A Book With A Soundtrack (or simply The Prison) is Michael Nesmith's seventh solo album of his post-Monkees career and his first to be released under his own record label, Pacific Arts. It includes a novella meant to be read while listening to the\",\n \"title\": \"The Prison: A Book with a Soundtrack\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15249795\",\n \"text\": \"Amar fight and defeat the gangsters, who are taken into custody. Back at home with his family, Siddhant leaves behind his \\\"Hitler\\\" persona, and learns to relax, dancing to Michael Jackson's \\\"Bad\\\". Hitler (1998 film) Hitler is a 1998 Hindi language Indian film directed by T. L. V. Prasad, starring Mithun Chakraborty, Shilpa Shirodkar, Dipti Bhatnagar, Sadiya Siddiqui, Mohnish Bahl, Arun Bakshi, Hemant Birje, Mangal Dhillon, Johnny Lever and Raghuvaran. Siddhant Sharma (Mithun Chakraborty), a senior prison official, is widely known as \\\"Hitler\\\" because of his rigid disciplinarian manner. At the prison he foils the planned escape of a gangster,\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845268\",\n \"text\": \"people with the \\\"evil\\\" gene are sent and they are transporting their latest prisoner and speculating on his influence on the prison planet just as it is revealed he is Adolf Hitler. DC Comics feature Hitler on several occasions. In \\\"Strange Adventures\\\", in issue #3 (December 1950-January 1951), there is a story in which Hitler is captured by space aliens just before his attempted suicide. A fake corpse is left for the SS to find. As punishment for Hitler's crimes, he is imprisoned for life alone on a rocket ship which will travel through space until he dies (the rocket\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845296\",\n \"text\": \"business sought to attract attention by using the Hitler theme, and was decorated with Nazi imagery. Actor Murli Sharma attended the opening party; when asked what he thought about the name, he said \\\"I am not really agitated as I have not read much about the man. However, from what I know about Hitler, I find this name rather amusing.\\\" Alternative names suggested included Stalin Samosa Shop, Ayatollah Khomeini's Falafels, and Kim Jong's Juicy Juice. Adolf Hitler in popular culture Adolf Hitler (born April 20th 1889 died April 30th 1945) was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845278\",\n \"text\": \"and Steve Yeowell deals with the idea that Hitler stayed in Liverpool, based on rumors that he visited local family members like William Patrick Hitler. Other examples of Hitler in comics includes Osamu Tezuka's manga \\\"Adolf\\\" (Hitler is one of the three men named Adolf around which the story revolves), the Mexican comic book series \\\"Fantômas\\\" (in which a multi-part storyline titled \\\"The Son of Hitler\\\" has the son of Hitler and Eva Braun raise a Fourth Reich that conquers France) and \\\"Spriggan\\\" (Neo-Nazis use clones of Hitler in order to gain access to a hidden stash of ancient artifacts\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12835218\",\n \"text\": \"Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War: How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World, is a book by Patrick J. Buchanan, published in May 2008. Buchanan argues that both world wars were unnecessary and that the British Empire's decision to fight in them was disastrous for the world. One of Buchanan's express purposes is to undermine what he describes as a \\\"Churchill cult\\\" in America's élite and so he focuses particularly on how Winston Churchill helped Britain get into wars with Germany in 1914 and again in 1939. Buchanan cites many\",\n \"title\": \"Churchill, Hitler and the Unnecessary War\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9134547\",\n \"text\": \"strategies that protect food—and energy—supply networks and that can better cope with surprise.\\\" Several reviewers identified the book's ending as its weakness. Kymlicka wrote that \\\"his discussion of what we should do in response to these challenges...[is] disappointing\\\". Heft wrote that the book's weakness was in guessing what Heft called \\\"fictional doomsday scenario[s]\\\" because there are ultimately \\\"an infinite number of possible destinies\\\". The Upside of Down (book) The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization () is a non-fiction book published in 2006 by Thomas Homer-Dixon, a professor who at the time was the director of\",\n \"title\": \"The Upside of Down (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20270179\",\n \"text\": \"number four in its third week (selling 1,117 copies). In its fourth week it dropped to number six (however with consistent sales, selling 1,116 copies). It exited the top-ten in its seventh week. In New Zealand, \\\"What Happened\\\" debuted number 8 on Nielsen Bookscan's \\\"International Non-fiction - Adults\\\" chart. In Australia, \\\"What Happened\\\" charted on \\\"Books+Publishing\\\"s bestsellers chart. \\\"What Happened\\\" polarized book critics. \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" gave it a \\\"B\\\" grade. Writer Tina Jordan said: I think the first woman candidate for President, the one who won the popular vote, has every right to offer her own take on the election.\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened (Clinton book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18602335\",\n \"text\": \"Manfred Lütz. Ian Kershaw has concluded that Hitler had no major psychotic disorders and was not clinically insane. The American psychologist Glenn D. Walters wrote in 2000: \\\"\\\"Much of the debate about Hitler's long-term mental health is probably questionable, because even if he had suffered from significant psychiatric problems, he attained the supreme power in Germany rather in spite of these difficulties than through them.\\\"\\\" The psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist Erik Erikson has given Adolf Hitler a chapter in his 1950 book, \\\"Childhood and Society\\\". Erikson referred to Hitler as an \\\"histrionic and hysterical adventurer\\\" and discovered evidence of an\",\n \"title\": \"Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3844639\",\n \"text\": \"Much like the political activists in the DAP, Hitler blamed the loss of the First World War on Jewish intrigue at home and abroad, espousing \\\"völkisch\\\"-nationalist political beliefs with the intention of resurrecting Germany’s greatness by smashing the Versailles Treaty. Along those lines, Hitler proclaimed that the \\\"German yoke must be broken by German iron\\\" (\\\"Das deutsche Elend muß durch deutsches Eisen zerbrochen werden\\\"). In September 1919 Hitler wrote what is often deemed his first antisemitic text, requested by Mayr as a reply to an inquiry by Adolf Gemlich, who had participated in the same \\\"educational courses\\\" as Hitler. In\",\n \"title\": \"Political views of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11086013\",\n \"text\": \"violation of Paragraph 175, which dealt with pederasty. No evidence of either of these two charges has been found. In 1943, the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) received \\\"A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler: His Life and Legend\\\" by Walter C. Langer, commissioned to help the Allies understand the dictator. The report, later expanded into book form as \\\"The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report\\\" (1972), describes Hitler as having repressed homosexual tendencies and states that he was an impotent coprophile. Psychologist Henry Murray wrote a separate psychoanalytical report for OSS also in 1943, entitled \\\"Analysis of\",\n \"title\": \"Sexuality of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845246\",\n \"text\": \"movie director as well, was used in the film \\\"The Empty Mirror\\\" (1996), directed by Barry J. Hershey, starring Norman Rodway, which speculates about Hitler surviving World War II, living in a secret subterranean bunker, and is today undergoing psychoanalysis conducted by Sigmund Freud. Kosovar Emin Xhinovci has attracted considerable media attention for his striking resemblance to Hitler, and subsequent impersonation of him. WorldCat lists 553 published books under this heading. Hitler appears in many alternate history novels. Hitler made it onto the stage through Japanese novelist Yukio Mishima, who wrote a play called \\\"My Friend Hitler\\\" (\\\"Wagatomo Hitora\\\"), retelling\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845254\",\n \"text\": \"traveler (Katherine Heigl) goes back in time to kill Hitler as an infant while disguising herself as the new housekeeper. She kidnaps the infant Hitler and leaps from a bridge, killing herself and the baby. A horrified housekeeper, who has been following her and had witnessed the murder, does not tell Hitler's parents because of fear of death as punishment, but rather bribes a gypsy to sell her baby. The baby is then returned to the Hitler household where he takes his place to become the Hitler that the world knew. William Saroyan wrote a short story about Hitler in\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13162880\",\n \"text\": \"descriptions of the evidence and of its interpretations. Regarding the earlier Murray report which fed into the Langer report, psychiatrist Michael Stone states \\\"There's a whole lot of what we would now think of as psychobabble...\\\", including discredited psychoanalytic theories and psychiatric labels used in different ways to today. The dust jacket of the 1972 publication states: \\\"What effect did this astounding secret document have on Allied war policy? That is not yet known. But in the words of Robert G.L. Waite, the distinguished historian [who wrote the afterword], Dr. Langer’s \\\"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\\\" is, in itself, “fascinating…a\",\n \"title\": \"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20952853\",\n \"text\": \"considered Bezymenski's account at odds with British intelligence officer Hugh Trevor-Roper's report, published as \\\"The Last Days of Hitler\\\" (1947). Also in 1995, the author admitted that the book included \\\"deliberate lies\\\", such as that Hitler had died by poisoning or a \\\"coup de grâce\\\". Notwithstanding the discreditation of theories put forth by Bezymenski, the autopsy report was used by odontologists at UCLA to confirm Hitler's dental remains in 1972. The Death of Adolf Hitler The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives is a 1968 book by Soviet journalist Lev Bezymenski which includes the autopsy report on\",\n \"title\": \"The Death of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17770954\",\n \"text\": \"gun control and the Nazis]\\\". \\\"The Daily Caller\\\" said, \\\"the famed Second Amendment attorney attempts to take a scholarly look at gun control in Germany before-and-after Hitler took power. But Halbrook doesn’t shy away from pointing out what he sees as parallels, if not comparisons, between what happened then with what is happening in America now.\\\" \\\"American Thinker\\\" wrote, \\\"Would armed resistance on German soil have made a difference? No one can answer that with any certainty, but clearly it was a formidable concern for Werner Best and his Gestapo henchmen. Without arms there was no hope of meaningful resistance.\",\n \"title\": \"Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16080893\",\n \"text\": \"a federal prison for corruption connected to his lobbying. When asked why he wrote the book, he said in an interview: \\\"When I was in prison, I started thinking about how to fix the system that is there. Because, obviously, throwing Jack Abramoff in jail didn't clean up the system\\\", adding \\\"I had something to give back, some way to make some recompense for what I was by telling what is going on in Washington – from the point of view of somebody who rose very high in that industry – and what goes on behind those doors, and how\",\n \"title\": \"Capitol Punishment (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9602345\",\n \"text\": \"Children's Books, in Newcastle. It is an American Library Association Notable Book, a School Library Journal Best Book of the Year and a Horn Book Fanfare Title. Out of the Hitler Time Out of the Hitler Time is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical children's novels by Judith Kerr. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit is a semi-autobiographical novel of a young Jewish girl and her family escaping the Nazis and the journey they experience. The family escaped through Switzerland, spent some time in Paris, before finally arriving in England in 1936. It is based upon the early life of the author whose\",\n \"title\": \"Out of the Hitler Time\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845240\",\n \"text\": \"comic book superheroes who battled Hitler directly or indirectly in comics published during World War II. Superheroes that fought Hitler include Superman, Captain America, The Shield, and Namor the Sub-Mariner. The first Captain America comic showed Captain America hitting Hitler on the jaw. Captain America's archenemy, Red Skull, was established as being an apprentice to Hitler. In \\\"Superman\\\" vol 1 #15 the dictator Razan appeared, who attempted to invade a nearby democratic nation. Superman defeated his army, and Razan was shot while trying to escape. Hitler was mocked in satirical folk songs such as \\\"Stalin Wasn't Stallin' or when new\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17919653\",\n \"text\": \"How Hitler Lost the War How Hitler Lost the War is a 1989 World War II documentary created and produced by David Hoffman and Robert Denny, and narrated by Norman Rose. The documentary explores Hitler's upbringing and efforts during World War II and includes footage from this time period. It also contains interviews and statements from military historians and veterans, and looks into what mistakes Hitler made during the war and what he could have potentially done differently in order to win. Critical reception for \\\"How Hitler Lost the War\\\" was mostly positive. \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" gave the movie a B-\",\n \"title\": \"How Hitler Lost the War\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14748636\",\n \"text\": \"Young Hitler Young Hitler is a fact based narrative (\\\"non-fiction novel\\\") that covers the time between Hitler’s 16th and 30th year of age. The second part of the book is factual. It was written in English by German writer Claus Hant. Writers James Trivers and Alan Roche assisted Hant in producing the original English version of the book. \\\"Young Hitler\\\" was published in 2010 by Quartet Books, London. The book is divided into two sections: in the first part, a narrative retells the formative years of the young Adolf Hitler between 1907 and 1918, when he lived as a starving\",\n \"title\": \"Young Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845281\",\n \"text\": \"how Hitler was plagued by paranoia and began to hate the Jewish people and religion. Australian band TISM's debut single was \\\"Defecate on My Face\\\", which was about Adolf Hitler's supposed coprophilia. Australian comedy troupe the Doug Anthony Allstars had a song called \\\"Mexican Hitler\\\", which told the story of what Hitler would have been like if he was born Mexican. It made an appearance in their television show, \\\"DAAS Kapital\\\". The song \\\"Hitler as Kalki\\\" by apocalyptic folk band Current 93 makes use of Savitri Devi's idea that Hitler was an avatar of the Hindu god Kalki. \\\"Two Little\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165323\",\n \"text\": \"the NKVD (The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs—a precursor to the KGB) to investigate the circumstances of Hitler's supposed death and to reconstruct the last days of April 1945 inside Hitler's Bunker. The NKVD codenamed this project \\\"Operation Myth.\\\" People's Commissar Sergei Kruglov was in charge of this investigation, while the actual writing of the final report was done by the security service officers Fyodor Parparov and Igor Saleyev. In the immediate aftermath of the suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1945 and the end of World War II in Europe, the forces of the Soviet Union had immediate\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17165324\",\n \"text\": \"access to the German Reich Chancellery and Hitler's Bunker in Berlin. Their investigation went on for almost four years and by the time it was completed, its scope had widened from simply researching the circumstances of Hitler's death into a detailed report on Hitler's life from 1933 to 1945. The NKVD researchers had access to large numbers of documents confiscated from Hitler's headquarters and living quarters, and also were able to question many Nazis who had known Hitler personally. These included Heinz Linge, who was Hitler's personal assistant and valet, and Otto Günsche, Hitler's SS adjutant. Both men were imprisoned\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Book\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20270184\",\n \"text\": \"extended defense of a political style that has become unfashionable in both the Republican and Democratic parties.\\\" David L. Ulin of the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" wrote in his review for the newspaper that the book is a \\\"necessary — if at times clunky and unconvincing — retrospective\\\" and that \\\"She should have been president, and she knows it; regret and loss is palpable throughout the book. And yet it's also the case that she remains unable to reckon with just what happened in the 2016 election, looking for explanations, for reasons, while at the same time never quite uncovering her\",\n \"title\": \"What Happened (Clinton book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8161383\",\n \"text\": \"Heinz Hitler Heinrich \\\"Heinz\\\" Hitler (14 March 1920 – 21 February 1942) was the son of Alois Hitler, Jr. and his second wife Hedwig Heidemann. He was also a nephew of Adolf Hitler, who reportedly called Heinz his \\\"favorite nephew\\\". Heinz was a strong supporter of the Nazis and when World War II began, he joined the Wehrmacht and served on the Eastern Front. He was captured by Soviet troops and died in prison in February 1942. Heinz attended an elite military academy, the National Political Institutes of Education (Napola) in Ballenstedt/Saxony-Anhalt. Aspiring to be an officer, Heinz joined the\",\n \"title\": \"Heinz Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681300\",\n \"text\": \"Napoleon but with Crippen or Christie. His victims included invalids, Gipsies, Poles, Russians and Jews. In December 1941 he abandoned the goal of world conquest in favour of the Final solution–exterminating the Jews. From October 1944, Hitler deliberately prolonged the war by eliminating moderate opposition within Germany, in Haffner's opinion. In doing so he betrayed the German people and his 'fight to the finish' created a 'stirring legend' but destroyed Germany as a unified nation. The Ardennes offensive allowed the Russians to take Berlin, allowing Russia the upper hand in postwar Europe. Hitler said, 'the future belongs exclusively to the\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8161385\",\n \"text\": \"[and] the police just saluted and let them drive on (laughs).\\\" </div> Heinz Hitler Heinrich \\\"Heinz\\\" Hitler (14 March 1920 – 21 February 1942) was the son of Alois Hitler, Jr. and his second wife Hedwig Heidemann. He was also a nephew of Adolf Hitler, who reportedly called Heinz his \\\"favorite nephew\\\". Heinz was a strong supporter of the Nazis and when World War II began, he joined the Wehrmacht and served on the Eastern Front. He was captured by Soviet troops and died in prison in February 1942. Heinz attended an elite military academy, the National Political Institutes of\",\n \"title\": \"Heinz Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5681297\",\n \"text\": \"of Geli Raubal, Eva Braun and himself, accompanied his career. All soft, lovable traits were missing from his character. He was also full of himself and unselfcritical. Hitler was an 'empty man' who filled himself with pride and hatred. Haffner argues that on gaining office in 1933, Hitler achieved many 'miracles' in economic and military policy.. 90% of Germans approved. Had he died in 1938, he would have been remembered as 'one of the greatest Germans ever'. Few people noticed that he had dismantled the state and concealed the resultant chaos. In the long run, his achievement came to nothing.\",\n \"title\": \"The Meaning of Hitler (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2118170\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"My Transportation for Life\\\" – an account of his early revolutionary days, arrest, trial and incarceration. He also wrote and published a collection of poems, plays and novels. He also wrote a book named \\\"Majhi Janmathep\\\" (\\\"My Life-term\\\") about his experience in Andaman prison. In many of Savarkar's speeches and writings, he praises Nazi ideology. Savarkar criticized Nehru for opposing Nazism, arguing \\\"Surely Hitler knows better than Pandit Nehru does what suits Germany best\\\". In his 1949 book, \\\"Hindu Rashtra Darshan\\\", Savarkar wrote \\\"Nazism proved undeniably the savior of Germany\\\". Savarkar often compared Germany's German majority and Jewish minority as\",\n \"title\": \"Vinayak Damodar Savarkar\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845280\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler one way or the other, for example \\\"Gotterdammerung\\\" by Stratovarius directly mentions the history of Hitler and the Nazi regime. Bowie has also been quoted saying \\\"Hitler was the first rock star\\\" and, at one time, wanted to direct a film based on the life of Heinrich Himmler. \\\"Heads We're Dancing\\\" by Kate Bush tells the story of a woman who dances all night with a charming stranger, only to discover the following morning that he is Adolf Hitler. Texas Groove metal band Pantera wrote and recorded a song called \\\"By Demons Be Driven\\\". It tells the story of\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11212824\",\n \"text\": \"Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow Hitler Youth: Growing up in Hitler's Shadow is a non-fiction children's book written by Susan Campbell Bartoletti, and published in 2005. It received the Newbery Honor medal in 2006. The book is a study of the Hitler Youth, a paramilitary organization of children dedicated to furthering the aims of the Third Reich, and was organized around interviews with 12 former members and their experiences in the organization. One episode of the book is fleshed out into her novel \\\"The Boy Who Dared\\\", about Helmuth Hübener, the youngest person to be sentenced to death\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16636737\",\n \"text\": \"of what might be called Gutter Modernism'. The Guardian newspaper noted that \\\"The Prison House\\\" is written in 'an exhausting prose that can be mesmerically powerful or simply unreadable, depending on your mood and attention span', adding that King 'writes with a straightforward, aggressive intelligence that is perfectly suited to his subject matter, and his frenzied descriptions are exhilarating'. The Prison House The Prison House is the sixth novel written by John King, published in 2004 by Jonathan Cape. The main character in the book is an Englishman, Jimmy Ramone, who has reached a crossroads in his life. After many\",\n \"title\": \"The Prison House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14748644\",\n \"text\": \"and fascinating”. Other comments relate its thesis regarding the reasons behind Hitler’s rise rather than its literary merits. \\\"The Guardian\\\" included it in its mention of “the hottest books of the Frankfurt book fair” and the \\\"Sunday Express\\\" headlined: “an explosive new book turns our understanding of Hitler on its head.“ Young Hitler Young Hitler is a fact based narrative (\\\"non-fiction novel\\\") that covers the time between Hitler’s 16th and 30th year of age. The second part of the book is factual. It was written in English by German writer Claus Hant. Writers James Trivers and Alan Roche assisted Hant\",\n \"title\": \"Young Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11039407\",\n \"text\": \"of Thomas S. Ferguson to the Norman & Sorenson Papers\\\" in which he concluded, \\\"I'm afraid that up to this point, I must agree with Dee Green, who has told us that to date there is no Book-of-Mormon geography\\\". Referring to his own paper, Ferguson wrote a 1976 letter in which he stated: \\\"The real implication of the paper is that you can't set the Book-of-Mormon geography down anywhere—because it is fictional and will never meet the requirements of the dirt-archeology. I should say—what is in the ground will never conform to what is in the book.\\\" The archaeological investigations\",\n \"title\": \"Historicity of the Book of Mormon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"906015\",\n \"text\": \"In January 1984 Broyles resigned as editor of \\\"Newsweek\\\", to \\\"pursue new entrepreneurial ventures\\\". In 1986 the journalist Robert Harris published an account of the hoax, \\\"Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries\\\". Five years later \\\"Selling Hitler\\\", a five-episode drama-documentary series based on Harris's book, was broadcast on the British ITV channel. It starred Jonathan Pryce as Heidemann, Alexei Sayle as Kujau, Tom Baker as Fischer, Alan Bennett as Trevor-Roper, Roger Lloyd-Pack as Irving, Richard Wilson as Nannen and Barry Humphries as Murdoch. Later that year Charles Hamilton published the second book to investigate the forgeries: \\\"The Hitler\",\n \"title\": \"Hitler Diaries\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19758330\",\n \"text\": \"on the way events develop and the policies that are followed...After the pendulum has swung between exaggerating and underestimating [individuals]...the longer perspective suggests that in both cases neither the historical circumstances nor the individual personality is sufficient explanation by itself without the other\\\" Those historians who took an intentionalist line, like Andreas Hillgruber, argued that everything that happened after the invasion of the USSR in 1941 was part of a masterplan he credited Hitler with developing in the 1920s. Hillgruber wrote in his 1967 book \\\"Germany and the Two World Wars\\\" that for Hitler: The German historian Helmut Krausnick argued\",\n \"title\": \"Historiography of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18602326\",\n \"text\": \"and how this could appeal to large numbers of people. In 2007, the above mentionened authors Coolidge, Davis, and Segal, too, assumed that Hitler suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder. Hitler regularly consumed methamphetamine, barbiturates, amphetamine, opiates and cocaine. In 2015, Norman Ohler published a work \\\"Der totale Rausch\\\" (\\\"The Total Rush\\\") in which he claims that all of Hitler's irrational behavior can be attributed to his excessive drug use. Helena Barop, who reviewed the book in Die Zeit, wrote that Ohler's account is not based on solid research. Hypotheses like the ones that Hitler's personality and behavior pointed to a\",\n \"title\": \"Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19758324\",\n \"text\": \"rise to power firsthand, and fled to exile when he realized that he was a target of the regime. (He managed to escape the Gestapo). In his introduction Heiden wrote \\\"the 'hero' of this book is neither a superman nor a puppet. He is a very interesting contemporary and, viewed quantitatively, a man who is stirred up the masses more than anyone else in human history.\\\" Heiden was successful in analyzing Hitler as an orator, how he drew strength from his audience, learning which points to emphasize to maximize his impact. Hitler realized it was emotion, not rationality, he had\",\n \"title\": \"Historiography of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12070656\",\n \"text\": \"From Darwin to Hitler From Darwin to Hitler: evolutionary ethics, eugenics, and racism in Germany is a 2004 book by Richard Weikart, a historian at California State University, Stanislaus, and a senior fellow for the Center for Science and Culture of the Discovery Institute. The work is controversial. Graeme Gooday, John M. Lynch, Kenneth G. Wilson, and Constance K. Barsky wrote that \\\"numerous reviews have accused Weikart of selectively viewing his rich primary material, ignoring political, social, psychological, and economic factors\\\" that helped shape Nazi eugenics and racism. The Discovery Institute, the hub of the intelligent design movement, \\\"provided crucial\",\n \"title\": \"From Darwin to Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10286349\",\n \"text\": \"What Remains (book) What Remains is a 2003 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Bullfinch Press and contains 132 images on the subject of death, including photographs of decomposing bodies. The book lent its name to the 2005 film about Sally Mann, \\\"\\\", in which Mann can be seen at the University of Tennessee's anthropological facility, taking photos for the book of corpses which had specifically been left outside for scientific study of human decomposition. Mann opened her exhibition for the book at the Corcoran College of Art and Design in 2004. The exhibition was divided\",\n \"title\": \"What Remains (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4199176\",\n \"text\": \"Historian Robert Waite claims Hitler tested negative on a Wassermann test as late as 1939, which does not prove that he did not have the disease, because the Wassermann test was prone to false negative results. Regardless of whether he actually had syphilis or not, Hitler lived in constant fear of the disease, and took treatment for it no matter what doctors told him. In his biography of Doctor Felix Kersten called \\\"The Man with the Miraculous Hands,\\\" journalist and Académie française member Joseph Kessel wrote that in the winter of 1942, Kersten heard of Hitler's medical condition. Consulted by\",\n \"title\": \"Health of Adolf Hitler\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845261\",\n \"text\": \"in the planet Venus. In the game \\\"\\\", at the end of a victorious multiplayer match when playing as the German Army, when the march song is played the background Hitler can also be heard saying during it \\\"\\\"Vor uns liegt Deutschland, in uns marschiert Deutschland, und hinter uns kommt Deutschland!\\\"\\\" Translated in English as \\\"Germany lies around us, in us marches Germany, and behind us Germany follows!\\\" The point and click adaptation of \\\"\\\" features an interactive meeting between the player and Adolf Hitler. The player can ask Hitler to give him an autograph on a book or a\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3845255\",\n \"text\": \"his 1971 book, \\\"Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody\\\". Hitler appears in the three-parter episode of \\\"Justice League\\\" entitled \\\"The Savage Time,\\\" where he is overthrown and cryogenically frozen by Vandal Savage, Savage having learned how to win the war from his future self. After Savage is defeated by the Justice League, Hitler is thawed and reinstated as Germany's dictator. Throughout the story, many characters (including Hitler's own subordinates) often refer him being a tyrannical lunatic. In the animated series \\\"Code Monkeys\\\", Hitler is also cryogenically frozen (in carbonite, in\",\n \"title\": \"Adolf Hitler in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915132\",\n \"text\": \"after World War I and worked as the editor of the newspaper \\\"Desabhaktan\\\" (\\\"Patriot\\\"). He was arrested in 1921 on sedition charges and spent nine months in prison. While in prison Aiyar wrote the book \\\"A Study of Kamba Ramayana\\\". As a writer, Aiyar has often been referred to as the \\\"founder\\\" of the short story genre in Tamil. Aiyar drowned in the Papanasam falls, when trying to save his drowning daughter Subhadra, on 3 June 1925. Citations Bibliography V. V. S. Aiyar Varahaneri Venkatesa Subramaniam Aiyar (2 April 1881 – 3 June 1925), also known as V. V. S.\",\n \"title\": \"V. V. S. Aiyar\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10286352\",\n \"text\": \"also spoke highly of the images in the book. Mann stated that she was under the impression that all of the people in the photos had signed release forms for photographs to be taken. Later, however, she learned that some of the corpses were of street people who had no opportunity to sign consent forms. After her experiences taking photos for the book Mann decided to arrange for her own body to be donated to science after her death. What Remains (book) What Remains is a 2003 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Bullfinch Press and\",\n \"title\": \"What Remains (book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13412759\",\n \"text\": \"Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931 Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931 is a book first published in 1968 claiming to comprise transcripts of shorthand notes by of two confidential 1931 interviews with Adolf Hitler. In addition the book has an essay (in the form of an epilogue) by Dr. entitled \\\"The Anatomy of Demagogy and Adolf Hitler's Bent for Destruction\\\"; a set of comprehensive notes also by Calic and a foreword by Golo Mann. The authenticity of the transcripts has been challenged. First published in German in 1968 with the title \\\"Ohne Maske\\\", the book\",\n \"title\": \"Unmasked: Two Confidential Interviews with Hitler in 1931\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16162802\",\n \"text\": \"purge of 1934 are dramatically shown. The film is honest in its effort to render an accurate account of the Nazis, but suffers somewhat from an over-simplification of history.\\\" \\\"Life\\\" magazine featured the film as \\\"Movie of the Week\\\" in its issue dated May 15, 1944. \\\"\\\"The Hitler Gang\\\" is best when it follows the narrative of history,\\\" \\\"Life\\\" wrote. \\\"Its great weakness, however, is that history is still in the process of working out the last act and so the movie has no place to go at the end. … The originality of \\\"The Hitler Gang\\\" is largely the\",\n \"title\": \"The Hitler Gang\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13162872\",\n \"text\": \"Kurt Ludecke. The so-called \\\"Hitler Source Book\\\" which was appended to the wartime report, ran over one thousand pages and was indexed against the report. The groundbreaking study was the pioneer of offender profiling and political psychology, today commonly used by many countries as part of assessing international relations. In addition to predicting that if defeat for Germany was near, Hitler would most likely choose suicide, Langer's report stated that Hitler was \\\"probably impotent\\\" as far as heterosexual relations were concerned and that there was a possibility that Hitler had participated in a homosexual relationship. The report stated that: [t]he\",\n \"title\": \"The Mind of Adolf Hitler\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["mein kampf"],"string":"[\n \"mein kampf\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":189,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which city held the summer olympics twice?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"15879407","text":"bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the games twice, with London hosting for a third time in 2012. With Tokyo's selection as host of the 2020 games, it marks the fourth Olympic Game to be held in Japan. Osaka bid to host the 2008 Olympics but lost to Beijing. Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics and","title":"Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15879407\",\n \"text\": \"bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the games twice, with London hosting for a third time in 2012. With Tokyo's selection as host of the 2020 games, it marks the fourth Olympic Game to be held in Japan. Osaka bid to host the 2008 Olympics but lost to Beijing. Nagoya bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics and\",\n \"title\": \"Tokyo bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"865004","text":"bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. 1964 Summer Olympics","title":"1964 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"525710","text":"postal vote, gave the summer Games to London and the winter competition to St Moritz. London was selected ahead of Baltimore, Minneapolis, Lausanne, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. London, which had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics, became the second city to host the Olympics twice; Paris hosted the event in 1900 and 1924. London later became the first city to host the Olympics for a third time when the city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics. Lord Burghley, a gold medal winner at the 1928 Olympics, member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and President of the Amateur Athletics Association was","title":"1948 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"5724215","text":"Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics The equestrian events at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. The competitions were held from 16 to 24 October 1964. These events took place at Karuizawa, which would become the first city to host Summer and Winter Olympic event when it hosted the curling events for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. This was the second time the Olympics were held in a city that required most of the horses to travel long distances (the first being the 1932","title":"Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"1463154","text":"1940 Summer Olympics The 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XII Olympiad, were originally scheduled to be held from September 21 to October 6, 1940, in Tokyo, Japan. They were rescheduled for Helsinki, Finland, to be held from July 20 to August 4, 1940, but were ultimately cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II. Helsinki eventually hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics and Tokyo the 1964 Summer Olympics. The campaign to choose a city for 1940 began in 1932, with Barcelona, Rome, Helsinki, and Tokyo participating. Tokyo city officials suggested a campaign as a means","title":"1940 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"6878006","text":"two-time Olympic champions from East Germany in the men's 8 twice at the Lucerne pre-olympic regatta. Steve Redgrave won his first of five consecutive gold medals. Elisabeta Oleniuc, later known as Elisabeta Lipă, also won her first gold medal. Twenty years later she won her fifth gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The quadruple sculls events, as in 1976 and 1980, were again held without coxswain for men and with coxswain for women. Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured 14 events in total, for both men and women. Events were","title":"Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"864590","text":"1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which were held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 1956. These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics. Due to the Southern Hemisphere's seasons being different from those in","title":"1956 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"368647","text":"when Tokyo again becomes host city. Historically, the Summer Olympics has been held predominantly in English-speaking countries and European nations. Tokyo will be the first city outside these regions to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice; it will also be the largest city ever to have hosted the Games, having grown considerably since 1964. The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first that were held during the local winter season. The only two countries in the Southern Hemisphere to have hosted the Summer Olympics have been","title":"Summer Olympic Games"},{"psg_id":"835364","text":"competition amongst nations across the world. Athens was chosen as the host city during the 106th IOC Session held in Lausanne on 5 September 1997. Athens had lost its bid to organize the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta nearly seven years before on 18 September 1990, during the 96th IOC Session in Tokyo. 1996 coincided with the 100th Anniversary of the first modern Olympics, which were also held in Athens. Under the direction of Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, Athens pursued another bid, this time for the right to host the Summer Olympics in 2004. The success of Athens in securing the 2004","title":"2004 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"864606","text":"ten nations that won medals at the 1956 Games. Host nation (Australia) 1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which were held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 1956. These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the","title":"1956 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"5414900","text":"Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics Equestrian competitions at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico featured team and individual competitions in show jumping, eventing, and dressage. Mexico City proved a challenging site since it was 2,300 meters above sea level, resulting in 30% less oxygen in the air. The horses at the 1955 Pan American Games, which was also held in Mexico City, arrived a few weeks before the Games to adjust, but had difficulty in the competition. However, racehorses that competed at the same location and who were shipped in the day before, and left the day","title":"Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"9811097","text":"to the competition, which was won by Kansas City and \"its famous engine and hook and ladder company No.1\".' Fire fighting at the 1900 Summer Olympics Fire fighting was a contested event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Competitions were held for both professional and volunteer firefighters. Like all events held at the 1900 Games, the fire fighting event was considered part of the 1900 World's Fair. In later years the IOC deemed each event of the 1900 Olympics to be either official or unofficial. Fire fighting was regarded as unofficial. There was no such designation at the","title":"Fire fighting at the 1900 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"18291040","text":"2016, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed that the competition would be part of the International Football Association Board's trial to allow a fourth substitute to be made during extra time. Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 3 to 19 August 2016. It was the 6th edition of the women's Olympic football tournament. Together with the men's competition, the 2016 Summer Olympics football tournament was held in six cities in Brazil, including Olympic host city Rio de Janeiro, which hosted the final at the Maracanã Stadium.","title":"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"},{"psg_id":"18291035","text":"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 3 to 19 August 2016. It was the 6th edition of the women's Olympic football tournament. Together with the men's competition, the 2016 Summer Olympics football tournament was held in six cities in Brazil, including Olympic host city Rio de Janeiro, which hosted the final at the Maracanã Stadium. There were no player age restrictions for teams participating in the women's competition. In March 2016, it was agreed that the competition would be part of IFAB's trial to allow","title":"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament"},{"psg_id":"18291030","text":"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 4 to 20 August 2016. It was the 26th edition of the men's Olympic football tournament. Together with the women's competition, the 2016 Summer Olympics football tournament was held in six cities in Brazil, including Olympic host city Rio de Janeiro, which hosted the final at the Maracanã Stadium. Teams participating in the men's competition were restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1993) with a maximum of three overage players allowed. In March 2016, it","title":"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament"},{"psg_id":"4748258","text":"2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be","title":"2020 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"1751071","text":"squad had little difficulty defeating the USFSA XI. Upton Park led 2–0 after the first half, getting two more goals in the second to win 4–0. Gaston Peltier scored in the first minute to give the USFSA XI an early lead, but Université de Bruxelles scored twice to take a 2–1 first half lead. The French scored five goals in the second half, however, to take the match 6–2. Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics At the 1900 Summer Olympics, a football tournament was contested for the first time. Only two demonstration matches were held between the three club sides,","title":"Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"5474437","text":"Moscow bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics Moscow 2012 was one of the five short-listed bids for the 2012 Summer Games, and was to be held in Moscow, Russia. The capital city's Olympic plans were to build on top of the legacy created after the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow's River Plan called for every single competition to be staged within city limits, which made the city's proposal one of the most compact ever. All existing venues were to have been extensively renovated and more venues were planned to be constructed in time for the Olympics. A new, modern athletes village","title":"Moscow bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"872678","text":"1972 Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics (German: \"Olympische Sommerspiele 1972\"), officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from August 26 to September 11, 1972. The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week, in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September Palestinian terrorists. The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin, which had taken","title":"1972 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"1065721","text":"1920 Summer Olympics The 1920 Summer Olympics (; ; ), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium. In March 1912, during the 13th session of the IOC, Belgium's bid to host the 1920 Summer Olympics was made by Baron Édouard de Laveleye, president of the Belgian Olympic Committee and of the Royal Belgian Football Association. No fixed host city was proposed at the time. The 1916 Summer Olympics, to be held in Berlin, capital of the German Empire, were cancelled due to World War I. The aftermath of","title":"1920 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"867001","text":"example of this was the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which was also the Olympic Stadium for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The only two new venues constructed specifically for the 1984 Summer Olympics were secured with the backing of corporate sponsors: the Olympic Velodrome was largely funded by the 7-Eleven corporation and the Olympic Swim Stadium by McDonald's. As the only bidding city, the Los Angeles OCOG was able to extract a number of concessions from the IOC. Not only was it agreed that the city could make use of existing venues, but also that it would not be held responsible","title":"1984 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"15692678","text":"Comoros at the 2012 Summer Olympics Comoros competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its fifth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1996 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Maoulida Darouèche and Feta Ahamada, and one swimmer, Ayouba Ali Sihame, all three qualified for the Games through wildcard places. Ahamada was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Darouèche held it at the closing ceremony. Ahamada won her heat in the","title":"Comoros at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"16445222","text":"Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swaziland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Sibusiso Matsenjwa and Phumlile Ndzinisa, and one swimmer, Luke Hall; the first two competitors qualified for the Games through wildcard places while Hall was awarded an universality place by FINA. Hall was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Matensjwa held it for","title":"Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"15557710","text":"Malta at the 2012 Summer Olympics Malta competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its fifteenth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1928 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes, Rachid Chouhal and Diane Borg, one double trap shooter William Chetcuti and two swimmers Andrew Chetcuti and Nicola Muscat. All five competitors qualified for the Games through wildcard places. William Chetcuti was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Borg held it at","title":"Malta at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"5634889","text":"break the world record, 1.97 metres at the time. He failed all three times he attempted it, but still took the gold medal. Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump The men's high jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 15, 1900. Eight athletes from seven nations competed in the high jump. These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1900 Summer Olympics. \"(*)\" unofficial Irving Baxter improved the Olympic record twice. At first he jumped 1.85 metres and","title":"Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump"},{"psg_id":"5634888","text":"Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump The men's high jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 15, 1900. Eight athletes from seven nations competed in the high jump. These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1900 Summer Olympics. \"(*)\" unofficial Irving Baxter improved the Olympic record twice. At first he jumped 1.85 metres and finally he also cleared 1.90 metres. Baxter won easily, clearing 1.85 metres and 1.90 metres. With no one else close, he attempted to","title":"Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump"},{"psg_id":"4287961","text":"Madrid bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics Madrid 2012 was one of the five short-listed bids for the 2012 Summer Games. Madrid and New York City were the only two cities that opted to hold the 2012 Olympics that had never held a Summer Olympics before. The candidacy celebration, held on June 5, 2005 in central Madrid, included the carrying of the longest flag ever constructed through the streets of Madrid using over a thousand volunteering citizens of Madrid as well as a performance by pop singer Shakira. The celebration concluded with a fireworks show. The official slogan of the","title":"Madrid bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"1463169","text":"Berlin returned to Olympic bidding in 1931, when it beat Barcelona, Spain, for the right to host the 1936 Summer Olympics, the last Olympics before the outbreak of World War II. 1916 Summer Olympics The 1916 Summer Olympics (German: \"Olympische Sommerspiele 1916\"), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the","title":"1916 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"15882983","text":"multiple countries. It has been stated that Baku would bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Baku hosted the 2015 European Games which were the first European Games to be held. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The city hosted many sporting events, including the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships in 2007 and 2009, the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2010 European Wrestling Championships, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2009 Women's Challenge Cup and the European Taekwondo Championships","title":"Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"16726148","text":"Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was held in August at the new Olympic Golf Course (), built within the Reserva de Marapendi in the Barra da Tijuca zone. The 2016 Summer Olympics was the first time golf had been played at the Olympics since the 1904 Summer Olympics and featured two events: the men's and women's individual events. Though golf has not featured in the Olympics since the 1904 Summer Olympics, the session of the 121st IOC Session held in 2009 chose to re-introduce the sport for the","title":"Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"7883948","text":"was judged by four judges, like men's ones. The highest and lowest marks were dropped and an average of two remaining marks constituted the score. Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics At the 1968 Summer Olympics, fourteen different artistic gymnastics events were contested, eight for men and six for women. All events were held at the National Auditorium in Mexico City from October 21 through October 26. The scoring in all the events was similar to that of the gymnastics events at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Six best gymnasts on the apparatus in the team competition (by sum of two","title":"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"7883947","text":"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics At the 1968 Summer Olympics, fourteen different artistic gymnastics events were contested, eight for men and six for women. All events were held at the National Auditorium in Mexico City from October 21 through October 26. The scoring in all the events was similar to that of the gymnastics events at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Six best gymnasts on the apparatus in the team competition (by sum of two scores - for compulsory and optional routine) qualified for that apparatus finals. The new feature of the competition was in women's events: each of them","title":"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"9368670","text":"Olympics. The competition was held on Saturday, October 17, 1964. 19 weightlifters from 18 nations competed on this competition. There are results of the men's heavyweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. The competition was held on Sunday, October 18, 1964. 21 weightlifters from 19 nations competed on this competition. Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Olympics The weightlifting competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo consisted of seven weight classes, all for men only. It also counted as 1964 World Weightlifting Championships. There are results of the men's bantamweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. The competition was held","title":"Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"16376880","text":"Rwanda at the 2012 Summer Olympics Rwanda competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its eighth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included seven competitors which included three track and field athletes; Robert Kajuga, Jean Pierre Mvuyekure and Claudette Mukasakindi. The other people that represented the country were cross-country cyclist Adrien Niyonshuti, judoka Fred Yannick Uwase, swimmers Jackson Niyomugabo and Alphonsine Agahozo. The track and field athletes qualified for the Games by meeting qualification","title":"Rwanda at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"6043664","text":"Basketball at the Summer Olympics Basketball at the Summer Olympics has been a sport for men consistently since 1936. Prior to its inclusion as a medal sport, basketball was held as a demonstration event in 1904. Women's basketball made its debut in the Summer Olympics in 1976. The United States is by far the most successful country in Olympic basketball, with United States men's teams having won 15 of 18 tournaments in which they participated, including seven consecutive titles from 1936 through 1968. United States women's teams have won 8 titles out of the 10 tournaments in which they competed,","title":"Basketball at the Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"8955996","text":"shooting, which the Netherlands had competed each team the nation appeared at the Olympics. A single tennis player represented the Netherlands at the 1912 Games. It was the nation's second appearance in tennis. Blom competed only in the outdoor singles, losing his first match. The Netherlands was represented by three wrestlers in its second Olympic wrestling appearance. Sint had the best performance, going to the sixth round before being beaten twice. The team's combined record was 5-6. Netherlands at the 1912 Summer Olympics Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. 33 competitors, all men,","title":"Netherlands at the 1912 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"16444921","text":"Lesotho at the 2012 Summer Olympics Lesotho competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its tenth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included three track and field athletes; Tsepo Ramonene, Mosito Lehata and Mamorallo Tjoka, and one swimmer; Masempe Theko. Ramonene and Lehata qualified for the Games by meeting qualification standards, while Tjoka and Theko made the Olympics through wildcard places. Tjoka was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Lehata","title":"Lesotho at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"19257233","text":"Future, since 753 BC\". Official partners which have already subscribed agreement to sustain Rome 2024 bid. Rome bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics The Rome bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics and Summer Paralympics was an attempt to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to the city of Rome. On 21 September 2016, Rome withdrew its bid for the Games. The city hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and expressed an interest in bidding for 2024. A Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics was canceled in 2012, when the Italian government withdrew its support from the bid on the eve of","title":"Rome bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"15516224","text":"the 1908 Games to London. Rome later bid for the 1924 Summer Olympics but lost to Paris. They then bid for the 1936 Games but lost to Berlin. They bid for the 1944 Summer Olympics which were awarded to London, then cancelled due to World War II. Rome successfully bid for the 1960 Summer Olympics. The city had previously bid for the 2004 Summer Olympics, where it was shortlisted as a candidate city but lost to Athens in the final round of voting. Milan bid for the 1908 Summer Olympics but was defeated by London and also for 2000 Summer","title":"Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"865058","text":"1960 Summer Olympics The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad (Italian: \"Giochi della XVII Olimpiade\"), was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11, 1960, in Rome, Italy. The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics, but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906, Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London. On June 15, 1955, at the 50th IOC Session in Paris, France, Rome won the rights to host the 1960 Games, having beaten Brussels,","title":"1960 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"1463167","text":"1916 Summer Olympics The 1916 Summer Olympics (German: \"Olympische Sommerspiele 1916\"), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the 1916 Games were cancelled, Berlin would eventually host the 1936 Summer Olympics, twenty years later. Work on the stadium, the Deutsches Stadion (\"German Stadium\"), began in 1912 at what was the","title":"1916 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"865061","text":"number of participants that each country contributed. The 1960 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 150 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1960 Games: 1960 Summer Olympics The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad (Italian: \"Giochi della XVII Olimpiade\"), was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11, 1960, in Rome, Italy. The city of Rome had previously been awarded","title":"1960 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"11084839","text":"Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Doha, the capital city of Qatar, bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. It was one of two cities in the Arab World, along with Cairo, Egypt to mount a serious bid. Doha's bid was eliminated from consideration when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist on June 4, 2008. Had Doha been chosen to host the games, they were to be held between October 14 and October 30. The Paralympics were to be held between November 9 and November 21. Hassan Ali Bin Ali was named the chairman of the Doha 2016","title":"Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"15692707","text":"The Gambia at the 2012 Summer Olympics The Gambia competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its eighth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two athletes, Suwaibou Sanneh and Saruba Colley, the former had qualified by setting a qualifying time that fell within the required standard and the latter entered via a wildcard place. Sanneh was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening and closing ceremonies. Sanneh became the first Gambian","title":"The Gambia at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"6667116","text":"Djibouti at the 2000 Summer Olympics Djibouti took part in the 2000 Summer Olympics, which were held in Sydney, Australia from 15 September to 1 October. The country's participation at Sydney marked its fifth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States. The delegation included two track and field athletes; Omar Daher Gadid in the men's marathon and Roda Ali Wais in the women's 800 metres. Gadid failed to finish the marathon, while Wais did not progress past the first round of her event. Djibouti participated in four Summer Olympics","title":"Djibouti at the 2000 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"6755132","text":"Djibouti at the 1996 Summer Olympics Djibouti took part in the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta, United States from 19 July to 4 August. The country's participation marked its fourth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States. The delegation from Djibouti included five athletes, three in athletics and two in sailing. The three athletes for athletics were Ali Ibrahim, Omar Moussa, and Hussein Ahmed Salah while Robleh Ali Adou and Mohamed Youssef represented the country for sailing. Djibouti participated in four Summer Olympics between its debut","title":"Djibouti at the 1996 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"3521573","text":"Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, three disciplines of gymnastics were contested: artistic gymnastics (August 14–23), rhythmic gymnastics (August 26–29) and trampoline (August 20–21). The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Olympic Indoor Hall and the rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Galatsi Olympic Hall. The competition format was largely the same as at the 2000 Summer Olympics. All participating gymnasts, including those who were not part of a team, participated in a qualification round. The results of this competition determined which teams and individuals participated in the","title":"Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"8820171","text":"Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal featured races in 14 events, all held at the rowing basin on Notre Dame Island. Women's events held at 1000 m debuted (they would be lengthened to the men's events of 2000 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul). There was a desire by the IOC's program commission to reduce the number of competitors and a number of recommendations were put to the IOC's executive board on 23 February 1973, which were all accepted. Rowing was the only sport where the number of competitors was","title":"Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"3552705","text":"Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics At the 1996 Summer Olympics, two different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics. The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Georgia Dome from July 20–25 and July 28–29. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at Stegeman Coliseum in nearby Athens, on the campus of the University of Georgia from August 1–4. In artistic gymnastics, this was the last major competition to include compulsory exercises, which was then replaced by prelims. The gymnastics competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was carried out in three stages: Each country was limited to three","title":"Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"3245146","text":"Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics At the 2000 Summer Olympics, three different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and trampoline. The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Sydney SuperDome on 16–25 September and 22–23 September, respectively. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at Pavilion 3 of the Sydney Olympic Park on 28 September – 1 October. No compulsory routines were performed in artistic gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Instead, all participating gymnasts, including those who were not part of a team, participated in a qualification round. The results of this competition determined which","title":"Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"4329162","text":"also received 1 penalty point for each second over the optimum time. They could be eliminated for a second disobedience, the rider's second fall, the horse's first fall, or taking more than twice the optimum time to finish the course. Four pairs did not qualify for the final jumping because three other pairs from their team had already qualified. Those four pairs have their positions after phase three in parentheses. Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing The individual eventing event, part of the equestrian program at the 2004 Summer Olympics, was held from 15 August to 18","title":"Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing"},{"psg_id":"20949194","text":"Bids for the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics There were a total of four bids which were initially submitted for the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics. In September 2018, the IOC agreed to award the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics to the city of Dakar. Dakar were officially awarded the Games at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 8 October 2018. The IOC revealed the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics bid process on 29 March 2018. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics on 8 October 2018 at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos","title":"Bids for the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics"},{"psg_id":"5701519","text":"Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics The equestrian events at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. In retaliation to the US-lead 1980 Olympics boycott, the USSR went on to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics. The equestrian sports were held primarily at Santa Anita Racetrack, which offered stabling for up to 2100 horses, a grandstand with almost 16000 seats, and was managed by experienced horsemen. However, this was the first time the individual jumping competition was not held in the Olympic Stadium immediately prior to the closing","title":"Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"5701521","text":"Islands, and Yugoslavia) competed. Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics The equestrian events at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. In retaliation to the US-lead 1980 Olympics boycott, the USSR went on to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics. The equestrian sports were held primarily at Santa Anita Racetrack, which offered stabling for up to 2100 horses, a grandstand with almost 16000 seats, and was managed by experienced horsemen. However, this was the first time the individual jumping competition was not held in the Olympic Stadium immediately","title":"Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"9201764","text":"(113 degrees Fahrenheit), a fact that would prove disastrous to competing athletes. However, this would be somewhat improved if the Games were to be held in the early Autumn. Also, in terms of sporting history, the UAE have had a very small presence of athletes in prior Olympics, having only ever won one medal. Dubai ultimately did not submit a bid by the September 2007 deadline. The nearby city of Doha, Qatar submitted a bid, possibly discouraging Dubai. Rio de Janeiro won the bid and hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics. Dubai bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Dubai, a city","title":"Dubai bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"3552706","text":"gymnasts in the all-around final and two gymnasts in each apparatus final. Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics At the 1996 Summer Olympics, two different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics. The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Georgia Dome from July 20–25 and July 28–29. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at Stegeman Coliseum in nearby Athens, on the campus of the University of Georgia from August 1–4. In artistic gymnastics, this was the last major competition to include compulsory exercises, which was then replaced by prelims. The gymnastics competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics","title":"Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"19778539","text":"Konstantin Adrianow. Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four The men's coxed four competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics took place at Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course, Mexico City, Mexico. It was held from 13 to 19 October and was unexpectedly won by the team from New Zealand, which secured the country its first Olympic rowing medal. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, the men's coxed four event was won by the United Team of Germany. It was the last appearance of the German United Team. The 1962 World Rowing Championships had been won by the team","title":"Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four"},{"psg_id":"19778534","text":"Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four The men's coxed four competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics took place at Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course, Mexico City, Mexico. It was held from 13 to 19 October and was unexpectedly won by the team from New Zealand, which secured the country its first Olympic rowing medal. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, the men's coxed four event was won by the United Team of Germany. It was the last appearance of the German United Team. The 1962 World Rowing Championships had been won by the team from West","title":"Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four"},{"psg_id":"19522890","text":"Bhutan at the 2016 Summer Olympics Bhutan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, which was held from 5 to 21 August 2016. The country's participation in Rio de Janeiro marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two female athletes, Karma in the women's individual archery tournament and Kunzang Lenchu in the women's 10 metre air rifle shooting contest. Both qualified for the Games through wildcard places because they did not match the required qualification standards. Karma was selected as the flag bearer for the","title":"Bhutan at the 2016 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"12238540","text":"behind the slowest athlete that progressed to the quarter-finals. Therefore, she did not advance. Mauritania at the 2008 Summer Olympics Mauritania competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics which was held in Beijing, China. The country's participation at Beijing marked its seventh appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes, Souleymane Ould Chebal and Bounkou Camara, who were both selected by wildcards after both failed to meet either the \"A\" or \"B\" qualifying standards. Chebal was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Neither of the","title":"Mauritania at the 2008 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"3676558","text":"behind the slowest athlete that progressed, therefore not advancing to the quarter-finals. Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics Vanuatu competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, which was held from 13 to 29 August 2004. The nation's appearance at the 2004 Athens Games marked its fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Two track and field athletes, Moses Kamut and Katura Marae, were selected to represent the nation via wildcards, as the nation had no athletes that met either the \"A\" or \"B\" qualifying standards. Kamut was selected as flag bearer","title":"Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"3676551","text":"Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics Vanuatu competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, which was held from 13 to 29 August 2004. The nation's appearance at the 2004 Athens Games marked its fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Two track and field athletes, Moses Kamut and Katura Marae, were selected to represent the nation via wildcards, as the nation had no athletes that met either the \"A\" or \"B\" qualifying standards. Kamut was selected as flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Marae was notable for being the youngest competitor","title":"Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"16445235","text":"Belize at the 2012 Summer Olympics Belize competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which were held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation in London was its eleventh appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1968 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two short-distance runners and one judoka: Kenneth Medwood, Kaina Martinez and Eddermys Sanchez. Medwood qualified by recording a time that met qualification standards while the latter two entered through wildcard places. Medwood was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening and closing ceremonies. Medwood reached the semifinals of the","title":"Belize at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"16445231","text":"to progress to the next round and did not advance to the later stages of the men's 50 metre freestyle. Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swaziland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Sibusiso Matsenjwa and Phumlile Ndzinisa, and one swimmer, Luke Hall; the first two competitors qualified for the Games through wildcard places while Hall was awarded an","title":"Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics"},{"psg_id":"15692673","text":"Chad at the 2012 Summer Olympics Chad competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This marked the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1964 Summer Olympics. The Chadian delegation included track and field athlete Hinikissia Ndikert and judoka Carine Ngarlemdana. Ngarlemdana was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Ndikert was the flag bearer for the closing ceremony. Neither of Chad's athletes progressed beyond the first round of their events. Chad was one of only two countries to have a female-only team","title":"Chad at the 2012 Summer Olympics"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"865004\",\n \"text\": \"bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. 1964 Summer Olympics\",\n \"title\": \"1964 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"525710\",\n \"text\": \"postal vote, gave the summer Games to London and the winter competition to St Moritz. London was selected ahead of Baltimore, Minneapolis, Lausanne, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia. London, which had previously hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics, became the second city to host the Olympics twice; Paris hosted the event in 1900 and 1924. London later became the first city to host the Olympics for a third time when the city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics. Lord Burghley, a gold medal winner at the 1928 Olympics, member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and President of the Amateur Athletics Association was\",\n \"title\": \"1948 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5724215\",\n \"text\": \"Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics The equestrian events at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. The competitions were held from 16 to 24 October 1964. These events took place at Karuizawa, which would become the first city to host Summer and Winter Olympic event when it hosted the curling events for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. This was the second time the Olympics were held in a city that required most of the horses to travel long distances (the first being the 1932\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1463154\",\n \"text\": \"1940 Summer Olympics The 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XII Olympiad, were originally scheduled to be held from September 21 to October 6, 1940, in Tokyo, Japan. They were rescheduled for Helsinki, Finland, to be held from July 20 to August 4, 1940, but were ultimately cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II. Helsinki eventually hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics and Tokyo the 1964 Summer Olympics. The campaign to choose a city for 1940 began in 1932, with Barcelona, Rome, Helsinki, and Tokyo participating. Tokyo city officials suggested a campaign as a means\",\n \"title\": \"1940 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6878006\",\n \"text\": \"two-time Olympic champions from East Germany in the men's 8 twice at the Lucerne pre-olympic regatta. Steve Redgrave won his first of five consecutive gold medals. Elisabeta Oleniuc, later known as Elisabeta Lipă, also won her first gold medal. Twenty years later she won her fifth gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. The quadruple sculls events, as in 1976 and 1980, were again held without coxswain for men and with coxswain for women. Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured 14 events in total, for both men and women. Events were\",\n \"title\": \"Rowing at the 1984 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"864590\",\n \"text\": \"1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which were held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 1956. These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the Olympics. Due to the Southern Hemisphere's seasons being different from those in\",\n \"title\": \"1956 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"368647\",\n \"text\": \"when Tokyo again becomes host city. Historically, the Summer Olympics has been held predominantly in English-speaking countries and European nations. Tokyo will be the first city outside these regions to have hosted the Summer Olympics twice; it will also be the largest city ever to have hosted the Games, having grown considerably since 1964. The 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first that were held during the local winter season. The only two countries in the Southern Hemisphere to have hosted the Summer Olympics have been\",\n \"title\": \"Summer Olympic Games\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"835364\",\n \"text\": \"competition amongst nations across the world. Athens was chosen as the host city during the 106th IOC Session held in Lausanne on 5 September 1997. Athens had lost its bid to organize the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta nearly seven years before on 18 September 1990, during the 96th IOC Session in Tokyo. 1996 coincided with the 100th Anniversary of the first modern Olympics, which were also held in Athens. Under the direction of Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, Athens pursued another bid, this time for the right to host the Summer Olympics in 2004. The success of Athens in securing the 2004\",\n \"title\": \"2004 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"864606\",\n \"text\": \"ten nations that won medals at the 1956 Games. Host nation (Australia) 1956 Summer Olympics The 1956 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 22 November to 8 December 1956, with the exception of the equestrian events, which were held in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 1956. These Games were the first to be staged in the Southern Hemisphere and Oceania, as well as the first to be held outside Europe and North America. Melbourne is the most southerly city ever to host the\",\n \"title\": \"1956 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5414900\",\n \"text\": \"Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics Equestrian competitions at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico featured team and individual competitions in show jumping, eventing, and dressage. Mexico City proved a challenging site since it was 2,300 meters above sea level, resulting in 30% less oxygen in the air. The horses at the 1955 Pan American Games, which was also held in Mexico City, arrived a few weeks before the Games to adjust, but had difficulty in the competition. However, racehorses that competed at the same location and who were shipped in the day before, and left the day\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9811097\",\n \"text\": \"to the competition, which was won by Kansas City and \\\"its famous engine and hook and ladder company No.1\\\".' Fire fighting at the 1900 Summer Olympics Fire fighting was a contested event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. Competitions were held for both professional and volunteer firefighters. Like all events held at the 1900 Games, the fire fighting event was considered part of the 1900 World's Fair. In later years the IOC deemed each event of the 1900 Olympics to be either official or unofficial. Fire fighting was regarded as unofficial. There was no such designation at the\",\n \"title\": \"Fire fighting at the 1900 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18291040\",\n \"text\": \"2016, the FIFA Executive Committee agreed that the competition would be part of the International Football Association Board's trial to allow a fourth substitute to be made during extra time. Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 3 to 19 August 2016. It was the 6th edition of the women's Olympic football tournament. Together with the men's competition, the 2016 Summer Olympics football tournament was held in six cities in Brazil, including Olympic host city Rio de Janeiro, which hosted the final at the Maracanã Stadium.\",\n \"title\": \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18291035\",\n \"text\": \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament The women's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 3 to 19 August 2016. It was the 6th edition of the women's Olympic football tournament. Together with the men's competition, the 2016 Summer Olympics football tournament was held in six cities in Brazil, including Olympic host city Rio de Janeiro, which hosted the final at the Maracanã Stadium. There were no player age restrictions for teams participating in the women's competition. In March 2016, it was agreed that the competition would be part of IFAB's trial to allow\",\n \"title\": \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18291030\",\n \"text\": \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament The men's football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics was held from 4 to 20 August 2016. It was the 26th edition of the men's Olympic football tournament. Together with the women's competition, the 2016 Summer Olympics football tournament was held in six cities in Brazil, including Olympic host city Rio de Janeiro, which hosted the final at the Maracanã Stadium. Teams participating in the men's competition were restricted to under-23 players (born on or after 1 January 1993) with a maximum of three overage players allowed. In March 2016, it\",\n \"title\": \"Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4748258\",\n \"text\": \"2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be\",\n \"title\": \"2020 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1751071\",\n \"text\": \"squad had little difficulty defeating the USFSA XI. Upton Park led 2–0 after the first half, getting two more goals in the second to win 4–0. Gaston Peltier scored in the first minute to give the USFSA XI an early lead, but Université de Bruxelles scored twice to take a 2–1 first half lead. The French scored five goals in the second half, however, to take the match 6–2. Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics At the 1900 Summer Olympics, a football tournament was contested for the first time. Only two demonstration matches were held between the three club sides,\",\n \"title\": \"Football at the 1900 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5474437\",\n \"text\": \"Moscow bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics Moscow 2012 was one of the five short-listed bids for the 2012 Summer Games, and was to be held in Moscow, Russia. The capital city's Olympic plans were to build on top of the legacy created after the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow's River Plan called for every single competition to be staged within city limits, which made the city's proposal one of the most compact ever. All existing venues were to have been extensively renovated and more venues were planned to be constructed in time for the Olympics. A new, modern athletes village\",\n \"title\": \"Moscow bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"872678\",\n \"text\": \"1972 Summer Olympics The 1972 Summer Olympics (German: \\\"Olympische Sommerspiele 1972\\\"), officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from August 26 to September 11, 1972. The sporting nature of the event was largely overshadowed by the Munich massacre in the second week, in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer at Olympic village were killed by Black September Palestinian terrorists. The 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin, which had taken\",\n \"title\": \"1972 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1065721\",\n \"text\": \"1920 Summer Olympics The 1920 Summer Olympics (; ; ), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium. In March 1912, during the 13th session of the IOC, Belgium's bid to host the 1920 Summer Olympics was made by Baron Édouard de Laveleye, president of the Belgian Olympic Committee and of the Royal Belgian Football Association. No fixed host city was proposed at the time. The 1916 Summer Olympics, to be held in Berlin, capital of the German Empire, were cancelled due to World War I. The aftermath of\",\n \"title\": \"1920 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"867001\",\n \"text\": \"example of this was the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which was also the Olympic Stadium for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The only two new venues constructed specifically for the 1984 Summer Olympics were secured with the backing of corporate sponsors: the Olympic Velodrome was largely funded by the 7-Eleven corporation and the Olympic Swim Stadium by McDonald's. As the only bidding city, the Los Angeles OCOG was able to extract a number of concessions from the IOC. Not only was it agreed that the city could make use of existing venues, but also that it would not be held responsible\",\n \"title\": \"1984 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15692678\",\n \"text\": \"Comoros at the 2012 Summer Olympics Comoros competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its fifth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1996 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Maoulida Darouèche and Feta Ahamada, and one swimmer, Ayouba Ali Sihame, all three qualified for the Games through wildcard places. Ahamada was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Darouèche held it at the closing ceremony. Ahamada won her heat in the\",\n \"title\": \"Comoros at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16445222\",\n \"text\": \"Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swaziland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Sibusiso Matsenjwa and Phumlile Ndzinisa, and one swimmer, Luke Hall; the first two competitors qualified for the Games through wildcard places while Hall was awarded an universality place by FINA. Hall was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Matensjwa held it for\",\n \"title\": \"Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15557710\",\n \"text\": \"Malta at the 2012 Summer Olympics Malta competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its fifteenth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1928 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes, Rachid Chouhal and Diane Borg, one double trap shooter William Chetcuti and two swimmers Andrew Chetcuti and Nicola Muscat. All five competitors qualified for the Games through wildcard places. William Chetcuti was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Borg held it at\",\n \"title\": \"Malta at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5634889\",\n \"text\": \"break the world record, 1.97 metres at the time. He failed all three times he attempted it, but still took the gold medal. Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump The men's high jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 15, 1900. Eight athletes from seven nations competed in the high jump. These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1900 Summer Olympics. \\\"(*)\\\" unofficial Irving Baxter improved the Olympic record twice. At first he jumped 1.85 metres and\",\n \"title\": \"Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5634888\",\n \"text\": \"Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump The men's high jump was a track & field athletics event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris. It was held on July 15, 1900. Eight athletes from seven nations competed in the high jump. These were the standing world and Olympic records (in metres) prior to the 1900 Summer Olympics. \\\"(*)\\\" unofficial Irving Baxter improved the Olympic record twice. At first he jumped 1.85 metres and finally he also cleared 1.90 metres. Baxter won easily, clearing 1.85 metres and 1.90 metres. With no one else close, he attempted to\",\n \"title\": \"Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4287961\",\n \"text\": \"Madrid bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics Madrid 2012 was one of the five short-listed bids for the 2012 Summer Games. Madrid and New York City were the only two cities that opted to hold the 2012 Olympics that had never held a Summer Olympics before. The candidacy celebration, held on June 5, 2005 in central Madrid, included the carrying of the longest flag ever constructed through the streets of Madrid using over a thousand volunteering citizens of Madrid as well as a performance by pop singer Shakira. The celebration concluded with a fireworks show. The official slogan of the\",\n \"title\": \"Madrid bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1463169\",\n \"text\": \"Berlin returned to Olympic bidding in 1931, when it beat Barcelona, Spain, for the right to host the 1936 Summer Olympics, the last Olympics before the outbreak of World War II. 1916 Summer Olympics The 1916 Summer Olympics (German: \\\"Olympische Sommerspiele 1916\\\"), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the\",\n \"title\": \"1916 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15882983\",\n \"text\": \"multiple countries. It has been stated that Baku would bid again for the 2024 Summer Olympics. Baku hosted the 2015 European Games which were the first European Games to be held. Tokyo was ultimately elected as the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics at the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The city hosted many sporting events, including the Rhythmic Gymnastics European Championships in 2007 and 2009, the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships, 2007 FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2010 European Wrestling Championships, the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships, 2009 Women's Challenge Cup and the European Taekwondo Championships\",\n \"title\": \"Baku bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16726148\",\n \"text\": \"Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was held in August at the new Olympic Golf Course (), built within the Reserva de Marapendi in the Barra da Tijuca zone. The 2016 Summer Olympics was the first time golf had been played at the Olympics since the 1904 Summer Olympics and featured two events: the men's and women's individual events. Though golf has not featured in the Olympics since the 1904 Summer Olympics, the session of the 121st IOC Session held in 2009 chose to re-introduce the sport for the\",\n \"title\": \"Golf at the 2016 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7883948\",\n \"text\": \"was judged by four judges, like men's ones. The highest and lowest marks were dropped and an average of two remaining marks constituted the score. Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics At the 1968 Summer Olympics, fourteen different artistic gymnastics events were contested, eight for men and six for women. All events were held at the National Auditorium in Mexico City from October 21 through October 26. The scoring in all the events was similar to that of the gymnastics events at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Six best gymnasts on the apparatus in the team competition (by sum of two\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7883947\",\n \"text\": \"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics At the 1968 Summer Olympics, fourteen different artistic gymnastics events were contested, eight for men and six for women. All events were held at the National Auditorium in Mexico City from October 21 through October 26. The scoring in all the events was similar to that of the gymnastics events at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Six best gymnasts on the apparatus in the team competition (by sum of two scores - for compulsory and optional routine) qualified for that apparatus finals. The new feature of the competition was in women's events: each of them\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnastics at the 1968 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9368670\",\n \"text\": \"Olympics. The competition was held on Saturday, October 17, 1964. 19 weightlifters from 18 nations competed on this competition. There are results of the men's heavyweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. The competition was held on Sunday, October 18, 1964. 21 weightlifters from 19 nations competed on this competition. Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Olympics The weightlifting competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo consisted of seven weight classes, all for men only. It also counted as 1964 World Weightlifting Championships. There are results of the men's bantamweight event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. The competition was held\",\n \"title\": \"Weightlifting at the 1964 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16376880\",\n \"text\": \"Rwanda at the 2012 Summer Olympics Rwanda competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its eighth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included seven competitors which included three track and field athletes; Robert Kajuga, Jean Pierre Mvuyekure and Claudette Mukasakindi. The other people that represented the country were cross-country cyclist Adrien Niyonshuti, judoka Fred Yannick Uwase, swimmers Jackson Niyomugabo and Alphonsine Agahozo. The track and field athletes qualified for the Games by meeting qualification\",\n \"title\": \"Rwanda at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6043664\",\n \"text\": \"Basketball at the Summer Olympics Basketball at the Summer Olympics has been a sport for men consistently since 1936. Prior to its inclusion as a medal sport, basketball was held as a demonstration event in 1904. Women's basketball made its debut in the Summer Olympics in 1976. The United States is by far the most successful country in Olympic basketball, with United States men's teams having won 15 of 18 tournaments in which they participated, including seven consecutive titles from 1936 through 1968. United States women's teams have won 8 titles out of the 10 tournaments in which they competed,\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball at the Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8955996\",\n \"text\": \"shooting, which the Netherlands had competed each team the nation appeared at the Olympics. A single tennis player represented the Netherlands at the 1912 Games. It was the nation's second appearance in tennis. Blom competed only in the outdoor singles, losing his first match. The Netherlands was represented by three wrestlers in its second Olympic wrestling appearance. Sint had the best performance, going to the sixth round before being beaten twice. The team's combined record was 5-6. Netherlands at the 1912 Summer Olympics Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden. 33 competitors, all men,\",\n \"title\": \"Netherlands at the 1912 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16444921\",\n \"text\": \"Lesotho at the 2012 Summer Olympics Lesotho competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its tenth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included three track and field athletes; Tsepo Ramonene, Mosito Lehata and Mamorallo Tjoka, and one swimmer; Masempe Theko. Ramonene and Lehata qualified for the Games by meeting qualification standards, while Tjoka and Theko made the Olympics through wildcard places. Tjoka was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Lehata\",\n \"title\": \"Lesotho at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19257233\",\n \"text\": \"Future, since 753 BC\\\". Official partners which have already subscribed agreement to sustain Rome 2024 bid. Rome bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics The Rome bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics and Summer Paralympics was an attempt to bring the 2024 Summer Olympics to the city of Rome. On 21 September 2016, Rome withdrew its bid for the Games. The city hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and expressed an interest in bidding for 2024. A Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics was canceled in 2012, when the Italian government withdrew its support from the bid on the eve of\",\n \"title\": \"Rome bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15516224\",\n \"text\": \"the 1908 Games to London. Rome later bid for the 1924 Summer Olympics but lost to Paris. They then bid for the 1936 Games but lost to Berlin. They bid for the 1944 Summer Olympics which were awarded to London, then cancelled due to World War II. Rome successfully bid for the 1960 Summer Olympics. The city had previously bid for the 2004 Summer Olympics, where it was shortlisted as a candidate city but lost to Athens in the final round of voting. Milan bid for the 1908 Summer Olympics but was defeated by London and also for 2000 Summer\",\n \"title\": \"Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"865058\",\n \"text\": \"1960 Summer Olympics The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad (Italian: \\\"Giochi della XVII Olimpiade\\\"), was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11, 1960, in Rome, Italy. The city of Rome had previously been awarded the administration of the 1908 Summer Olympics, but following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906, Rome had no choice but to decline and pass the honour to London. On June 15, 1955, at the 50th IOC Session in Paris, France, Rome won the rights to host the 1960 Games, having beaten Brussels,\",\n \"title\": \"1960 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1463167\",\n \"text\": \"1916 Summer Olympics The 1916 Summer Olympics (German: \\\"Olympische Sommerspiele 1916\\\"), officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were scheduled to be held in Berlin, Germany, but were eventually cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I. Berlin was selected as the host city during the 14th IOC Session in Stockholm on 4 July 1912, defeating bids from Alexandria, Amsterdam, Brussels, Budapest and Cleveland. After the 1916 Games were cancelled, Berlin would eventually host the 1936 Summer Olympics, twenty years later. Work on the stadium, the Deutsches Stadion (\\\"German Stadium\\\"), began in 1912 at what was the\",\n \"title\": \"1916 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"865061\",\n \"text\": \"number of participants that each country contributed. The 1960 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 150 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1960 Games: 1960 Summer Olympics The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad (Italian: \\\"Giochi della XVII Olimpiade\\\"), was an international multi-sport event that was held from August 25 to September 11, 1960, in Rome, Italy. The city of Rome had previously been awarded\",\n \"title\": \"1960 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11084839\",\n \"text\": \"Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Doha, the capital city of Qatar, bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. It was one of two cities in the Arab World, along with Cairo, Egypt to mount a serious bid. Doha's bid was eliminated from consideration when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist on June 4, 2008. Had Doha been chosen to host the games, they were to be held between October 14 and October 30. The Paralympics were to be held between November 9 and November 21. Hassan Ali Bin Ali was named the chairman of the Doha 2016\",\n \"title\": \"Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15692707\",\n \"text\": \"The Gambia at the 2012 Summer Olympics The Gambia competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its eighth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two athletes, Suwaibou Sanneh and Saruba Colley, the former had qualified by setting a qualifying time that fell within the required standard and the latter entered via a wildcard place. Sanneh was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening and closing ceremonies. Sanneh became the first Gambian\",\n \"title\": \"The Gambia at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6667116\",\n \"text\": \"Djibouti at the 2000 Summer Olympics Djibouti took part in the 2000 Summer Olympics, which were held in Sydney, Australia from 15 September to 1 October. The country's participation at Sydney marked its fifth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States. The delegation included two track and field athletes; Omar Daher Gadid in the men's marathon and Roda Ali Wais in the women's 800 metres. Gadid failed to finish the marathon, while Wais did not progress past the first round of her event. Djibouti participated in four Summer Olympics\",\n \"title\": \"Djibouti at the 2000 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6755132\",\n \"text\": \"Djibouti at the 1996 Summer Olympics Djibouti took part in the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta, United States from 19 July to 4 August. The country's participation marked its fourth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States. The delegation from Djibouti included five athletes, three in athletics and two in sailing. The three athletes for athletics were Ali Ibrahim, Omar Moussa, and Hussein Ahmed Salah while Robleh Ali Adou and Mohamed Youssef represented the country for sailing. Djibouti participated in four Summer Olympics between its debut\",\n \"title\": \"Djibouti at the 1996 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3521573\",\n \"text\": \"Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, three disciplines of gymnastics were contested: artistic gymnastics (August 14–23), rhythmic gymnastics (August 26–29) and trampoline (August 20–21). The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Olympic Indoor Hall and the rhythmic gymnastics events were held at the Galatsi Olympic Hall. The competition format was largely the same as at the 2000 Summer Olympics. All participating gymnasts, including those who were not part of a team, participated in a qualification round. The results of this competition determined which teams and individuals participated in the\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8820171\",\n \"text\": \"Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal featured races in 14 events, all held at the rowing basin on Notre Dame Island. Women's events held at 1000 m debuted (they would be lengthened to the men's events of 2000 m at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul). There was a desire by the IOC's program commission to reduce the number of competitors and a number of recommendations were put to the IOC's executive board on 23 February 1973, which were all accepted. Rowing was the only sport where the number of competitors was\",\n \"title\": \"Rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3552705\",\n \"text\": \"Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics At the 1996 Summer Olympics, two different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics. The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Georgia Dome from July 20–25 and July 28–29. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at Stegeman Coliseum in nearby Athens, on the campus of the University of Georgia from August 1–4. In artistic gymnastics, this was the last major competition to include compulsory exercises, which was then replaced by prelims. The gymnastics competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics was carried out in three stages: Each country was limited to three\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3245146\",\n \"text\": \"Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics At the 2000 Summer Olympics, three different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, and trampoline. The artistic gymnastics and trampoline events were held at the Sydney SuperDome on 16–25 September and 22–23 September, respectively. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at Pavilion 3 of the Sydney Olympic Park on 28 September – 1 October. No compulsory routines were performed in artistic gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Instead, all participating gymnasts, including those who were not part of a team, participated in a qualification round. The results of this competition determined which\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4329162\",\n \"text\": \"also received 1 penalty point for each second over the optimum time. They could be eliminated for a second disobedience, the rider's second fall, the horse's first fall, or taking more than twice the optimum time to finish the course. Four pairs did not qualify for the final jumping because three other pairs from their team had already qualified. Those four pairs have their positions after phase three in parentheses. Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing The individual eventing event, part of the equestrian program at the 2004 Summer Olympics, was held from 15 August to 18\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20949194\",\n \"text\": \"Bids for the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics There were a total of four bids which were initially submitted for the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics. In September 2018, the IOC agreed to award the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics to the city of Dakar. Dakar were officially awarded the Games at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 8 October 2018. The IOC revealed the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics bid process on 29 March 2018. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics on 8 October 2018 at the 133rd IOC Session in Buenos\",\n \"title\": \"Bids for the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5701519\",\n \"text\": \"Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics The equestrian events at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. In retaliation to the US-lead 1980 Olympics boycott, the USSR went on to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics. The equestrian sports were held primarily at Santa Anita Racetrack, which offered stabling for up to 2100 horses, a grandstand with almost 16000 seats, and was managed by experienced horsemen. However, this was the first time the individual jumping competition was not held in the Olympic Stadium immediately prior to the closing\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5701521\",\n \"text\": \"Islands, and Yugoslavia) competed. Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics The equestrian events at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics included show jumping, dressage and eventing. All three disciplines had both individual and team competitions. In retaliation to the US-lead 1980 Olympics boycott, the USSR went on to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics. The equestrian sports were held primarily at Santa Anita Racetrack, which offered stabling for up to 2100 horses, a grandstand with almost 16000 seats, and was managed by experienced horsemen. However, this was the first time the individual jumping competition was not held in the Olympic Stadium immediately\",\n \"title\": \"Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9201764\",\n \"text\": \"(113 degrees Fahrenheit), a fact that would prove disastrous to competing athletes. However, this would be somewhat improved if the Games were to be held in the early Autumn. Also, in terms of sporting history, the UAE have had a very small presence of athletes in prior Olympics, having only ever won one medal. Dubai ultimately did not submit a bid by the September 2007 deadline. The nearby city of Doha, Qatar submitted a bid, possibly discouraging Dubai. Rio de Janeiro won the bid and hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics. Dubai bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics Dubai, a city\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3552706\",\n \"text\": \"gymnasts in the all-around final and two gymnasts in each apparatus final. Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics At the 1996 Summer Olympics, two different gymnastics disciplines were contested: artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics. The artistic gymnastics events were held at the Georgia Dome from July 20–25 and July 28–29. The rhythmic gymnastics events were held at Stegeman Coliseum in nearby Athens, on the campus of the University of Georgia from August 1–4. In artistic gymnastics, this was the last major competition to include compulsory exercises, which was then replaced by prelims. The gymnastics competition at the 1996 Summer Olympics\",\n \"title\": \"Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19778539\",\n \"text\": \"Konstantin Adrianow. Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four The men's coxed four competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics took place at Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course, Mexico City, Mexico. It was held from 13 to 19 October and was unexpectedly won by the team from New Zealand, which secured the country its first Olympic rowing medal. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, the men's coxed four event was won by the United Team of Germany. It was the last appearance of the German United Team. The 1962 World Rowing Championships had been won by the team\",\n \"title\": \"Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19778534\",\n \"text\": \"Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four The men's coxed four competition at the 1968 Summer Olympics took place at Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course, Mexico City, Mexico. It was held from 13 to 19 October and was unexpectedly won by the team from New Zealand, which secured the country its first Olympic rowing medal. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, the men's coxed four event was won by the United Team of Germany. It was the last appearance of the German United Team. The 1962 World Rowing Championships had been won by the team from West\",\n \"title\": \"Rowing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's coxed four\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19522890\",\n \"text\": \"Bhutan at the 2016 Summer Olympics Bhutan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, which was held from 5 to 21 August 2016. The country's participation in Rio de Janeiro marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two female athletes, Karma in the women's individual archery tournament and Kunzang Lenchu in the women's 10 metre air rifle shooting contest. Both qualified for the Games through wildcard places because they did not match the required qualification standards. Karma was selected as the flag bearer for the\",\n \"title\": \"Bhutan at the 2016 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12238540\",\n \"text\": \"behind the slowest athlete that progressed to the quarter-finals. Therefore, she did not advance. Mauritania at the 2008 Summer Olympics Mauritania competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics which was held in Beijing, China. The country's participation at Beijing marked its seventh appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes, Souleymane Ould Chebal and Bounkou Camara, who were both selected by wildcards after both failed to meet either the \\\"A\\\" or \\\"B\\\" qualifying standards. Chebal was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Neither of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritania at the 2008 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3676558\",\n \"text\": \"behind the slowest athlete that progressed, therefore not advancing to the quarter-finals. Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics Vanuatu competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, which was held from 13 to 29 August 2004. The nation's appearance at the 2004 Athens Games marked its fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Two track and field athletes, Moses Kamut and Katura Marae, were selected to represent the nation via wildcards, as the nation had no athletes that met either the \\\"A\\\" or \\\"B\\\" qualifying standards. Kamut was selected as flag bearer\",\n \"title\": \"Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3676551\",\n \"text\": \"Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics Vanuatu competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, which was held from 13 to 29 August 2004. The nation's appearance at the 2004 Athens Games marked its fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Two track and field athletes, Moses Kamut and Katura Marae, were selected to represent the nation via wildcards, as the nation had no athletes that met either the \\\"A\\\" or \\\"B\\\" qualifying standards. Kamut was selected as flag bearer for the opening ceremony. Marae was notable for being the youngest competitor\",\n \"title\": \"Vanuatu at the 2004 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16445235\",\n \"text\": \"Belize at the 2012 Summer Olympics Belize competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which were held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation in London was its eleventh appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1968 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two short-distance runners and one judoka: Kenneth Medwood, Kaina Martinez and Eddermys Sanchez. Medwood qualified by recording a time that met qualification standards while the latter two entered through wildcard places. Medwood was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening and closing ceremonies. Medwood reached the semifinals of the\",\n \"title\": \"Belize at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16445231\",\n \"text\": \"to progress to the next round and did not advance to the later stages of the men's 50 metre freestyle. Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics Swaziland competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. The country's participation at London marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two track and field athletes: Sibusiso Matsenjwa and Phumlile Ndzinisa, and one swimmer, Luke Hall; the first two competitors qualified for the Games through wildcard places while Hall was awarded an\",\n \"title\": \"Swaziland at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15692673\",\n \"text\": \"Chad at the 2012 Summer Olympics Chad competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, which was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This marked the nation's eleventh appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in the 1964 Summer Olympics. The Chadian delegation included track and field athlete Hinikissia Ndikert and judoka Carine Ngarlemdana. Ngarlemdana was the flag bearer for the opening ceremony and Ndikert was the flag bearer for the closing ceremony. Neither of Chad's athletes progressed beyond the first round of their events. Chad was one of only two countries to have a female-only team\",\n \"title\": \"Chad at the 2012 Summer Olympics\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["olympic games"],"string":"[\n \"olympic games\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":190,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who are the green bay packers owned by?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"9910043","text":"Green Bay Packers Foundation The Green Bay Packers Foundation is a charitable organization based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Established in 1986, the Foundation's original purpose was to ensure continued charitable donations by the Green Bay Packers football team. Although it is legally a separate entity from the Packers, a Board of Trustees consisting of 10 members of the Green Bay Packers Board of Directors leads the Foundation. It receives most of its funding from the team. The Foundation provides grant opportunities to Wisconsin-based 501(c)(3) organizations for community improvement projects. , the Foundation has donated more than US$9.8 million and maintains","title":"Green Bay Packers Foundation"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9910043\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers Foundation The Green Bay Packers Foundation is a charitable organization based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Established in 1986, the Foundation's original purpose was to ensure continued charitable donations by the Green Bay Packers football team. Although it is legally a separate entity from the Packers, a Board of Trustees consisting of 10 members of the Green Bay Packers Board of Directors leads the Foundation. It receives most of its funding from the team. The Foundation provides grant opportunities to Wisconsin-based 501(c)(3) organizations for community improvement projects. , the Foundation has donated more than US$9.8 million and maintains\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Foundation\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"162698","text":"Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957. The Packers are the last of the \"small town teams\" which were common in the NFL during the league's early days of","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"18544990","text":"Green Bay Packers, Inc. Green Bay Packers, Inc. is the official name of the publicly held nonprofit corporation that owns the Green Bay Packers football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The Packers are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL. Rather than being the property of an individual, partnership, or corporate entity, they are held as of 2016 by 360,760 stockholders. No one is allowed to hold more than 200,000 shares, which represents approximately four percent of the 5,011,558 shares currently outstanding. It is this broad-based community support and non-profit structure which has kept the team in","title":"Green Bay Packers, Inc."},{"psg_id":"18544996","text":"benefiting education, civic affairs, health services, human services and youth-related programs. At the team's 1997 annual stockholders meeting, the foundation was designated, in place of a Sullivan-Wallen Post soldiers memorial, as recipient of any residual assets upon the team's sale or dissolution. Green Bay Packers, Inc. Green Bay Packers, Inc. is the official name of the publicly held nonprofit corporation that owns the Green Bay Packers football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The Packers are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL. Rather than being the property of an individual, partnership, or corporate entity, they are held","title":"Green Bay Packers, Inc."},{"psg_id":"8915738","text":"of America]</nowiki>, and the Toronto Blue Jays <nowiki>[Rogers Communications]</nowiki> are directly owned by publicly traded companies). Typically, a team is owned by one person, partnership, or corporate entity; thus, a \"team owner.\" It has been speculated that this is one of the reasons the Green Bay Packers have never been moved from the city of Green Bay, a city of only 104,057 people in the 2010 census. By comparison, the typical NFL football team city's population is in either the high hundred-thousands or the millions. The Packers, however, have long had a large following throughout Wisconsin and the Midwest; in","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"9910044","text":"an endowment fund exceeding US$32 million. Judge Robert J. Parins, who was the president of the Green Bay Packers from 1982 to 1989, founded the Green Bay Packers Foundation in 1986. His desire was for the Foundation to be the charitable arm of the Packers organization and to ensure the team maintained strong community outreach. The Foundation has maintained a close relationship with the Packers organization since its founding. The Packers Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization headquartered at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It is led by a 10-person Board of Trustees drawn from the Green Bay Packers Board","title":"Green Bay Packers Foundation"},{"psg_id":"8915730","text":"History of the Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team that has played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) since 1921. The team was founded in 1919 by Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, and for the next two years played against local teams in Wisconsin and Michigan. In 1921, the Packers joined the \"American Professional Football Association\", the precursor to the (NFL) with Curly Lambeau as their coach. After falling into financial trouble, the Green Bay Football Corporation, now known as Green Bay Packers, Inc., was formed in 1923. The Packers became","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"8915826","text":"played at the Georgia Dome. History of the Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team that has played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) since 1921. The team was founded in 1919 by Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, and for the next two years played against local teams in Wisconsin and Michigan. In 1921, the Packers joined the \"American Professional Football Association\", the precursor to the (NFL) with Curly Lambeau as their coach. After falling into financial trouble, the Green Bay Football Corporation, now known as Green Bay Packers, Inc., was formed","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"162791","text":"Bears. In the season 8 finale, Red declined to move to Florida after Steven Hyde bought him season tickets. In 2015, six members of the Packers—David Bakhtiari; Don Barclay; T.J. Lang; Clay Matthews; Jordan Rodgers and Josh Sitton—made an appearance as an a cappella group in the musical comedy \"Pitch Perfect 2\". Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL,","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"9910045","text":"of Directors. The Trustees review the yearly grant applications and decide how much money is to be provided to each applicant. Even though the Foundation is legally a separate entity and not part of the Green Bay Packers organization, it closely follows the goals of the Packers. It is the primary instrument the team uses for charitable giving. This is reinforced by the fact the Green Bay Packers are the primary financial contributor to the Foundation. , the Foundation has amassed an endowment fund totaling over $32 million. The Foundation also has a unique role if the Green Bay Packers","title":"Green Bay Packers Foundation"},{"psg_id":"9258538","text":"1989 Green Bay Packers season The 1989 Green Bay Packers season was their 71st overall and their 69th in the National Football League. The Packers posted a 10–6 record, their best since 1972, but failed to make the playoffs. The team was often referred to as the \"Cardiac Pack\" due to several close-game wins. The 1989 Packers hold the NFL record for most one-point victories in a season with four. The team was coached by Lindy Infante and led by quarterback Don Majkowski, who attained his nickname \"The Majik Man.\" The Green Bay Packers selected Tony Mandarich with their first","title":"1989 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"162780","text":"Wolf was inducted, as the most recent Packers contributor to be honored. In nearly nine decades of Packers football, the Packers have formally retired six numbers. All six Packers are members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and their numbers and names are displayed on the green facade of Lambeau Field's north endzone as well as in the Lambeau Field Atrium. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interim head coaches The Packers are unique in having their market area cover two media markets, both Green Bay and Milwaukee. NFL blackout restrictions for the team apply within both areas. However, Packers games have not been blacked","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"7406729","text":"Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame The Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame (capitalized by the organization as the Green Bay Packers FAN Hall of Fame) was the first hall of fame built to honor fans of a professional football team. It was established by the Green Bay Packers and the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1998. Fans may nominate themselves or others for inductions by submitting an essay of 500 words or less, accompanied by a photo or a two-minute video, explaining why they or another person are the ultimate Packers fan and deserve recognition.","title":"Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame"},{"psg_id":"11847708","text":"general terms, the poll disclosed there were as many fans who expressed opposition to the return of the cheerleaders as there were those in favor of restoring them. On that basis, we felt the appropriate decision at this time would be to continue without them.\" College cheerleaders now cheer on the sidelines for the team. The Green Bay Packers cheer squad was first named the Green Bay Packerettes and was organized by Bernie Matzke. She formed a squad of baton twirlers at the request of Wilbur Burke who ran Green Bay Packers Lumberjack band. The squad under this name was","title":"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders"},{"psg_id":"11348483","text":"in week one on September 29. It was renamed Lambeau Field in August 1965 in memory of Packers founder, player, and long-time head coach, Curly Lambeau, who had died two months earlier. 1957 Green Bay Packers season The 1957 Green Bay Packers season was their 39th season overall and their 37th season in the National Football League. After an opening win, the club posted a 3–9 record under fourth-year head coach Lisle Blackbourn and finished last in the Western Conference. It was Blackbourn's final season at Green Bay, who was replaced by Ray McLean in January 1958 for just one","title":"1957 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11348482","text":"1957 Green Bay Packers season The 1957 Green Bay Packers season was their 39th season overall and their 37th season in the National Football League. After an opening win, the club posted a 3–9 record under fourth-year head coach Lisle Blackbourn and finished last in the Western Conference. It was Blackbourn's final season at Green Bay, who was replaced by Ray McLean in January 1958 for just one year, succeeded by Vince Lombardi in 1959. The 1957 season also marked the Packers' move from City Stadium to new City Stadium, which was opened with a win over the Chicago Bears","title":"1957 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11279816","text":"1929 Green Bay Packers season The 1929 Green Bay Packers season was their 11th season overall and their ninth season in the National Football League. The club posted an undefeated 12–0–1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish and the Packers' first National Football League Championship. A victory celebration of 20,000 fans greeted them upon their return to Green Bay from their final game in Chicago. Before the start of the season, the Packers signed three future Hall of Famers: Johnny \"Blood\" McNally, Cal Hubbard, and Mike Michalske, who along with Lambeau led the Packers to the","title":"1929 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11847711","text":"and a show with Bob Hope at the Resch Center. The squad was active under this name until 1977. In 1977, the squad was again renamed to the Green Bay Sideliners. The squad was the last professional squad to cheer for the Packers, having been disbanded in 1988. The Packers had the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay (UWGB) cheerleaders cheer after they no longer had professional cheerleaders. The team currently uses college cheerleading squads, with the UWGB squad (coed) and St. Norbert's (all girl) cheering at each home game. Green Bay Packers cheerleaders Several Green Bay Packers cheerleading squads have performed","title":"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders"},{"psg_id":"11847705","text":"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders Several Green Bay Packers cheerleading squads have performed in Green Bay Packers' history. The Packers became one of the first professional football teams to have a cheerleading squad, having first used cheerleaders in 1931. The squad performed for 57 years under three separate names. In 1988, it was decided that the team would cease having a professional squad cheer for them. Since 1988, the team uses collegiate squads in a limited role to cheer during home games. The cheerleaders squads have cheered for the National Football League team at home games in Green Bay and Milwaukee,","title":"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders"},{"psg_id":"9688805","text":"as well as a first-round playoff bye. The Packers suffered a shocking loss to the 0-10 Indianapolis Colts, but didn't lose another game until the Super Bowl. The Packers advanced to their fourth Super Bowl appearance, which was also their second consecutive appearance. Despite being favored by double-digits, they were denied their fourth ring, as well as their second consecutive championship, by John Elway and the Denver Broncos, who defeated them 31-24. To date, the loss is the only Packers' Super Bowl loss in team history. 1997 Green Bay Packers season The 1997 Green Bay Packers season was their 79th","title":"1997 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346623","text":"Lambeau Field in August 1965 in memory of Packers founder, player, and long-time head coach, Curly Lambeau, who had died two months earlier. 1965 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 47th season overall and their 45th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–3–1 record under seventh-year head coach Vince Lombardi, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Baltimore Colts. In the final regular season game at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, a late touchdown by the 49ers caused a tie and dropped Green Bay into a","title":"1965 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"19121007","text":"met during the regular season in Green Bay. The remainder of the Packers' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 7. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. No game. Green Bay had their bye week on Week 4. The Packers wore their throwback uniforms for this game. The Dallas defense forced four Green Bay turnovers. It was the first time since 2008, and second time in Cowboys history, that Dallas had won at Lambeau. This was the Packers first loss wearing throwback uniforms. For the first time since 1989, the Packers wore their white jerseys at a home","title":"2016 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"7402649","text":"Green Bay Packers records This article details statistics relating to the Green Bay Packers. While the team was founded in 1919, they did not compete in the National Football League until 1921, when the league was at the time known as the American Professional Football Association. Throughout their history, the Packers have won 13 NFL Championships (including four Super Bowls), more than any other team; in addition, they are the only team to win three consecutive league championships, having accomplished that feat twice (1929–31 and 1965–67). The Packers have also won three NFC title games, along with two NFL titles","title":"Green Bay Packers records"},{"psg_id":"20468595","text":"Cardinals since 1949. Hours after the game, Head Coach Mike McCarthy was fired by the Packers. 2018 Green Bay Packers season The 2018 season is the Green Bay Packers' 98th season in the National Football League, their 100th overall and their 13th and final season under head coach Mike McCarthy. After missing the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and losing quarterback Aaron Rodgers to injury, the Packers are aiming to improve their 7–9 record from last season. For the first time since 2007, Jordy Nelson did not play for the Packers as he signed with the Oakland Raiders","title":"2018 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"18544992","text":"of record for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). The Packers have been a publicly owned, non-profit corporation since August 18, 1923. The corporation currently has 360,760 stockholders, who collectively own 5,011,558 shares of stock after the last stock sale of 2011 to 2012. There have been five stock sales, in 1923, 1935, 1950, 1997, and 2011. Shares in 1923 sold for $5 apiece (approximately $72 in 2017 dollars), while in 1997 they were sold at $200 each and in 2011, $250 each. The NFL does not allow corporate ownership of clubs, requiring every club to","title":"Green Bay Packers, Inc."},{"psg_id":"7402650","text":"before the AFL and NFL consolidated. This amounts to 15 title game victories in the Packer trophy case and 18 titles overall. These lists are accurate through the 2017 season. Green Bay Packers records This article details statistics relating to the Green Bay Packers. While the team was founded in 1919, they did not compete in the National Football League until 1921, when the league was at the time known as the American Professional Football Association. Throughout their history, the Packers have won 13 NFL Championships (including four Super Bowls), more than any other team; in addition, they are the","title":"Green Bay Packers records"},{"psg_id":"162761","text":"president Dominic Olejniczak appeared. The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986. It assists in a wide variety of activities and programs benefiting education, civic affairs, health services, human services and youth-related programs. At the team's 1997 annual stockholders meeting the foundation was designated in place of a Sullivan-Wallen Post soldiers memorial as recipient of any residual assets upon the team's sale or dissolution. The Packers have an exceptionally loyal fan base. Regardless of team performance, every game played in Green Bay has been sold out since 1960. Despite the Packers having by far the smallest local","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"11286918","text":"1981 Green Bay Packers season The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–8 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division. Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall. The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the League. They are still had a possibility at a wildcard on the last regular-season game but were defeated by the Jets 28 - 3. Packers managed only","title":"1981 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11353525","text":"1949 Green Bay Packers season The 1949 Green Bay Packers season was their 31st season overall and their 29th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 2–10 record under coach Curly Lambeau for a fifth-place finish in the Western Conference. This was the 31st and final season the Packers played under Lambeau, who resigned and then coached the Chicago Cardinals in 1950 and 1951 and the Washington Redskins in 1952 and 1953. The 1949 season was also the final year for blue and gold jerseys, as the Packers switched to kelly green and yellow in 1950 under","title":"1949 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346575","text":"1961 Green Bay Packers season The 1961 Green Bay Packers season was their 43rd season overall and their 41st season in the National Football League. The club posted an 11–3 record under coach Vince Lombardi, earning them a first-place finish in the Western Conference and ending a fifteen-year playoff drought. The Packers ended the season by defeating the New York Giants 37–0 in the NFL Championship Game, the first title game ever played in Green Bay. This was the Packers 7th NFL league championship. The 1961 season was the first in which the Packers wore their trademark capital \"G\" logo","title":"1961 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11286721","text":"and the roads were impossible to navigate preventing many fans from attending. This gave the game the dubious distinction of having over 36,000 \"no-shows\", the most in Packers history. The game itself saw the Packers dominate the Buccaneers en route to a 21–0 victory. The Packers offense gained 512 total yards to the Buccaneers' 65. During the game, Packers defensive end Alphonso Carreker sacked Buccaneers quarterback Steve Young a team record four times. The Following were inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in February 1985; 1985 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their","title":"1985 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"16187307","text":"playoff victory since 2007. With the loss, the Packers ended their season with an overall record of 12–6. This marked the final game for longtime wide receiver Donald Driver, who announced his retirement after the season. Stats correct through December 24, 2012 2012 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 94th season overall and their 92nd in the National Football League, and the seventh under head coach Mike McCarthy. The Packers won the NFC North division title for the second year in a row with an 11–5 record. The Packers lost in the divisional round","title":"2012 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9709086","text":"signed future Pro Football Hall of Famer Reggie White in one of the biggest moves in Packers history. The Green Bay Packers selected Linebacker Wayne Simmons in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft. In the fifth round the Packers drafted quarterback Mark Brunell, who would later become Jacksonville Jaguars career passing yards leader. The Green Bay Packers started the season strong with a 36–6 win over the Los Angeles Rams. The Packers showed a strong defense and offense in the win. The Rams finished with 53-yards rushing, and Bryce Paup and George Koonce were able to record a","title":"1993 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9688592","text":"game; it came in this drive and when he was downed he appeared to fumble the ball but was ruled down by contact; on the next play Young's pass fell incomplete and was initially ruled intercepted. With eight seconds to go Young from the Packers 25 dropped back, momentarily stumbled, then launched the ball where it was caught in the endzone by Terrell Owens, who had dropped several catches during the game. 1998 Green Bay Packers season The 1998 Green Bay Packers season was their 80th season overall and their 78th in the National Football League. It ended with a","title":"1998 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"8725575","text":"from the previous year. In 2006 Packer great Reggie White was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and was the lone inductee to the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame 2006 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 88th season overall and their 86th in the National Football League. This season resulted in an 8–8 record. After the firing of Mike Sherman, the Packers hired Mike McCarthy as their head coach. McCarthy helped improved the Packers from 4–12 the previous year to a .500 win average in 2006. The Packers failed to make","title":"2006 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"19820615","text":"the game with expert field position and forced Brett Hundley to make mistakes. He threw two interceptions to Harrison Smith. The Packers were shut out twice at home in the same season for the first time since 2006, and their record dropped to 7–8. The Packers were swept by the Lions for the first time since 1991. With this loss, Green Bay lost 3 straight games to close out a disappointing season with a 7-9 record, their first losing season since 2008. 2017 Green Bay Packers season The 2017 Green Bay Packers season was their 99th season overall, 97th season","title":"2017 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"8915808","text":"with the struggling 1-7 Cowboys. Green Bay quickly marched out to two touchdowns in the first quarter, en route to a 45-7 crushing of their opponent. Following their bye week, the Packers headed to Minnesota for a rematch with the Vikings, who virtually laid down in much the same manner as Dallas. Green Bay quickly buried them 31-3, causing their head coach, Brad Childress, to be fired. It was the second consecutive game in which the team that lost to the Packers fired their head coach afterwards, as Wade Phillips had been fired by the Cowboys after their loss to","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"9215507","text":"the NFC Championship Game. Green Bay beat the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI to win their third Super Bowl and twelfth NFL Championship. In 2007, the 1996 Packers were ranked as the 16th greatest Super Bowl champions on the NFL Network's documentary series \"\". The 1996 Packers were ranked 6th-greatest Super Bowl team of all-time by a similar panel done by ESPN and released in 2007. All times are CENTRAL time Brett Favre broke the Packers single-season record for touchdown passes by throwing 39. Schedule Green Bay was able to win going away on a cold damp day","title":"1996 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346622","text":"played in Green Bay on December 26. With backup quarterbacks playing for both teams, the Packers tied the Colts late and won in overtime, 13–10. Green Bay then met the defending champion Cleveland Browns (11–3) in the NFL championship game, also at Green Bay. The Packers won, 23–12, for their ninth NFL title and third under Lombardi. It was the last NFL championship game before the advent of the Super Bowl and the first of three consecutive league titles for Green Bay. Known as \"New City Stadium\" for its first eight seasons, the Packers' venue in Green Bay was renamed","title":"1965 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11299729","text":"1933 Green Bay Packers season The 1933 Green Bay Packers season was their 15th season overall and their 13th season in the National Football League (NFL). This was the first year of divisional play and Green Bay competed in the Western Division. The club posted a 5–7–1 record under coach Curly Lambeau, the first losing season in team history. Beginning this season, the Packers began playing some home game in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at Borchert Field to draw additional revenue, starting October 1, 1933, against the New York Giants. \"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\" \"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\"","title":"1933 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11286919","text":"84 total yards against the Jets. 1981 Green Bay Packers season The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–8 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division. Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall. The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the League. They are still had a possibility at a wildcard on the last regular-season game but were defeated by the Jets","title":"1981 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9910048","text":"the Foundation's mission. In 2018, the Packers Foundation awarded $1.25 million worth of grants to five organizations that work in the areas of art, athletics, and education; this was the highest total awarded in a single year in the Foundation's history. The yearly amount of charitable giving has risen significantly since 2014, totaling about $3.5 million. In comparison, from 1986 to 2013, the amount of charitable giving was $6.3 million. In total, the Foundation has provided $9.8 million in grants since its formation. Green Bay Packers Foundation The Green Bay Packers Foundation is a charitable organization based in Green Bay,","title":"Green Bay Packers Foundation"},{"psg_id":"16977612","text":"2nd down, Brandon Marshall dropped Cutler's pass at the 27-yard line. On 3rd down with 10 seconds remaining, Cutler attempted another Hail-Mary pass intended for Brandon Marshall, but it was intercepted by Sam Shields as time expired. With the 33-28 win, the Green Bay Packers (8-7-1) won their 3rd consecutive NFC North Championship and enter the 2013–14 NFC playoffs as the 4th seed. The Packers became the only NFC team that clinched their division in the previous season to do so again this season. 2013 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 95th season overall,","title":"2013 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"8725546","text":"free agent Tramon Williams during the 2006 offseason, who later became the starting corner for the Super Bowl Champion 2010 Green Bay Packers. He was also selected but did not participate in the 2010 Pro Bowl. The Packers signed two notable free agents, CB Charles Woodson from the Oakland Raiders and DT Ryan Pickett from the St Louis Rams. Woodson would later be named the 2009 NFC Defensive Player of the Year and both players were integral parts of the 2010 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl Championship team. The Packers opened the regular season on September 10 with a 26–0","title":"2006 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11353526","text":"new coach Gene Ronzani, a graduate of Marquette University. 1949 Green Bay Packers season The 1949 Green Bay Packers season was their 31st season overall and their 29th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 2–10 record under coach Curly Lambeau for a fifth-place finish in the Western Conference. This was the 31st and final season the Packers played under Lambeau, who resigned and then coached the Chicago Cardinals in 1950 and 1951 and the Washington Redskins in 1952 and 1953. The 1949 season was also the final year for blue and gold jerseys, as the Packers","title":"1949 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"8857927","text":"2005 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 87th season overall and their 85th in the National Football League. This season was their worst record since their 1991 season. The Packers suffered injuries to wide receivers Javon Walker and Robert Ferguson and running backs Ahman Green, Najeh Davenport, Tony Fisher, and Samkon Gado. As a result of the season, many of the Packers coaches were fired, including head coach Mike Sherman. The Packers lost veteran guards Marco Rivera (Dallas Cowboys) and Mike Wahle (Carolina Panthers) to free agency. Starting safety Darren Sharper was released by","title":"2005 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"8915785","text":"this two-year-old expansion team in the NFC Championship match. The Packers beat them 30-13 to advance to Super Bowl XXXI. Facing Green Bay in the New Orleans Superdome in Super Bowl XXXI were the AFC champion New England Patriots. In a see-saw game, the Packers gained a 27-14 lead at halftime, which they never lost despite a valiant effort by their opponent. The final score was 35-21, and Green Bay had won its first championship since 1967. Kick returner Desmond Howard, who returned a kickoff 99 yards for a touchdown late in the 3rd quarter, was named the game's MVP,","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"162699","text":"the 1920s and '30s. Founded in 1919 by Earl \"Curly\" Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896. Between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest, before joining the American Professional Football Association (APFA), the forerunner of today's NFL, in 1921. Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America, \"Forbes\" ranked the Packers as the world's 26th most valuable sports franchise in 2016, with a value of $2.35 billion. The","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"162766","text":"Indian Packing was purchased in 1920 by the Acme Packing Company. Acme continued to support the team, which played its first NFL season with \"ACME PACKERS\" emblazoned on its jerseys. Lambeau, a Notre Dame alumnus, borrowed its Irish's navy blue and gold team colors, much as George Halas borrowed his Illinois alma mater's for the Chicago Bears. As a result, the early Packers were often referred to as the \"Bays\" or the \"Blues\" (and even occasionally as \"the Big Bay Blues\"). By 1950, Green Bay had changed its colors to hunter green and gold. Navy blue was kept as a","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"11299793","text":"folding. 1934 Green Bay Packers season The 1934 Green Bay Packers season was their 16th season overall and their 14th season in the National Football League (NFL). The club posted a 7–6–0 record under coach Curly Lambeau. The Packers played their Milwaukee, Wisconsin home games at Wisconsin State Fair Park. During this season, a fan fell from the stands at old City Stadium and sued the Packers and won a $5,000 verdict. This caused the insurance company to go out of business and the Packers entered receivership. Green Bay business men raised $15,000 in new capital to prevent the team","title":"1934 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11299792","text":"1934 Green Bay Packers season The 1934 Green Bay Packers season was their 16th season overall and their 14th season in the National Football League (NFL). The club posted a 7–6–0 record under coach Curly Lambeau. The Packers played their Milwaukee, Wisconsin home games at Wisconsin State Fair Park. During this season, a fan fell from the stands at old City Stadium and sued the Packers and won a $5,000 verdict. This caused the insurance company to go out of business and the Packers entered receivership. Green Bay business men raised $15,000 in new capital to prevent the team from","title":"1934 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"7406019","text":"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame The Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame was the first hall of fame built to honor a single professional American football team. William L. Brault, a Green Bay restaurateur and Packers fan, founded the Hall of Fame in 1966. According to Brault, he got the idea after visitors to Green Bay would repeatedly ask about the Packers' storied history. Sensing opportunity, Brault went to Packers head coach Vince Lombardi, suggesting a \"Hall of Fame\" should be made to educate tourists about the Packers and their history. Lombardi gave Brault his approval, and according to","title":"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame"},{"psg_id":"8915741","text":"to change the beneficiary from the Sullivan-Wallen Post to the Green Bay Packers Foundation. In 1950, the Packers held a stock sale to again raise money to support the team. In 1956, area voters approved the construction of a new stadium, owned by the city. As with its predecessor, the new field was named City Stadium, but after the death of founder Lambeau in 1965, on September 11, 1965, the stadium was renamed Lambeau Field. Another stock sale occurred late in 1997 and early in 1998. It added 105,989 new shareholders and raised over $24 million, money used for the","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"11346497","text":"marked the last Packers' win in Buffalo (where they defeated the Chicago Cardinals by two points on a late field goal on a Wednesday night). Since then, they are winless in six attempts against the Buffalo Bills in western New York, the latest on December 14, 2014. ^ Played at Buffalo, New York, on Wednesday night 1938 Green Bay Packers season The 1938 Green Bay Packers season was their 20th season overall and their 18th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–3 record in 1938 under head coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish in","title":"1938 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346577","text":"missed the November 19 game in Green Bay against the Rams, but was flown from Fort Riley to Detroit for the November 23 Thanksgiving Day game against the Lions at Tiger Stadium. Hornung kicked a field goal and two extra points in the 17–9 victory. All times are CENTRAL time All times are CENTRAL time Passing Rushing Receiving Kicking Punting Kick Return Punt Return Interception Team 1961 Green Bay Packers season The 1961 Green Bay Packers season was their 43rd season overall and their 41st season in the National Football League. The club posted an 11–3 record under coach Vince","title":"1961 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"20468592","text":"2018 Green Bay Packers season The 2018 season is the Green Bay Packers' 98th season in the National Football League, their 100th overall and their 13th and final season under head coach Mike McCarthy. After missing the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and losing quarterback Aaron Rodgers to injury, the Packers are aiming to improve their 7–9 record from last season. For the first time since 2007, Jordy Nelson did not play for the Packers as he signed with the Oakland Raiders via free agency during the offseason. On January 7, 2018, Brian Gutekunst was named the new","title":"2018 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346517","text":"January 22, 2011. 1941 Green Bay Packers season The 1941 Green Bay Packers season was their 23rd season overall and their 21st season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–1 record under coach Curly Lambeau, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Chicago Bears. The Packers and Bears played a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine who would play in the NFL Championship Game. The Packers lost 33–14 to the Bears, in the first post-season game ever played between the archrivals. The second post-season game came 70 years later, in the NFC","title":"1941 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346516","text":"1941 Green Bay Packers season The 1941 Green Bay Packers season was their 23rd season overall and their 21st season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–1 record under coach Curly Lambeau, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Chicago Bears. The Packers and Bears played a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine who would play in the NFL Championship Game. The Packers lost 33–14 to the Bears, in the first post-season game ever played between the archrivals. The second post-season game came 70 years later, in the NFC Championship game on","title":"1941 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11279817","text":"top of the league. Green Bay's current throwback uniform is based on the ones worn in 1929 in respect of the season that the Packers won their first championship. 1929 Green Bay Packers season The 1929 Green Bay Packers season was their 11th season overall and their ninth season in the National Football League. The club posted an undefeated 12–0–1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish and the Packers' first National Football League Championship. A victory celebration of 20,000 fans greeted them upon their return to Green Bay from their final game in Chicago. Before the","title":"1929 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346580","text":"1962 Green Bay Packers season The 1962 Green Bay Packers season was their 44th season overall and their 42nd season in the National Football League. The club posted a 13–1 record under coach Vince Lombardi, earning them a first-place finish in the Western Conference. The Packers ended the season by defeating the New York Giants 16–7 in the NFL Championship Game, the Packers second consecutive defeat of the Giants in the championship game. This marked the Packers' eighth NFL World Championship. In 2007, ESPN.com ranked the 1962 Packers as the fifth-greatest defense in NFL history, noting, \"The great 1962 Packers","title":"1962 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11847710","text":"1970 squad member Anne Maedke described their routine, \"The Golden Girls did skits, dance routines -- twirling and tumbling and acrobatic type things -- in one-piece sequined swimsuits and high-heeled boots during breaks.\" The Golden Girls cheered during the Ice Bowl. The Golden Girls were honored by the team with a permanent installation at the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in May 2007. In 1973, the Green Bay Packers changed the name of the squad back to the Green Bay Packerettes and recruited Matzke back as their leader. The Packerettes performed at other events such as nursing homes, parades,","title":"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders"},{"psg_id":"11353768","text":"1964 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 46th season overall and their 44th season in the National Football League. The club was led by sixth-year head coach Vince Lombardi, and tied for second place in the Western Conference at 8–5–1. The Packers opened the season in Green Bay with a promising win over the rival Chicago Bears, the defending NFL champions. They then lost four of six, including three home games, and were 3–4 midway through the season, falling twice to the Baltimore Colts. The first three losses were by a total of five points,","title":"1964 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11286976","text":"Bay over the Buccaneers, the 8-5-1 Packers still had a shot at a NFC Central Title. However, the team would lose both of their final games, closing out with a 31-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams and at 8-7-1 finished in a first place tie . The Packers lost the tie breaker to the Minnesota Vikings, by tying (10 - 10 ) and losing to the Vikings ( 7 - 21) and missed the playoffs. 1978 Green Bay Packers season The 1978 Green Bay Packers season was their 60th season overall and their 58th season in the National Football","title":"1978 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346621","text":"1965 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 47th season overall and their 45th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–3–1 record under seventh-year head coach Vince Lombardi, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Baltimore Colts. In the final regular season game at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, a late touchdown by the 49ers caused a tie and dropped Green Bay into a tie with the Colts. Although the Packers defeated Baltimore twice during the regular season, the rules at the time required a tiebreaker playoff,","title":"1965 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11286877","text":"match. 1969 Green Bay Packers season The 1969 Green Bay Packers season was their 51st season overall and their 49th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–6 record under coach Phil Bengtson, earning them a 3rd-place finish in the Central division. Without the disciplined guidance of Vince Lombardi steering the Packers for the first time in a decade, Green Bay started the season strong at 5–2, but stumbled down the stretch. Plagued by injuries and inconsistent play, the team clawed their way to their 10th winning season in the last 11 years. Regardless of the winning","title":"1969 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11286874","text":"1969 Green Bay Packers season The 1969 Green Bay Packers season was their 51st season overall and their 49th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–6 record under coach Phil Bengtson, earning them a 3rd-place finish in the Central division. Without the disciplined guidance of Vince Lombardi steering the Packers for the first time in a decade, Green Bay started the season strong at 5–2, but stumbled down the stretch. Plagued by injuries and inconsistent play, the team clawed their way to their 10th winning season in the last 11 years. Regardless of the winning record,","title":"1969 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"16977565","text":"2013 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 95th season overall, the 93rd in the National Football League, and the eighth under head coach Mike McCarthy. The Packers came into the 2013 season looking to win the NFC North for the 3rd year in a row. They came off a 45-31 loss to the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs the previous season. The Packers started the 2013 season in a rematch with the 49ers, to whom they lost 34-28. After winning their home opener against the Redskins, Green Bay lost 34-30 in","title":"2013 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9642050","text":"Bowl selections, 9th most in the NFL. Head coach Mike McCarthy was also the coach of the NFC. Notes: The following is a list of players that were named to the Associated Press 2007 All-Pro Team. In July 2007 the following players were inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame 2007 Green Bay Packers season The 2007 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 89th overall and 87th season in the National Football League. The Packers finished the regular season with an impressive 13–3 record. They received a bye for the first round of the playoffs, won their","title":"2007 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9642005","text":"2007 Green Bay Packers season The 2007 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 89th overall and 87th season in the National Football League. The Packers finished the regular season with an impressive 13–3 record. They received a bye for the first round of the playoffs, won their divisional round playoff game, and lost in the NFC Championship game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants. This was the last season for quarterback Brett Favre as a Green Bay Packer. This season also marked the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Packers' home stadium of Lambeau Field.","title":"2007 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"162703","text":"Bay Football Corporation. After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeau's squad claimed the Packers' first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, behind a stifling defense which registered eight shutouts. Green Bay would repeat as league champions in 1930 and 1931, bettering teams from New York, Chicago and throughout the league, with all-time greats and future Hall of Famers Mike Michalske, Johnny (Blood) McNally, Cal Hubbard and Green Bay native Arnie Herber. Among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers' streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. The arrival","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"8915752","text":"and more and more opponents asking for their games against the Packers to be played at County Stadium in Milwaukee, the NFL told the Packers that if they wanted to stay in Green Bay, they had to build a new stadium. The Packers and the city of Green Bay complied, building a brand-new 32,000-seat stadium, naming it New City Stadium. The new stadium was dedicated in a game against the Chicago Bears, with many celebrities attending, including actor James Arness, NFL commissioner Bert Bell, vice president (and future U.S. president) Richard Nixon, and Bears coach George Halas. The Packers won","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"11286720","text":"1985 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 67th season overall and their 65th in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–8 record under coach Forrest Gregg, the same record from the previous year. The Packers earned a second-place finish in the NFC Central division. The team finished with an 8–8 record for the third consecutive season. The club was 5–3 at home and 3–5 on the road. This divisional matchup with Tampa Bay would come to be known as the Snow Bowl in Packers' history. By kickoff, twelves inches of snow had fallen","title":"1985 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11286994","text":"1958 Green Bay Packers season The 1958 Green Bay Packers season was their 40th season overall and their 38th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 1–10–1 record under first-year head coach Ray McLean for a last-place finish in the league in and the worst record ever posted by a Packers team. In the immortal words of New York sportswriter and Green Bay native Red Smith: \"they overwhelmed one opponent, under-whelmed ten, and whelmed one.\" The tie came in week two and the three-point win in week five; during the seven-game losing streak to end the season","title":"1958 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11353758","text":"1963 Green Bay Packers season The 1963 Green Bay Packers season was their 45th season overall and their 43rd season in the National Football League. The two-time defending NFL champions posted an 11–2–1 record under fifth-year head coach Vince Lombardi for a second-place finish in the Western Conference, a half game back. Both losses were inflicted by the Chicago Bears (11–1–2), the NFL champions in , as the indefinite suspension of halfback Paul Hornung was too much for Green Bay to overcome. The Packers had won the previous five regular season games with rival Chicago, but scored just ten points","title":"1963 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11299730","text":"\"at Borchert Field, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\" \"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\" \"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\" \"at Wrigley Field, Chicago\" \"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\" \"at Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois\" \"at Universal Stadium, Portsmouth, Ohio\" \"at Fenway Park, Boston, Massachusetts\" \"at Polo Grounds, Manhattan, New York\" \"at Baker Bowl, Philadelphia\" \"at Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois\" 1933 Green Bay Packers season The 1933 Green Bay Packers season was their 15th season overall and their 13th season in the National Football League (NFL). This was the first year of divisional play and Green Bay competed in the Western Division. The","title":"1933 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"16187290","text":"2012 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 94th season overall and their 92nd in the National Football League, and the seventh under head coach Mike McCarthy. The Packers won the NFC North division title for the second year in a row with an 11–5 record. The Packers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs to the eventual NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers by the score of 45-31, finishing with a postseason record of 1-1. The Packers offense finished the season fifth in points and eleventh in yards per game. The defense finished eleventh","title":"2012 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9680297","text":"2002 NFL draft, the Packers selected 20th overall, drafting future all-pro wide receiver Javon Walker with their first round pick. \" Players highlighted in yellow indicate players selected to the Pro Bowl during their NFL career. \" The Packers finished 12–4 overall, winning the NFC North crown by a six-game margin. 2002 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 84th season overall and their 82nd in the National Football League. The Packers achieved a 12–4 record in the regular season, before losing in the 2003 NFL Wild Card playoffs round to Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons at","title":"2002 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"14178536","text":"to injury. The Packers also had a first alternate in QB Aaron Rodgers and four lower alternates, NT B. J. Raji, G Josh Sitton, LB A. J. Hawk and WR Donald Driver. No Packers took part in the Pro Bowl, due to their participation in Super Bowl XLV. Notes: 2010 Green Bay Packers season The 2010 Green Bay Packers season was the 92nd season overall and their 90th season in the National Football League. Although they finished with only a respectable 10–6 record, good for a second-place finish in the NFC North, the Packers never lost a game by more","title":"2010 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9258544","text":"only two losses for the 49ers, and the last before the 49ers finished out the season 8–0, including a 55–10 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXIV. In that game, the Packers matched their win total from the previous season (4–12). Although regarded at the time as a fluke, Green Bay would proceed to win 13 of the next 15 contests with San Francisco over the next 21 seasons. 1989 Green Bay Packers season The 1989 Green Bay Packers season was their 71st overall and their 69th in the National Football League. The Packers posted a 10–6 record,","title":"1989 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9215505","text":"1996 Green Bay Packers season The 1996 Green Bay Packers season was their 78th season overall and their 76th in the National Football League, which culminated with the franchise winning its third Super Bowl and league-record 12th NFL Championship. The Packers posted a league-best 13–3 regular season won-loss record, going 8–0 at home and 5–3 on the road. It was the first time since 1962 that the club went undefeated at home. Additionally, the Packers had the NFL's highest-scoring offense (456) and allowed the fewest points on defense (210). Green Bay was the first team to accomplish both feats in","title":"1996 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9353541","text":"from Bart Starr. The Packers held the Chiefs' offense to 12 yards in the third quarter. Elijah Pitts scored another touchdown for the Packers in the third quarter on a one-yard touchdown run. The Packers would win the game 35–10. Quarterback Bart Starr was named the MVP of the game, completing 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards and two touchdowns. 1966 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 48th season overall and their 46th in the National Football League. The defending NFL champions had a league-best regular season record of 12–2, led by eighth-year head","title":"1966 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9353530","text":"1966 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 48th season overall and their 46th in the National Football League. The defending NFL champions had a league-best regular season record of 12–2, led by eighth-year head coach Vince Lombardi and quarterback Bart Starr, in his eleventh NFL season. The Packers beat the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL championship game, the Packers' second consecutive NFL title, fourth under Lombardi, and tenth for the franchise. Two weeks later, the Packers recorded a 35–10 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in the inaugural AFL-NFL Championship Game, retroactively known as Super","title":"1966 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"162708","text":"Lombardi the NFL Coach of the Year. The next year, the Packers, led by Paul Hornung's 176 points, won the NFL West title and played in the NFL Championship against the Philadelphia Eagles at Philadelphia. In a see-saw game, the Packers trailed by only four points when All-Pro Eagle linebacker Chuck Bednarik tackled Jim Taylor just nine yards short of the goal line as time expired. The Packers returned to the NFL Championship game the following season and faced the New York Giants in the first league title game to be played in Green Bay. The Packers scored 24 second-quarter","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"psg_id":"15209704","text":"repeat as Super Bowl Champions. During the win three-time Pro Bowl FS Nick Collins was lost for the season with a neck injury. Panthers QB Cam Newton threw for 432 yards and a touchdown, and rushed for a score in his second career NFL start. Newton was also intercepted 3 times on the day, 2 times by Packers CB Charles Woodson (who also recovered a fumble for Green Bay defensively). Carolina fell to 0–2 on the season. The Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears met at Soldier Field for the first time since the 2010–11 NFC Championship Game earlier this","title":"2011 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11847707","text":"Dallas Cowgirls,\" said Sorgel. \"We were wholesome Midwest girls, because Vince Lombardi did not like real short skirts. He liked the girls to be more modest, so that's the way we were.\" The first professional squad was named the Green Bay Packerettes. They were later renamed the Golden Girls, renamed back to the Packerettes, and later the Green Bay Sideliners. The Packers last had professional cheerleaders in 1988. Green Bay television station WFRV did a poll and found that approximately 50% of fans wanted cheerleaders and 50% did not. Packers Vice President Bob Harlan issued a press release, stating \"In","title":"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders"},{"psg_id":"7406731","text":"Field replay board), a $500 Packers Pro Shop gift certificate and a road trip for two to a Green Bay away game. The honoree is also introduced during the annual Packer Hall of Fame induction dinner, held each July, and has his or her name displayed on a plaque in the Packer Hall of Fame, in the atrium of Lambeau Field. Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame The Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame (capitalized by the organization as the Green Bay Packers FAN Hall of Fame) was the first hall of fame built to honor fans of","title":"Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame"},{"psg_id":"8725544","text":"2006 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 88th season overall and their 86th in the National Football League. This season resulted in an 8–8 record. After the firing of Mike Sherman, the Packers hired Mike McCarthy as their head coach. McCarthy helped improved the Packers from 4–12 the previous year to a .500 win average in 2006. The Packers failed to make the playoffs for the second straight year after the New York Giants gained the tie-breaker over the Packers in the last week of the 2006 NFL season. After some uncertainty, quarterback Brett","title":"2006 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9680292","text":"2002 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 84th season overall and their 82nd in the National Football League. The Packers achieved a 12–4 record in the regular season, before losing in the 2003 NFL Wild Card playoffs round to Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons at Lambeau Field. This marked the first time in NFL history that the Packers had lost at home in the playoffs. In 2001, the Packers achieved the franchise's best record since 1997, finishing 12–4 and advancing the divisional round of the playoffs. There the Packers lost to the eventual NFC champion St.","title":"2002 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9682660","text":"the Pro Bowl during their NFL career. \" The Packers finished with an 8–8 record in 4th place in the NFC Central division, behind the 8–8 Detroit Lions due to a conference record tiebreaker. 1999 Green Bay Packers season The 1999 Green Bay Packers season was their 81st season overall and their 79th in the National Football League. It was the first and only season for head coach Ray Rhodes. The Packers finished 8–8, posting their worst record since Brett Favre took over the helm as the Packers' starting quarterback. In the 1999 NFL draft, the Packers selected free safety","title":"1999 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9682659","text":"1999 Green Bay Packers season The 1999 Green Bay Packers season was their 81st season overall and their 79th in the National Football League. It was the first and only season for head coach Ray Rhodes. The Packers finished 8–8, posting their worst record since Brett Favre took over the helm as the Packers' starting quarterback. In the 1999 NFL draft, the Packers selected free safety Antuan Edwards in the first round (25th overall). Notably, the Packers drafted future Pro Bowl wide receiver Donald Driver in the seventh round (213th overall). \" Players highlighted in yellow indicate players selected to","title":"1999 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9709084","text":"1993 Green Bay Packers season The 1993 Green Bay Packers season was their 75th season overall and their 73rd in the National Football League. They had a 9–7 record and won their first playoff berth in 11 years. The record also marked the first back-to-back winning season since the Packers 1967 season. During the regular season, the Packers finished with 340 points, ranking sixth in the National Football League], and allowed 282 points, ranking ninth. In his third year as a pro and second with the Packers, quarterback Brett Favre led the Packers offense, passing for 3,303 yards and 19","title":"1993 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9702971","text":"1994 Green Bay Packers season The 1994 Green Bay Packers season was the team's 76th season overall and their 74th in the National Football League. The Packers posted a 9–7 record for their third straight winning season. 1994 marked the first of 8 seasons in which Packers' quarterback Brett Favre would throw more than 30 touchdown passes. It also marked the second season in which he started all 16 games for the Packers, starting a record-breaking starting streak which would continue throughout his career. This was the final season that the Packers played at Milwaukee County Stadium; they played home","title":"1994 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9079128","text":"2003 Green Bay Packers season The 2003 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 85th season overall and their 83rd in the National Football League. This season finished with an overtime loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in the divisional round of the 2004 playoffs, after the Packers defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card round in overtime off an interception return for a touchdown by Al Harris. The season may be most notable for Brett Favre's Monday night performance against the Oakland Raiders the night after his father had died. The Packers won the division on the last play","title":"2003 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9680294","text":"brilliant play of quarterback Brett Favre and power running game of Ahman Green. The Packers maintained a commanding division lead throughout the year, winning the NFC North by a six-game margin. Green Bay became the first team to win the newly rechristened division, formerly known as the NFC Central. It was the Packers’ first division title since 1997, and the team would win the NFC North for three consecutive seasons. For the first time in years, it appeared that the Packers had a legitimate chance of reaching the Super Bowl. With one game left, Green Bay was 12–3, and a","title":"2002 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11285419","text":"1992 Green Bay Packers season The 1992 Green Bay Packers season was their 74th season overall and their 72nd in the National Football League. The club posted a 9–7 record under new coach Mike Holmgren, earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division. 1992 saw the emergence of QB Brett Favre and the start of the Packers' success of the 1990s. In the second game of the 1992 season, the Packers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Buccaneers were leading 17–0 at half time when head coach Mike Holmgren benched starting quarterback Don Majkowski and Favre played the","title":"1992 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"9688589","text":"1998 Green Bay Packers season The 1998 Green Bay Packers season was their 80th season overall and their 78th in the National Football League. It ended with a 30–27 loss in the NFC Wild Card Game to the San Francisco 49ers, with Steve Young throwing a 25-yard touchdown pass to Terrell Owens with three seconds left. The season marked the end of an era in many ways for Green Bay; this was the last season for which both head coach Mike Holmgren and Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White would find themselves on the Packers' sideline. This was the","title":"1998 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"12844540","text":"\"at Lambeau Field, Green Bay, Wisconsin Coming off their road win over the Browns, the Packers went home for the highly anticipated Week 8 divisional rematch with the Minnesota Vikings, as former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre made his return to face his former team. The Packers got the game off to quick start in the first quarter as kicker Mason Crosby made a 37-yard field goal, but the Vikings responded with running back Adrian Peterson's 1-yard touchdown run. Things got worse for Green Bay in the second quarter as Favre completed a 12-yard touchdown pass to tight end","title":"2009 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"18356898","text":"at home. The Packers broke their three-game losing streak with a victory in Minnesota. Green Bay held Minnesota to two scores, including a 47-yard pass from Teddy Bridgewater to Kyle Rudolph for the game's first touchdown. The Vikings' extra point try went wide, and after three Green Bay field goals, the Packers closed out the first half with a TD pass from Rodgers to Cobb to take a 10-point lead. Adrian Peterson scored in the third quarter to bring the Vikings within six points of the Packers, but Green Bay got it back with a long pass from Rodgers to","title":"2015 Green Bay Packers season"},{"psg_id":"11346572","text":"Franklin Field in Philadelphia on Monday, December 26. Two years earlier in , both teams had been last in their respective conferences, winning a combined three games. In a close game, the Packers led in the fourth quarter, but lost 17–13. Green Bay returned to the title game the next two seasons and won both. 1960 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 42nd season overall and their 40th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–4 record under second-year head coach Vince Lombardi to win the Western Conference and a berth in","title":"1960 Green Bay Packers season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162698\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919, and is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957. The Packers are the last of the \\\"small town teams\\\" which were common in the NFL during the league's early days of\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18544990\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers, Inc. Green Bay Packers, Inc. is the official name of the publicly held nonprofit corporation that owns the Green Bay Packers football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The Packers are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL. Rather than being the property of an individual, partnership, or corporate entity, they are held as of 2016 by 360,760 stockholders. No one is allowed to hold more than 200,000 shares, which represents approximately four percent of the 5,011,558 shares currently outstanding. It is this broad-based community support and non-profit structure which has kept the team in\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers, Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18544996\",\n \"text\": \"benefiting education, civic affairs, health services, human services and youth-related programs. At the team's 1997 annual stockholders meeting, the foundation was designated, in place of a Sullivan-Wallen Post soldiers memorial, as recipient of any residual assets upon the team's sale or dissolution. Green Bay Packers, Inc. Green Bay Packers, Inc. is the official name of the publicly held nonprofit corporation that owns the Green Bay Packers football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The Packers are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL. Rather than being the property of an individual, partnership, or corporate entity, they are held\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers, Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915738\",\n \"text\": \"of America]</nowiki>, and the Toronto Blue Jays <nowiki>[Rogers Communications]</nowiki> are directly owned by publicly traded companies). Typically, a team is owned by one person, partnership, or corporate entity; thus, a \\\"team owner.\\\" It has been speculated that this is one of the reasons the Green Bay Packers have never been moved from the city of Green Bay, a city of only 104,057 people in the 2010 census. By comparison, the typical NFL football team city's population is in either the high hundred-thousands or the millions. The Packers, however, have long had a large following throughout Wisconsin and the Midwest; in\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9910044\",\n \"text\": \"an endowment fund exceeding US$32 million. Judge Robert J. Parins, who was the president of the Green Bay Packers from 1982 to 1989, founded the Green Bay Packers Foundation in 1986. His desire was for the Foundation to be the charitable arm of the Packers organization and to ensure the team maintained strong community outreach. The Foundation has maintained a close relationship with the Packers organization since its founding. The Packers Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization headquartered at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It is led by a 10-person Board of Trustees drawn from the Green Bay Packers Board\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915730\",\n \"text\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team that has played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) since 1921. The team was founded in 1919 by Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, and for the next two years played against local teams in Wisconsin and Michigan. In 1921, the Packers joined the \\\"American Professional Football Association\\\", the precursor to the (NFL) with Curly Lambeau as their coach. After falling into financial trouble, the Green Bay Football Corporation, now known as Green Bay Packers, Inc., was formed in 1923. The Packers became\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915826\",\n \"text\": \"played at the Georgia Dome. History of the Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team that has played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) since 1921. The team was founded in 1919 by Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, and for the next two years played against local teams in Wisconsin and Michigan. In 1921, the Packers joined the \\\"American Professional Football Association\\\", the precursor to the (NFL) with Curly Lambeau as their coach. After falling into financial trouble, the Green Bay Football Corporation, now known as Green Bay Packers, Inc., was formed\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162791\",\n \"text\": \"Bears. In the season 8 finale, Red declined to move to Florida after Steven Hyde bought him season tickets. In 2015, six members of the Packers—David Bakhtiari; Don Barclay; T.J. Lang; Clay Matthews; Jordan Rodgers and Josh Sitton—made an appearance as an a cappella group in the musical comedy \\\"Pitch Perfect 2\\\". Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9910045\",\n \"text\": \"of Directors. The Trustees review the yearly grant applications and decide how much money is to be provided to each applicant. Even though the Foundation is legally a separate entity and not part of the Green Bay Packers organization, it closely follows the goals of the Packers. It is the primary instrument the team uses for charitable giving. This is reinforced by the fact the Green Bay Packers are the primary financial contributor to the Foundation. , the Foundation has amassed an endowment fund totaling over $32 million. The Foundation also has a unique role if the Green Bay Packers\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9258538\",\n \"text\": \"1989 Green Bay Packers season The 1989 Green Bay Packers season was their 71st overall and their 69th in the National Football League. The Packers posted a 10–6 record, their best since 1972, but failed to make the playoffs. The team was often referred to as the \\\"Cardiac Pack\\\" due to several close-game wins. The 1989 Packers hold the NFL record for most one-point victories in a season with four. The team was coached by Lindy Infante and led by quarterback Don Majkowski, who attained his nickname \\\"The Majik Man.\\\" The Green Bay Packers selected Tony Mandarich with their first\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162780\",\n \"text\": \"Wolf was inducted, as the most recent Packers contributor to be honored. In nearly nine decades of Packers football, the Packers have formally retired six numbers. All six Packers are members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and their numbers and names are displayed on the green facade of Lambeau Field's north endzone as well as in the Lambeau Field Atrium. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Interim head coaches The Packers are unique in having their market area cover two media markets, both Green Bay and Milwaukee. NFL blackout restrictions for the team apply within both areas. However, Packers games have not been blacked\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7406729\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame The Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame (capitalized by the organization as the Green Bay Packers FAN Hall of Fame) was the first hall of fame built to honor fans of a professional football team. It was established by the Green Bay Packers and the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1998. Fans may nominate themselves or others for inductions by submitting an essay of 500 words or less, accompanied by a photo or a two-minute video, explaining why they or another person are the ultimate Packers fan and deserve recognition.\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11847708\",\n \"text\": \"general terms, the poll disclosed there were as many fans who expressed opposition to the return of the cheerleaders as there were those in favor of restoring them. On that basis, we felt the appropriate decision at this time would be to continue without them.\\\" College cheerleaders now cheer on the sidelines for the team. The Green Bay Packers cheer squad was first named the Green Bay Packerettes and was organized by Bernie Matzke. She formed a squad of baton twirlers at the request of Wilbur Burke who ran Green Bay Packers Lumberjack band. The squad under this name was\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11348483\",\n \"text\": \"in week one on September 29. It was renamed Lambeau Field in August 1965 in memory of Packers founder, player, and long-time head coach, Curly Lambeau, who had died two months earlier. 1957 Green Bay Packers season The 1957 Green Bay Packers season was their 39th season overall and their 37th season in the National Football League. After an opening win, the club posted a 3–9 record under fourth-year head coach Lisle Blackbourn and finished last in the Western Conference. It was Blackbourn's final season at Green Bay, who was replaced by Ray McLean in January 1958 for just one\",\n \"title\": \"1957 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11348482\",\n \"text\": \"1957 Green Bay Packers season The 1957 Green Bay Packers season was their 39th season overall and their 37th season in the National Football League. After an opening win, the club posted a 3–9 record under fourth-year head coach Lisle Blackbourn and finished last in the Western Conference. It was Blackbourn's final season at Green Bay, who was replaced by Ray McLean in January 1958 for just one year, succeeded by Vince Lombardi in 1959. The 1957 season also marked the Packers' move from City Stadium to new City Stadium, which was opened with a win over the Chicago Bears\",\n \"title\": \"1957 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11279816\",\n \"text\": \"1929 Green Bay Packers season The 1929 Green Bay Packers season was their 11th season overall and their ninth season in the National Football League. The club posted an undefeated 12–0–1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish and the Packers' first National Football League Championship. A victory celebration of 20,000 fans greeted them upon their return to Green Bay from their final game in Chicago. Before the start of the season, the Packers signed three future Hall of Famers: Johnny \\\"Blood\\\" McNally, Cal Hubbard, and Mike Michalske, who along with Lambeau led the Packers to the\",\n \"title\": \"1929 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11847711\",\n \"text\": \"and a show with Bob Hope at the Resch Center. The squad was active under this name until 1977. In 1977, the squad was again renamed to the Green Bay Sideliners. The squad was the last professional squad to cheer for the Packers, having been disbanded in 1988. The Packers had the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay (UWGB) cheerleaders cheer after they no longer had professional cheerleaders. The team currently uses college cheerleading squads, with the UWGB squad (coed) and St. Norbert's (all girl) cheering at each home game. Green Bay Packers cheerleaders Several Green Bay Packers cheerleading squads have performed\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11847705\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders Several Green Bay Packers cheerleading squads have performed in Green Bay Packers' history. The Packers became one of the first professional football teams to have a cheerleading squad, having first used cheerleaders in 1931. The squad performed for 57 years under three separate names. In 1988, it was decided that the team would cease having a professional squad cheer for them. Since 1988, the team uses collegiate squads in a limited role to cheer during home games. The cheerleaders squads have cheered for the National Football League team at home games in Green Bay and Milwaukee,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9688805\",\n \"text\": \"as well as a first-round playoff bye. The Packers suffered a shocking loss to the 0-10 Indianapolis Colts, but didn't lose another game until the Super Bowl. The Packers advanced to their fourth Super Bowl appearance, which was also their second consecutive appearance. Despite being favored by double-digits, they were denied their fourth ring, as well as their second consecutive championship, by John Elway and the Denver Broncos, who defeated them 31-24. To date, the loss is the only Packers' Super Bowl loss in team history. 1997 Green Bay Packers season The 1997 Green Bay Packers season was their 79th\",\n \"title\": \"1997 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346623\",\n \"text\": \"Lambeau Field in August 1965 in memory of Packers founder, player, and long-time head coach, Curly Lambeau, who had died two months earlier. 1965 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 47th season overall and their 45th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–3–1 record under seventh-year head coach Vince Lombardi, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Baltimore Colts. In the final regular season game at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, a late touchdown by the 49ers caused a tie and dropped Green Bay into a\",\n \"title\": \"1965 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19121007\",\n \"text\": \"met during the regular season in Green Bay. The remainder of the Packers' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 7. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text. No game. Green Bay had their bye week on Week 4. The Packers wore their throwback uniforms for this game. The Dallas defense forced four Green Bay turnovers. It was the first time since 2008, and second time in Cowboys history, that Dallas had won at Lambeau. This was the Packers first loss wearing throwback uniforms. For the first time since 1989, the Packers wore their white jerseys at a home\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7402649\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers records This article details statistics relating to the Green Bay Packers. While the team was founded in 1919, they did not compete in the National Football League until 1921, when the league was at the time known as the American Professional Football Association. Throughout their history, the Packers have won 13 NFL Championships (including four Super Bowls), more than any other team; in addition, they are the only team to win three consecutive league championships, having accomplished that feat twice (1929–31 and 1965–67). The Packers have also won three NFC title games, along with two NFL titles\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers records\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20468595\",\n \"text\": \"Cardinals since 1949. Hours after the game, Head Coach Mike McCarthy was fired by the Packers. 2018 Green Bay Packers season The 2018 season is the Green Bay Packers' 98th season in the National Football League, their 100th overall and their 13th and final season under head coach Mike McCarthy. After missing the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and losing quarterback Aaron Rodgers to injury, the Packers are aiming to improve their 7–9 record from last season. For the first time since 2007, Jordy Nelson did not play for the Packers as he signed with the Oakland Raiders\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18544992\",\n \"text\": \"of record for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). The Packers have been a publicly owned, non-profit corporation since August 18, 1923. The corporation currently has 360,760 stockholders, who collectively own 5,011,558 shares of stock after the last stock sale of 2011 to 2012. There have been five stock sales, in 1923, 1935, 1950, 1997, and 2011. Shares in 1923 sold for $5 apiece (approximately $72 in 2017 dollars), while in 1997 they were sold at $200 each and in 2011, $250 each. The NFL does not allow corporate ownership of clubs, requiring every club to\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers, Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7402650\",\n \"text\": \"before the AFL and NFL consolidated. This amounts to 15 title game victories in the Packer trophy case and 18 titles overall. These lists are accurate through the 2017 season. Green Bay Packers records This article details statistics relating to the Green Bay Packers. While the team was founded in 1919, they did not compete in the National Football League until 1921, when the league was at the time known as the American Professional Football Association. Throughout their history, the Packers have won 13 NFL Championships (including four Super Bowls), more than any other team; in addition, they are the\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers records\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162761\",\n \"text\": \"president Dominic Olejniczak appeared. The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986. It assists in a wide variety of activities and programs benefiting education, civic affairs, health services, human services and youth-related programs. At the team's 1997 annual stockholders meeting the foundation was designated in place of a Sullivan-Wallen Post soldiers memorial as recipient of any residual assets upon the team's sale or dissolution. The Packers have an exceptionally loyal fan base. Regardless of team performance, every game played in Green Bay has been sold out since 1960. Despite the Packers having by far the smallest local\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286918\",\n \"text\": \"1981 Green Bay Packers season The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–8 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division. Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall. The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the League. They are still had a possibility at a wildcard on the last regular-season game but were defeated by the Jets 28 - 3. Packers managed only\",\n \"title\": \"1981 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11353525\",\n \"text\": \"1949 Green Bay Packers season The 1949 Green Bay Packers season was their 31st season overall and their 29th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 2–10 record under coach Curly Lambeau for a fifth-place finish in the Western Conference. This was the 31st and final season the Packers played under Lambeau, who resigned and then coached the Chicago Cardinals in 1950 and 1951 and the Washington Redskins in 1952 and 1953. The 1949 season was also the final year for blue and gold jerseys, as the Packers switched to kelly green and yellow in 1950 under\",\n \"title\": \"1949 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346575\",\n \"text\": \"1961 Green Bay Packers season The 1961 Green Bay Packers season was their 43rd season overall and their 41st season in the National Football League. The club posted an 11–3 record under coach Vince Lombardi, earning them a first-place finish in the Western Conference and ending a fifteen-year playoff drought. The Packers ended the season by defeating the New York Giants 37–0 in the NFL Championship Game, the first title game ever played in Green Bay. This was the Packers 7th NFL league championship. The 1961 season was the first in which the Packers wore their trademark capital \\\"G\\\" logo\",\n \"title\": \"1961 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286721\",\n \"text\": \"and the roads were impossible to navigate preventing many fans from attending. This gave the game the dubious distinction of having over 36,000 \\\"no-shows\\\", the most in Packers history. The game itself saw the Packers dominate the Buccaneers en route to a 21–0 victory. The Packers offense gained 512 total yards to the Buccaneers' 65. During the game, Packers defensive end Alphonso Carreker sacked Buccaneers quarterback Steve Young a team record four times. The Following were inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in February 1985; 1985 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their\",\n \"title\": \"1985 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16187307\",\n \"text\": \"playoff victory since 2007. With the loss, the Packers ended their season with an overall record of 12–6. This marked the final game for longtime wide receiver Donald Driver, who announced his retirement after the season. Stats correct through December 24, 2012 2012 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 94th season overall and their 92nd in the National Football League, and the seventh under head coach Mike McCarthy. The Packers won the NFC North division title for the second year in a row with an 11–5 record. The Packers lost in the divisional round\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9709086\",\n \"text\": \"signed future Pro Football Hall of Famer Reggie White in one of the biggest moves in Packers history. The Green Bay Packers selected Linebacker Wayne Simmons in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft. In the fifth round the Packers drafted quarterback Mark Brunell, who would later become Jacksonville Jaguars career passing yards leader. The Green Bay Packers started the season strong with a 36–6 win over the Los Angeles Rams. The Packers showed a strong defense and offense in the win. The Rams finished with 53-yards rushing, and Bryce Paup and George Koonce were able to record a\",\n \"title\": \"1993 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9688592\",\n \"text\": \"game; it came in this drive and when he was downed he appeared to fumble the ball but was ruled down by contact; on the next play Young's pass fell incomplete and was initially ruled intercepted. With eight seconds to go Young from the Packers 25 dropped back, momentarily stumbled, then launched the ball where it was caught in the endzone by Terrell Owens, who had dropped several catches during the game. 1998 Green Bay Packers season The 1998 Green Bay Packers season was their 80th season overall and their 78th in the National Football League. It ended with a\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8725575\",\n \"text\": \"from the previous year. In 2006 Packer great Reggie White was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and was the lone inductee to the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame 2006 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 88th season overall and their 86th in the National Football League. This season resulted in an 8–8 record. After the firing of Mike Sherman, the Packers hired Mike McCarthy as their head coach. McCarthy helped improved the Packers from 4–12 the previous year to a .500 win average in 2006. The Packers failed to make\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19820615\",\n \"text\": \"the game with expert field position and forced Brett Hundley to make mistakes. He threw two interceptions to Harrison Smith. The Packers were shut out twice at home in the same season for the first time since 2006, and their record dropped to 7–8. The Packers were swept by the Lions for the first time since 1991. With this loss, Green Bay lost 3 straight games to close out a disappointing season with a 7-9 record, their first losing season since 2008. 2017 Green Bay Packers season The 2017 Green Bay Packers season was their 99th season overall, 97th season\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915808\",\n \"text\": \"with the struggling 1-7 Cowboys. Green Bay quickly marched out to two touchdowns in the first quarter, en route to a 45-7 crushing of their opponent. Following their bye week, the Packers headed to Minnesota for a rematch with the Vikings, who virtually laid down in much the same manner as Dallas. Green Bay quickly buried them 31-3, causing their head coach, Brad Childress, to be fired. It was the second consecutive game in which the team that lost to the Packers fired their head coach afterwards, as Wade Phillips had been fired by the Cowboys after their loss to\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9215507\",\n \"text\": \"the NFC Championship Game. Green Bay beat the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI to win their third Super Bowl and twelfth NFL Championship. In 2007, the 1996 Packers were ranked as the 16th greatest Super Bowl champions on the NFL Network's documentary series \\\"\\\". The 1996 Packers were ranked 6th-greatest Super Bowl team of all-time by a similar panel done by ESPN and released in 2007. All times are CENTRAL time Brett Favre broke the Packers single-season record for touchdown passes by throwing 39. Schedule Green Bay was able to win going away on a cold damp day\",\n \"title\": \"1996 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346622\",\n \"text\": \"played in Green Bay on December 26. With backup quarterbacks playing for both teams, the Packers tied the Colts late and won in overtime, 13–10. Green Bay then met the defending champion Cleveland Browns (11–3) in the NFL championship game, also at Green Bay. The Packers won, 23–12, for their ninth NFL title and third under Lombardi. It was the last NFL championship game before the advent of the Super Bowl and the first of three consecutive league titles for Green Bay. Known as \\\"New City Stadium\\\" for its first eight seasons, the Packers' venue in Green Bay was renamed\",\n \"title\": \"1965 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11299729\",\n \"text\": \"1933 Green Bay Packers season The 1933 Green Bay Packers season was their 15th season overall and their 13th season in the National Football League (NFL). This was the first year of divisional play and Green Bay competed in the Western Division. The club posted a 5–7–1 record under coach Curly Lambeau, the first losing season in team history. Beginning this season, the Packers began playing some home game in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at Borchert Field to draw additional revenue, starting October 1, 1933, against the New York Giants. \\\"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\\\" \\\"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1933 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286919\",\n \"text\": \"84 total yards against the Jets. 1981 Green Bay Packers season The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–8 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division. Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall. The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the League. They are still had a possibility at a wildcard on the last regular-season game but were defeated by the Jets\",\n \"title\": \"1981 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9910048\",\n \"text\": \"the Foundation's mission. In 2018, the Packers Foundation awarded $1.25 million worth of grants to five organizations that work in the areas of art, athletics, and education; this was the highest total awarded in a single year in the Foundation's history. The yearly amount of charitable giving has risen significantly since 2014, totaling about $3.5 million. In comparison, from 1986 to 2013, the amount of charitable giving was $6.3 million. In total, the Foundation has provided $9.8 million in grants since its formation. Green Bay Packers Foundation The Green Bay Packers Foundation is a charitable organization based in Green Bay,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16977612\",\n \"text\": \"2nd down, Brandon Marshall dropped Cutler's pass at the 27-yard line. On 3rd down with 10 seconds remaining, Cutler attempted another Hail-Mary pass intended for Brandon Marshall, but it was intercepted by Sam Shields as time expired. With the 33-28 win, the Green Bay Packers (8-7-1) won their 3rd consecutive NFC North Championship and enter the 2013–14 NFC playoffs as the 4th seed. The Packers became the only NFC team that clinched their division in the previous season to do so again this season. 2013 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 95th season overall,\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8725546\",\n \"text\": \"free agent Tramon Williams during the 2006 offseason, who later became the starting corner for the Super Bowl Champion 2010 Green Bay Packers. He was also selected but did not participate in the 2010 Pro Bowl. The Packers signed two notable free agents, CB Charles Woodson from the Oakland Raiders and DT Ryan Pickett from the St Louis Rams. Woodson would later be named the 2009 NFC Defensive Player of the Year and both players were integral parts of the 2010 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl Championship team. The Packers opened the regular season on September 10 with a 26–0\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11353526\",\n \"text\": \"new coach Gene Ronzani, a graduate of Marquette University. 1949 Green Bay Packers season The 1949 Green Bay Packers season was their 31st season overall and their 29th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 2–10 record under coach Curly Lambeau for a fifth-place finish in the Western Conference. This was the 31st and final season the Packers played under Lambeau, who resigned and then coached the Chicago Cardinals in 1950 and 1951 and the Washington Redskins in 1952 and 1953. The 1949 season was also the final year for blue and gold jerseys, as the Packers\",\n \"title\": \"1949 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8857927\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 87th season overall and their 85th in the National Football League. This season was their worst record since their 1991 season. The Packers suffered injuries to wide receivers Javon Walker and Robert Ferguson and running backs Ahman Green, Najeh Davenport, Tony Fisher, and Samkon Gado. As a result of the season, many of the Packers coaches were fired, including head coach Mike Sherman. The Packers lost veteran guards Marco Rivera (Dallas Cowboys) and Mike Wahle (Carolina Panthers) to free agency. Starting safety Darren Sharper was released by\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915785\",\n \"text\": \"this two-year-old expansion team in the NFC Championship match. The Packers beat them 30-13 to advance to Super Bowl XXXI. Facing Green Bay in the New Orleans Superdome in Super Bowl XXXI were the AFC champion New England Patriots. In a see-saw game, the Packers gained a 27-14 lead at halftime, which they never lost despite a valiant effort by their opponent. The final score was 35-21, and Green Bay had won its first championship since 1967. Kick returner Desmond Howard, who returned a kickoff 99 yards for a touchdown late in the 3rd quarter, was named the game's MVP,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162699\",\n \"text\": \"the 1920s and '30s. Founded in 1919 by Earl \\\"Curly\\\" Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896. Between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest, before joining the American Professional Football Association (APFA), the forerunner of today's NFL, in 1921. Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America, \\\"Forbes\\\" ranked the Packers as the world's 26th most valuable sports franchise in 2016, with a value of $2.35 billion. The\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162766\",\n \"text\": \"Indian Packing was purchased in 1920 by the Acme Packing Company. Acme continued to support the team, which played its first NFL season with \\\"ACME PACKERS\\\" emblazoned on its jerseys. Lambeau, a Notre Dame alumnus, borrowed its Irish's navy blue and gold team colors, much as George Halas borrowed his Illinois alma mater's for the Chicago Bears. As a result, the early Packers were often referred to as the \\\"Bays\\\" or the \\\"Blues\\\" (and even occasionally as \\\"the Big Bay Blues\\\"). By 1950, Green Bay had changed its colors to hunter green and gold. Navy blue was kept as a\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11299793\",\n \"text\": \"folding. 1934 Green Bay Packers season The 1934 Green Bay Packers season was their 16th season overall and their 14th season in the National Football League (NFL). The club posted a 7–6–0 record under coach Curly Lambeau. The Packers played their Milwaukee, Wisconsin home games at Wisconsin State Fair Park. During this season, a fan fell from the stands at old City Stadium and sued the Packers and won a $5,000 verdict. This caused the insurance company to go out of business and the Packers entered receivership. Green Bay business men raised $15,000 in new capital to prevent the team\",\n \"title\": \"1934 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11299792\",\n \"text\": \"1934 Green Bay Packers season The 1934 Green Bay Packers season was their 16th season overall and their 14th season in the National Football League (NFL). The club posted a 7–6–0 record under coach Curly Lambeau. The Packers played their Milwaukee, Wisconsin home games at Wisconsin State Fair Park. During this season, a fan fell from the stands at old City Stadium and sued the Packers and won a $5,000 verdict. This caused the insurance company to go out of business and the Packers entered receivership. Green Bay business men raised $15,000 in new capital to prevent the team from\",\n \"title\": \"1934 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7406019\",\n \"text\": \"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame The Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame was the first hall of fame built to honor a single professional American football team. William L. Brault, a Green Bay restaurateur and Packers fan, founded the Hall of Fame in 1966. According to Brault, he got the idea after visitors to Green Bay would repeatedly ask about the Packers' storied history. Sensing opportunity, Brault went to Packers head coach Vince Lombardi, suggesting a \\\"Hall of Fame\\\" should be made to educate tourists about the Packers and their history. Lombardi gave Brault his approval, and according to\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915741\",\n \"text\": \"to change the beneficiary from the Sullivan-Wallen Post to the Green Bay Packers Foundation. In 1950, the Packers held a stock sale to again raise money to support the team. In 1956, area voters approved the construction of a new stadium, owned by the city. As with its predecessor, the new field was named City Stadium, but after the death of founder Lambeau in 1965, on September 11, 1965, the stadium was renamed Lambeau Field. Another stock sale occurred late in 1997 and early in 1998. It added 105,989 new shareholders and raised over $24 million, money used for the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346497\",\n \"text\": \"marked the last Packers' win in Buffalo (where they defeated the Chicago Cardinals by two points on a late field goal on a Wednesday night). Since then, they are winless in six attempts against the Buffalo Bills in western New York, the latest on December 14, 2014. ^ Played at Buffalo, New York, on Wednesday night 1938 Green Bay Packers season The 1938 Green Bay Packers season was their 20th season overall and their 18th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–3 record in 1938 under head coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish in\",\n \"title\": \"1938 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346577\",\n \"text\": \"missed the November 19 game in Green Bay against the Rams, but was flown from Fort Riley to Detroit for the November 23 Thanksgiving Day game against the Lions at Tiger Stadium. Hornung kicked a field goal and two extra points in the 17–9 victory. All times are CENTRAL time All times are CENTRAL time Passing Rushing Receiving Kicking Punting Kick Return Punt Return Interception Team 1961 Green Bay Packers season The 1961 Green Bay Packers season was their 43rd season overall and their 41st season in the National Football League. The club posted an 11–3 record under coach Vince\",\n \"title\": \"1961 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20468592\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Green Bay Packers season The 2018 season is the Green Bay Packers' 98th season in the National Football League, their 100th overall and their 13th and final season under head coach Mike McCarthy. After missing the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and losing quarterback Aaron Rodgers to injury, the Packers are aiming to improve their 7–9 record from last season. For the first time since 2007, Jordy Nelson did not play for the Packers as he signed with the Oakland Raiders via free agency during the offseason. On January 7, 2018, Brian Gutekunst was named the new\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346517\",\n \"text\": \"January 22, 2011. 1941 Green Bay Packers season The 1941 Green Bay Packers season was their 23rd season overall and their 21st season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–1 record under coach Curly Lambeau, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Chicago Bears. The Packers and Bears played a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine who would play in the NFL Championship Game. The Packers lost 33–14 to the Bears, in the first post-season game ever played between the archrivals. The second post-season game came 70 years later, in the NFC\",\n \"title\": \"1941 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346516\",\n \"text\": \"1941 Green Bay Packers season The 1941 Green Bay Packers season was their 23rd season overall and their 21st season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–1 record under coach Curly Lambeau, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Chicago Bears. The Packers and Bears played a one-game playoff in Chicago to determine who would play in the NFL Championship Game. The Packers lost 33–14 to the Bears, in the first post-season game ever played between the archrivals. The second post-season game came 70 years later, in the NFC Championship game on\",\n \"title\": \"1941 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11279817\",\n \"text\": \"top of the league. Green Bay's current throwback uniform is based on the ones worn in 1929 in respect of the season that the Packers won their first championship. 1929 Green Bay Packers season The 1929 Green Bay Packers season was their 11th season overall and their ninth season in the National Football League. The club posted an undefeated 12–0–1 record under player/coach Curly Lambeau, earning them a first-place finish and the Packers' first National Football League Championship. A victory celebration of 20,000 fans greeted them upon their return to Green Bay from their final game in Chicago. Before the\",\n \"title\": \"1929 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346580\",\n \"text\": \"1962 Green Bay Packers season The 1962 Green Bay Packers season was their 44th season overall and their 42nd season in the National Football League. The club posted a 13–1 record under coach Vince Lombardi, earning them a first-place finish in the Western Conference. The Packers ended the season by defeating the New York Giants 16–7 in the NFL Championship Game, the Packers second consecutive defeat of the Giants in the championship game. This marked the Packers' eighth NFL World Championship. In 2007, ESPN.com ranked the 1962 Packers as the fifth-greatest defense in NFL history, noting, \\\"The great 1962 Packers\",\n \"title\": \"1962 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11847710\",\n \"text\": \"1970 squad member Anne Maedke described their routine, \\\"The Golden Girls did skits, dance routines -- twirling and tumbling and acrobatic type things -- in one-piece sequined swimsuits and high-heeled boots during breaks.\\\" The Golden Girls cheered during the Ice Bowl. The Golden Girls were honored by the team with a permanent installation at the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in May 2007. In 1973, the Green Bay Packers changed the name of the squad back to the Green Bay Packerettes and recruited Matzke back as their leader. The Packerettes performed at other events such as nursing homes, parades,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11353768\",\n \"text\": \"1964 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 46th season overall and their 44th season in the National Football League. The club was led by sixth-year head coach Vince Lombardi, and tied for second place in the Western Conference at 8–5–1. The Packers opened the season in Green Bay with a promising win over the rival Chicago Bears, the defending NFL champions. They then lost four of six, including three home games, and were 3–4 midway through the season, falling twice to the Baltimore Colts. The first three losses were by a total of five points,\",\n \"title\": \"1964 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286976\",\n \"text\": \"Bay over the Buccaneers, the 8-5-1 Packers still had a shot at a NFC Central Title. However, the team would lose both of their final games, closing out with a 31-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams and at 8-7-1 finished in a first place tie . The Packers lost the tie breaker to the Minnesota Vikings, by tying (10 - 10 ) and losing to the Vikings ( 7 - 21) and missed the playoffs. 1978 Green Bay Packers season The 1978 Green Bay Packers season was their 60th season overall and their 58th season in the National Football\",\n \"title\": \"1978 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346621\",\n \"text\": \"1965 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 47th season overall and their 45th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 10–3–1 record under seventh-year head coach Vince Lombardi, earning a tie for first place in the Western Conference with the Baltimore Colts. In the final regular season game at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco, a late touchdown by the 49ers caused a tie and dropped Green Bay into a tie with the Colts. Although the Packers defeated Baltimore twice during the regular season, the rules at the time required a tiebreaker playoff,\",\n \"title\": \"1965 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286877\",\n \"text\": \"match. 1969 Green Bay Packers season The 1969 Green Bay Packers season was their 51st season overall and their 49th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–6 record under coach Phil Bengtson, earning them a 3rd-place finish in the Central division. Without the disciplined guidance of Vince Lombardi steering the Packers for the first time in a decade, Green Bay started the season strong at 5–2, but stumbled down the stretch. Plagued by injuries and inconsistent play, the team clawed their way to their 10th winning season in the last 11 years. Regardless of the winning\",\n \"title\": \"1969 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286874\",\n \"text\": \"1969 Green Bay Packers season The 1969 Green Bay Packers season was their 51st season overall and their 49th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–6 record under coach Phil Bengtson, earning them a 3rd-place finish in the Central division. Without the disciplined guidance of Vince Lombardi steering the Packers for the first time in a decade, Green Bay started the season strong at 5–2, but stumbled down the stretch. Plagued by injuries and inconsistent play, the team clawed their way to their 10th winning season in the last 11 years. Regardless of the winning record,\",\n \"title\": \"1969 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16977565\",\n \"text\": \"2013 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 95th season overall, the 93rd in the National Football League, and the eighth under head coach Mike McCarthy. The Packers came into the 2013 season looking to win the NFC North for the 3rd year in a row. They came off a 45-31 loss to the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs the previous season. The Packers started the 2013 season in a rematch with the 49ers, to whom they lost 34-28. After winning their home opener against the Redskins, Green Bay lost 34-30 in\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9642050\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl selections, 9th most in the NFL. Head coach Mike McCarthy was also the coach of the NFC. Notes: The following is a list of players that were named to the Associated Press 2007 All-Pro Team. In July 2007 the following players were inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame 2007 Green Bay Packers season The 2007 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 89th overall and 87th season in the National Football League. The Packers finished the regular season with an impressive 13–3 record. They received a bye for the first round of the playoffs, won their\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9642005\",\n \"text\": \"2007 Green Bay Packers season The 2007 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 89th overall and 87th season in the National Football League. The Packers finished the regular season with an impressive 13–3 record. They received a bye for the first round of the playoffs, won their divisional round playoff game, and lost in the NFC Championship game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants. This was the last season for quarterback Brett Favre as a Green Bay Packer. This season also marked the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Packers' home stadium of Lambeau Field.\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162703\",\n \"text\": \"Bay Football Corporation. After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeau's squad claimed the Packers' first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, behind a stifling defense which registered eight shutouts. Green Bay would repeat as league champions in 1930 and 1931, bettering teams from New York, Chicago and throughout the league, with all-time greats and future Hall of Famers Mike Michalske, Johnny (Blood) McNally, Cal Hubbard and Green Bay native Arnie Herber. Among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers' streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. The arrival\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8915752\",\n \"text\": \"and more and more opponents asking for their games against the Packers to be played at County Stadium in Milwaukee, the NFL told the Packers that if they wanted to stay in Green Bay, they had to build a new stadium. The Packers and the city of Green Bay complied, building a brand-new 32,000-seat stadium, naming it New City Stadium. The new stadium was dedicated in a game against the Chicago Bears, with many celebrities attending, including actor James Arness, NFL commissioner Bert Bell, vice president (and future U.S. president) Richard Nixon, and Bears coach George Halas. The Packers won\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286720\",\n \"text\": \"1985 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 67th season overall and their 65th in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–8 record under coach Forrest Gregg, the same record from the previous year. The Packers earned a second-place finish in the NFC Central division. The team finished with an 8–8 record for the third consecutive season. The club was 5–3 at home and 3–5 on the road. This divisional matchup with Tampa Bay would come to be known as the Snow Bowl in Packers' history. By kickoff, twelves inches of snow had fallen\",\n \"title\": \"1985 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11286994\",\n \"text\": \"1958 Green Bay Packers season The 1958 Green Bay Packers season was their 40th season overall and their 38th season in the National Football League. The club posted a 1–10–1 record under first-year head coach Ray McLean for a last-place finish in the league in and the worst record ever posted by a Packers team. In the immortal words of New York sportswriter and Green Bay native Red Smith: \\\"they overwhelmed one opponent, under-whelmed ten, and whelmed one.\\\" The tie came in week two and the three-point win in week five; during the seven-game losing streak to end the season\",\n \"title\": \"1958 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11353758\",\n \"text\": \"1963 Green Bay Packers season The 1963 Green Bay Packers season was their 45th season overall and their 43rd season in the National Football League. The two-time defending NFL champions posted an 11–2–1 record under fifth-year head coach Vince Lombardi for a second-place finish in the Western Conference, a half game back. Both losses were inflicted by the Chicago Bears (11–1–2), the NFL champions in , as the indefinite suspension of halfback Paul Hornung was too much for Green Bay to overcome. The Packers had won the previous five regular season games with rival Chicago, but scored just ten points\",\n \"title\": \"1963 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11299730\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"at Borchert Field, Milwaukee, Wisconsin\\\" \\\"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\\\" \\\"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\\\" \\\"at Wrigley Field, Chicago\\\" \\\"at East Stadium, Green Bay, Wisconsin\\\" \\\"at Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois\\\" \\\"at Universal Stadium, Portsmouth, Ohio\\\" \\\"at Fenway Park, Boston, Massachusetts\\\" \\\"at Polo Grounds, Manhattan, New York\\\" \\\"at Baker Bowl, Philadelphia\\\" \\\"at Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois\\\" 1933 Green Bay Packers season The 1933 Green Bay Packers season was their 15th season overall and their 13th season in the National Football League (NFL). This was the first year of divisional play and Green Bay competed in the Western Division. The\",\n \"title\": \"1933 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16187290\",\n \"text\": \"2012 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 94th season overall and their 92nd in the National Football League, and the seventh under head coach Mike McCarthy. The Packers won the NFC North division title for the second year in a row with an 11–5 record. The Packers lost in the divisional round of the playoffs to the eventual NFC Champion San Francisco 49ers by the score of 45-31, finishing with a postseason record of 1-1. The Packers offense finished the season fifth in points and eleventh in yards per game. The defense finished eleventh\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9680297\",\n \"text\": \"2002 NFL draft, the Packers selected 20th overall, drafting future all-pro wide receiver Javon Walker with their first round pick. \\\" Players highlighted in yellow indicate players selected to the Pro Bowl during their NFL career. \\\" The Packers finished 12–4 overall, winning the NFC North crown by a six-game margin. 2002 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 84th season overall and their 82nd in the National Football League. The Packers achieved a 12–4 record in the regular season, before losing in the 2003 NFL Wild Card playoffs round to Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons at\",\n \"title\": \"2002 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14178536\",\n \"text\": \"to injury. The Packers also had a first alternate in QB Aaron Rodgers and four lower alternates, NT B. J. Raji, G Josh Sitton, LB A. J. Hawk and WR Donald Driver. No Packers took part in the Pro Bowl, due to their participation in Super Bowl XLV. Notes: 2010 Green Bay Packers season The 2010 Green Bay Packers season was the 92nd season overall and their 90th season in the National Football League. Although they finished with only a respectable 10–6 record, good for a second-place finish in the NFC North, the Packers never lost a game by more\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9258544\",\n \"text\": \"only two losses for the 49ers, and the last before the 49ers finished out the season 8–0, including a 55–10 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXIV. In that game, the Packers matched their win total from the previous season (4–12). Although regarded at the time as a fluke, Green Bay would proceed to win 13 of the next 15 contests with San Francisco over the next 21 seasons. 1989 Green Bay Packers season The 1989 Green Bay Packers season was their 71st overall and their 69th in the National Football League. The Packers posted a 10–6 record,\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9215505\",\n \"text\": \"1996 Green Bay Packers season The 1996 Green Bay Packers season was their 78th season overall and their 76th in the National Football League, which culminated with the franchise winning its third Super Bowl and league-record 12th NFL Championship. The Packers posted a league-best 13–3 regular season won-loss record, going 8–0 at home and 5–3 on the road. It was the first time since 1962 that the club went undefeated at home. Additionally, the Packers had the NFL's highest-scoring offense (456) and allowed the fewest points on defense (210). Green Bay was the first team to accomplish both feats in\",\n \"title\": \"1996 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9353541\",\n \"text\": \"from Bart Starr. The Packers held the Chiefs' offense to 12 yards in the third quarter. Elijah Pitts scored another touchdown for the Packers in the third quarter on a one-yard touchdown run. The Packers would win the game 35–10. Quarterback Bart Starr was named the MVP of the game, completing 16 of 23 passes for 250 yards and two touchdowns. 1966 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 48th season overall and their 46th in the National Football League. The defending NFL champions had a league-best regular season record of 12–2, led by eighth-year head\",\n \"title\": \"1966 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9353530\",\n \"text\": \"1966 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 48th season overall and their 46th in the National Football League. The defending NFL champions had a league-best regular season record of 12–2, led by eighth-year head coach Vince Lombardi and quarterback Bart Starr, in his eleventh NFL season. The Packers beat the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL championship game, the Packers' second consecutive NFL title, fourth under Lombardi, and tenth for the franchise. Two weeks later, the Packers recorded a 35–10 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in the inaugural AFL-NFL Championship Game, retroactively known as Super\",\n \"title\": \"1966 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"162708\",\n \"text\": \"Lombardi the NFL Coach of the Year. The next year, the Packers, led by Paul Hornung's 176 points, won the NFL West title and played in the NFL Championship against the Philadelphia Eagles at Philadelphia. In a see-saw game, the Packers trailed by only four points when All-Pro Eagle linebacker Chuck Bednarik tackled Jim Taylor just nine yards short of the goal line as time expired. The Packers returned to the NFL Championship game the following season and faced the New York Giants in the first league title game to be played in Green Bay. The Packers scored 24 second-quarter\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15209704\",\n \"text\": \"repeat as Super Bowl Champions. During the win three-time Pro Bowl FS Nick Collins was lost for the season with a neck injury. Panthers QB Cam Newton threw for 432 yards and a touchdown, and rushed for a score in his second career NFL start. Newton was also intercepted 3 times on the day, 2 times by Packers CB Charles Woodson (who also recovered a fumble for Green Bay defensively). Carolina fell to 0–2 on the season. The Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears met at Soldier Field for the first time since the 2010–11 NFC Championship Game earlier this\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11847707\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Cowgirls,\\\" said Sorgel. \\\"We were wholesome Midwest girls, because Vince Lombardi did not like real short skirts. He liked the girls to be more modest, so that's the way we were.\\\" The first professional squad was named the Green Bay Packerettes. They were later renamed the Golden Girls, renamed back to the Packerettes, and later the Green Bay Sideliners. The Packers last had professional cheerleaders in 1988. Green Bay television station WFRV did a poll and found that approximately 50% of fans wanted cheerleaders and 50% did not. Packers Vice President Bob Harlan issued a press release, stating \\\"In\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers cheerleaders\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7406731\",\n \"text\": \"Field replay board), a $500 Packers Pro Shop gift certificate and a road trip for two to a Green Bay away game. The honoree is also introduced during the annual Packer Hall of Fame induction dinner, held each July, and has his or her name displayed on a plaque in the Packer Hall of Fame, in the atrium of Lambeau Field. Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame The Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame (capitalized by the organization as the Green Bay Packers FAN Hall of Fame) was the first hall of fame built to honor fans of\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers Fan Hall of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8725544\",\n \"text\": \"2006 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 88th season overall and their 86th in the National Football League. This season resulted in an 8–8 record. After the firing of Mike Sherman, the Packers hired Mike McCarthy as their head coach. McCarthy helped improved the Packers from 4–12 the previous year to a .500 win average in 2006. The Packers failed to make the playoffs for the second straight year after the New York Giants gained the tie-breaker over the Packers in the last week of the 2006 NFL season. After some uncertainty, quarterback Brett\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9680292\",\n \"text\": \"2002 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 84th season overall and their 82nd in the National Football League. The Packers achieved a 12–4 record in the regular season, before losing in the 2003 NFL Wild Card playoffs round to Michael Vick's Atlanta Falcons at Lambeau Field. This marked the first time in NFL history that the Packers had lost at home in the playoffs. In 2001, the Packers achieved the franchise's best record since 1997, finishing 12–4 and advancing the divisional round of the playoffs. There the Packers lost to the eventual NFC champion St.\",\n \"title\": \"2002 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9682660\",\n \"text\": \"the Pro Bowl during their NFL career. \\\" The Packers finished with an 8–8 record in 4th place in the NFC Central division, behind the 8–8 Detroit Lions due to a conference record tiebreaker. 1999 Green Bay Packers season The 1999 Green Bay Packers season was their 81st season overall and their 79th in the National Football League. It was the first and only season for head coach Ray Rhodes. The Packers finished 8–8, posting their worst record since Brett Favre took over the helm as the Packers' starting quarterback. In the 1999 NFL draft, the Packers selected free safety\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9682659\",\n \"text\": \"1999 Green Bay Packers season The 1999 Green Bay Packers season was their 81st season overall and their 79th in the National Football League. It was the first and only season for head coach Ray Rhodes. The Packers finished 8–8, posting their worst record since Brett Favre took over the helm as the Packers' starting quarterback. In the 1999 NFL draft, the Packers selected free safety Antuan Edwards in the first round (25th overall). Notably, the Packers drafted future Pro Bowl wide receiver Donald Driver in the seventh round (213th overall). \\\" Players highlighted in yellow indicate players selected to\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9709084\",\n \"text\": \"1993 Green Bay Packers season The 1993 Green Bay Packers season was their 75th season overall and their 73rd in the National Football League. They had a 9–7 record and won their first playoff berth in 11 years. The record also marked the first back-to-back winning season since the Packers 1967 season. During the regular season, the Packers finished with 340 points, ranking sixth in the National Football League], and allowed 282 points, ranking ninth. In his third year as a pro and second with the Packers, quarterback Brett Favre led the Packers offense, passing for 3,303 yards and 19\",\n \"title\": \"1993 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9702971\",\n \"text\": \"1994 Green Bay Packers season The 1994 Green Bay Packers season was the team's 76th season overall and their 74th in the National Football League. The Packers posted a 9–7 record for their third straight winning season. 1994 marked the first of 8 seasons in which Packers' quarterback Brett Favre would throw more than 30 touchdown passes. It also marked the second season in which he started all 16 games for the Packers, starting a record-breaking starting streak which would continue throughout his career. This was the final season that the Packers played at Milwaukee County Stadium; they played home\",\n \"title\": \"1994 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9079128\",\n \"text\": \"2003 Green Bay Packers season The 2003 Green Bay Packers season was the franchise's 85th season overall and their 83rd in the National Football League. This season finished with an overtime loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in the divisional round of the 2004 playoffs, after the Packers defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the Wild Card round in overtime off an interception return for a touchdown by Al Harris. The season may be most notable for Brett Favre's Monday night performance against the Oakland Raiders the night after his father had died. The Packers won the division on the last play\",\n \"title\": \"2003 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9680294\",\n \"text\": \"brilliant play of quarterback Brett Favre and power running game of Ahman Green. The Packers maintained a commanding division lead throughout the year, winning the NFC North by a six-game margin. Green Bay became the first team to win the newly rechristened division, formerly known as the NFC Central. It was the Packers’ first division title since 1997, and the team would win the NFC North for three consecutive seasons. For the first time in years, it appeared that the Packers had a legitimate chance of reaching the Super Bowl. With one game left, Green Bay was 12–3, and a\",\n \"title\": \"2002 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11285419\",\n \"text\": \"1992 Green Bay Packers season The 1992 Green Bay Packers season was their 74th season overall and their 72nd in the National Football League. The club posted a 9–7 record under new coach Mike Holmgren, earning them a second-place finish in the NFC Central division. 1992 saw the emergence of QB Brett Favre and the start of the Packers' success of the 1990s. In the second game of the 1992 season, the Packers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Buccaneers were leading 17–0 at half time when head coach Mike Holmgren benched starting quarterback Don Majkowski and Favre played the\",\n \"title\": \"1992 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9688589\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Green Bay Packers season The 1998 Green Bay Packers season was their 80th season overall and their 78th in the National Football League. It ended with a 30–27 loss in the NFC Wild Card Game to the San Francisco 49ers, with Steve Young throwing a 25-yard touchdown pass to Terrell Owens with three seconds left. The season marked the end of an era in many ways for Green Bay; this was the last season for which both head coach Mike Holmgren and Hall of Fame defensive end Reggie White would find themselves on the Packers' sideline. This was the\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12844540\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"at Lambeau Field, Green Bay, Wisconsin Coming off their road win over the Browns, the Packers went home for the highly anticipated Week 8 divisional rematch with the Minnesota Vikings, as former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre made his return to face his former team. The Packers got the game off to quick start in the first quarter as kicker Mason Crosby made a 37-yard field goal, but the Vikings responded with running back Adrian Peterson's 1-yard touchdown run. Things got worse for Green Bay in the second quarter as Favre completed a 12-yard touchdown pass to tight end\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18356898\",\n \"text\": \"at home. The Packers broke their three-game losing streak with a victory in Minnesota. Green Bay held Minnesota to two scores, including a 47-yard pass from Teddy Bridgewater to Kyle Rudolph for the game's first touchdown. The Vikings' extra point try went wide, and after three Green Bay field goals, the Packers closed out the first half with a TD pass from Rodgers to Cobb to take a 10-point lead. Adrian Peterson scored in the third quarter to bring the Vikings within six points of the Packers, but Green Bay got it back with a long pass from Rodgers to\",\n \"title\": \"2015 Green Bay Packers season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11346572\",\n \"text\": \"Franklin Field in Philadelphia on Monday, December 26. Two years earlier in , both teams had been last in their respective conferences, winning a combined three games. In a close game, the Packers led in the fourth quarter, but lost 17–13. Green Bay returned to the title game the next two seasons and won both. 1960 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers season was their 42nd season overall and their 40th season in the National Football League. The club posted an 8–4 record under second-year head coach Vince Lombardi to win the Western Conference and a berth in\",\n \"title\": \"1960 Green Bay Packers season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["green bay packers board of directors"],"string":"[\n \"green bay packers board of directors\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":191,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the last time the orioles had a winning season?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"40610","text":"Brooks Robinson won his Most Valuable Player Award (1964). The glory years of the Orioles effectively ended when the Detroit Tigers, a divisional rival at the time, went 35–5 to open the 1984 season on the way to winning the World Series, in which Hall-of-Fame pitcher Jim Palmer retired during the 1984 season. After winning the 1983 World Series, the Orioles spent the next five years in steady decline, finishing 1986 in last place for the first time since the franchise moved to Baltimore. The team hit bottom in 1988 when it started the season 0–21, en route to 107","title":"Baltimore Orioles"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40610\",\n \"text\": \"Brooks Robinson won his Most Valuable Player Award (1964). The glory years of the Orioles effectively ended when the Detroit Tigers, a divisional rival at the time, went 35–5 to open the 1984 season on the way to winning the World Series, in which Hall-of-Fame pitcher Jim Palmer retired during the 1984 season. After winning the 1983 World Series, the Orioles spent the next five years in steady decline, finishing 1986 in last place for the first time since the franchise moved to Baltimore. The team hit bottom in 1988 when it started the season 0–21, en route to 107\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"20298262","text":"When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. \"If I Told You\" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since \"Wagon Wheel\" in 2013. The album's second single, \"For the First Time,\" was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Country","title":"When Was the Last Time"},{"psg_id":"20298264","text":"the album charted at No. 8 on the US \"Billboard\" 200, which is Rucker fifth top 10 album on the chart. It also debuted at No. 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, with 30,000 copies sold in the first week, 34,000 units, including track sales and streams. In its second week, it sold a further 9,300 copies. It has sold 118,100 copies in the United States as of October 2018. Credits by AllMusic When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer","title":"When Was the Last Time"},{"psg_id":"13910683","text":"role as a Dominican scout for the team. With Showalter in the dugout the Orioles went 17–11 in August, their first winning month all season and first winning August since 2004. However, on August 29, the Orioles became the first team to be mathematically eliminated from playoff contention for the MLB 2010 season. The Orioles finished out the season by going 17–13 in the months of September and October, making the team 34–23 under Showalter. This was the best record of any AL team over the same stretch of time, one commentator stating that \"The Orioles had two different seasons.","title":"2010 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173762","text":"= Strikeouts\" 1897 Baltimore Orioles season The 1897 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. After three straight first-place finishes, the Orioles slipped to second place with a record of 90–40, 2 games behind the National League-leading Boston Beaneaters. After the season, the two teams met in what would be the final Temple Cup competition, with the Orioles winning 4 games to 1. In all, Baltimore played in all four Temple Cups, losing the first two and winning the last two. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. =","title":"1897 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173760","text":"1897 Baltimore Orioles season The 1897 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. After three straight first-place finishes, the Orioles slipped to second place with a record of 90–40, 2 games behind the National League-leading Boston Beaneaters. After the season, the two teams met in what would be the final Temple Cup competition, with the Orioles winning 4 games to 1. In all, Baltimore played in all four Temple Cups, losing the first two and winning the last two. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average;","title":"1897 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"19061467","text":"LHP Wade Miley activated from the paternity list.<br> The Orioles faced the Toronto Blue Jays in the Wild Card Game, losing 5–2 in 11 innings. The following Orioles were selected to participate in the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game: Source 2016 Baltimore Orioles season The 2016 Baltimore Orioles season was the 116th season in franchise history, the 63rd in Baltimore, and the 25th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They improved on their 2015 record of 81–81 (.500). They ensured this by winning their 82nd game on September 18 against the last place Tampa Bay Rays. They were eliminated","title":"2016 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"19061449","text":"2016 Baltimore Orioles season The 2016 Baltimore Orioles season was the 116th season in franchise history, the 63rd in Baltimore, and the 25th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They improved on their 2015 record of 81–81 (.500). They ensured this by winning their 82nd game on September 18 against the last place Tampa Bay Rays. They were eliminated from division contention on September 24, 7 games behind the AL East leading Boston Red Sox, who would go on to clinch the division on September 28. They would advance to the playoffs on the last day of the season, October","title":"2016 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"12530994","text":"GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts\" 2009 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2009 season was the 109th season in franchise history. The Orioles finished the season last in the AL East with a record of 64–98. It was the fifth consecutive season in which the Orioles had fewer wins than in previous year. The Orioles missed the playoffs for the twelfth straight season, tying a record set between 1984-95 The Orioles have unveiled new uniforms, which debuted at","title":"2009 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"1435476","text":"Jerry Holeman, Billy Adams, and pianist Paul Griffin. This group became the New Orioles. Til liked the Regals' modern harmony style, and the existing tunes were rearranged to match the Regals' style (in many cases, sounding rather different than they formerly had). During this time, they were often billed as \"Sonny Til and his New Orioles\". They left Jubilee and signed with Vee-Jay Records. They continued with this arrangement until 1957 when Cornelius left the group. He was replaced for a short time by Frank Todd, who was replaced by Jimmy Brown. This line-up went until the last day of","title":"The Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10558266","text":"1997 Baltimore Orioles season The 1997 Baltimore Orioles season saw the Orioles finishing 1st in the American League East with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses. They met the Seattle Mariners in the ALDS, and beat them in 4 games. However, in the ALCS, they would play the Cleveland Indians, where they would fall in 6 games. It would be their last winning season until 15 years later. \"Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted","title":"1997 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"7511171","text":"Series (a fan, Jeffrey Maier, interfered with a fly ball hit by Derek Jeter in Game 1; the play was ruled a home run and the Yankees eventually won the game). The Orioles followed up by winning the AL East Division title in 1997, going \"wire-to-wire\" (being in first place from the first day of the season to the last). After eliminating the Seattle Mariners in four games in the opening round, the team lost again in the ALCS, this time to the underdog Indians, in which each Oriole loss was by 1 run. After the Orioles failed to advance","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"12530992","text":"2009 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2009 season was the 109th season in franchise history. The Orioles finished the season last in the AL East with a record of 64–98. It was the fifth consecutive season in which the Orioles had fewer wins than in previous year. The Orioles missed the playoffs for the twelfth straight season, tying a record set between 1984-95 The Orioles have unveiled new uniforms, which debuted at the Harborplace Gallery shopping center on November 12, 2008. The team's new uniform will feature an updated ornithologically correct oriole bird on their caps on a black","title":"2009 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"13910680","text":"predictions that the Orioles would have one of their best seasons in years (possibly even finishing with a .500 winning average), the Orioles continued to struggle throughout the first half of the season. The Orioles 2010 season got off to a horrendous start the team going 2–16 to start the season, last in the league by some margin and the second-worst in franchise history. On April 12, the team set a club record for the lowest paid attendance in Camden Yards history as only 9,129 attended the game versus the Tampa Bay Rays. They would end the month of April","title":"2010 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10556054","text":"1982 Baltimore Orioles season The 1982 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses. For the second consecutive season, the Orioles recorded the most grand slams in MLB, hitting eight in 1982. The '82 season was a classic, even though it eventually was as frustrating as those that had preceded it. Eddie Murray had 32 homers and 110 RBIs. Jim Palmer, in his last hurrah, went 15–5. After starting slowly and falling eight games behind the Milwaukee Brewers in","title":"1982 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10556058","text":"Weaver announced in March that the 1982 season would be his last managing the Orioles. he was retiring after that and moving to Florida to play golf. An era was ending. The news had been in the headlines and the back of everyone's mind all season, yet it was almost forgotten as the Orioles chased the Brewers down the stretch. Now, suddenly, the moment was at hand. Weaver was pulling off his uniform for the last time. And the fans weren't going to let him go without a salute. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At","title":"1982 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558121","text":"the season series 3-3 with each time winning two games at home and one on the road. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" 2006 Baltimore Orioles season The 2006 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 70 wins and 92 losses. Following the","title":"2006 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11105394","text":"Strikeouts\" 2008 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles entered the 2008 season led by Dave Trembley, now starting his first full season as manager. President of Baseball Operations Andy MacPhail continued the rebuilding process. Superstars Miguel Tejada and Érik Bédard were traded for younger talent and there were talks of Brian Roberts, but he was not traded. The Baltimore Orioles posted a record of 68–93 and finished in last place in the AL East for the first time since the 1988 season. Closer Chris Ray missed the entire season after Tommy John surgery, and so did his replacement Danys Báez.","title":"2008 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11105392","text":"2008 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles entered the 2008 season led by Dave Trembley, now starting his first full season as manager. President of Baseball Operations Andy MacPhail continued the rebuilding process. Superstars Miguel Tejada and Érik Bédard were traded for younger talent and there were talks of Brian Roberts, but he was not traded. The Baltimore Orioles posted a record of 68–93 and finished in last place in the AL East for the first time since the 1988 season. Closer Chris Ray missed the entire season after Tommy John surgery, and so did his replacement Danys Báez. Left-hander","title":"2008 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"15950069","text":"Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts\" 2012 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2012 season was the 112th season in franchise history, the 59th in Baltimore, and the 21st at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They completed the regular season with a 93-69 record, good for second place in the AL East and qualified for one of two American League wild card spots. It was the first time since 1997 that they finished with a winning record","title":"2012 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"15950063","text":"2012 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2012 season was the 112th season in franchise history, the 59th in Baltimore, and the 21st at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They completed the regular season with a 93-69 record, good for second place in the AL East and qualified for one of two American League wild card spots. It was the first time since 1997 that they finished with a winning record and made the playoffs. They subsequently defeated the Texas Rangers in the inaugural one-game Wild Card Playoff. They advanced to play the New York Yankees in the Division Series,","title":"2012 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558395","text":"1994 Baltimore Orioles season The 1994 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 63 wins and 49 losses. The season was cut short by the infamous 1994 player's strike. By Friday August 12, 1994, when the MLB Players' Strike began, the Orioles had scored 589 runs (5.26 per game) and allowed 497 runs (4.44 per game) with a 63-49 record through 112 games. They were 2.5 games behind the Cleveland Indians (66-47) in the 1994 AL Wildcard Race. Because they had only played","title":"1994 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"14962932","text":"shoring up their bullpen, the Orioles signed Justin Duchscherer to a one-year deal. On February 4, the Orioles signed, pending a physical, free agent Vladimir Guerrero to solidify the offense. Guerrero hit for 29 home runs and a .300 average in the 2010 season with the Texas Rangers. He has a career average of .320 and 436 home runs. The team started the season 4-0, the first time since the 1997 baseball season. The Orioles eliminated the Boston Red Sox from the playoff on the final day of the season, the last of their five victories over the Red Sox","title":"2011 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"12941833","text":"regret his decision when he meets the girls on the team: Abbie, Tamra, Mindy, Wendy, Lisa, and Kathy. They improve under Bill's coaching and advise him on his relationship with his daughter, but their winning season does not protect the girls from their real world difficulties. The Winning Season The Winning Season is a 2009 sports comedy film written and directed by James C. Strouse, starring Sam Rockwell. The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release on September 3, 2010. Lionsgate bought the United Kingdom and United States rights to the film at","title":"The Winning Season"},{"psg_id":"10555690","text":"1990 Baltimore Orioles season The 1990 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball in which the Orioles finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses. On May 25, 1990, the Orioles announced that the team would move their spring training home games from Miami Stadium where they had played since 1959 to Bradenton and Sarasota in 1991. When Cleveland announced that they would leave Hi Corbett Field for Florida, Tucson tried to attract the Orioles to move to Arizona. Ben McDonald became the first Oriole to win his first six","title":"1990 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558398","text":"= Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1994 Baltimore Orioles season The 1994 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 63 wins and 49 losses. The season was cut short by the infamous 1994 player's strike. By Friday August 12, 1994, when the MLB Players' Strike began, the Orioles had scored 589 runs (5.26 per game) and allowed 497 runs (4.44 per game) with a 63-49 record through 112 games. They were 2.5 games behind the Cleveland","title":"1994 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173789","text":"1899 Baltimore Orioles season The 1899 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It was the Orioles' 18th season in the major leagues, their 8th in the National League, and their last overall. After the 1898 season, Orioles owner Harry Von der Horst acquired a controlling interest in the Brooklyn Bridegrooms ballclub and moved most of his star players and manager Ned Hanlon over to the Brooklyn team. The remaining team played the season under first year manager John McGraw and still won 86 games and finish in fourth place. After the season, the National League contracted and","title":"1899 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173791","text":"pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1899 Baltimore Orioles season The 1899 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It was the Orioles' 18th season in the major leagues, their 8th in the National League, and their last overall. After the 1898 season, Orioles owner Harry Von der Horst acquired a controlling interest in the Brooklyn Bridegrooms ballclub and moved most of his","title":"1899 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10555713","text":"1986 Baltimore Orioles season The 1986 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 7th in the American League East with a record of 73 wins and 89 losses. On August 5th, the Orioles were in second place with a record of 59-47, just 2.5 games out of first place, but the Orioles would lose 42 of their final 56 games to finish in last place in the AL East. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI","title":"1986 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10555691","text":"major league decisions. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" 1990 Baltimore Orioles season The 1990 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball in which the Orioles finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses. On May 25, 1990, the Orioles announced that the team would move their spring training home games from Miami Stadium where they had played since 1959 to Bradenton and Sarasota in 1991. When Cleveland","title":"1990 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"14962941","text":"2011 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2011 season was the 111th season in franchise history, and the 58th in Baltimore. It also marked the last year of a streak of fourteen consecutive losing seasons dating back to 1998. The 2010–11 offseason has been notable for the Orioles, featuring a complete makeover of their infield, with only Brian Roberts expected to reprise his starting role. On December 6, 2010, the Orioles completed a trade with the Arizona Diamondbacks for third basemen Mark Reynolds, in exchange for relief pitchers David Hernandez and Kam Mickolio. The next day, the Orioles lost corner","title":"2011 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"14962929","text":"2011 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2011 season was the 111th season in franchise history, and the 58th in Baltimore. It also marked the last year of a streak of fourteen consecutive losing seasons dating back to 1998. The 2010–11 offseason has been notable for the Orioles, featuring a complete makeover of their infield, with only Brian Roberts expected to reprise his starting role. On December 6, 2010, the Orioles completed a trade with the Arizona Diamondbacks for third basemen Mark Reynolds, in exchange for relief pitchers David Hernandez and Kam Mickolio. The next day, the Orioles lost corner","title":"2011 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"7511152","text":"years. In 2006, the O's played their 53rd season in Baltimore, meaning they have now played in Baltimore longer than they did in St. Louis. Soon after taking over, the Miles-Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles. The name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by Baltimore baseball teams since the late 19th century. In the 1890s, a powerful and innovative National League Orioles squad included \"Wee\" Willie Keeler, Wilbert Robinson, Hughie Jennings and John McGraw. They won three straight pennants, and participated in all four of the Temple Cup Championship Series, winning the last","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10558422","text":"Game 1991 Baltimore Orioles season The 1991 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 6th in the American League East with a record of 67 wins and 95 losses. Cal Ripken. Jr. would be the first shortstop in the history of the American League to win two MVP awards in a career. This was also the Orioles' last year at Memorial Stadium. The O's would move into Oriole Park at Camden Yards. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR =","title":"1991 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558420","text":"1991 Baltimore Orioles season The 1991 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 6th in the American League East with a record of 67 wins and 95 losses. Cal Ripken. Jr. would be the first shortstop in the history of the American League to win two MVP awards in a career. This was also the Orioles' last year at Memorial Stadium. The O's would move into Oriole Park at Camden Yards. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home","title":"1991 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173744","text":"= Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1895 Baltimore Orioles season The 1895 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. The Orioles finished first in the National League, winning their second straight pennant. However, for the second straight year, they failed to win the Temple Cup, losing to the second-place Cleveland Spiders 4 games to","title":"1895 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173743","text":"1895 Baltimore Orioles season The 1895 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. The Orioles finished first in the National League, winning their second straight pennant. However, for the second straight year, they failed to win the Temple Cup, losing to the second-place Cleveland Spiders 4 games to 1. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI","title":"1895 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"40630","text":"reflected the arrival of the Washington Nationals, because ever since the Washington Senators had departed for Texas in 1972, the Orioles had claimed to represent the Baltimore-Washington metro area. On June 30, the Orioles rallied to score 10 runs against Boston Red Sox after facing a 10–1 deficit in the 7th inning, winning the game by 11–10, setting a Major League Baseball record for the largest comeback by a last-place team over a first-place team. However, the team finished the 2009 season with 64 wins and 98 losses, making it the worst record in the 2009 American League season. Despite","title":"Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10555694","text":"of white out, another was scribbled with a black pen while the last was covered with a black square. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" MLB All-Star Game 1989 Baltimore Orioles season The 1989 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. The team was known as the Comeback Kids as they rebounded from the 54 wins and 107 losses","title":"1989 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"17578731","text":"regular season opener against the Boston Red Sox, but then proceeded to lose their next four games. After a full week and a 4-2 loss to the New York Yankees, the Orioles were in last place in the American League East and 3 games below .500. Orioles All-Star 3rd baseman Manny Machado, still recovering from off-season surgery, did not play in any games for the Orioles during the month of April; but Orioles catcher Matt Wieters got off to an uncharacteristically fast start hitting .338 with 4 homeruns and 15 RBIs. The Orioles finished the month with 11 wins and","title":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10556059","text":"Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" All-Star Game 1982 Baltimore Orioles season The 1982 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses. For the second consecutive season, the Orioles recorded the most grand slams in MLB, hitting eight in 1982. The '82 season was a classic, even though it eventually was as frustrating as those that had preceded it. Eddie Murray had 32 homers and 110 RBIs. Jim","title":"1982 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173740","text":"1894 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles won their first National League pennant in 1894. They won 24 of their last 25 games. After the regular season's conclusion, the Orioles participated in the first Temple Cup competition against the second-place New York Giants. The Orioles lost to the Giants in a sweep, four games to none. The Orioles roster contained six future Hall of Famers: Wilbert Robinson, John McGraw, Dan Brouthers, Hughie Jennings, Wee Willie Keeler and Joe Kelley. Every man in their starting line up hit .300 for the season. They bunted, hit-and-ran, Baltimore chopped, backed up throws, cut","title":"1894 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558333","text":"1996 Baltimore Orioles season The 1996 Baltimore Orioles season in which the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 88 wins and 74 losses and qualifying for the post-season as the Wild Card team. The Orioles broke the all-time record for most home runs hit by a team (set at 240 by the 1961 New York Yankees) with 257. During the season, four Orioles scored at least 100 runs, four drove in at least 100 runs and seven hit at least 20 home runs. The Orioles pitching staff allowed 209 home runs, 1,604 hits and","title":"1996 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558396","text":"in 112 games by the time the Strike began, the Orioles had the fewest at-bats in the Majors, with just 3,856. The Orioles pitching staff had good control, as the Orioles had the fewest wild pitches (18) in the Majors. They also tied the Seattle Mariners for the fewest balks, with just 1. Orioles baserunners successfully stole 69 bases in the strike-shortened season and were caught stealing only 13 times: the fewest in the Majors. Their pitchers also had good control, with just 18 wild pitches thrown: the fewest in the Majors. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played;","title":"1994 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"40629","text":"team offensively. Although the Orioles hovered around .500 for much of the season, they had fallen back by September and were over 20 games behind the first place Tampa Bay Rays. They finished the season losing 11 of their final 12 games and 28 of their final 34. The team finished last for the first time since their 1988 season. After the season ended, the Orioles showcased altered uniforms, with a circular 'Maryland' patch added to the left-hand sleeve of all jerseys and the grey road jerseys displaying \"Baltimore\" across the chest for the first time in a quarter-century; this","title":"Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10556350","text":"1961 Baltimore Orioles season The 1961 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 3rd in the American League with a record of 95 wins and 67 losses, 14 games behind the AL and World Series champion New York Yankees. The team was managed by Paul Richards and Lum Harris, and played their home games at Baltimore's Memorial Stadium. Roger Maris of the Yankees hit his 59th and 60th home runs of the season against the Orioles, tying what was at the time Babe Ruth's single-season record. The 59th was hit on September 20 at Memorial Stadium, and the 60th was","title":"1961 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"17578738","text":"to the use of adderall—for which he previous had a \"therapeutic use exemption\" but did not have for the 2014 season. On Tuesday, September 16, the Orioles clinched the American League East Championship by beating the second place Toronto Blue Jays 8-2. The Orioles had not won an American League East title since 1997 and Tuesday marked the first time since 1969 that the Orioles won a division title in front of their fans at home. Steve Pearce, who had replaced Chris Davis at first base, blasted a three-run homerun off Toronto right-hander Drew Hutchison to give the Orioles a","title":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173708","text":"G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1891 Baltimore Orioles season In their last season in the American Association, the 1891 Baltimore Orioles finished in fourth place (third among teams that played a full schedule) with a record of 71–64. After the season, the AA folded, and the Orioles joined the National League. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB","title":"1891 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"17578730","text":"40; following Chris Davis' 2013 championship this was the first time in franchise history two Orioles (or Browns) had won back-to-back home run titles. As a team the Birds hit 211 home runs to lead baseball, their third consecutive 200-homer season (another franchise first). Entering the offseason, the Orioles had 11 arbitration eligible players, three contract options, and several outgoing free agents. They looked to make additions to their starting rotation, to add a \"big bat\", as well as to improve their bullpen, which was strong in 2012, but \"average\" in 2013. On March 31, the Orioles won their 2014","title":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173707","text":"1891 Baltimore Orioles season In their last season in the American Association, the 1891 Baltimore Orioles finished in fourth place (third among teams that played a full schedule) with a record of 71–64. After the season, the AA folded, and the Orioles joined the National League. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note:","title":"1891 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"20341852","text":"2018 Baltimore Orioles season The 2018 Baltimore Orioles season was the 118th season in Baltimore Orioles franchise history, the 65th in Baltimore, and the 27th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Orioles were mathematically eliminated from the playoff contention with their 82nd loss to the Boston Red Sox in a double header on August 11. They suffered their 100th loss of the season on September 7 against the Tampa Bay Rays, the first time they have done so since 1988. On September 17, 2018, they lost 5–0 against the Toronto Blue Jays, suffering their 107th loss and tying the","title":"2018 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10079915","text":"Tigers, but released him after using him in two games. Snake Wiltse was sent to the Orioles from the Philadelphia Athletics on July 19, but he struggled for the Orioles. The Orioles also received Lew Drill on loan from the Washington Senators, sold Charlie Shields to the St. Louis Browns and purchased Jack Thoney from the Cleveland Bronchos. The Orioles finished the season with a 50–88 record, good for last place in the AL. For their final game at Oriole Park, the team drew only 138 fans. During the owners meetings in late 1902, the franchise was transferred to New","title":"1902 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"1435468","text":"The Orioles The Orioles were an American R&B group of the late 1940s and early 1950s, one of the earliest such vocal groups who established the basic pattern for the doo-wop sound. The Orioles are generally acknowledged as R&B's first vocal group. Baltimore natives, they blended rhythm with group harmonies. Dubbing themselves after Maryland’s state bird, the Orioles started the trend of bird groups (The Cardinals, The Crows, The Flamingos, The Larks, The Penguins, The Ravens, The Wrens, etc.). They brought their winning formula to their first charted hit \"It’s Too Soon To Know\"; a #1 record in November 1948,","title":"The Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10555707","text":"1988 Baltimore Orioles season The 1988 Baltimore Orioles had the worst start to a season in American baseball history. The Orioles finished 7th in the American League East with a record of 54 wins and 107 losses. The season is remembered for the 0–21 start that lasted from April 4th to April 28th. Manager Cal Ripken, Sr. was fired after an 0–6 start and replaced by Hall of Famer Frank Robinson. The Orioles won their first game of the year against the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park on April 29. The most runs allowed during the season was 15","title":"1988 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"40624","text":"stretch of 32–60 (.348), ending at 74–88 (.457). Only the Kansas City Royals (.346) had a worse winning percentage for the season than did the Orioles for the final 92 games. The club's major off-season acquisition, Sammy Sosa, posted his worst performance in a decade, with 14 home runs and a .221 batting average. The Orioles did not attempt to re-sign him. The Orioles also allowed Palmeiro to file for free agency and publicly stated they would not re-sign him. On August 25, pitcher Sidney Ponson was arrested for DUI, and on September 1, the Orioles moved to void his","title":"Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10555708","text":"in a game on June 19 while the most runs scored was 12 in a game on May 31. Orioles owner Edward Bennett Williams died in August of that year. This was only the second time that the Orioles had lost at least 100 games (the other being their inaugural season of 1954); in addition, the 107 losses would remain a Baltimore record until the 2018 edition broke it, and it was the second-worst overall franchise record, behind only the 1939 St. Louis Browns (43-111), which was also surpassed by the 2018 Orioles, en route to a 47-115 finish. \"Note:","title":"1988 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"9610003","text":"2007 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2007 season involved the Orioles finishing with a record of 69 wins and 93 losses and fourth place in the AL East. On June 18, 2007 manager Sam Perlozzo was fired and replaced with bullpen coach Dave Trembley as interim manager. Trembley was named full-time manager on August 22, 2007. On this same day, the Orioles suffered a 30 to 3 loss to the Texas Rangers, the most lopsided loss in franchise history. Perlozzo's record was 29 wins and 40 losses and Trembley's was 40 wins and 53 losses. On August 22, 2007,","title":"2007 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558253","text":"1999 Baltimore Orioles season The 1999 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 78 wins and 84 losses. In a rare event on March 28, 1999, the Orioles staged an exhibition series against the Cuban national team in Havana. The Orioles won the game 3–2 in 11 innings. They were the first Major League team to play in Cuba since 1959, when the Los Angeles Dodgers faced the Orioles in an exhibition. The Cuban team visited Baltimore in May 1999. Cuba won the second game 10–6. \"Note: Pos = Position;","title":"1999 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558255","text":"W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1999 Baltimore Orioles season The 1999 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 78 wins and 84 losses. In a rare event on March 28, 1999, the Orioles staged an exhibition series against the Cuban national team in Havana. The Orioles won the game 3–2 in 11 innings. They were the first Major League team to play in Cuba since 1959, when the Los Angeles Dodgers faced the Orioles in an exhibition. The","title":"1999 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173660","text":"IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1882 Baltimore Orioles season The 19th century's version of the Baltimore Orioles were founded in 1882 as part of the new American Association. Owned by wealthy Harry Von der Horst, the Orioles finished the season in last","title":"1882 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173659","text":"1882 Baltimore Orioles season The 19th century's version of the Baltimore Orioles were founded in 1882 as part of the new American Association. Owned by wealthy Harry Von der Horst, the Orioles finished the season in last place with only 19 wins. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games pitched;","title":"1882 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10556318","text":"1966 Baltimore Orioles season The 1966 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing first in the American League with a record of 97 wins and 63 losses, nine games ahead of the runner-up Minnesota Twins. It was their first AL pennant since 1944, when the club was known as the St. Louis Browns. The Orioles swept the NL champion Los Angeles Dodgers in four games to register their first-ever World Series title. The team was managed by Hank Bauer, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. Right fielder Frank Robinson, acquired via trade from the Cincinnati Reds in the","title":"1966 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10555709","text":"Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" 1988 Baltimore Orioles season The 1988 Baltimore Orioles had the worst start to a season in American baseball history. The Orioles finished 7th in the American League East with a record of 54 wins and 107 losses. The season is remembered for the 0–21 start that lasted from April 4th to April 28th. Manager Cal Ripken, Sr. was fired after an 0–6 start and replaced by Hall of Famer Frank Robinson. The Orioles","title":"1988 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"17578739","text":"3-1 lead in the first inning. Oriole right-hander Ubaldo Jiménez, who hadn't been in the starting rotation for a month, picked up the win. On September 25, the Orioles gave up a walk off hit to Derek Jeter in his final game at Yankee Stadium. The Orioles finished the season with 211 homeruns. 2014 is the third consecutive season the Orioles hit more than 200 homeruns and the first time in franchise history that they did it 3 years in a row. The Orioles 401 walks were also the fewest walks as the modern Orioles and their 44 stolen bases","title":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"20298263","text":"Airplay chart dated, June 2, 2018. \"Straight to Hell,\" which features guest vocals from Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan, and Charles Kelley, was previously recorded by Drivin' N' Cryin' on their 1989 album \"Mystery Road\". This song was released as the album's third single on June 25, 2018. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album 3 out of 5 stars, saying that \"not much separates\" it from Rucker's previous country albums, but noting the vocal performances on \"Story to Tell\" and \"Another Night with You\" while calling \"Straight to Hell\" the \"rowdiest country he's ever done\". On its debut week,","title":"When Was the Last Time"},{"psg_id":"7511167","text":"record, staying in contention until the last week of the season and earning the nickname of the \"Why Not?\" Orioles. Frank Robinson earned the 1989 American League Manager of the Year Award for his efforts in leading the team out of the abyss. Two years later, Cal Ripken, Jr. won American League MVP honors in the team's final season at Memorial Stadium. He was also named MVP of the 1991 All-Star Game, played in Toronto's SkyDome. In 1992, with grand ceremony, the Orioles began their season in a brand new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The name of the","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10558236","text":"2003 Baltimore Orioles season The 2003 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 71 wins and 91 losses. On February 16, 2003, towards the beginning of Orioles' spring training camp in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Steve Bechler collapsed while participating in conditioning drills. He was rushed to a nearby hospital, and died the next day. His body temperature had reached . An autopsy performed by Dr. Joshua Perper, a toxicologist, concluded that his death was caused by \"'abnormal liver function and mild hypertension', his weight problem (he weighed 230 pounds and","title":"2003 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"40634","text":"8, the Orioles announced the hiring of Dan Duquette as the vice president of baseball operations (\"de facto\" GM) in the hopes of turning the corner. The Orioles finished the first half of the 2012 season with a winning record for only the second time since going wire to wire in 1997, with a record of 45–40 before the All-Star break. On May 6, the Orioles played a 17-inning game against the Boston Red Sox, the first game since 1925 in which both teams used a position player as a pitcher. The Orioles won that game, and designated hitter Chris","title":"Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"7511170","text":"owner Peter Angelos hired Pat Gillick away from the Toronto Blue Jays to be the Orioles' general manager. Gillick brought in several players like catcher B. J. Surhoff, relief pitcher Randy Myers, and second baseman Roberto Alomar. Under Gillick and manager Davey Johnson, the Orioles finally returned to postseason play by winning the American League's wild card spot in the 1996 season. The team set a major league record for home runs in a single season, with 257, and upset the Cleveland Indians in the Division Series before falling to the New York Yankees in a controversial American League Championship","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"7511157","text":"developer James Keelty. In turn, Keelty gave way in to financier Joe Iglehart. By the early 1960s, stars such as Brooks Robinson, John \"Boog\" Powell, and Dave McNally were being developed by a strong farm system. The Orioles first made themselves heard in , when they finished 89-65, good enough for second in the American League. While they were still eight games behind the Yankees, it was the first time they had been a factor in a pennant race that late in the season since 1944. It was also the first season of a 26-year stretch where the team would","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"17578741","text":"News' Major League Baseball Executive of the Year 2014 Baltimore Orioles season The 2014 Baltimore Orioles season was the 114th season in franchise history, the 61st in Baltimore, and the 23rd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Birds would finish in first place in the American League East Division and return to the playoffs for the second time in three seasons, claiming their first division championship since 1997. The Orioles swept the Detroit Tigers in the Division Series and advanced to the AL Championship Series, where they were in turn swept by the Kansas City Royals. New Oriole Nelson","title":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"17578729","text":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season The 2014 Baltimore Orioles season was the 114th season in franchise history, the 61st in Baltimore, and the 23rd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Birds would finish in first place in the American League East Division and return to the playoffs for the second time in three seasons, claiming their first division championship since 1997. The Orioles swept the Detroit Tigers in the Division Series and advanced to the AL Championship Series, where they were in turn swept by the Kansas City Royals. New Oriole Nelson Cruz led the majors in home runs with","title":"2014 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558226","text":"2005 Baltimore Orioles season The 2005 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses. The team started off hot, compiling a record of 42 wins and 30 losses while spending 62 days in first place in AL East. After June 23, the team started slipping on the way to a losing record and manager Lee Mazzilli's dismissal in early August. The Baltimore Orioles had one of the best starts in franchise history, posting a record of 47-40. The Orioles, however, posted a 27-48 record after the","title":"2005 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"19733495","text":"2017 Baltimore Orioles season The 2017 Baltimore Orioles season was the 117th season in Baltimore Orioles franchise history, the 64th in Baltimore, and the 26th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They were attempting to match or improve on their 2016 record of 89–73, when they finished tied for 2nd place in the AL East and lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in the Wild Card Game, but failed with their 74th loss on September 12. They were eliminated from AL East contention with their September 18 loss to the Boston Red Sox, behind the division leading Red Sox. They","title":"2017 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10556307","text":"1967 Baltimore Orioles season After winning the World Series the previous year, the 1967 Baltimore Orioles plummeted to a sixth-place finish in the American League with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses, 15½ games behind the AL champion Boston Red Sox. The team was managed by Hank Bauer, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. =","title":"1967 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"7511187","text":"the Orioles and Tejada where Tejada backed down and said his comments were intended to provoke the Orioles to make more moves in free agency. The Orioles finished the up and down 2006 season with a record of 70-92, 27 games behind the AL East leading Yankees. A new President of Baseball of Operations named Andy MacPhail was brought in about halfway through the 2007 season. MacPhail had had success as general manager of the Minnesota Twins in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and had been the CEO of the Chicago Cubs from 1994–2006. MacPhail spent the remainder of","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10558120","text":"During spring training in 2006, the Nationals and Orioles played each other in Washington on March 31 and in Baltimore on April 1. The first match up of the Beltway Series rivalry took place on May 19, 2006 during the 2006 regular season, the Orioles won at RFK Stadium. This marked first time in 35 years that the Orioles played a regular-season game in Washington, as they played the Washington Senators, another team in the American League annually from 1954 to 1960. The Orioles continued that rivalry with the new Washington Senators from 1961 to 1971. The two teams split","title":"2006 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10079908","text":"sign them to the Giants and Reds. AL president Ban Johnson seized control of the Orioles the next day and restocked their roster with players received on loan from other AL teams. The Orioles' second season in Baltimore would ultimately prove to be their last, as the team was moved to New York after the season, where they became known as the New York Highlanders. Knowing that placing a franchise in New York City was key to the success of the American League (AL), AL president Ban Johnson secretly met with principal owner John Mahon and player-manager John McGraw, who","title":"1902 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173699","text":"\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1890 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles team left the American Association after the 1889 season and started playing in the minor Atlantic Association. However, when the Brooklyn Gladiators ballclub folded mid-way through the 1890 season the Orioles returned to the AA to finish out the season. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G","title":"1890 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173698","text":"1890 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles team left the American Association after the 1889 season and started playing in the minor Atlantic Association. However, when the Brooklyn Gladiators ballclub folded mid-way through the 1890 season the Orioles returned to the AA to finish out the season. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\"","title":"1890 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"40661","text":"was played at the last game at Memorial Stadium in 1991, and the song \"Magic to Do\" from the stage musical \"Pippin\" was used that season to commemorate \"Orioles Magic\" on 33rd Street. During the Orioles' heyday in the 1970s, a club song, appropriately titled \"Orioles Magic (Feel It Happen)\", was composed by Walt Woodward, and played when the team ran out until Opening Day of 2008. Since then, the song (a favorite among all fans, who appreciated its references to Wild Bill Hagy and Earl Weaver) is only played (along with a video featuring several Orioles stars performing the","title":"Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"12941832","text":"The Winning Season The Winning Season is a 2009 sports comedy film written and directed by James C. Strouse, starring Sam Rockwell. The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release on September 3, 2010. Lionsgate bought the United Kingdom and United States rights to the film at Sundance. Plum Pictures and Gigi Films produced the film. Bill, a divorced deadbeat dad, is estranged from his teenage daughter Molly. His friend Terry is a high school principal who gives him a job as the coach for the girls' varsity basketball team. Bill begins to","title":"The Winning Season"},{"psg_id":"10556067","text":"1980 Baltimore Orioles season The 1980 Baltimore Orioles season was the club's 26th season in Baltimore. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 100 wins and 62 losses. The Orioles played two spring training exhibition games at the Louisiana Superdome against the New York Yankees over the weekend of March 15 and 16, 1980. 45,152 spectators watched the Yankees beat the Orioles 9 to 3 on March 15, 1980. The following day, 43,339 fans saw Floyd Rayford lead the Orioles to a 7 to 1 win over the Yankees. During the season,","title":"1980 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558411","text":"1992 Baltimore Orioles season The 1992 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing third in the American League East with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. Having played almost 40 years at Memorial Stadium, the 1992 campaign was the inaugural season for the Orioles' new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, where they play to this day. The Orioles spent most of the first three months of the season battling with the Toronto Blue Jays for first place in the division. The lead switched back and forth between the two teams","title":"1992 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173742","text":"Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1894 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles won their first National League pennant in 1894. They won 24 of their last 25 games. After the regular season's conclusion, the Orioles participated in the first Temple","title":"1894 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"7511196","text":"The Orioles won 93 games in 2012 (after winning 69 in the previous year) thanks in large part to a 29–9 record in one-run games, and a 16–2 record in extra inning games. The difference between this Orioles bullpen and bullpens past was like night and day, led by Jim Johnson and his 51 saves. He finished with a 2.49 ERA that season with Darren O'Day, Luis Ayala, Pedro Strop, and Troy Patton all finishing as well with ERAs under 3.00. Experts were amazed as the team continued to outperform expectations, but regression never came that year. They battled with","title":"History of the Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10556308","text":"Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" \"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\" 1967 Baltimore Orioles season After winning the World Series the previous year, the 1967 Baltimore Orioles plummeted to a sixth-place finish","title":"1967 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"40635","text":"Davis received the win. The Orioles won their 81st game on September 13, ending the streak of 14 straight years with a losing record, as well as ensuring that the team would spend the entire year with a record of .500 or higher. On September 16, they won their 82nd game, securing the first season with a winning record since 1997. On September 21, closer Jim Johnson earned his 46th save of the season, setting a new Orioles franchise record for saves by one pitcher in a single season. It was previously held by Randy Myers, who had 45 saves","title":"Baltimore Orioles"},{"psg_id":"20341854","text":"St. Louis Browns. They finished the season in last place in the AL East for the second straight year with a record of 47–115. With their 113th loss coming via a 2–1 defeat to the Houston Astros on September 28, 2018, the Orioles failed to reach 50 wins, the first team to do so since the Detroit Tigers in 2003 who went 43-119 (.265). This loss also ensured that the Orioles lost the season series against all AL teams. Other notable moments included: On October 3, 2018, it was announced that manager Buck Showalter would not be re-signed by the","title":"2018 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558241","text":"the game. In his final season, Ripken had the lowest zone rating of all major league third basemen (.734). \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" 2001 Baltimore Orioles season The 2001 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 63 wins and 98 losses. It would also be the final season for Hall of Famer Cal Ripken Jr. In June 2001, Cal Ripken, Jr. announced that he would retire at the end","title":"2001 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558237","text":"was exercising hard, the fact that he was not used to south Florida's warm weather and the toxicity of ephedra. He was using the supplement ephedra, against the advice of his trainer, and probably had not eaten in two days in an effort to lose weight. \"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\" 2003 Baltimore Orioles season The 2003 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 71 wins and 91 losses. On","title":"2003 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"11173756","text":"1896 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles won their third straight National League pennant in 1896. After the season, they faced the Cleveland Spiders in the Temple Cup for the second year in a row. After losing 4 games to 1 in 1895, the Orioles swept the Spiders in four straight. The Orioles had now played in the Cup in each of its first three seasons, with this one being their first win. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted","title":"1896 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"16839359","text":"2013 Baltimore Orioles season The 2013 Baltimore Orioles season was the 113th season in franchise history, the 60th in Baltimore, and the 22nd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Orioles began the 2013 season on April 2 against the Tampa Bay Rays. The Orioles finished preseason spring training with a 19–9 win–loss record, the best record in the Grapefruit League. This excludes four tie games, which did not count toward the standings. The following players represented the Orioles in the 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game The following players received Gold Glove Awards for the 2013 MLB season The","title":"2013 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"20341855","text":"organization in any capacity, ending his 9 year tenure with the Orioles. General Manager Dan Duquette was also relieved of his duties on the same day. Source 2018 Baltimore Orioles season The 2018 Baltimore Orioles season was the 118th season in Baltimore Orioles franchise history, the 65th in Baltimore, and the 27th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Orioles were mathematically eliminated from the playoff contention with their 82nd loss to the Boston Red Sox in a double header on August 11. They suffered their 100th loss of the season on September 7 against the Tampa Bay Rays, the","title":"2018 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10555692","text":"1989 Baltimore Orioles season The 1989 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. The team was known as the Comeback Kids as they rebounded from the 54 wins and 107 losses of the 1988 season. The season also took on the \"Why Not?!\" promotional slogan as the team's pursuit of the pennant went down to the final series of the regular season. The Orioles went into the three-game season finale against the first place Toronto Blue Jays down","title":"1989 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"10558404","text":"1993 Baltimore Orioles season The 1993 Baltimore Orioles season was the 93rd baseball season in Orioles history. It involved the Orioles finishing 3rd in the American League East with a record of 85 wins and 77 losses. They also hosted the 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The Orioles hosted the 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. It was the 64th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL) at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 9-3. Orioles pitcher Mike Mussina","title":"1993 Baltimore Orioles season"},{"psg_id":"1435477","text":"1959. Holeman left the group, and Russel the next day, after finding Sonny's car (their means of transportation) repossessed. This was the end of the second Orioles. Til recorded briefly as a solo artist before putting together the third Orioles group, with members Delton McCall, Billy Taylor, and Gerald Gregory, former bass of The Spaniels. They continued recording, this time for Charlie Parker Records. Gregory left after a couple of years and was replaced by Lawrence Joyner. This group split up in the mid 1960s. In 1966, Til met Bobby Thomas, a long time Orioles fan. Bobby was singing in","title":"The Orioles"},{"psg_id":"10567640","text":"1954 Baltimore Orioles season The 1954 Baltimore Orioles season was the franchise's 54th season (it was founded as the Milwaukee Brewers in 1901, then played as the St. Louis Browns from 1902–53) but its first season as the Baltimore Orioles. The season involved the Orioles finishing 7th in the American League with a record of 54 wins and 100 losses, 57 games behind the AL champion Cleveland Indians in their first season in Baltimore. The team was managed by Jimmy Dykes, and played its home games at Baltimore's Memorial Stadium. \"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB =","title":"1954 Baltimore Orioles season"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20298262\",\n \"text\": \"When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. \\\"If I Told You\\\" was released as the album's lead single on July 5, 2016. It reached No. 1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Country Airplay chart dated June 24, 2017, becoming his first No. 1 since \\\"Wagon Wheel\\\" in 2013. The album's second single, \\\"For the First Time,\\\" was released on July 24, 2017. It reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Country\",\n \"title\": \"When Was the Last Time\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20298264\",\n \"text\": \"the album charted at No. 8 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" 200, which is Rucker fifth top 10 album on the chart. It also debuted at No. 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, with 30,000 copies sold in the first week, 34,000 units, including track sales and streams. In its second week, it sold a further 9,300 copies. It has sold 118,100 copies in the United States as of October 2018. Credits by AllMusic When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer\",\n \"title\": \"When Was the Last Time\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13910683\",\n \"text\": \"role as a Dominican scout for the team. With Showalter in the dugout the Orioles went 17–11 in August, their first winning month all season and first winning August since 2004. However, on August 29, the Orioles became the first team to be mathematically eliminated from playoff contention for the MLB 2010 season. The Orioles finished out the season by going 17–13 in the months of September and October, making the team 34–23 under Showalter. This was the best record of any AL team over the same stretch of time, one commentator stating that \\\"The Orioles had two different seasons.\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173762\",\n \"text\": \"= Strikeouts\\\" 1897 Baltimore Orioles season The 1897 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. After three straight first-place finishes, the Orioles slipped to second place with a record of 90–40, 2 games behind the National League-leading Boston Beaneaters. After the season, the two teams met in what would be the final Temple Cup competition, with the Orioles winning 4 games to 1. In all, Baltimore played in all four Temple Cups, losing the first two and winning the last two. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. =\",\n \"title\": \"1897 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173760\",\n \"text\": \"1897 Baltimore Orioles season The 1897 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. After three straight first-place finishes, the Orioles slipped to second place with a record of 90–40, 2 games behind the National League-leading Boston Beaneaters. After the season, the two teams met in what would be the final Temple Cup competition, with the Orioles winning 4 games to 1. In all, Baltimore played in all four Temple Cups, losing the first two and winning the last two. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average;\",\n \"title\": \"1897 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19061467\",\n \"text\": \"LHP Wade Miley activated from the paternity list.<br> The Orioles faced the Toronto Blue Jays in the Wild Card Game, losing 5–2 in 11 innings. The following Orioles were selected to participate in the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game: Source 2016 Baltimore Orioles season The 2016 Baltimore Orioles season was the 116th season in franchise history, the 63rd in Baltimore, and the 25th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They improved on their 2015 record of 81–81 (.500). They ensured this by winning their 82nd game on September 18 against the last place Tampa Bay Rays. They were eliminated\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19061449\",\n \"text\": \"2016 Baltimore Orioles season The 2016 Baltimore Orioles season was the 116th season in franchise history, the 63rd in Baltimore, and the 25th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They improved on their 2015 record of 81–81 (.500). They ensured this by winning their 82nd game on September 18 against the last place Tampa Bay Rays. They were eliminated from division contention on September 24, 7 games behind the AL East leading Boston Red Sox, who would go on to clinch the division on September 28. They would advance to the playoffs on the last day of the season, October\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12530994\",\n \"text\": \"GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts\\\" 2009 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2009 season was the 109th season in franchise history. The Orioles finished the season last in the AL East with a record of 64–98. It was the fifth consecutive season in which the Orioles had fewer wins than in previous year. The Orioles missed the playoffs for the twelfth straight season, tying a record set between 1984-95 The Orioles have unveiled new uniforms, which debuted at\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1435476\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Holeman, Billy Adams, and pianist Paul Griffin. This group became the New Orioles. Til liked the Regals' modern harmony style, and the existing tunes were rearranged to match the Regals' style (in many cases, sounding rather different than they formerly had). During this time, they were often billed as \\\"Sonny Til and his New Orioles\\\". They left Jubilee and signed with Vee-Jay Records. They continued with this arrangement until 1957 when Cornelius left the group. He was replaced for a short time by Frank Todd, who was replaced by Jimmy Brown. This line-up went until the last day of\",\n \"title\": \"The Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558266\",\n \"text\": \"1997 Baltimore Orioles season The 1997 Baltimore Orioles season saw the Orioles finishing 1st in the American League East with a record of 98 wins and 64 losses. They met the Seattle Mariners in the ALDS, and beat them in 4 games. However, in the ALCS, they would play the Cleveland Indians, where they would fall in 6 games. It would be their last winning season until 15 years later. \\\"Note: Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted\",\n \"title\": \"1997 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511171\",\n \"text\": \"Series (a fan, Jeffrey Maier, interfered with a fly ball hit by Derek Jeter in Game 1; the play was ruled a home run and the Yankees eventually won the game). The Orioles followed up by winning the AL East Division title in 1997, going \\\"wire-to-wire\\\" (being in first place from the first day of the season to the last). After eliminating the Seattle Mariners in four games in the opening round, the team lost again in the ALCS, this time to the underdog Indians, in which each Oriole loss was by 1 run. After the Orioles failed to advance\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12530992\",\n \"text\": \"2009 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2009 season was the 109th season in franchise history. The Orioles finished the season last in the AL East with a record of 64–98. It was the fifth consecutive season in which the Orioles had fewer wins than in previous year. The Orioles missed the playoffs for the twelfth straight season, tying a record set between 1984-95 The Orioles have unveiled new uniforms, which debuted at the Harborplace Gallery shopping center on November 12, 2008. The team's new uniform will feature an updated ornithologically correct oriole bird on their caps on a black\",\n \"title\": \"2009 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13910680\",\n \"text\": \"predictions that the Orioles would have one of their best seasons in years (possibly even finishing with a .500 winning average), the Orioles continued to struggle throughout the first half of the season. The Orioles 2010 season got off to a horrendous start the team going 2–16 to start the season, last in the league by some margin and the second-worst in franchise history. On April 12, the team set a club record for the lowest paid attendance in Camden Yards history as only 9,129 attended the game versus the Tampa Bay Rays. They would end the month of April\",\n \"title\": \"2010 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556054\",\n \"text\": \"1982 Baltimore Orioles season The 1982 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses. For the second consecutive season, the Orioles recorded the most grand slams in MLB, hitting eight in 1982. The '82 season was a classic, even though it eventually was as frustrating as those that had preceded it. Eddie Murray had 32 homers and 110 RBIs. Jim Palmer, in his last hurrah, went 15–5. After starting slowly and falling eight games behind the Milwaukee Brewers in\",\n \"title\": \"1982 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556058\",\n \"text\": \"Weaver announced in March that the 1982 season would be his last managing the Orioles. he was retiring after that and moving to Florida to play golf. An era was ending. The news had been in the headlines and the back of everyone's mind all season, yet it was almost forgotten as the Orioles chased the Brewers down the stretch. Now, suddenly, the moment was at hand. Weaver was pulling off his uniform for the last time. And the fans weren't going to let him go without a salute. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At\",\n \"title\": \"1982 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558121\",\n \"text\": \"the season series 3-3 with each time winning two games at home and one on the road. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" 2006 Baltimore Orioles season The 2006 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 70 wins and 92 losses. Following the\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11105394\",\n \"text\": \"Strikeouts\\\" 2008 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles entered the 2008 season led by Dave Trembley, now starting his first full season as manager. President of Baseball Operations Andy MacPhail continued the rebuilding process. Superstars Miguel Tejada and Érik Bédard were traded for younger talent and there were talks of Brian Roberts, but he was not traded. The Baltimore Orioles posted a record of 68–93 and finished in last place in the AL East for the first time since the 1988 season. Closer Chris Ray missed the entire season after Tommy John surgery, and so did his replacement Danys Báez.\",\n \"title\": \"2008 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11105392\",\n \"text\": \"2008 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles entered the 2008 season led by Dave Trembley, now starting his first full season as manager. President of Baseball Operations Andy MacPhail continued the rebuilding process. Superstars Miguel Tejada and Érik Bédard were traded for younger talent and there were talks of Brian Roberts, but he was not traded. The Baltimore Orioles posted a record of 68–93 and finished in last place in the AL East for the first time since the 1988 season. Closer Chris Ray missed the entire season after Tommy John surgery, and so did his replacement Danys Báez. Left-hander\",\n \"title\": \"2008 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15950069\",\n \"text\": \"Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts\\\" 2012 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2012 season was the 112th season in franchise history, the 59th in Baltimore, and the 21st at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They completed the regular season with a 93-69 record, good for second place in the AL East and qualified for one of two American League wild card spots. It was the first time since 1997 that they finished with a winning record\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15950063\",\n \"text\": \"2012 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2012 season was the 112th season in franchise history, the 59th in Baltimore, and the 21st at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They completed the regular season with a 93-69 record, good for second place in the AL East and qualified for one of two American League wild card spots. It was the first time since 1997 that they finished with a winning record and made the playoffs. They subsequently defeated the Texas Rangers in the inaugural one-game Wild Card Playoff. They advanced to play the New York Yankees in the Division Series,\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558395\",\n \"text\": \"1994 Baltimore Orioles season The 1994 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 63 wins and 49 losses. The season was cut short by the infamous 1994 player's strike. By Friday August 12, 1994, when the MLB Players' Strike began, the Orioles had scored 589 runs (5.26 per game) and allowed 497 runs (4.44 per game) with a 63-49 record through 112 games. They were 2.5 games behind the Cleveland Indians (66-47) in the 1994 AL Wildcard Race. Because they had only played\",\n \"title\": \"1994 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14962932\",\n \"text\": \"shoring up their bullpen, the Orioles signed Justin Duchscherer to a one-year deal. On February 4, the Orioles signed, pending a physical, free agent Vladimir Guerrero to solidify the offense. Guerrero hit for 29 home runs and a .300 average in the 2010 season with the Texas Rangers. He has a career average of .320 and 436 home runs. The team started the season 4-0, the first time since the 1997 baseball season. The Orioles eliminated the Boston Red Sox from the playoff on the final day of the season, the last of their five victories over the Red Sox\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12941833\",\n \"text\": \"regret his decision when he meets the girls on the team: Abbie, Tamra, Mindy, Wendy, Lisa, and Kathy. They improve under Bill's coaching and advise him on his relationship with his daughter, but their winning season does not protect the girls from their real world difficulties. The Winning Season The Winning Season is a 2009 sports comedy film written and directed by James C. Strouse, starring Sam Rockwell. The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release on September 3, 2010. Lionsgate bought the United Kingdom and United States rights to the film at\",\n \"title\": \"The Winning Season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555690\",\n \"text\": \"1990 Baltimore Orioles season The 1990 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball in which the Orioles finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses. On May 25, 1990, the Orioles announced that the team would move their spring training home games from Miami Stadium where they had played since 1959 to Bradenton and Sarasota in 1991. When Cleveland announced that they would leave Hi Corbett Field for Florida, Tucson tried to attract the Orioles to move to Arizona. Ben McDonald became the first Oriole to win his first six\",\n \"title\": \"1990 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558398\",\n \"text\": \"= Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1994 Baltimore Orioles season The 1994 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 63 wins and 49 losses. The season was cut short by the infamous 1994 player's strike. By Friday August 12, 1994, when the MLB Players' Strike began, the Orioles had scored 589 runs (5.26 per game) and allowed 497 runs (4.44 per game) with a 63-49 record through 112 games. They were 2.5 games behind the Cleveland\",\n \"title\": \"1994 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173789\",\n \"text\": \"1899 Baltimore Orioles season The 1899 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It was the Orioles' 18th season in the major leagues, their 8th in the National League, and their last overall. After the 1898 season, Orioles owner Harry Von der Horst acquired a controlling interest in the Brooklyn Bridegrooms ballclub and moved most of his star players and manager Ned Hanlon over to the Brooklyn team. The remaining team played the season under first year manager John McGraw and still won 86 games and finish in fourth place. After the season, the National League contracted and\",\n \"title\": \"1899 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173791\",\n \"text\": \"pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1899 Baltimore Orioles season The 1899 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It was the Orioles' 18th season in the major leagues, their 8th in the National League, and their last overall. After the 1898 season, Orioles owner Harry Von der Horst acquired a controlling interest in the Brooklyn Bridegrooms ballclub and moved most of his\",\n \"title\": \"1899 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555713\",\n \"text\": \"1986 Baltimore Orioles season The 1986 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 7th in the American League East with a record of 73 wins and 89 losses. On August 5th, the Orioles were in second place with a record of 59-47, just 2.5 games out of first place, but the Orioles would lose 42 of their final 56 games to finish in last place in the AL East. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI\",\n \"title\": \"1986 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555691\",\n \"text\": \"major league decisions. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" 1990 Baltimore Orioles season The 1990 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball in which the Orioles finished fifth in the American League East with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses. On May 25, 1990, the Orioles announced that the team would move their spring training home games from Miami Stadium where they had played since 1959 to Bradenton and Sarasota in 1991. When Cleveland\",\n \"title\": \"1990 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14962941\",\n \"text\": \"2011 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2011 season was the 111th season in franchise history, and the 58th in Baltimore. It also marked the last year of a streak of fourteen consecutive losing seasons dating back to 1998. The 2010–11 offseason has been notable for the Orioles, featuring a complete makeover of their infield, with only Brian Roberts expected to reprise his starting role. On December 6, 2010, the Orioles completed a trade with the Arizona Diamondbacks for third basemen Mark Reynolds, in exchange for relief pitchers David Hernandez and Kam Mickolio. The next day, the Orioles lost corner\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14962929\",\n \"text\": \"2011 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2011 season was the 111th season in franchise history, and the 58th in Baltimore. It also marked the last year of a streak of fourteen consecutive losing seasons dating back to 1998. The 2010–11 offseason has been notable for the Orioles, featuring a complete makeover of their infield, with only Brian Roberts expected to reprise his starting role. On December 6, 2010, the Orioles completed a trade with the Arizona Diamondbacks for third basemen Mark Reynolds, in exchange for relief pitchers David Hernandez and Kam Mickolio. The next day, the Orioles lost corner\",\n \"title\": \"2011 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511152\",\n \"text\": \"years. In 2006, the O's played their 53rd season in Baltimore, meaning they have now played in Baltimore longer than they did in St. Louis. Soon after taking over, the Miles-Hoffberger group renamed their new team the Baltimore Orioles. The name has a rich history in Baltimore, having been used by Baltimore baseball teams since the late 19th century. In the 1890s, a powerful and innovative National League Orioles squad included \\\"Wee\\\" Willie Keeler, Wilbert Robinson, Hughie Jennings and John McGraw. They won three straight pennants, and participated in all four of the Temple Cup Championship Series, winning the last\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558422\",\n \"text\": \"Game 1991 Baltimore Orioles season The 1991 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 6th in the American League East with a record of 67 wins and 95 losses. Cal Ripken. Jr. would be the first shortstop in the history of the American League to win two MVP awards in a career. This was also the Orioles' last year at Memorial Stadium. The O's would move into Oriole Park at Camden Yards. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR =\",\n \"title\": \"1991 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558420\",\n \"text\": \"1991 Baltimore Orioles season The 1991 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 6th in the American League East with a record of 67 wins and 95 losses. Cal Ripken. Jr. would be the first shortstop in the history of the American League to win two MVP awards in a career. This was also the Orioles' last year at Memorial Stadium. The O's would move into Oriole Park at Camden Yards. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home\",\n \"title\": \"1991 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173744\",\n \"text\": \"= Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1895 Baltimore Orioles season The 1895 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. The Orioles finished first in the National League, winning their second straight pennant. However, for the second straight year, they failed to win the Temple Cup, losing to the second-place Cleveland Spiders 4 games to\",\n \"title\": \"1895 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173743\",\n \"text\": \"1895 Baltimore Orioles season The 1895 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. The Orioles finished first in the National League, winning their second straight pennant. However, for the second straight year, they failed to win the Temple Cup, losing to the second-place Cleveland Spiders 4 games to 1. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI\",\n \"title\": \"1895 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40630\",\n \"text\": \"reflected the arrival of the Washington Nationals, because ever since the Washington Senators had departed for Texas in 1972, the Orioles had claimed to represent the Baltimore-Washington metro area. On June 30, the Orioles rallied to score 10 runs against Boston Red Sox after facing a 10–1 deficit in the 7th inning, winning the game by 11–10, setting a Major League Baseball record for the largest comeback by a last-place team over a first-place team. However, the team finished the 2009 season with 64 wins and 98 losses, making it the worst record in the 2009 American League season. Despite\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555694\",\n \"text\": \"of white out, another was scribbled with a black pen while the last was covered with a black square. \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" MLB All-Star Game 1989 Baltimore Orioles season The 1989 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. The team was known as the Comeback Kids as they rebounded from the 54 wins and 107 losses\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17578731\",\n \"text\": \"regular season opener against the Boston Red Sox, but then proceeded to lose their next four games. After a full week and a 4-2 loss to the New York Yankees, the Orioles were in last place in the American League East and 3 games below .500. Orioles All-Star 3rd baseman Manny Machado, still recovering from off-season surgery, did not play in any games for the Orioles during the month of April; but Orioles catcher Matt Wieters got off to an uncharacteristically fast start hitting .338 with 4 homeruns and 15 RBIs. The Orioles finished the month with 11 wins and\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556059\",\n \"text\": \"Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" All-Star Game 1982 Baltimore Orioles season The 1982 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 94 wins and 68 losses. For the second consecutive season, the Orioles recorded the most grand slams in MLB, hitting eight in 1982. The '82 season was a classic, even though it eventually was as frustrating as those that had preceded it. Eddie Murray had 32 homers and 110 RBIs. Jim\",\n \"title\": \"1982 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173740\",\n \"text\": \"1894 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles won their first National League pennant in 1894. They won 24 of their last 25 games. After the regular season's conclusion, the Orioles participated in the first Temple Cup competition against the second-place New York Giants. The Orioles lost to the Giants in a sweep, four games to none. The Orioles roster contained six future Hall of Famers: Wilbert Robinson, John McGraw, Dan Brouthers, Hughie Jennings, Wee Willie Keeler and Joe Kelley. Every man in their starting line up hit .300 for the season. They bunted, hit-and-ran, Baltimore chopped, backed up throws, cut\",\n \"title\": \"1894 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558333\",\n \"text\": \"1996 Baltimore Orioles season The 1996 Baltimore Orioles season in which the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 88 wins and 74 losses and qualifying for the post-season as the Wild Card team. The Orioles broke the all-time record for most home runs hit by a team (set at 240 by the 1961 New York Yankees) with 257. During the season, four Orioles scored at least 100 runs, four drove in at least 100 runs and seven hit at least 20 home runs. The Orioles pitching staff allowed 209 home runs, 1,604 hits and\",\n \"title\": \"1996 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558396\",\n \"text\": \"in 112 games by the time the Strike began, the Orioles had the fewest at-bats in the Majors, with just 3,856. The Orioles pitching staff had good control, as the Orioles had the fewest wild pitches (18) in the Majors. They also tied the Seattle Mariners for the fewest balks, with just 1. Orioles baserunners successfully stole 69 bases in the strike-shortened season and were caught stealing only 13 times: the fewest in the Majors. Their pitchers also had good control, with just 18 wild pitches thrown: the fewest in the Majors. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played;\",\n \"title\": \"1994 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40629\",\n \"text\": \"team offensively. Although the Orioles hovered around .500 for much of the season, they had fallen back by September and were over 20 games behind the first place Tampa Bay Rays. They finished the season losing 11 of their final 12 games and 28 of their final 34. The team finished last for the first time since their 1988 season. After the season ended, the Orioles showcased altered uniforms, with a circular 'Maryland' patch added to the left-hand sleeve of all jerseys and the grey road jerseys displaying \\\"Baltimore\\\" across the chest for the first time in a quarter-century; this\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556350\",\n \"text\": \"1961 Baltimore Orioles season The 1961 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 3rd in the American League with a record of 95 wins and 67 losses, 14 games behind the AL and World Series champion New York Yankees. The team was managed by Paul Richards and Lum Harris, and played their home games at Baltimore's Memorial Stadium. Roger Maris of the Yankees hit his 59th and 60th home runs of the season against the Orioles, tying what was at the time Babe Ruth's single-season record. The 59th was hit on September 20 at Memorial Stadium, and the 60th was\",\n \"title\": \"1961 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17578738\",\n \"text\": \"to the use of adderall—for which he previous had a \\\"therapeutic use exemption\\\" but did not have for the 2014 season. On Tuesday, September 16, the Orioles clinched the American League East Championship by beating the second place Toronto Blue Jays 8-2. The Orioles had not won an American League East title since 1997 and Tuesday marked the first time since 1969 that the Orioles won a division title in front of their fans at home. Steve Pearce, who had replaced Chris Davis at first base, blasted a three-run homerun off Toronto right-hander Drew Hutchison to give the Orioles a\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173708\",\n \"text\": \"G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1891 Baltimore Orioles season In their last season in the American Association, the 1891 Baltimore Orioles finished in fourth place (third among teams that played a full schedule) with a record of 71–64. After the season, the AA folded, and the Orioles joined the National League. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB\",\n \"title\": \"1891 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17578730\",\n \"text\": \"40; following Chris Davis' 2013 championship this was the first time in franchise history two Orioles (or Browns) had won back-to-back home run titles. As a team the Birds hit 211 home runs to lead baseball, their third consecutive 200-homer season (another franchise first). Entering the offseason, the Orioles had 11 arbitration eligible players, three contract options, and several outgoing free agents. They looked to make additions to their starting rotation, to add a \\\"big bat\\\", as well as to improve their bullpen, which was strong in 2012, but \\\"average\\\" in 2013. On March 31, the Orioles won their 2014\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173707\",\n \"text\": \"1891 Baltimore Orioles season In their last season in the American Association, the 1891 Baltimore Orioles finished in fourth place (third among teams that played a full schedule) with a record of 71–64. After the season, the AA folded, and the Orioles joined the National League. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note:\",\n \"title\": \"1891 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20341852\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Baltimore Orioles season The 2018 Baltimore Orioles season was the 118th season in Baltimore Orioles franchise history, the 65th in Baltimore, and the 27th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Orioles were mathematically eliminated from the playoff contention with their 82nd loss to the Boston Red Sox in a double header on August 11. They suffered their 100th loss of the season on September 7 against the Tampa Bay Rays, the first time they have done so since 1988. On September 17, 2018, they lost 5–0 against the Toronto Blue Jays, suffering their 107th loss and tying the\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10079915\",\n \"text\": \"Tigers, but released him after using him in two games. Snake Wiltse was sent to the Orioles from the Philadelphia Athletics on July 19, but he struggled for the Orioles. The Orioles also received Lew Drill on loan from the Washington Senators, sold Charlie Shields to the St. Louis Browns and purchased Jack Thoney from the Cleveland Bronchos. The Orioles finished the season with a 50–88 record, good for last place in the AL. For their final game at Oriole Park, the team drew only 138 fans. During the owners meetings in late 1902, the franchise was transferred to New\",\n \"title\": \"1902 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1435468\",\n \"text\": \"The Orioles The Orioles were an American R&B group of the late 1940s and early 1950s, one of the earliest such vocal groups who established the basic pattern for the doo-wop sound. The Orioles are generally acknowledged as R&B's first vocal group. Baltimore natives, they blended rhythm with group harmonies. Dubbing themselves after Maryland’s state bird, the Orioles started the trend of bird groups (The Cardinals, The Crows, The Flamingos, The Larks, The Penguins, The Ravens, The Wrens, etc.). They brought their winning formula to their first charted hit \\\"It’s Too Soon To Know\\\"; a #1 record in November 1948,\",\n \"title\": \"The Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555707\",\n \"text\": \"1988 Baltimore Orioles season The 1988 Baltimore Orioles had the worst start to a season in American baseball history. The Orioles finished 7th in the American League East with a record of 54 wins and 107 losses. The season is remembered for the 0–21 start that lasted from April 4th to April 28th. Manager Cal Ripken, Sr. was fired after an 0–6 start and replaced by Hall of Famer Frank Robinson. The Orioles won their first game of the year against the Chicago White Sox at Comiskey Park on April 29. The most runs allowed during the season was 15\",\n \"title\": \"1988 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40624\",\n \"text\": \"stretch of 32–60 (.348), ending at 74–88 (.457). Only the Kansas City Royals (.346) had a worse winning percentage for the season than did the Orioles for the final 92 games. The club's major off-season acquisition, Sammy Sosa, posted his worst performance in a decade, with 14 home runs and a .221 batting average. The Orioles did not attempt to re-sign him. The Orioles also allowed Palmeiro to file for free agency and publicly stated they would not re-sign him. On August 25, pitcher Sidney Ponson was arrested for DUI, and on September 1, the Orioles moved to void his\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555708\",\n \"text\": \"in a game on June 19 while the most runs scored was 12 in a game on May 31. Orioles owner Edward Bennett Williams died in August of that year. This was only the second time that the Orioles had lost at least 100 games (the other being their inaugural season of 1954); in addition, the 107 losses would remain a Baltimore record until the 2018 edition broke it, and it was the second-worst overall franchise record, behind only the 1939 St. Louis Browns (43-111), which was also surpassed by the 2018 Orioles, en route to a 47-115 finish. \\\"Note:\",\n \"title\": \"1988 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9610003\",\n \"text\": \"2007 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles' 2007 season involved the Orioles finishing with a record of 69 wins and 93 losses and fourth place in the AL East. On June 18, 2007 manager Sam Perlozzo was fired and replaced with bullpen coach Dave Trembley as interim manager. Trembley was named full-time manager on August 22, 2007. On this same day, the Orioles suffered a 30 to 3 loss to the Texas Rangers, the most lopsided loss in franchise history. Perlozzo's record was 29 wins and 40 losses and Trembley's was 40 wins and 53 losses. On August 22, 2007,\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558253\",\n \"text\": \"1999 Baltimore Orioles season The 1999 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 78 wins and 84 losses. In a rare event on March 28, 1999, the Orioles staged an exhibition series against the Cuban national team in Havana. The Orioles won the game 3–2 in 11 innings. They were the first Major League team to play in Cuba since 1959, when the Los Angeles Dodgers faced the Orioles in an exhibition. The Cuban team visited Baltimore in May 1999. Cuba won the second game 10–6. \\\"Note: Pos = Position;\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558255\",\n \"text\": \"W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1999 Baltimore Orioles season The 1999 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 78 wins and 84 losses. In a rare event on March 28, 1999, the Orioles staged an exhibition series against the Cuban national team in Havana. The Orioles won the game 3–2 in 11 innings. They were the first Major League team to play in Cuba since 1959, when the Los Angeles Dodgers faced the Orioles in an exhibition. The\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173660\",\n \"text\": \"IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned Run Average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1882 Baltimore Orioles season The 19th century's version of the Baltimore Orioles were founded in 1882 as part of the new American Association. Owned by wealthy Harry Von der Horst, the Orioles finished the season in last\",\n \"title\": \"1882 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173659\",\n \"text\": \"1882 Baltimore Orioles season The 19th century's version of the Baltimore Orioles were founded in 1882 as part of the new American Association. Owned by wealthy Harry Von der Horst, the Orioles finished the season in last place with only 19 wins. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched;\",\n \"title\": \"1882 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556318\",\n \"text\": \"1966 Baltimore Orioles season The 1966 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing first in the American League with a record of 97 wins and 63 losses, nine games ahead of the runner-up Minnesota Twins. It was their first AL pennant since 1944, when the club was known as the St. Louis Browns. The Orioles swept the NL champion Los Angeles Dodgers in four games to register their first-ever World Series title. The team was managed by Hank Bauer, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. Right fielder Frank Robinson, acquired via trade from the Cincinnati Reds in the\",\n \"title\": \"1966 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555709\",\n \"text\": \"Pos = position; G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" 1988 Baltimore Orioles season The 1988 Baltimore Orioles had the worst start to a season in American baseball history. The Orioles finished 7th in the American League East with a record of 54 wins and 107 losses. The season is remembered for the 0–21 start that lasted from April 4th to April 28th. Manager Cal Ripken, Sr. was fired after an 0–6 start and replaced by Hall of Famer Frank Robinson. The Orioles\",\n \"title\": \"1988 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17578739\",\n \"text\": \"3-1 lead in the first inning. Oriole right-hander Ubaldo Jiménez, who hadn't been in the starting rotation for a month, picked up the win. On September 25, the Orioles gave up a walk off hit to Derek Jeter in his final game at Yankee Stadium. The Orioles finished the season with 211 homeruns. 2014 is the third consecutive season the Orioles hit more than 200 homeruns and the first time in franchise history that they did it 3 years in a row. The Orioles 401 walks were also the fewest walks as the modern Orioles and their 44 stolen bases\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20298263\",\n \"text\": \"Airplay chart dated, June 2, 2018. \\\"Straight to Hell,\\\" which features guest vocals from Jason Aldean, Luke Bryan, and Charles Kelley, was previously recorded by Drivin' N' Cryin' on their 1989 album \\\"Mystery Road\\\". This song was released as the album's third single on June 25, 2018. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album 3 out of 5 stars, saying that \\\"not much separates\\\" it from Rucker's previous country albums, but noting the vocal performances on \\\"Story to Tell\\\" and \\\"Another Night with You\\\" while calling \\\"Straight to Hell\\\" the \\\"rowdiest country he's ever done\\\". On its debut week,\",\n \"title\": \"When Was the Last Time\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511167\",\n \"text\": \"record, staying in contention until the last week of the season and earning the nickname of the \\\"Why Not?\\\" Orioles. Frank Robinson earned the 1989 American League Manager of the Year Award for his efforts in leading the team out of the abyss. Two years later, Cal Ripken, Jr. won American League MVP honors in the team's final season at Memorial Stadium. He was also named MVP of the 1991 All-Star Game, played in Toronto's SkyDome. In 1992, with grand ceremony, the Orioles began their season in a brand new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The name of the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558236\",\n \"text\": \"2003 Baltimore Orioles season The 2003 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 71 wins and 91 losses. On February 16, 2003, towards the beginning of Orioles' spring training camp in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Steve Bechler collapsed while participating in conditioning drills. He was rushed to a nearby hospital, and died the next day. His body temperature had reached . An autopsy performed by Dr. Joshua Perper, a toxicologist, concluded that his death was caused by \\\"'abnormal liver function and mild hypertension', his weight problem (he weighed 230 pounds and\",\n \"title\": \"2003 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40634\",\n \"text\": \"8, the Orioles announced the hiring of Dan Duquette as the vice president of baseball operations (\\\"de facto\\\" GM) in the hopes of turning the corner. The Orioles finished the first half of the 2012 season with a winning record for only the second time since going wire to wire in 1997, with a record of 45–40 before the All-Star break. On May 6, the Orioles played a 17-inning game against the Boston Red Sox, the first game since 1925 in which both teams used a position player as a pitcher. The Orioles won that game, and designated hitter Chris\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511170\",\n \"text\": \"owner Peter Angelos hired Pat Gillick away from the Toronto Blue Jays to be the Orioles' general manager. Gillick brought in several players like catcher B. J. Surhoff, relief pitcher Randy Myers, and second baseman Roberto Alomar. Under Gillick and manager Davey Johnson, the Orioles finally returned to postseason play by winning the American League's wild card spot in the 1996 season. The team set a major league record for home runs in a single season, with 257, and upset the Cleveland Indians in the Division Series before falling to the New York Yankees in a controversial American League Championship\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511157\",\n \"text\": \"developer James Keelty. In turn, Keelty gave way in to financier Joe Iglehart. By the early 1960s, stars such as Brooks Robinson, John \\\"Boog\\\" Powell, and Dave McNally were being developed by a strong farm system. The Orioles first made themselves heard in , when they finished 89-65, good enough for second in the American League. While they were still eight games behind the Yankees, it was the first time they had been a factor in a pennant race that late in the season since 1944. It was also the first season of a 26-year stretch where the team would\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17578741\",\n \"text\": \"News' Major League Baseball Executive of the Year 2014 Baltimore Orioles season The 2014 Baltimore Orioles season was the 114th season in franchise history, the 61st in Baltimore, and the 23rd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Birds would finish in first place in the American League East Division and return to the playoffs for the second time in three seasons, claiming their first division championship since 1997. The Orioles swept the Detroit Tigers in the Division Series and advanced to the AL Championship Series, where they were in turn swept by the Kansas City Royals. New Oriole Nelson\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17578729\",\n \"text\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season The 2014 Baltimore Orioles season was the 114th season in franchise history, the 61st in Baltimore, and the 23rd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Birds would finish in first place in the American League East Division and return to the playoffs for the second time in three seasons, claiming their first division championship since 1997. The Orioles swept the Detroit Tigers in the Division Series and advanced to the AL Championship Series, where they were in turn swept by the Kansas City Royals. New Oriole Nelson Cruz led the majors in home runs with\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558226\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Baltimore Orioles season The 2005 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses. The team started off hot, compiling a record of 42 wins and 30 losses while spending 62 days in first place in AL East. After June 23, the team started slipping on the way to a losing record and manager Lee Mazzilli's dismissal in early August. The Baltimore Orioles had one of the best starts in franchise history, posting a record of 47-40. The Orioles, however, posted a 27-48 record after the\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19733495\",\n \"text\": \"2017 Baltimore Orioles season The 2017 Baltimore Orioles season was the 117th season in Baltimore Orioles franchise history, the 64th in Baltimore, and the 26th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. They were attempting to match or improve on their 2016 record of 89–73, when they finished tied for 2nd place in the AL East and lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in the Wild Card Game, but failed with their 74th loss on September 12. They were eliminated from AL East contention with their September 18 loss to the Boston Red Sox, behind the division leading Red Sox. They\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556307\",\n \"text\": \"1967 Baltimore Orioles season After winning the World Series the previous year, the 1967 Baltimore Orioles plummeted to a sixth-place finish in the American League with a record of 76 wins and 85 losses, 15½ games behind the AL champion Boston Red Sox. The team was managed by Hank Bauer, and played their home games at Memorial Stadium. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. =\",\n \"title\": \"1967 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511187\",\n \"text\": \"the Orioles and Tejada where Tejada backed down and said his comments were intended to provoke the Orioles to make more moves in free agency. The Orioles finished the up and down 2006 season with a record of 70-92, 27 games behind the AL East leading Yankees. A new President of Baseball of Operations named Andy MacPhail was brought in about halfway through the 2007 season. MacPhail had had success as general manager of the Minnesota Twins in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and had been the CEO of the Chicago Cubs from 1994–2006. MacPhail spent the remainder of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558120\",\n \"text\": \"During spring training in 2006, the Nationals and Orioles played each other in Washington on March 31 and in Baltimore on April 1. The first match up of the Beltway Series rivalry took place on May 19, 2006 during the 2006 regular season, the Orioles won at RFK Stadium. This marked first time in 35 years that the Orioles played a regular-season game in Washington, as they played the Washington Senators, another team in the American League annually from 1954 to 1960. The Orioles continued that rivalry with the new Washington Senators from 1961 to 1971. The two teams split\",\n \"title\": \"2006 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10079908\",\n \"text\": \"sign them to the Giants and Reds. AL president Ban Johnson seized control of the Orioles the next day and restocked their roster with players received on loan from other AL teams. The Orioles' second season in Baltimore would ultimately prove to be their last, as the team was moved to New York after the season, where they became known as the New York Highlanders. Knowing that placing a franchise in New York City was key to the success of the American League (AL), AL president Ban Johnson secretly met with principal owner John Mahon and player-manager John McGraw, who\",\n \"title\": \"1902 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1890 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles team left the American Association after the 1889 season and started playing in the minor Atlantic Association. However, when the Brooklyn Gladiators ballclub folded mid-way through the 1890 season the Orioles returned to the AA to finish out the season. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G\",\n \"title\": \"1890 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173698\",\n \"text\": \"1890 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles team left the American Association after the 1889 season and started playing in the minor Atlantic Association. However, when the Brooklyn Gladiators ballclub folded mid-way through the 1890 season the Orioles returned to the AA to finish out the season. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1890 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40661\",\n \"text\": \"was played at the last game at Memorial Stadium in 1991, and the song \\\"Magic to Do\\\" from the stage musical \\\"Pippin\\\" was used that season to commemorate \\\"Orioles Magic\\\" on 33rd Street. During the Orioles' heyday in the 1970s, a club song, appropriately titled \\\"Orioles Magic (Feel It Happen)\\\", was composed by Walt Woodward, and played when the team ran out until Opening Day of 2008. Since then, the song (a favorite among all fans, who appreciated its references to Wild Bill Hagy and Earl Weaver) is only played (along with a video featuring several Orioles stars performing the\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12941832\",\n \"text\": \"The Winning Season The Winning Season is a 2009 sports comedy film written and directed by James C. Strouse, starring Sam Rockwell. The film premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release on September 3, 2010. Lionsgate bought the United Kingdom and United States rights to the film at Sundance. Plum Pictures and Gigi Films produced the film. Bill, a divorced deadbeat dad, is estranged from his teenage daughter Molly. His friend Terry is a high school principal who gives him a job as the coach for the girls' varsity basketball team. Bill begins to\",\n \"title\": \"The Winning Season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556067\",\n \"text\": \"1980 Baltimore Orioles season The 1980 Baltimore Orioles season was the club's 26th season in Baltimore. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 100 wins and 62 losses. The Orioles played two spring training exhibition games at the Louisiana Superdome against the New York Yankees over the weekend of March 15 and 16, 1980. 45,152 spectators watched the Yankees beat the Orioles 9 to 3 on March 15, 1980. The following day, 43,339 fans saw Floyd Rayford lead the Orioles to a 7 to 1 win over the Yankees. During the season,\",\n \"title\": \"1980 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558411\",\n \"text\": \"1992 Baltimore Orioles season The 1992 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing third in the American League East with a record of 89 wins and 73 losses. Having played almost 40 years at Memorial Stadium, the 1992 campaign was the inaugural season for the Orioles' new ballpark, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, where they play to this day. The Orioles spent most of the first three months of the season battling with the Toronto Blue Jays for first place in the division. The lead switched back and forth between the two teams\",\n \"title\": \"1992 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173742\",\n \"text\": \"Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1894 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles won their first National League pennant in 1894. They won 24 of their last 25 games. After the regular season's conclusion, the Orioles participated in the first Temple\",\n \"title\": \"1894 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7511196\",\n \"text\": \"The Orioles won 93 games in 2012 (after winning 69 in the previous year) thanks in large part to a 29–9 record in one-run games, and a 16–2 record in extra inning games. The difference between this Orioles bullpen and bullpens past was like night and day, led by Jim Johnson and his 51 saves. He finished with a 2.49 ERA that season with Darren O'Day, Luis Ayala, Pedro Strop, and Troy Patton all finishing as well with ERAs under 3.00. Experts were amazed as the team continued to outperform expectations, but regression never came that year. They battled with\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10556308\",\n \"text\": \"Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" \\\"Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts\\\" 1967 Baltimore Orioles season After winning the World Series the previous year, the 1967 Baltimore Orioles plummeted to a sixth-place finish\",\n \"title\": \"1967 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"40635\",\n \"text\": \"Davis received the win. The Orioles won their 81st game on September 13, ending the streak of 14 straight years with a losing record, as well as ensuring that the team would spend the entire year with a record of .500 or higher. On September 16, they won their 82nd game, securing the first season with a winning record since 1997. On September 21, closer Jim Johnson earned his 46th save of the season, setting a new Orioles franchise record for saves by one pitcher in a single season. It was previously held by Randy Myers, who had 45 saves\",\n \"title\": \"Baltimore Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20341854\",\n \"text\": \"St. Louis Browns. They finished the season in last place in the AL East for the second straight year with a record of 47–115. With their 113th loss coming via a 2–1 defeat to the Houston Astros on September 28, 2018, the Orioles failed to reach 50 wins, the first team to do so since the Detroit Tigers in 2003 who went 43-119 (.265). This loss also ensured that the Orioles lost the season series against all AL teams. Other notable moments included: On October 3, 2018, it was announced that manager Buck Showalter would not be re-signed by the\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558241\",\n \"text\": \"the game. In his final season, Ripken had the lowest zone rating of all major league third basemen (.734). \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" 2001 Baltimore Orioles season The 2001 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 63 wins and 98 losses. It would also be the final season for Hall of Famer Cal Ripken Jr. In June 2001, Cal Ripken, Jr. announced that he would retire at the end\",\n \"title\": \"2001 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558237\",\n \"text\": \"was exercising hard, the fact that he was not used to south Florida's warm weather and the toxicity of ephedra. He was using the supplement ephedra, against the advice of his trainer, and probably had not eaten in two days in an effort to lose weight. \\\"Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\\\" 2003 Baltimore Orioles season The 2003 Baltimore Orioles season involved the Orioles finishing 4th in the American League East with a record of 71 wins and 91 losses. On\",\n \"title\": \"2003 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11173756\",\n \"text\": \"1896 Baltimore Orioles season The Baltimore Orioles won their third straight National League pennant in 1896. After the season, they faced the Cleveland Spiders in the Temple Cup for the second year in a row. After losing 4 games to 1 in 1895, the Orioles swept the Spiders in four straight. The Orioles had now played in the Cup in each of its first three seasons, with this one being their first win. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted\",\n \"title\": \"1896 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16839359\",\n \"text\": \"2013 Baltimore Orioles season The 2013 Baltimore Orioles season was the 113th season in franchise history, the 60th in Baltimore, and the 22nd at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Orioles began the 2013 season on April 2 against the Tampa Bay Rays. The Orioles finished preseason spring training with a 19–9 win–loss record, the best record in the Grapefruit League. This excludes four tie games, which did not count toward the standings. The following players represented the Orioles in the 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game The following players received Gold Glove Awards for the 2013 MLB season The\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20341855\",\n \"text\": \"organization in any capacity, ending his 9 year tenure with the Orioles. General Manager Dan Duquette was also relieved of his duties on the same day. Source 2018 Baltimore Orioles season The 2018 Baltimore Orioles season was the 118th season in Baltimore Orioles franchise history, the 65th in Baltimore, and the 27th at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The Orioles were mathematically eliminated from the playoff contention with their 82nd loss to the Boston Red Sox in a double header on August 11. They suffered their 100th loss of the season on September 7 against the Tampa Bay Rays, the\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10555692\",\n \"text\": \"1989 Baltimore Orioles season The 1989 Baltimore Orioles season was a season in American baseball. It involved the Orioles finishing 2nd in the American League East with a record of 87 wins and 75 losses. The team was known as the Comeback Kids as they rebounded from the 54 wins and 107 losses of the 1988 season. The season also took on the \\\"Why Not?!\\\" promotional slogan as the team's pursuit of the pennant went down to the final series of the regular season. The Orioles went into the three-game season finale against the first place Toronto Blue Jays down\",\n \"title\": \"1989 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10558404\",\n \"text\": \"1993 Baltimore Orioles season The 1993 Baltimore Orioles season was the 93rd baseball season in Orioles history. It involved the Orioles finishing 3rd in the American League East with a record of 85 wins and 77 losses. They also hosted the 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The Orioles hosted the 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. It was the 64th playing of the midsummer classic between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and National League (NL) at Oriole Park at Camden Yards. The game resulted in the American League defeating the National League 9-3. Orioles pitcher Mike Mussina\",\n \"title\": \"1993 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1435477\",\n \"text\": \"1959. Holeman left the group, and Russel the next day, after finding Sonny's car (their means of transportation) repossessed. This was the end of the second Orioles. Til recorded briefly as a solo artist before putting together the third Orioles group, with members Delton McCall, Billy Taylor, and Gerald Gregory, former bass of The Spaniels. They continued recording, this time for Charlie Parker Records. Gregory left after a couple of years and was replaced by Lawrence Joyner. This group split up in the mid 1960s. In 1966, Til met Bobby Thomas, a long time Orioles fan. Bobby was singing in\",\n \"title\": \"The Orioles\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10567640\",\n \"text\": \"1954 Baltimore Orioles season The 1954 Baltimore Orioles season was the franchise's 54th season (it was founded as the Milwaukee Brewers in 1901, then played as the St. Louis Browns from 1902–53) but its first season as the Baltimore Orioles. The season involved the Orioles finishing 7th in the American League with a record of 54 wins and 100 losses, 57 games behind the AL champion Cleveland Indians in their first season in Baltimore. The team was managed by Jimmy Dykes, and played its home games at Baltimore's Memorial Stadium. \\\"Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB =\",\n \"title\": \"1954 Baltimore Orioles season\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1983 world series"],"string":"[\n \"1983 world series\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":192,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what does australia export?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"4773236","text":"Alison Penfold, said she was \"distraught and disgusted\". In May 2013, evidence was provided to the Department of Agriculture showing what is alleged to be Australian goats being roughly handled and sold outside of approved facilities in Malaysia. The footage also allegedly showed breaches of required animal welfare standards during slaughter of Australian cattle. The Department confirmed it had reviewed the footage and launched an investigation. Animals Australia report to have conducted a total of 30 separate investigations into the live export industry between May 2003 and April 2014. In 2009, the World Animal Protection live export campaign commissioned economic","title":"Live export"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4773236\",\n \"text\": \"Alison Penfold, said she was \\\"distraught and disgusted\\\". In May 2013, evidence was provided to the Department of Agriculture showing what is alleged to be Australian goats being roughly handled and sold outside of approved facilities in Malaysia. The footage also allegedly showed breaches of required animal welfare standards during slaughter of Australian cattle. The Department confirmed it had reviewed the footage and launched an investigation. Animals Australia report to have conducted a total of 30 separate investigations into the live export industry between May 2003 and April 2014. In 2009, the World Animal Protection live export campaign commissioned economic\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"13810778","text":"week.\" VanDerWerff of the \"LA Times\", Ryan of the \"Chicago Tribune\", Sepinwall of \"The Star-Ledger\", Jensen of \"Entertainment Weekly\" and Mark Medley of the \"National Post\" also found the episode to contain humorous lines. This episode was watched by 11 million American viewers and 1.57 million Canadian viewers. What Kate Does \"What Kate Does\" is the 106th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company's \"Lost\" and third episode of the sixth season. It was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in September 2009 by Paul Edwards. \"What Kate Does\" was first aired February 9, 2010,","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"13810760","text":"What Kate Does \"What Kate Does\" is the 106th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company's \"Lost\" and third episode of the sixth season. It was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in September 2009 by Paul Edwards. \"What Kate Does\" was first aired February 9, 2010, on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada. Kate Austen is the character on whom the episode is centered. In December 2007, Kate Austen chases after James \"Sawyer\" Ford (Josh Holloway), who escapes from the Others' captivity in the island's temple and is grieving over","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"10945153","text":"What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, \"What She Does Best\" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four years, as Anderson went into a brief retirement and officially retired from releasing singles. The singles from this disc were \"Under the Boardwalk\" (a cover version of The Drifters' hit), \"What He Does Best\", and \"How Many Hearts\". \"Under the Boardwalk\" reached No. 24; the","title":"What She Does Best"},{"psg_id":"13810767","text":"reviews\"; however, this was down significantly from the previous episode's 89 and Bonnie Covel of About.com noted that \" 'What Kate Does' brought us a bit of negativity. In general, fans just didn't like the episode\". \"What Kate Does\" was largely considered to be a step down from the season premiere in pacing, revelations and writing; Mike Hale of \"The New York Times\" described the episode as \"contemplative\", \"anticlimactic\" and \"subdued\" and the flash sideways as \"kind of boring and seemingly pointless.\" Chris Carabott of IGN, who gave the episode a score of 7.3 summed up that \" 'What Kate","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"10945154","text":"other singles charted far outside the Top 40. \"How Many Hearts\" was the last single Anderson released, and it peaked at No. 69 on the country charts in 1989. The album's cover shows Anderson leaning on a fancy sports car, wearing a classic 1980s outfit. What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, \"What She Does Best\" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four","title":"What She Does Best"},{"psg_id":"10498890","text":"In Australia, Oaten hay is the most common type of export hay. Alfalfa (also known as lucerne in Australia) is also grown for export hay, often under irrigation, and is the most common type of export hay in the U.S. Export hay Export hay is hay that is produced for export markets. In Australia, hay needs to meet a number of quality standards before it can be exported. Because hay in standard round and large square bales is not dense enough to be economically exported to overseas markets, export hay is normally processed to increase the density of the product","title":"Export hay"},{"psg_id":"9926463","text":"was first used on the song \"Rock 'N' Roll\" which later became \"You'll Be Under My Wheels\". The second time they used it is from a song called \"Lyrical Terrorist\" which later became \"Serial Thrilla\", but it was soon used on the album \"The Day Is My Enemy\". P.S.K. What Does It Mean? \"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?\" (also written as \"P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)\") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was","title":"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?"},{"psg_id":"9926460","text":"P.S.K. What Does It Mean? \"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?\" (also written as \"P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)\") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was affiliated. The highly influential song is considered the first hardcore rap song and features incidents of graphic sex, gunplay, drug references and one of the first uses of the word \"nigga\" in a rap song (earlier uses include \"Scoopy Rap\" and \"Family Rap\" in 1979, and \"New York","title":"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?"},{"psg_id":"8050855","text":"of its icy church keyboards and delay-ridden guitars\". Chris Jenkins, in the book \"The Rough Guide to Rock\", however, called it \"as half-baked as its title\". What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\". \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, \"Singing Rule Britannia","title":"What Does Anything Mean? Basically"},{"psg_id":"8050853","text":"What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\". \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, \"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\", was released on 1 August 1985. This song used uncredited Lennon-McCartney lyrics, with the final passage of the song quoting key","title":"What Does Anything Mean? Basically"},{"psg_id":"8014933","text":"and the covers featuring Morrissey are now very rare and collectible. \"What Difference Does It Make?\" was released without an accompanying music video. Speaking to Tony Fletcher on \"The Tube\" in 1984, Morrissey remarked that he felt that the video market was something that was going to \"die very quickly\", and that he wanted to \"herald the death\" of it. What Difference Does It Make? \"What Difference Does It Make?\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut","title":"What Difference Does It Make?"},{"psg_id":"8014931","text":"What Difference Does It Make? \"What Difference Does It Make?\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut album, \"The Smiths\". A different version, recorded for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio 1, is included in the compilation album \"Hatful of Hollow\". The song was one of the band's first significant chart hits, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart. However, Morrissey has said \"What Difference Does It Make?\" is among his least favourite songs","title":"What Difference Does It Make?"},{"psg_id":"13810761","text":"the death of his love Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) just hours earlier. In flash sideways to September 22, 2004, Kate assists a pregnant Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) while on the run as a fugitive. The title alludes to the second season episode \"What Kate Did\". \"What Kate Does\" was watched by eleven million Americans and received mixed reviews by audiences and critics alike. In flash sideways, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) flees LAX in a taxicab she has hijacked, in which a pregnant Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) is a passenger. The cab driver (David H. Lawrence XVII) bails and","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"4773237","text":"think tank ACIL Tasman to undertake economic research into the live export trade. This research found that there are potential value adding opportunities being lost in Australia due to trade distortions in the live export trade. The report analysed the economics and policy settings of the live sheep export trade from Western Australia and demonstrated that a sheep processed domestically is worth 20% more to the Australian economy than one exported live. In October 2012, World Animal Protection published a further piece of research into the live export trade. This research found that if a cattle processing facility was built","title":"Live export"},{"psg_id":"19980606","text":"What Does the K Stand For? What Does the K Stand For? is a BBC Radio Four sitcom series based on the experiences of comedian Stephen K. Amos growing up as a teenager in south London in the 1980s. The broadcast of the first series began in November 2013; the third series commenced in January 2017. Reviewing Series 1, Episode 1 for \"Radio Times\", Tristram Fane Saunders found the show suited Amos \"down to the ground; there's a touch of \"Seinfeld\" about \"What Does the K Stand for?\" in the way it flows from stand up into a deliciously awkward","title":"What Does the K Stand For?"},{"psg_id":"8050854","text":"lyrics of the Beatles song \"She Said, She Said\". \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\" was released 1 October 1985 on record label Statik. \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\" has been generally well received by critics. In his retrospective review, Ned Raggett of AllMusic called it \"[a] rarity of sophomore albums, something that at once made the band all the more unique in its sound while avoiding a repetition of earlier work. [...] an astounding record.\" \"Trouser Press\" called it \"even better\" than \"Script of the Bridge\", \"with much stronger production underscoring both the band's direct power and the ghostly atmospherics","title":"What Does Anything Mean? Basically"},{"psg_id":"16663178","text":"the bomb that Slater set explodes, badly burning one of them. \"What Does The Bee Do?\" is a children's poem from the late 1800s by Christina Rossetti. Margaret Schroeder's daughter recites it in the episode. \"IGN\" gave the episode a score of 8.5 out of 10, saying that it \"effortlessly hits that sweet spot between advancing the plot while developing characters, much in the same way that the Season 2 premiere did.\" \"The A.V. Club\" rated the episode an \"A-\". The episode was watched by 2.546 million viewers. It fell two tenths, to 1.0 million adults 18-49 rating. What Does","title":"What Does the Bee Do?"},{"psg_id":"16663175","text":"What Does the Bee Do? \"What Does the Bee Do?\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the HBO television series \"Boardwalk Empire\", and 16th episode overall. First aired on October 16, 2011, it was written by executive story editor Steve Kornacki and directed by Ed Bianchi. Nucky looks to Rothstein for a port to receive alcohol, since the Coast Guard is blockading Atlantic City. Rothstein instructs Lansky and Luciano to oversee the Philadelphia delivery. Nucky also sends Owen Sleater to bomb Doyle's still. Margaret asks for 'money for the children' from Nucky, which she proceeds to hide","title":"What Does the Bee Do?"},{"psg_id":"13810777","text":"that it by no means compared to \"LA X\", but stated that it \"contain[ed] scenes of incredible beauty, based on character work and stakes earned over five seasons [that] made it a fine, if imperfect, hour.\" McGee also commented that the scene in which Claire arrives at the hospital and is helped by Ethan as \"freakin' outstanding\" and called \"What Kate Does\" \"one of the funniest in the show's history. Aldo, Hurley, and Miles all got off plenty of zingers, which will be necessary in a season in which both mythological and dramatic stakes are raising higher and higher each","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"13810770","text":"doesn't quite know how to write a woman of action who's also in love … many of the show's Kate flashbacks are just plain silly … there have been a lot of pretty dire Kate episodes.\" Whitney Matheson of \"USA Today\" said that she \"wanted to stab Kate with a hot poker\" after watching \"What Kate Does\". Josh Holloway's supporting performance as a grieving Sawyer was commended by Carabott of IGN, who said that his acting on the dock as he cried and revealed to Kate that he was going to ask Juliet to marry him was \"one of Josh","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"13810766","text":"had hidden and later talks with Kate at Dharma's dock. He explains that he planned to propose to Juliet and that he blames himself for her death, saying that he convinced her to stay on the island with him because he was lonely. Meanwhile, Jin is caught by the Others, who want to kill him instead of taking him back. Suddenly, someone shoots them and Jin is shocked to see that the shooter is Claire. The episode has received mixed reviews. Critical review aggregate website Metacritic awarded \"What Kate Does\" a score of 64 out of 100, indicating \"generally favorable","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"19980608","text":"feel less like real people than excuses to weave in a few good dad jokes\". Overall, Elan found, \"What lifts the show are the elements of diaspora life weaved throughout, as when Aunty Princess visits from Nigeria and accuses Virginia [Stephen's mother] of cultural betrayal ('You have adopted too many fine and fancy British ways'). Stephen defends the family by suggesting she should 'go back home', prompting him to reflect that he has turned into his own racist enemy. It's unexpectedly thoughtful stuff, suggesting the third series may be even better.\" What Does the K Stand For? What Does the","title":"What Does the K Stand For?"},{"psg_id":"3703477","text":"began a similar copycat advertising campaign in Ireland stating that its product \"does exactly what it says on the tube\". The phrase is a registered trademark of the Sherwin-Williams Company, the owner of Ronseal, across the European Community for products including paints, varnishes, and wood preservatives (E3085826). In 2007, a song titled \"What It Says on the Tin\" was released by the British singer Katie Melua. Although the song is about relationships, the phrase has a similar meaning. Does exactly what it says on the tin \"It does exactly what it says on the tin\" was originally an advertising slogan","title":"Does exactly what it says on the tin"},{"psg_id":"10498889","text":"Export hay Export hay is hay that is produced for export markets. In Australia, hay needs to meet a number of quality standards before it can be exported. Because hay in standard round and large square bales is not dense enough to be economically exported to overseas markets, export hay is normally processed to increase the density of the product and improve its suitability for containerization. This form of processing was pioneered by ACX Pacific Northwest, and is often referred to as double compression. This process allows forage and roughage exporters to inspect and package the hay prior to shipping.","title":"Export hay"},{"psg_id":"11859579","text":"to $598 million USD and include: aluminium, medicament's, copper ores and concentrates. Mexico's exports to Australia amounted to $1.05 billion USD and its export products include: lead ores and concentrates, telecom equipment and parts, fertilizers and passenger motor vehicles. Australia is Mexico's 24th biggest export market and Mexico is Australia's 25th biggest export market, respectively. In January 2004, a double taxation agreement was signed between both nations. Since 2012, Australia, Mexico and eight other countries have been negotiating what is known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement. The trade negotiations were completed in February 2016 and has yet to","title":"Australia–Mexico relations"},{"psg_id":"18674611","text":"Australian live export industry Australia is the world's largest live exporter of animals for slaughter. The trade involved over three million animals in 2011 valued at approximately A$1 billion, of which the majority were cattle and sheep. However, the live export trade only accounts for 0.4% of all Australian exports, . The export of live animals from Australia has generated some controversy, with animal rights organisations such as Animals Australia asking it to be banned on the grounds that certain countries where animals are shipped have no laws to protect them from cruelty. In 2011, the Gillard government briefly suspended","title":"Australian live export industry"},{"psg_id":"17544507","text":"neighborhood in Edwards Landing, Leesburg, Virginia, who every Halloween creates an LED light show with a hit song. This song appears in \"Just Dance 2015\". This song for Leicester City title song parody \"What do the Foxes Say?\" in 442oons video. !scope=\"col\" colspan=\"3\"| Streaming Note: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\" is an electronic dance novelty song and viral video by Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis. The top trending video of 2013 on YouTube, \"The Fox\" was posted on the video-sharing website on 3 September 2013, and has received over 800 million views","title":"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"},{"psg_id":"13519959","text":"G (with Ellis Hall on vocals) covered this tune on his 1986 album \"Duotones\". What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars. The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love),\" written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100, and became Jr. Walker's second","title":"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"},{"psg_id":"13519957","text":"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars. The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love),\" written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100, and became Jr. Walker's second number one on the R&B charts. The song was also a hit in the","title":"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"},{"psg_id":"7282800","text":"2007–08 to inform the Minister and growers on the performance of AWBI and a number of other topical wheat industry issues. Drought had a major impact on growers and exporters during the 2007/08 harvest which yielded 13.04 million tonnes, although this was 2.23 million tonnes above the 2006/07 harvest. The EWC statistics showed that approximately 5.4 million tonnes of wheat were exported during 2007/08. Western Australia and South Australia were the major wheat exporting States. On 1 July 2008, following the passage of legislative change, the EWC was replaced by Wheat Exports Australia. Export Wheat Commission The Export Wheat Commission","title":"Export Wheat Commission"},{"psg_id":"4773238","text":"in the Northern Territory or North-Western Australia, in conjunction with live export, there would potentially be an increase of 245% or more in gross earnings for Australian cattle producers, more than 1,300 jobs for unemployed Australians and gross regional product growth of $204 million per annum. In August 2011, two bills were presented to Australian Parliament calling for an end to live exports on animal welfare grounds, by Independent Senator Nick Xenophon and the Australian Greens Party. Both bills were rejected by the House of Representatives. Live export Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The","title":"Live export"},{"psg_id":"4773221","text":"Live export Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The trade involves a number of countries with the Australian live export industry being one of the largest exporters in the global trade. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, exports of live sheep rose 21.4% and live calves increased 9.7% between March 2017 and March 2018. During 2017 alone, Australia exported 2.85 million living animals in shipping containers and airplanes. The expansion of the trade has been supported by the introduction of purpose-built ships which carry large numbers of animals. The amount of livestock exported from","title":"Live export"},{"psg_id":"10886037","text":"world standards, thus one of the premises of the export land model (that domestic consumption should not be affected by world market price) does not apply to those countries. Export Land Model The Export Land Model, or Export-Land Model, refers to work done by Dallas geologist Jeffrey Brown, building on the work of others, and discussed widely on The Oil Drum. It models the decline in oil exports that result when an exporting nation experiences both a peak in oil production and an increase in domestic oil consumption. In such cases, exports decline at a far faster rate than the","title":"Export Land Model"},{"psg_id":"2065844","text":"such as FDI. The lower risk of export typically results in a lower rate of return on sales than possible though other modes of international business. In other words, the usual return on export sales may not be tremendous, but neither is the risk. Exporting allows managers to exercise operation control but does not provide them the option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter usually resides far from the end consumer and often enlists various intermediaries to manage marketing activities. After two straight months of contraction, exports from India rose by 11.64% at $25.83 billion in July 2013","title":"Export"},{"psg_id":"7282784","text":"in 2006–07, the Government provided a grant of AUD2 million in September 2007 to allow the agency to continue operating until 31 March 2008. This grant covered ongoing operational costs and the transition from the former Wheat Export Authority to the EWC. The EWC’s financial position was transferred to Wheat Exports Australia on 1 July 2008 under the Wheat Export Marketing Act 2008. The EWC facilitated the operations of Australia’s legislated wheat export arrangements and informed Government and growers of outcomes. The EWC: The EWC assumed responsibility for the role of the former Wheat Export Authority to monitor and report","title":"Export Wheat Commission"},{"psg_id":"19095970","text":"What Does It Take (Dave Days song) \"What Does It Take\" is a song by American singer Dave Days. It served as the third and final single from his 2010 EP \"Dinner and a Movie\". It is one of Dave's most recognizable songs, and was also played on Disney Channel's So Random!. The song's music video is set in a high school, where Dave realizes he has gotten the lead part in the school play. Amanda Lynn (Days' interest in the video) sees she has gotten the second lead, and runs to her boyfriend, who ignores her. Days and Lynn","title":"What Does It Take (Dave Days song)"},{"psg_id":"17544483","text":"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\" is an electronic dance novelty song and viral video by Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis. The top trending video of 2013 on YouTube, \"The Fox\" was posted on the video-sharing website on 3 September 2013, and has received over 800 million views as of November 2018. \"The Fox\" peaked at the top of the Norwegian Singles Chart and was hugely successful in the United States, where it peaked at number six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks, and was, before the US release of","title":"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"},{"psg_id":"2528180","text":"Arms Export Licensing criteria. The ECO's advice is not always followed by the government though. In February 2016, the head of the Export Control Organisation Edward Bell advised business secretary Sajid Javid that Britain should suspend arms sales to Saudi Arabia. This advice was not followed by the business secretary and prime minister. ECGD aims to: It does this through the public information it provides and the declarations in its application forms; it has some powers to make enquiries but these are limited. ECGD does not have a formal investigative capacity. Key aspects of ECGD's anti-bribery and corruption procedures are","title":"UK Export Finance"},{"psg_id":"11958748","text":"be balanced by a more straightforwardly descriptive view. The term is used in many fields including biology and management. The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said \"According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes","title":"The purpose of a system is what it does"},{"psg_id":"11958746","text":"The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said \"According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment,","title":"The purpose of a system is what it does"},{"psg_id":"5604940","text":"Export credit agency An export credit agency (known in trade finance as an ECA) or investment insurance agency is a private or quasi-governmental institution that acts as an intermediary between national governments and exporters to issue export financing. The financing can take the form of credits (financial support) or credit insurance and guarantees (pure cover) or both, depending on the mandate the ECA has been given by its government. ECAs can also offer credit or cover on their own account. This does not differ from normal banking activities. Some agencies are government-sponsored, others private, and others a combination of the","title":"Export credit agency"},{"psg_id":"11951030","text":"had limited powers and resources, far below those of the Cole Inquiry, and its examination of material provided to it by AWB at that time failed to reveal information of concern. During the Inquiry the Grain Board of Iraq ceased to deal with AWB. This resulted in the establishment of the Wheat Australia consortium to export wheat to Iraq in 2006, with special approval from the WEA and Australian Government. The temporary wheat export arrangements allow other exporters to apply for consents to export in bulk. However, of 77 applications received by the WEA since December 2006, just two had","title":"Wheat Export Authority"},{"psg_id":"11951028","text":"exporters] to export wheat from Australia, usually in bags and containers. Since 17 August 2007, the export of wheat in bags and containers has been deregulated. Non-AWB(I) exports, are permitted in limited volumes to protect the integrity of the National Pool and make up about 4% of total exports. In December 2006 the Government amended the Act transferring the power of veto over bulk exports from AWB(I) to the Minister, on a temporary basis until 30 June 2007. This has since been extended to the end of June 2008. The Government then established a Wheat Export Marketing Consultation Committee which","title":"Wheat Export Authority"},{"psg_id":"17944725","text":"have increased vis-a-vis characteristics identified with male labor, such as unionization and job security. Consequently, the expansion of export-oriented employment is a major contributor to what some have called, \"the global feminization of labor\" in the post-1980 period. Currently one of the most significant examples of export-oriented employment is the Bangladesh textile industry. By 2013, about 4 million people, mostly women, worked in Bangladesh's $19 billion-a-year industry, export-oriented ready-made garment (RMG) industry. Sixty percent of the export contracts of western brands are with European buyers and about forty percent with American buyers. Gender roles vary by society, but are often","title":"Export-oriented employment"},{"psg_id":"9422226","text":"which also simulcasts in Maine as WJTO 730) plays the original vinyl \"\" edit. Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? \"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\" is a song by the rock band Chicago. It was included on their 1969 debut album \"Chicago Transit Authority\" and released as a single in 1970. The song was written and sung by Robert Lamm. The song was not released as a single until two tracks from the band's second album, \"Make Me Smile\" and \"25 or 6 to 4\", had become hits. It became the band's third straight Top","title":"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?"},{"psg_id":"9422222","text":"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? \"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\" is a song by the rock band Chicago. It was included on their 1969 debut album \"Chicago Transit Authority\" and released as a single in 1970. The song was written and sung by Robert Lamm. The song was not released as a single until two tracks from the band's second album, \"Make Me Smile\" and \"25 or 6 to 4\", had become hits. It became the band's third straight Top 10 single, peaking at in the U.S. and No. 2 in Canada. Because the","title":"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?"},{"psg_id":"3703475","text":"Does exactly what it says on the tin \"It does exactly what it says on the tin\" was originally an advertising slogan in the United Kingdom, which then became a common idiomatic phrase. It colloquially means that the name of something is an accurate description of its qualities. It is akin to the previously existing phrases \"by name and by nature\" and \"it lives up to its name\". It originated in a series of television advertisements by the woodstain and wood-dye manufacturer Ronseal, initiated in 1994 and still being broadcast . The slogan was created by Liz Whiston and Dave","title":"Does exactly what it says on the tin"},{"psg_id":"10662124","text":"of more than 50 million cubic meters of water from a water basin in the Great Lakes in one day. The Boundary Waters Treaty is limited to waters on the Canadian-US border and does not apply to freshwater in other parts of Canada. This means the about 85 percent of Canada’s water is susceptible to export. Since Canada has taken a strong position against water exports, some companies have shifted their focus to Alaska. Alaska was the first jurisdiction in the world to permit the commercial export of bulk water, and has a large potential for water exports. One scheme","title":"Water export"},{"psg_id":"8014932","text":"of the Smiths'. The character Ray Smith in the Jack Kerouac novel \"The Dharma Bums\" repeatedly says \"What difference does it make?\" as well as \"Pretty girls make graves\", the title of another track featured on \"The Smiths\". The single cover is a photograph of Terence Stamp, taken on the set of the film \"The Collector\". Originally Stamp denied permission for the still to be used, and some pressings featured Morrissey in a re-enacted scene. In the re-enactment, Morrissey is holding a glass of milk, as opposed to a chloroform pad in the original. However, Stamp later changed his mind,","title":"What Difference Does It Make?"},{"psg_id":"8201655","text":"Export Finance and Insurance Corporation The Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (Efic) is Australia’s export credit agency and has carried out its role within various statutory frameworks since 1957. Efic was established in its current form on 1 November 1991 under the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation Act 1991 (Cth) (the EFIC Act) as a statutory corporation wholly owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. Efic’s role is to support the growth of Australian companies in their international activities by providing tailored financial solutions when the private market faces constraints. As the Australian Government’s export credit agency, it helps Australian-based businesses","title":"Export Finance and Insurance Corporation"},{"psg_id":"4773232","text":"Prominent former live export veterinarians who have spoken out against the conditions on ships include Dr Lloyd Reeve Johnson, who expressed his concern about the conflict of interest involved in live export companies paying for animal welfare advice, Dr Tony Hill, who was allegedly pressured to report 105 mortalities when in fact 2000 sheep had died, and Dr Kerkenezov, who has urged an end to an industry he calls \"cruel.\" In March 2011, Animals Australia investigators collected footage which showed Australian cattle being slaughtered at 11 abattoirs in Indonesia with practices that infringed upon OIE standards for animal welfare. Animals","title":"Live export"},{"psg_id":"19459098","text":"purpose of the clause as: Import-Export Clause Article I, § 10, clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Import-Export Clause, prevents the states and the federal government, without the consent of Congress, from imposing tariffs on imports and exports above what is necessary for their inspection laws and secures for the federal government the revenues from all tariffs on imports and exports. Several nineteenth century Supreme Court cases applied this clause to duties and imposts on interstate imports and exports. In 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Import-Export Clause only applied to imports and","title":"Import-Export Clause"},{"psg_id":"19459072","text":"Import-Export Clause Article I, § 10, clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Import-Export Clause, prevents the states and the federal government, without the consent of Congress, from imposing tariffs on imports and exports above what is necessary for their inspection laws and secures for the federal government the revenues from all tariffs on imports and exports. Several nineteenth century Supreme Court cases applied this clause to duties and imposts on interstate imports and exports. In 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Import-Export Clause only applied to imports and exports with foreign nations and","title":"Import-Export Clause"},{"psg_id":"8201657","text":"The Hon. Steve Ciobo MP as Australia's Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment. Efic is part of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Export Finance and Insurance Corporation The Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (Efic) is Australia’s export credit agency and has carried out its role within various statutory frameworks since 1957. Efic was established in its current form on 1 November 1991 under the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation Act 1991 (Cth) (the EFIC Act) as a statutory corporation wholly owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. Efic’s role is to support the growth of Australian companies in their","title":"Export Finance and Insurance Corporation"},{"psg_id":"17779971","text":"Jarvis. The song was released as a single officially in June 1967. \"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\" reached a peak of number five on the \"Billboard Magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart later that year. The single became Davis' first top-ten country hit in three years since 1964's \"Gonna Get Along Without You Now\" reached number eight. Additionally, \"What Does It Take\" was Davis' first entry onto the \"Billboard\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 since 1965, reaching a peak of twenty-one. The song was eventually released onto a studio album of the same name. What Does","title":"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)"},{"psg_id":"17779970","text":"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied) \"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\" is a song written by Jim Glaser, that was recorded and released as a single in 1967 by American country artist, Skeeter Davis. Jim Glaser was a member of the popular country music group, Tompall and the Glaser Brothers. \"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\" was recorded at the RCA Victor Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States on May 1, 1967, one month before it was released. The session was produced by Felton","title":"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)"},{"psg_id":"5398210","text":"titled MAGNA, Geminism: Art and Creativity. Within this piece titled \"Women’s Art a Manifesto\" (1972) she wrote empowering statements directed as a call to action, “let women speak so that they can find themselves, this is what I ask for in order to achieve a self-defined image of ourselves and thus a different view of the social function of women”. Here Export was pointing out the unjust way that women had been living their lives within the boundaries created by men. In this same Manifesto Export also says “the arts can be understood as a medium of our self-definition adding","title":"Valie Export"},{"psg_id":"18439495","text":"Liebherr Export AG v Ellison Trading Ltd Liebherr Export AG v Ellison Trading Ltd is a New Zealand legal case regarding certainty in contract formation. Ellison Trading was the sole New Zealand distributor of machinery for Liebherr Export since 1977. In November 1993, suddenly informed Ellison during a dinner that Liebherr Australia was taking over the New Zealand distributorship. Besides just being advised that he had just lost their business, the Liebherr Australia representative also informed them that they did not want to buy back any of the $800,000 in Liebherr parts that Ellison was contracted under the distribution agreement.","title":"Liebherr Export AG v Ellison Trading Ltd"},{"psg_id":"7824998","text":"one commodity on a given shipment exceeds in value. There are four conditions that necessitate filing an EEI regardless of value: a) if the export destination is Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria; b) if the shipment requires an export license or permit; c) if it is subject to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations; or d) if it contains rough diamonds. Incidentally, a shipment from the United States to Canada that exceeds in value does not require an EEI unless it falls under conditions b) through d) above. Shipments to and from Puerto Rico must be treated like","title":"Automated Export System"},{"psg_id":"7282794","text":"and the EWC On 5 March 2008, the Minister released an exposure draft of the Wheat Export Marketing Bill 2008. The EWC was required to undertake considerable preliminary work on new governance and other arrangements in the lead-up to the establishment of the new body, Wheat Exports Australia. The changes presented new challenges for the EWC, including a requirement to draft a legislative instrument to create an accreditation scheme for bulk exporters. The EWC consulted widely with industry in formulating the Wheat Export Accreditation Scheme (Bulk-Scheme), undertaking preliminary consultations in March and then releasing an exposure draft of the Scheme","title":"Export Wheat Commission"},{"psg_id":"11951029","text":"consulted with wheat growers across Australia and presented its finding to the government on 29 March 2007. The government is using this report as the basis for its consideration of new wheat export marketing arrangements. The WEA was succeeded by the Export Wheat Commission in 2007. In the course of the Cole inquiry into allegations that AWB paid kickbacks to Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq for wheat shipments under the United Nations Oil-for-Food Program, it was revealed that the WEA board, upon hearing of the allegations through media sources, asked AWB(I) to show them Iraq wheat sales contracts. The WEA","title":"Wheat Export Authority"},{"psg_id":"4773224","text":"when 40 sheep were euthanised after being badly injured during transit. The decision was overturned by the High Court on the grounds that the port could not ban live animal exports on the grounds of freedom of movement with the EU and UK legislation. After his appointment as Secretary of State for the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs, Michael Gove indicated in July 2017 that Brexit would offer the opportunity to ban live animal export for slaughter. Australia is one of the world's largest exporters of sheep and cattle. According to Meat and Livestock Australia, 2.44 million sheep were exported","title":"Live export"},{"psg_id":"19459080","text":"states, and with the Indian Tribes,\" complements the authority of Congress given in the Import-Export Clause. Following the \"Michelin\" interpretation of the Import-Export Clause, the U.S. Supreme Court re-examined its application of the dormant commerce clause doctrine in \"Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady\", which related to interstate commerce and established a four-prong test in which a tax is valid if it \"is applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing State, is fairly apportioned, does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and is fairly related to the services provided by the State.\" In \"Japan Line, Ltd. v.","title":"Import-Export Clause"},{"psg_id":"19980607","text":"sitcom\". Writing in \"The Guardian\" in February 2015, Priya Elan judged that, \"Standup comedian Stephen K Amos's jaunty sitcom \"What Does The K Stand For?\" (Radio 4) reaches the end of its second series with possibly the best episode yet. With shades of Chris Rock's \"Everybody Hates Chris\", Amos takes us back to his 80s childhood, growing up gay and black in a dysfunctional household\". However, he added, \"Playing it broad by mixing farce with double entendres, the sitcom is slightly uneven: although the family are drawn with wit and sympathy, minor characters like the actress turned teacher Miss Bliss","title":"What Does the K Stand For?"},{"psg_id":"13653777","text":"is the third largest in the world, covering 11 million square kilometres, yet Australia is only the 52nd largest producer in terms of volume. Fisheries production consists mainly of seafood goods which are marketed for human consumption, but also of non-edible fisheries products, such as pearls and fish meal. Australian seafood product, like most of other countries', includes both wild catch fisheries and aquaculture production. The national product, finally, encompasses also the portion addressed to export, but it does not include the amount of fishery imported by Australia from abroad. In the year 2007–2008, Australia exported fisheries products for a","title":"Seafood in Australia"},{"psg_id":"2065846","text":"decision of the firm to initiate and develop export activities\". In the literature, export barriers are divided into four large categories: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge. In addition, export motivators are divided into five dimensions; reactive, marketing,export, technological, external. Research shows that exporters are more favourable to motivators than non-exporters. Export The term export in international trade means the sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an \"exporter\"; the foreign buyer is referred to as an \"importer\". Export of goods often requires involvement of","title":"Export"},{"psg_id":"607175","text":"along with lack of awareness each year an average of 2–5 Australians lose their lives to what is presumed a safe creature. The key is understanding of Australia's diverse wildlife and fauna; what seems safe is often deadly. Australia is a member of the International Whaling Commission and is strongly opposed to commercial whaling—all cetacean species are protected in Australian waters. Australia is also a signatory to the CITES agreement and prohibits the export of endangered species. Protected areas have been created in every state and territory to protect and preserve the country's unique ecosystems. These protected areas include national","title":"Fauna of Australia"},{"psg_id":"7627957","text":"argued that, at the time, Western Australia accounted for 35% of the nation's export income yet most of the revenue is used to strengthen the \"financial muscle growing in Canberra\". The state has approximately 9–10% of the nation's population, generates over 10% of the Goods and Services Tax revenue, but received only 6% of what was being distributed. Court said that if the then-current Federation path continues, then by the year 2020, Western Australia would be receiving only 5% of what would be distributed by the Commonwealth Grants Commission. The former Premier said he was not advocating secession but stressed","title":"Secessionism in Western Australia"},{"psg_id":"20555328","text":"Defence industry of Australia The defence industry of Australia provides military equipment, supplies and services for the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and export customers. Definitions of what the defence industry comprises and estimates of its size differ, but it was believed to have employed between 12,000 and 29,000 people as of the mid 2010s. The industry has grown over recent years, and \"Australian Defence Magazine\" reported that the 40 largest companies had a total revenue of $A 9.2 billion in 2015. As there is no agreed definition of what the Australian defence industry comprises it is difficult to determine the","title":"Defence industry of Australia"},{"psg_id":"8601628","text":"would indicate that prices received by producers of export goods today are one-third higher than what they were in December 2001. U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes The U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes measure average changes in prices of goods and services that are imported to or exported from the U.S.. The indexes are produced monthly by the International Price Program (IPP) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Import and Export Price Indexes were published quarterly starting in 1974 and monthly since 1989. The origins of the International Price Program (IPP) can be traced to a 1961 report","title":"U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes"},{"psg_id":"13810776","text":"Does\", stating that \"Episodes like this one can make real \"Lost\" fans feel like dopes. Already, you're taking heaps of abuse from friends who accuse you of slavishly following a series which makes no sense—then along comes a 60-minute workout like this one which proves their point all too well.\" Daniel of TMZ, who gave the episode a \"D\" grade, reacted uniquely with \"The only thing in the history of \"Lost\" that has seemed more out of place than the part in Jack's hair was Nikki and Paulo. I can't take anything he says seriously.\" Ryan McGee of Zap2it stated","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"13810768","text":"Does' slows the pace down significantly from last week and focuses on telling a character-driven story. This is a welcome change; especially after the heavily plot-driven season five. However, with questions to answer and so much ground to cover during this final season, a better balance between plot and character wouldn't have been such a bad thing.\" Alan Sepinwall of \"The Star-Ledger\" wrote, \"Maybe I'll enjoy the 2004 scenes more when we get to some other characters … but this week it was largely a distraction from all that was happening on the island. And even the island scenes were","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"19095972","text":"to attack the cast and crew, along with himself. The cast fends off the kids, and its down to the boyfriend and Days. An audience member throws Dave his guitar. Dave blocks a hit from a sword the boyfriend is carrying, and knocks him to the ground by hitting him with the head of the guitar while doing a guitar flip. He then takes the sword he had and puts it to his neck while he is on the ground. The audience then claps, and Days and Lynn hug and wave to the crowd. What Does It Take (Dave Days","title":"What Does It Take (Dave Days song)"},{"psg_id":"17544505","text":"\"YouTube Rewind: What Does 2013 Say?\", a homage paid by YouTube to the year's top videos. The song has been featured for multiple times on television. It was used in an advertisement for the Fox Network featuring clips of FOX programs and actors singing the song. On 28 October, four contestants on the seventeenth season of \"Dancing with the Stars\" performed the song for the \"Team Dance\" week under the team name \"Foxing Awesome\", scoring a perfect 30. NBC's \"Saturday Night Live\" cast-member Jay Pharoah and host Kerry Washington appeared in a parody video of the song titled \"My Girl\"","title":"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"},{"psg_id":"17544503","text":"did not know about its existence when producing \"The Fox\". Like many viral music videos, \"The Fox\" has become an Internet meme and has been extensively covered and adapted by others, with some of the most prominent being a cover by The Ohio University Marching 110 who had previously covered \"Gangnam Style\" and LMFAO's \"Party Rock Anthem\"; a cover by Tay Zonday of \"Chocolate Rain\"; an acoustic guitar cover of the first verse by Tyler Ward; an adaptation based on the popular video game \"League of Legends\" entitled \"What Does Teemo Say?\"; and an adaptation by Annoying Orange entitled \"The","title":"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"},{"psg_id":"17544489","text":"Bay. The video is produced by Fredrik Kvåle Dørum and Jørgen Thue (Concorde TV). The forest scenes were filmed in Nittedal municipality, from Oslo downtown. The video begins with Bård singing at a costume party where other participants are dressed as different animals, whose appearances follow the progression of the lyrics. He gives a summary of animal sounds (\"Dog goes woof/cat goes meow\", etc.) that \"could have been lifted straight from a preschool primer\" and asks \"what does the fox say?\" The group then transitions into a synchronized dance scene in a forest with Bård in a bear costume and","title":"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)"},{"psg_id":"9998132","text":"if the Greens candidate was excluded, the ALP). The party was deregistered on 30 March 2010 after failing to respond to an Australian Electoral Commission notice to update its membership records. What Women Want (Australia) What Women Want was an Australian political organisation launched in April 2007 which, its website says, \"aims to be Australia's first female political party dedicated to advancing issues affecting Australian women\". The organisation was formed by Justine Caines, a mother of six and political activist from rural New South Wales. In the 2007 general elections, the party stood candidates for the Senate in every jurisdiction","title":"What Women Want (Australia)"},{"psg_id":"9998131","text":"What Women Want (Australia) What Women Want was an Australian political organisation launched in April 2007 which, its website says, \"aims to be Australia's first female political party dedicated to advancing issues affecting Australian women\". The organisation was formed by Justine Caines, a mother of six and political activist from rural New South Wales. In the 2007 general elections, the party stood candidates for the Senate in every jurisdiction except the Northern Territory, and secured approximately half a percent of the Senate vote nationwide. Preference distributions reported by the ABC indicated the party's preferences flowed mainly to the Greens (or","title":"What Women Want (Australia)"},{"psg_id":"3169116","text":"Export–Import Bank of the United States The Export–Import Bank of the United States (abbreviated as EXIM or the Bank) is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States federal government. Operating as a wholly owned federal government corporation, the Bank \"assists in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services\". Under its charter, the Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not occur because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risks inherent in the deal. Its acting chairman and president","title":"Export–Import Bank of the United States"},{"psg_id":"16366179","text":"of the pre-protein translocase of E. coli, SecDF of B. subtilis was not required for the release of a mature secretory protein from the membrane, indicating that SecDF is involved in earlier translocation steps. Comparison with SecD and SecF proteins from other organisms revealed the presence of 10 conserved regions in SecDF, some of which appear to be important for SecDF function. The SecDF protein of B. subtilis has 12 putative transmembrane domains. Thus, SecDF does not only show sequence similarity but also structural similarity to secondary solute transporters. SecDF protein-export membrane protein SecD and SecF are prokaryotic protein export","title":"SecDF protein-export membrane protein"},{"psg_id":"18674614","text":"60 Minutes, revealed the horrific suffering of sheep on Australian live export ships in an exposé called \"Sheep, Ships and Videotape.\" For years, exporters have assured the Australian public the safety and well-being of the sheep is their priority. And because they don’t allow cameras on board, we've have had no choice but to accept what they said — until a brave Pakistani crew-member turned whistleblower documented the daily horrors onboard export ships, of sheep dehydrating, being crushed and even cooking alive during voyages to the Middle Eastern summer. The evidence of routine, extreme animal cruelty was so horrific that","title":"Australian live export industry"},{"psg_id":"6209490","text":"Export subsidy Export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly linked to the volume of exports, except for LDCs. Incentives are given by the government of a country to exporters to encourage export of goods. Export subsidies are also generated when internal price supports, as in a","title":"Export subsidy"},{"psg_id":"1216500","text":"mine in Export. Export, Pennsylvania Export is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, surrounded entirely by the Municipality of Murrysville. The population was 895 at the 2000 census. A post office called Export has been in operation since 1892. The borough was so named because coal was once mined in and exported from the town. Export is located at (40.416251, -79.623679). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Export is within the Franklin Regional School District. The district consists of three elementary schools (Sloan, Newlonsburg, Heritage), Franklin Regional","title":"Export, Pennsylvania"},{"psg_id":"10703287","text":"Export (cigarette) Export is a Canadian brand of cigarettes and rolling tobacco, currently owned and manufactured by JTI Macdonald, a subsidiary of Japan Tobacco. It was introduced in 1928 by Macdonald Tobacco as Macdonald's Gold Standard, the boxes were marked \"\"Export\"\" and they quickly became known under that name. The most recognized products are the Export 'A' product line. However, JTI also produces an unfiltered 'Export Plain' cigarette and Export rolling tobacco. The cigarettes and rolling tobacco are from premium Virginia leaf tobacco. Beginning in the mid-1930’s, Macdonald’s cigarette brands were adorned by the portrait of a pretty Scottish woman","title":"Export (cigarette)"},{"psg_id":"5398207","text":"message. In Export's performance, the female body is not packaged and sold by male directors and producers, but is controlled and offered freely by the woman herself, in defiance of social rules and state precepts. Also, the ordinary state-approved cinema is an essentially voyeuristic experience, whereas in Export's performance, the \"audience\" not only has a very direct, tactile contact with another person, but does so in the full view of Export and bystanders. Export's groundbreaking video piece, \"Facing a Family\" (1971) was one of the first instances of television intervention and broadcasting video art. The video, originally broadcast on the","title":"Valie Export"},{"psg_id":"15064795","text":"Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act was a 1922 act of the 67th United States Congress. Sponsored by Sen. Wesley L. Jones (R) of Washington and Rep. John F. Miller (R) of Washington. It is also often referred to as the Jones-Miller Act. The Act also led to the establishing of the Federal Narcotics Control Board (FNCB) to tightly oversee the import and export primarily of opiates, but also other psychoactive drugs like coca. The control board were created to better control what America was exporting from its territories to others as well","title":"Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act"},{"psg_id":"11258130","text":"meet rapidly growing power demand, but all of this never eventuated. From the late 1970s, a number of agreements were signed enabling the potential peaceful export (and import) of nuclear material: These International agreements created a market for Australia to mine and export uranium. Between 1979 and 1984, the majority of what is now Kakadu National Park was created, surrounding but not including the Ranger uranium mine. Tension between mining and conservation values led to long running controversy around mining in the Park region. The two themes for the 1980 Hiroshima Day march and rally in Sydney, sponsored by the","title":"Anti-nuclear movement in Australia"},{"psg_id":"13810775","text":"do business.\" Jensen commended how Jack \"confessed the limits of his knowledge and power\" and his actions in all subsequent scenes from the episode. Poniewozik of \"Time\" was annoyed by the Others refusing to answer questions, but stated that \"here I'm willing to forgive that for setting up the genius scene of Jack surprise-popping the poison pill.\" In contrast, Eric Deggans of the \"St. Petersburg Times\" said, \"Another thing I find supremely annoying about \"Lost\": its insistence on returning again and again to the show's most uninteresting characters, including damaged, self-pitying control freak Jack.\" Deggans was negative toward \"What Kate","title":"What Kate Does"},{"psg_id":"3888429","text":"tabled in parliament)and opposition from the RSPCA because of cruelty, the export of live cattle continues. Lamb has become an increasingly important product as the sheep industry has moved its focus from wool production to the production of prime lamb. The beef meat industry and the lamb industry are represented by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA). Live export of cattle and sheep from Australia to Asia and the Middle East is a large part of Australian meat export. Live export practices came under scrutiny after the carrier \"Cormo Express\" carrying 52 000 animals was turned away from Saudi Arabia in","title":"Agriculture in Australia"},{"psg_id":"18674613","text":"In March 2011, Animals Australia conducted an investigation of the treatment of exported Australian cattle in Indonesia. The investigation revealed animals had their throats cut while fully conscious and remained conscious for more than 30 seconds after the initial throat cut. This sparked mass protests across Australia calling for the live export trade to be banned. In September 2012, 20000 sheep were killed when a shipload of animals, rejected by Bahrain due to disease claims were offloaded into Pakistan. The mass slaughter was featured in a four corners program called \"Another Bloody Business\". In April 2018, Australian current affairs program,","title":"Australian live export industry"},{"psg_id":"8203405","text":"& Cristiana Raquel Lages (2004), \"The STEP scale: A measure of short-term export performance improvement.\" Journal of International Marketing, 12(1), 36-56. Export performance Export performance is the relative success or failure of the efforts of a firm or nation to sell domestically-produced goods and services in other nations. Export performance can be described in objective terms such as sales, profits, or marketing measures or by subjective measures such as distributor or customer satisfaction. See a review of the literature: See two empirical articles from Journal of International Marketing: Lages, Luis Filipe, Carmen Lages & Cristiana Raquel Lages (2005), \"Bringing export","title":"Export performance"},{"psg_id":"7579711","text":"and online. Molson Export has been associated with the Canadiens Hockey Club since 1957 and with the Montreal Alouettes Football Club from 1999 to 2013. Molson Export Molson Export beer is a Canadian ale brewed by Molson at a strength of 5% alcohol by volume. First brewed in 1903, Molson Export is the oldest surviving of the Molson beer brands. The beer was named Molson Export because the brewers deemed it of such high quality that it was good enough to be exported and was even better than the imports that were in high demand at the time. In 1955,","title":"Molson Export"},{"psg_id":"7579709","text":"Molson Export Molson Export beer is a Canadian ale brewed by Molson at a strength of 5% alcohol by volume. First brewed in 1903, Molson Export is the oldest surviving of the Molson beer brands. The beer was named Molson Export because the brewers deemed it of such high quality that it was good enough to be exported and was even better than the imports that were in high demand at the time. In 1955, the boat on the label was chosen to replace the previous anchor and crown logo. Export is made using several varieties of two-row malted barley,","title":"Molson Export"},{"psg_id":"6209493","text":"countries provide indirect export subsidies in the form of tax reductions. In the United States closely held exporters of U.S. made goods may get a reduction of tax using an Interest Charge Domestic International Sales Corporation (IC-DISC). Export subsidy Export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly","title":"Export subsidy"},{"psg_id":"1216496","text":"Export, Pennsylvania Export is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, surrounded entirely by the Municipality of Murrysville. The population was 895 at the 2000 census. A post office called Export has been in operation since 1892. The borough was so named because coal was once mined in and exported from the town. Export is located at (40.416251, -79.623679). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Export is within the Franklin Regional School District. The district consists of three elementary schools (Sloan, Newlonsburg, Heritage), Franklin Regional Middle School, and","title":"Export, Pennsylvania"},{"psg_id":"10703290","text":"(used when advertising various extreme sports in Canada in the 1990s) and \"\"Be Different\"\". Export A was the main sponsor of various extreme sports, such as the 1998 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships (called the \"\"Export A Mountain Bike World Cup\"\"), the Niagara Motocross event, the Extreme Motorboat event and the UCI Wildwater Kayak Race in Canada. Export and Macdonald's are mainly sold in Canada, but also were or still are sold in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Hungary. Export (cigarette) Export is a Canadian brand of cigarettes and rolling tobacco, currently owned and manufactured by JTI Macdonald, a","title":"Export (cigarette)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810778\",\n \"text\": \"week.\\\" VanDerWerff of the \\\"LA Times\\\", Ryan of the \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\", Sepinwall of \\\"The Star-Ledger\\\", Jensen of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" and Mark Medley of the \\\"National Post\\\" also found the episode to contain humorous lines. This episode was watched by 11 million American viewers and 1.57 million Canadian viewers. What Kate Does \\\"What Kate Does\\\" is the 106th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company's \\\"Lost\\\" and third episode of the sixth season. It was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in September 2009 by Paul Edwards. \\\"What Kate Does\\\" was first aired February 9, 2010,\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810760\",\n \"text\": \"What Kate Does \\\"What Kate Does\\\" is the 106th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company's \\\"Lost\\\" and third episode of the sixth season. It was written by executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed in September 2009 by Paul Edwards. \\\"What Kate Does\\\" was first aired February 9, 2010, on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada. Kate Austen is the character on whom the episode is centered. In December 2007, Kate Austen chases after James \\\"Sawyer\\\" Ford (Josh Holloway), who escapes from the Others' captivity in the island's temple and is grieving over\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10945153\",\n \"text\": \"What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, \\\"What She Does Best\\\" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four years, as Anderson went into a brief retirement and officially retired from releasing singles. The singles from this disc were \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" (a cover version of The Drifters' hit), \\\"What He Does Best\\\", and \\\"How Many Hearts\\\". \\\"Under the Boardwalk\\\" reached No. 24; the\",\n \"title\": \"What She Does Best\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810767\",\n \"text\": \"reviews\\\"; however, this was down significantly from the previous episode's 89 and Bonnie Covel of About.com noted that \\\" 'What Kate Does' brought us a bit of negativity. In general, fans just didn't like the episode\\\". \\\"What Kate Does\\\" was largely considered to be a step down from the season premiere in pacing, revelations and writing; Mike Hale of \\\"The New York Times\\\" described the episode as \\\"contemplative\\\", \\\"anticlimactic\\\" and \\\"subdued\\\" and the flash sideways as \\\"kind of boring and seemingly pointless.\\\" Chris Carabott of IGN, who gave the episode a score of 7.3 summed up that \\\" 'What Kate\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10945154\",\n \"text\": \"other singles charted far outside the Top 40. \\\"How Many Hearts\\\" was the last single Anderson released, and it peaked at No. 69 on the country charts in 1989. The album's cover shows Anderson leaning on a fancy sports car, wearing a classic 1980s outfit. What She Does Best What She Does Best is a studio album by country singer Lynn Anderson, released in 1988. It was her only album with Mercury records. Notable due to featuring her last charting single, \\\"What She Does Best\\\" did not chart and was commercially unsuccessful. It would be her last album for four\",\n \"title\": \"What She Does Best\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10498890\",\n \"text\": \"In Australia, Oaten hay is the most common type of export hay. Alfalfa (also known as lucerne in Australia) is also grown for export hay, often under irrigation, and is the most common type of export hay in the U.S. Export hay Export hay is hay that is produced for export markets. In Australia, hay needs to meet a number of quality standards before it can be exported. Because hay in standard round and large square bales is not dense enough to be economically exported to overseas markets, export hay is normally processed to increase the density of the product\",\n \"title\": \"Export hay\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9926463\",\n \"text\": \"was first used on the song \\\"Rock 'N' Roll\\\" which later became \\\"You'll Be Under My Wheels\\\". The second time they used it is from a song called \\\"Lyrical Terrorist\\\" which later became \\\"Serial Thrilla\\\", but it was soon used on the album \\\"The Day Is My Enemy\\\". P.S.K. What Does It Mean? \\\"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?\\\" (also written as \\\"P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)\\\") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was\",\n \"title\": \"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9926460\",\n \"text\": \"P.S.K. What Does It Mean? \\\"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?\\\" (also written as \\\"P.S.K. (What Does It Mean?)\\\") is a song released in 1985 by Philadelphia rapper Schoolly D on his independent label Schoolly D Records. P.S.K. is the abbreviation for Park Side Killas, a street gang with which Schoolly D was affiliated. The highly influential song is considered the first hardcore rap song and features incidents of graphic sex, gunplay, drug references and one of the first uses of the word \\\"nigga\\\" in a rap song (earlier uses include \\\"Scoopy Rap\\\" and \\\"Family Rap\\\" in 1979, and \\\"New York\",\n \"title\": \"P.S.K. What Does It Mean?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8050855\",\n \"text\": \"of its icy church keyboards and delay-ridden guitars\\\". Chris Jenkins, in the book \\\"The Rough Guide to Rock\\\", however, called it \\\"as half-baked as its title\\\". What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: \\\"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\\\". \\\"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\\\" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, \\\"Singing Rule Britannia\",\n \"title\": \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8050853\",\n \"text\": \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically What Does Anything Mean? Basically is the second studio album by English post-punk band the Chameleons. It was recorded in January 1985 and released 1 October 1985 by record label Statik. One single was released from the album: \\\"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\\\". \\\"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\\\" was recorded in January 1985 at Highland Studios in Inverness, Scotland. The album's sole single, \\\"Singing Rule Britannia (While the Walls Close In)\\\", was released on 1 August 1985. This song used uncredited Lennon-McCartney lyrics, with the final passage of the song quoting key\",\n \"title\": \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8014933\",\n \"text\": \"and the covers featuring Morrissey are now very rare and collectible. \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" was released without an accompanying music video. Speaking to Tony Fletcher on \\\"The Tube\\\" in 1984, Morrissey remarked that he felt that the video market was something that was going to \\\"die very quickly\\\", and that he wanted to \\\"herald the death\\\" of it. What Difference Does It Make? \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut\",\n \"title\": \"What Difference Does It Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8014931\",\n \"text\": \"What Difference Does It Make? \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut album, \\\"The Smiths\\\". A different version, recorded for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio 1, is included in the compilation album \\\"Hatful of Hollow\\\". The song was one of the band's first significant chart hits, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart. However, Morrissey has said \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" is among his least favourite songs\",\n \"title\": \"What Difference Does It Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810761\",\n \"text\": \"the death of his love Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) just hours earlier. In flash sideways to September 22, 2004, Kate assists a pregnant Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) while on the run as a fugitive. The title alludes to the second season episode \\\"What Kate Did\\\". \\\"What Kate Does\\\" was watched by eleven million Americans and received mixed reviews by audiences and critics alike. In flash sideways, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) flees LAX in a taxicab she has hijacked, in which a pregnant Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) is a passenger. The cab driver (David H. Lawrence XVII) bails and\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4773237\",\n \"text\": \"think tank ACIL Tasman to undertake economic research into the live export trade. This research found that there are potential value adding opportunities being lost in Australia due to trade distortions in the live export trade. The report analysed the economics and policy settings of the live sheep export trade from Western Australia and demonstrated that a sheep processed domestically is worth 20% more to the Australian economy than one exported live. In October 2012, World Animal Protection published a further piece of research into the live export trade. This research found that if a cattle processing facility was built\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19980606\",\n \"text\": \"What Does the K Stand For? What Does the K Stand For? is a BBC Radio Four sitcom series based on the experiences of comedian Stephen K. Amos growing up as a teenager in south London in the 1980s. The broadcast of the first series began in November 2013; the third series commenced in January 2017. Reviewing Series 1, Episode 1 for \\\"Radio Times\\\", Tristram Fane Saunders found the show suited Amos \\\"down to the ground; there's a touch of \\\"Seinfeld\\\" about \\\"What Does the K Stand for?\\\" in the way it flows from stand up into a deliciously awkward\",\n \"title\": \"What Does the K Stand For?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8050854\",\n \"text\": \"lyrics of the Beatles song \\\"She Said, She Said\\\". \\\"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\\\" was released 1 October 1985 on record label Statik. \\\"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\\\" has been generally well received by critics. In his retrospective review, Ned Raggett of AllMusic called it \\\"[a] rarity of sophomore albums, something that at once made the band all the more unique in its sound while avoiding a repetition of earlier work. [...] an astounding record.\\\" \\\"Trouser Press\\\" called it \\\"even better\\\" than \\\"Script of the Bridge\\\", \\\"with much stronger production underscoring both the band's direct power and the ghostly atmospherics\",\n \"title\": \"What Does Anything Mean? Basically\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16663178\",\n \"text\": \"the bomb that Slater set explodes, badly burning one of them. \\\"What Does The Bee Do?\\\" is a children's poem from the late 1800s by Christina Rossetti. Margaret Schroeder's daughter recites it in the episode. \\\"IGN\\\" gave the episode a score of 8.5 out of 10, saying that it \\\"effortlessly hits that sweet spot between advancing the plot while developing characters, much in the same way that the Season 2 premiere did.\\\" \\\"The A.V. Club\\\" rated the episode an \\\"A-\\\". The episode was watched by 2.546 million viewers. It fell two tenths, to 1.0 million adults 18-49 rating. What Does\",\n \"title\": \"What Does the Bee Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16663175\",\n \"text\": \"What Does the Bee Do? \\\"What Does the Bee Do?\\\" is the fourth episode of the second season of the HBO television series \\\"Boardwalk Empire\\\", and 16th episode overall. First aired on October 16, 2011, it was written by executive story editor Steve Kornacki and directed by Ed Bianchi. Nucky looks to Rothstein for a port to receive alcohol, since the Coast Guard is blockading Atlantic City. Rothstein instructs Lansky and Luciano to oversee the Philadelphia delivery. Nucky also sends Owen Sleater to bomb Doyle's still. Margaret asks for 'money for the children' from Nucky, which she proceeds to hide\",\n \"title\": \"What Does the Bee Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810777\",\n \"text\": \"that it by no means compared to \\\"LA X\\\", but stated that it \\\"contain[ed] scenes of incredible beauty, based on character work and stakes earned over five seasons [that] made it a fine, if imperfect, hour.\\\" McGee also commented that the scene in which Claire arrives at the hospital and is helped by Ethan as \\\"freakin' outstanding\\\" and called \\\"What Kate Does\\\" \\\"one of the funniest in the show's history. Aldo, Hurley, and Miles all got off plenty of zingers, which will be necessary in a season in which both mythological and dramatic stakes are raising higher and higher each\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810770\",\n \"text\": \"doesn't quite know how to write a woman of action who's also in love … many of the show's Kate flashbacks are just plain silly … there have been a lot of pretty dire Kate episodes.\\\" Whitney Matheson of \\\"USA Today\\\" said that she \\\"wanted to stab Kate with a hot poker\\\" after watching \\\"What Kate Does\\\". Josh Holloway's supporting performance as a grieving Sawyer was commended by Carabott of IGN, who said that his acting on the dock as he cried and revealed to Kate that he was going to ask Juliet to marry him was \\\"one of Josh\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810766\",\n \"text\": \"had hidden and later talks with Kate at Dharma's dock. He explains that he planned to propose to Juliet and that he blames himself for her death, saying that he convinced her to stay on the island with him because he was lonely. Meanwhile, Jin is caught by the Others, who want to kill him instead of taking him back. Suddenly, someone shoots them and Jin is shocked to see that the shooter is Claire. The episode has received mixed reviews. Critical review aggregate website Metacritic awarded \\\"What Kate Does\\\" a score of 64 out of 100, indicating \\\"generally favorable\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19980608\",\n \"text\": \"feel less like real people than excuses to weave in a few good dad jokes\\\". Overall, Elan found, \\\"What lifts the show are the elements of diaspora life weaved throughout, as when Aunty Princess visits from Nigeria and accuses Virginia [Stephen's mother] of cultural betrayal ('You have adopted too many fine and fancy British ways'). Stephen defends the family by suggesting she should 'go back home', prompting him to reflect that he has turned into his own racist enemy. It's unexpectedly thoughtful stuff, suggesting the third series may be even better.\\\" What Does the K Stand For? What Does the\",\n \"title\": \"What Does the K Stand For?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3703477\",\n \"text\": \"began a similar copycat advertising campaign in Ireland stating that its product \\\"does exactly what it says on the tube\\\". The phrase is a registered trademark of the Sherwin-Williams Company, the owner of Ronseal, across the European Community for products including paints, varnishes, and wood preservatives (E3085826). In 2007, a song titled \\\"What It Says on the Tin\\\" was released by the British singer Katie Melua. Although the song is about relationships, the phrase has a similar meaning. Does exactly what it says on the tin \\\"It does exactly what it says on the tin\\\" was originally an advertising slogan\",\n \"title\": \"Does exactly what it says on the tin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10498889\",\n \"text\": \"Export hay Export hay is hay that is produced for export markets. In Australia, hay needs to meet a number of quality standards before it can be exported. Because hay in standard round and large square bales is not dense enough to be economically exported to overseas markets, export hay is normally processed to increase the density of the product and improve its suitability for containerization. This form of processing was pioneered by ACX Pacific Northwest, and is often referred to as double compression. This process allows forage and roughage exporters to inspect and package the hay prior to shipping.\",\n \"title\": \"Export hay\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11859579\",\n \"text\": \"to $598 million USD and include: aluminium, medicament's, copper ores and concentrates. Mexico's exports to Australia amounted to $1.05 billion USD and its export products include: lead ores and concentrates, telecom equipment and parts, fertilizers and passenger motor vehicles. Australia is Mexico's 24th biggest export market and Mexico is Australia's 25th biggest export market, respectively. In January 2004, a double taxation agreement was signed between both nations. Since 2012, Australia, Mexico and eight other countries have been negotiating what is known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement. The trade negotiations were completed in February 2016 and has yet to\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–Mexico relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18674611\",\n \"text\": \"Australian live export industry Australia is the world's largest live exporter of animals for slaughter. The trade involved over three million animals in 2011 valued at approximately A$1 billion, of which the majority were cattle and sheep. However, the live export trade only accounts for 0.4% of all Australian exports, . The export of live animals from Australia has generated some controversy, with animal rights organisations such as Animals Australia asking it to be banned on the grounds that certain countries where animals are shipped have no laws to protect them from cruelty. In 2011, the Gillard government briefly suspended\",\n \"title\": \"Australian live export industry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17544507\",\n \"text\": \"neighborhood in Edwards Landing, Leesburg, Virginia, who every Halloween creates an LED light show with a hit song. This song appears in \\\"Just Dance 2015\\\". This song for Leicester City title song parody \\\"What do the Foxes Say?\\\" in 442oons video. !scope=\\\"col\\\" colspan=\\\"3\\\"| Streaming Note: The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) \\\"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\\\" is an electronic dance novelty song and viral video by Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis. The top trending video of 2013 on YouTube, \\\"The Fox\\\" was posted on the video-sharing website on 3 September 2013, and has received over 800 million views\",\n \"title\": \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13519959\",\n \"text\": \"G (with Ellis Hall on vocals) covered this tune on his 1986 album \\\"Duotones\\\". What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) \\\"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\\\" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars. The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. \\\"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love),\\\" written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100, and became Jr. Walker's second\",\n \"title\": \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13519957\",\n \"text\": \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love) \\\"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\\\" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars. The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. \\\"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love),\\\" written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100, and became Jr. Walker's second number one on the R&B charts. The song was also a hit in the\",\n \"title\": \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7282800\",\n \"text\": \"2007–08 to inform the Minister and growers on the performance of AWBI and a number of other topical wheat industry issues. Drought had a major impact on growers and exporters during the 2007/08 harvest which yielded 13.04 million tonnes, although this was 2.23 million tonnes above the 2006/07 harvest. The EWC statistics showed that approximately 5.4 million tonnes of wheat were exported during 2007/08. Western Australia and South Australia were the major wheat exporting States. On 1 July 2008, following the passage of legislative change, the EWC was replaced by Wheat Exports Australia. Export Wheat Commission The Export Wheat Commission\",\n \"title\": \"Export Wheat Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4773238\",\n \"text\": \"in the Northern Territory or North-Western Australia, in conjunction with live export, there would potentially be an increase of 245% or more in gross earnings for Australian cattle producers, more than 1,300 jobs for unemployed Australians and gross regional product growth of $204 million per annum. In August 2011, two bills were presented to Australian Parliament calling for an end to live exports on animal welfare grounds, by Independent Senator Nick Xenophon and the Australian Greens Party. Both bills were rejected by the House of Representatives. Live export Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4773221\",\n \"text\": \"Live export Live export is the commercial transport of livestock across national borders. The trade involves a number of countries with the Australian live export industry being one of the largest exporters in the global trade. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, exports of live sheep rose 21.4% and live calves increased 9.7% between March 2017 and March 2018. During 2017 alone, Australia exported 2.85 million living animals in shipping containers and airplanes. The expansion of the trade has been supported by the introduction of purpose-built ships which carry large numbers of animals. The amount of livestock exported from\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10886037\",\n \"text\": \"world standards, thus one of the premises of the export land model (that domestic consumption should not be affected by world market price) does not apply to those countries. Export Land Model The Export Land Model, or Export-Land Model, refers to work done by Dallas geologist Jeffrey Brown, building on the work of others, and discussed widely on The Oil Drum. It models the decline in oil exports that result when an exporting nation experiences both a peak in oil production and an increase in domestic oil consumption. In such cases, exports decline at a far faster rate than the\",\n \"title\": \"Export Land Model\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2065844\",\n \"text\": \"such as FDI. The lower risk of export typically results in a lower rate of return on sales than possible though other modes of international business. In other words, the usual return on export sales may not be tremendous, but neither is the risk. Exporting allows managers to exercise operation control but does not provide them the option to exercise as much marketing control. An exporter usually resides far from the end consumer and often enlists various intermediaries to manage marketing activities. After two straight months of contraction, exports from India rose by 11.64% at $25.83 billion in July 2013\",\n \"title\": \"Export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7282784\",\n \"text\": \"in 2006–07, the Government provided a grant of AUD2 million in September 2007 to allow the agency to continue operating until 31 March 2008. This grant covered ongoing operational costs and the transition from the former Wheat Export Authority to the EWC. The EWC’s financial position was transferred to Wheat Exports Australia on 1 July 2008 under the Wheat Export Marketing Act 2008. The EWC facilitated the operations of Australia’s legislated wheat export arrangements and informed Government and growers of outcomes. The EWC: The EWC assumed responsibility for the role of the former Wheat Export Authority to monitor and report\",\n \"title\": \"Export Wheat Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19095970\",\n \"text\": \"What Does It Take (Dave Days song) \\\"What Does It Take\\\" is a song by American singer Dave Days. It served as the third and final single from his 2010 EP \\\"Dinner and a Movie\\\". It is one of Dave's most recognizable songs, and was also played on Disney Channel's So Random!. The song's music video is set in a high school, where Dave realizes he has gotten the lead part in the school play. Amanda Lynn (Days' interest in the video) sees she has gotten the second lead, and runs to her boyfriend, who ignores her. Days and Lynn\",\n \"title\": \"What Does It Take (Dave Days song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17544483\",\n \"text\": \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?) \\\"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\\\" is an electronic dance novelty song and viral video by Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis. The top trending video of 2013 on YouTube, \\\"The Fox\\\" was posted on the video-sharing website on 3 September 2013, and has received over 800 million views as of November 2018. \\\"The Fox\\\" peaked at the top of the Norwegian Singles Chart and was hugely successful in the United States, where it peaked at number six on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks, and was, before the US release of\",\n \"title\": \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2528180\",\n \"text\": \"Arms Export Licensing criteria. The ECO's advice is not always followed by the government though. In February 2016, the head of the Export Control Organisation Edward Bell advised business secretary Sajid Javid that Britain should suspend arms sales to Saudi Arabia. This advice was not followed by the business secretary and prime minister. ECGD aims to: It does this through the public information it provides and the declarations in its application forms; it has some powers to make enquiries but these are limited. ECGD does not have a formal investigative capacity. Key aspects of ECGD's anti-bribery and corruption procedures are\",\n \"title\": \"UK Export Finance\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11958748\",\n \"text\": \"be balanced by a more straightforwardly descriptive view. The term is used in many fields including biology and management. The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said \\\"According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes\",\n \"title\": \"The purpose of a system is what it does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11958746\",\n \"text\": \"The purpose of a system is what it does The purpose of a system is what it does (POSIWID) is a systems thinking heuristic coined by Stafford Beer. Stafford Beer coined the term POSIWID and used it many times in public addresses. In his address to the University of Valladolid, Spain, in October 2001, he said \\\"According to the cybernetician, the purpose of a system is what it does. This is a basic dictum. It stands for bald fact, which makes a better starting point in seeking understanding than the familiar attributions of good intention, prejudices about expectations, moral judgment,\",\n \"title\": \"The purpose of a system is what it does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5604940\",\n \"text\": \"Export credit agency An export credit agency (known in trade finance as an ECA) or investment insurance agency is a private or quasi-governmental institution that acts as an intermediary between national governments and exporters to issue export financing. The financing can take the form of credits (financial support) or credit insurance and guarantees (pure cover) or both, depending on the mandate the ECA has been given by its government. ECAs can also offer credit or cover on their own account. This does not differ from normal banking activities. Some agencies are government-sponsored, others private, and others a combination of the\",\n \"title\": \"Export credit agency\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11951030\",\n \"text\": \"had limited powers and resources, far below those of the Cole Inquiry, and its examination of material provided to it by AWB at that time failed to reveal information of concern. During the Inquiry the Grain Board of Iraq ceased to deal with AWB. This resulted in the establishment of the Wheat Australia consortium to export wheat to Iraq in 2006, with special approval from the WEA and Australian Government. The temporary wheat export arrangements allow other exporters to apply for consents to export in bulk. However, of 77 applications received by the WEA since December 2006, just two had\",\n \"title\": \"Wheat Export Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11951028\",\n \"text\": \"exporters] to export wheat from Australia, usually in bags and containers. Since 17 August 2007, the export of wheat in bags and containers has been deregulated. Non-AWB(I) exports, are permitted in limited volumes to protect the integrity of the National Pool and make up about 4% of total exports. In December 2006 the Government amended the Act transferring the power of veto over bulk exports from AWB(I) to the Minister, on a temporary basis until 30 June 2007. This has since been extended to the end of June 2008. The Government then established a Wheat Export Marketing Consultation Committee which\",\n \"title\": \"Wheat Export Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17944725\",\n \"text\": \"have increased vis-a-vis characteristics identified with male labor, such as unionization and job security. Consequently, the expansion of export-oriented employment is a major contributor to what some have called, \\\"the global feminization of labor\\\" in the post-1980 period. Currently one of the most significant examples of export-oriented employment is the Bangladesh textile industry. By 2013, about 4 million people, mostly women, worked in Bangladesh's $19 billion-a-year industry, export-oriented ready-made garment (RMG) industry. Sixty percent of the export contracts of western brands are with European buyers and about forty percent with American buyers. Gender roles vary by society, but are often\",\n \"title\": \"Export-oriented employment\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9422226\",\n \"text\": \"which also simulcasts in Maine as WJTO 730) plays the original vinyl \\\"\\\" edit. Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? \\\"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\\\" is a song by the rock band Chicago. It was included on their 1969 debut album \\\"Chicago Transit Authority\\\" and released as a single in 1970. The song was written and sung by Robert Lamm. The song was not released as a single until two tracks from the band's second album, \\\"Make Me Smile\\\" and \\\"25 or 6 to 4\\\", had become hits. It became the band's third straight Top\",\n \"title\": \"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9422222\",\n \"text\": \"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is? \\\"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\\\" is a song by the rock band Chicago. It was included on their 1969 debut album \\\"Chicago Transit Authority\\\" and released as a single in 1970. The song was written and sung by Robert Lamm. The song was not released as a single until two tracks from the band's second album, \\\"Make Me Smile\\\" and \\\"25 or 6 to 4\\\", had become hits. It became the band's third straight Top 10 single, peaking at in the U.S. and No. 2 in Canada. Because the\",\n \"title\": \"Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3703475\",\n \"text\": \"Does exactly what it says on the tin \\\"It does exactly what it says on the tin\\\" was originally an advertising slogan in the United Kingdom, which then became a common idiomatic phrase. It colloquially means that the name of something is an accurate description of its qualities. It is akin to the previously existing phrases \\\"by name and by nature\\\" and \\\"it lives up to its name\\\". It originated in a series of television advertisements by the woodstain and wood-dye manufacturer Ronseal, initiated in 1994 and still being broadcast . The slogan was created by Liz Whiston and Dave\",\n \"title\": \"Does exactly what it says on the tin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10662124\",\n \"text\": \"of more than 50 million cubic meters of water from a water basin in the Great Lakes in one day. The Boundary Waters Treaty is limited to waters on the Canadian-US border and does not apply to freshwater in other parts of Canada. This means the about 85 percent of Canada’s water is susceptible to export. Since Canada has taken a strong position against water exports, some companies have shifted their focus to Alaska. Alaska was the first jurisdiction in the world to permit the commercial export of bulk water, and has a large potential for water exports. One scheme\",\n \"title\": \"Water export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8014932\",\n \"text\": \"of the Smiths'. The character Ray Smith in the Jack Kerouac novel \\\"The Dharma Bums\\\" repeatedly says \\\"What difference does it make?\\\" as well as \\\"Pretty girls make graves\\\", the title of another track featured on \\\"The Smiths\\\". The single cover is a photograph of Terence Stamp, taken on the set of the film \\\"The Collector\\\". Originally Stamp denied permission for the still to be used, and some pressings featured Morrissey in a re-enacted scene. In the re-enactment, Morrissey is holding a glass of milk, as opposed to a chloroform pad in the original. However, Stamp later changed his mind,\",\n \"title\": \"What Difference Does It Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8201655\",\n \"text\": \"Export Finance and Insurance Corporation The Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (Efic) is Australia’s export credit agency and has carried out its role within various statutory frameworks since 1957. Efic was established in its current form on 1 November 1991 under the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation Act 1991 (Cth) (the EFIC Act) as a statutory corporation wholly owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. Efic’s role is to support the growth of Australian companies in their international activities by providing tailored financial solutions when the private market faces constraints. As the Australian Government’s export credit agency, it helps Australian-based businesses\",\n \"title\": \"Export Finance and Insurance Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4773232\",\n \"text\": \"Prominent former live export veterinarians who have spoken out against the conditions on ships include Dr Lloyd Reeve Johnson, who expressed his concern about the conflict of interest involved in live export companies paying for animal welfare advice, Dr Tony Hill, who was allegedly pressured to report 105 mortalities when in fact 2000 sheep had died, and Dr Kerkenezov, who has urged an end to an industry he calls \\\"cruel.\\\" In March 2011, Animals Australia investigators collected footage which showed Australian cattle being slaughtered at 11 abattoirs in Indonesia with practices that infringed upon OIE standards for animal welfare. Animals\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19459098\",\n \"text\": \"purpose of the clause as: Import-Export Clause Article I, § 10, clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Import-Export Clause, prevents the states and the federal government, without the consent of Congress, from imposing tariffs on imports and exports above what is necessary for their inspection laws and secures for the federal government the revenues from all tariffs on imports and exports. Several nineteenth century Supreme Court cases applied this clause to duties and imposts on interstate imports and exports. In 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Import-Export Clause only applied to imports and\",\n \"title\": \"Import-Export Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19459072\",\n \"text\": \"Import-Export Clause Article I, § 10, clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Import-Export Clause, prevents the states and the federal government, without the consent of Congress, from imposing tariffs on imports and exports above what is necessary for their inspection laws and secures for the federal government the revenues from all tariffs on imports and exports. Several nineteenth century Supreme Court cases applied this clause to duties and imposts on interstate imports and exports. In 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Import-Export Clause only applied to imports and exports with foreign nations and\",\n \"title\": \"Import-Export Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8201657\",\n \"text\": \"The Hon. Steve Ciobo MP as Australia's Minister for Trade, Tourism and Investment. Efic is part of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Export Finance and Insurance Corporation The Export Finance and Insurance Corporation (Efic) is Australia’s export credit agency and has carried out its role within various statutory frameworks since 1957. Efic was established in its current form on 1 November 1991 under the Export Finance and Insurance Corporation Act 1991 (Cth) (the EFIC Act) as a statutory corporation wholly owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. Efic’s role is to support the growth of Australian companies in their\",\n \"title\": \"Export Finance and Insurance Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17779971\",\n \"text\": \"Jarvis. The song was released as a single officially in June 1967. \\\"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\\\" reached a peak of number five on the \\\"Billboard Magazine\\\" Hot Country Singles chart later that year. The single became Davis' first top-ten country hit in three years since 1964's \\\"Gonna Get Along Without You Now\\\" reached number eight. Additionally, \\\"What Does It Take\\\" was Davis' first entry onto the \\\"Billboard\\\" Bubbling Under Hot 100 since 1965, reaching a peak of twenty-one. The song was eventually released onto a studio album of the same name. What Does\",\n \"title\": \"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17779970\",\n \"text\": \"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied) \\\"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\\\" is a song written by Jim Glaser, that was recorded and released as a single in 1967 by American country artist, Skeeter Davis. Jim Glaser was a member of the popular country music group, Tompall and the Glaser Brothers. \\\"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\\\" was recorded at the RCA Victor Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States on May 1, 1967, one month before it was released. The session was produced by Felton\",\n \"title\": \"What Does It Take (To Keep a Man Like You Satisfied)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5398210\",\n \"text\": \"titled MAGNA, Geminism: Art and Creativity. Within this piece titled \\\"Women’s Art a Manifesto\\\" (1972) she wrote empowering statements directed as a call to action, “let women speak so that they can find themselves, this is what I ask for in order to achieve a self-defined image of ourselves and thus a different view of the social function of women”. Here Export was pointing out the unjust way that women had been living their lives within the boundaries created by men. In this same Manifesto Export also says “the arts can be understood as a medium of our self-definition adding\",\n \"title\": \"Valie Export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18439495\",\n \"text\": \"Liebherr Export AG v Ellison Trading Ltd Liebherr Export AG v Ellison Trading Ltd is a New Zealand legal case regarding certainty in contract formation. Ellison Trading was the sole New Zealand distributor of machinery for Liebherr Export since 1977. In November 1993, suddenly informed Ellison during a dinner that Liebherr Australia was taking over the New Zealand distributorship. Besides just being advised that he had just lost their business, the Liebherr Australia representative also informed them that they did not want to buy back any of the $800,000 in Liebherr parts that Ellison was contracted under the distribution agreement.\",\n \"title\": \"Liebherr Export AG v Ellison Trading Ltd\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7824998\",\n \"text\": \"one commodity on a given shipment exceeds in value. There are four conditions that necessitate filing an EEI regardless of value: a) if the export destination is Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria; b) if the shipment requires an export license or permit; c) if it is subject to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations; or d) if it contains rough diamonds. Incidentally, a shipment from the United States to Canada that exceeds in value does not require an EEI unless it falls under conditions b) through d) above. Shipments to and from Puerto Rico must be treated like\",\n \"title\": \"Automated Export System\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7282794\",\n \"text\": \"and the EWC On 5 March 2008, the Minister released an exposure draft of the Wheat Export Marketing Bill 2008. The EWC was required to undertake considerable preliminary work on new governance and other arrangements in the lead-up to the establishment of the new body, Wheat Exports Australia. The changes presented new challenges for the EWC, including a requirement to draft a legislative instrument to create an accreditation scheme for bulk exporters. The EWC consulted widely with industry in formulating the Wheat Export Accreditation Scheme (Bulk-Scheme), undertaking preliminary consultations in March and then releasing an exposure draft of the Scheme\",\n \"title\": \"Export Wheat Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11951029\",\n \"text\": \"consulted with wheat growers across Australia and presented its finding to the government on 29 March 2007. The government is using this report as the basis for its consideration of new wheat export marketing arrangements. The WEA was succeeded by the Export Wheat Commission in 2007. In the course of the Cole inquiry into allegations that AWB paid kickbacks to Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq for wheat shipments under the United Nations Oil-for-Food Program, it was revealed that the WEA board, upon hearing of the allegations through media sources, asked AWB(I) to show them Iraq wheat sales contracts. The WEA\",\n \"title\": \"Wheat Export Authority\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4773224\",\n \"text\": \"when 40 sheep were euthanised after being badly injured during transit. The decision was overturned by the High Court on the grounds that the port could not ban live animal exports on the grounds of freedom of movement with the EU and UK legislation. After his appointment as Secretary of State for the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs, Michael Gove indicated in July 2017 that Brexit would offer the opportunity to ban live animal export for slaughter. Australia is one of the world's largest exporters of sheep and cattle. According to Meat and Livestock Australia, 2.44 million sheep were exported\",\n \"title\": \"Live export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19459080\",\n \"text\": \"states, and with the Indian Tribes,\\\" complements the authority of Congress given in the Import-Export Clause. Following the \\\"Michelin\\\" interpretation of the Import-Export Clause, the U.S. Supreme Court re-examined its application of the dormant commerce clause doctrine in \\\"Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady\\\", which related to interstate commerce and established a four-prong test in which a tax is valid if it \\\"is applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing State, is fairly apportioned, does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and is fairly related to the services provided by the State.\\\" In \\\"Japan Line, Ltd. v.\",\n \"title\": \"Import-Export Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19980607\",\n \"text\": \"sitcom\\\". Writing in \\\"The Guardian\\\" in February 2015, Priya Elan judged that, \\\"Standup comedian Stephen K Amos's jaunty sitcom \\\"What Does The K Stand For?\\\" (Radio 4) reaches the end of its second series with possibly the best episode yet. With shades of Chris Rock's \\\"Everybody Hates Chris\\\", Amos takes us back to his 80s childhood, growing up gay and black in a dysfunctional household\\\". However, he added, \\\"Playing it broad by mixing farce with double entendres, the sitcom is slightly uneven: although the family are drawn with wit and sympathy, minor characters like the actress turned teacher Miss Bliss\",\n \"title\": \"What Does the K Stand For?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13653777\",\n \"text\": \"is the third largest in the world, covering 11 million square kilometres, yet Australia is only the 52nd largest producer in terms of volume. Fisheries production consists mainly of seafood goods which are marketed for human consumption, but also of non-edible fisheries products, such as pearls and fish meal. Australian seafood product, like most of other countries', includes both wild catch fisheries and aquaculture production. The national product, finally, encompasses also the portion addressed to export, but it does not include the amount of fishery imported by Australia from abroad. In the year 2007–2008, Australia exported fisheries products for a\",\n \"title\": \"Seafood in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2065846\",\n \"text\": \"decision of the firm to initiate and develop export activities\\\". In the literature, export barriers are divided into four large categories: motivational, informational, operational/resource-based, and knowledge. In addition, export motivators are divided into five dimensions; reactive, marketing,export, technological, external. Research shows that exporters are more favourable to motivators than non-exporters. Export The term export in international trade means the sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as an \\\"exporter\\\"; the foreign buyer is referred to as an \\\"importer\\\". Export of goods often requires involvement of\",\n \"title\": \"Export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"607175\",\n \"text\": \"along with lack of awareness each year an average of 2–5 Australians lose their lives to what is presumed a safe creature. The key is understanding of Australia's diverse wildlife and fauna; what seems safe is often deadly. Australia is a member of the International Whaling Commission and is strongly opposed to commercial whaling—all cetacean species are protected in Australian waters. Australia is also a signatory to the CITES agreement and prohibits the export of endangered species. Protected areas have been created in every state and territory to protect and preserve the country's unique ecosystems. These protected areas include national\",\n \"title\": \"Fauna of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7627957\",\n \"text\": \"argued that, at the time, Western Australia accounted for 35% of the nation's export income yet most of the revenue is used to strengthen the \\\"financial muscle growing in Canberra\\\". The state has approximately 9–10% of the nation's population, generates over 10% of the Goods and Services Tax revenue, but received only 6% of what was being distributed. Court said that if the then-current Federation path continues, then by the year 2020, Western Australia would be receiving only 5% of what would be distributed by the Commonwealth Grants Commission. The former Premier said he was not advocating secession but stressed\",\n \"title\": \"Secessionism in Western Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20555328\",\n \"text\": \"Defence industry of Australia The defence industry of Australia provides military equipment, supplies and services for the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and export customers. Definitions of what the defence industry comprises and estimates of its size differ, but it was believed to have employed between 12,000 and 29,000 people as of the mid 2010s. The industry has grown over recent years, and \\\"Australian Defence Magazine\\\" reported that the 40 largest companies had a total revenue of $A 9.2 billion in 2015. As there is no agreed definition of what the Australian defence industry comprises it is difficult to determine the\",\n \"title\": \"Defence industry of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8601628\",\n \"text\": \"would indicate that prices received by producers of export goods today are one-third higher than what they were in December 2001. U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes The U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes measure average changes in prices of goods and services that are imported to or exported from the U.S.. The indexes are produced monthly by the International Price Program (IPP) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Import and Export Price Indexes were published quarterly starting in 1974 and monthly since 1989. The origins of the International Price Program (IPP) can be traced to a 1961 report\",\n \"title\": \"U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810776\",\n \"text\": \"Does\\\", stating that \\\"Episodes like this one can make real \\\"Lost\\\" fans feel like dopes. Already, you're taking heaps of abuse from friends who accuse you of slavishly following a series which makes no sense—then along comes a 60-minute workout like this one which proves their point all too well.\\\" Daniel of TMZ, who gave the episode a \\\"D\\\" grade, reacted uniquely with \\\"The only thing in the history of \\\"Lost\\\" that has seemed more out of place than the part in Jack's hair was Nikki and Paulo. I can't take anything he says seriously.\\\" Ryan McGee of Zap2it stated\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810768\",\n \"text\": \"Does' slows the pace down significantly from last week and focuses on telling a character-driven story. This is a welcome change; especially after the heavily plot-driven season five. However, with questions to answer and so much ground to cover during this final season, a better balance between plot and character wouldn't have been such a bad thing.\\\" Alan Sepinwall of \\\"The Star-Ledger\\\" wrote, \\\"Maybe I'll enjoy the 2004 scenes more when we get to some other characters … but this week it was largely a distraction from all that was happening on the island. And even the island scenes were\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19095972\",\n \"text\": \"to attack the cast and crew, along with himself. The cast fends off the kids, and its down to the boyfriend and Days. An audience member throws Dave his guitar. Dave blocks a hit from a sword the boyfriend is carrying, and knocks him to the ground by hitting him with the head of the guitar while doing a guitar flip. He then takes the sword he had and puts it to his neck while he is on the ground. The audience then claps, and Days and Lynn hug and wave to the crowd. What Does It Take (Dave Days\",\n \"title\": \"What Does It Take (Dave Days song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17544505\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"YouTube Rewind: What Does 2013 Say?\\\", a homage paid by YouTube to the year's top videos. The song has been featured for multiple times on television. It was used in an advertisement for the Fox Network featuring clips of FOX programs and actors singing the song. On 28 October, four contestants on the seventeenth season of \\\"Dancing with the Stars\\\" performed the song for the \\\"Team Dance\\\" week under the team name \\\"Foxing Awesome\\\", scoring a perfect 30. NBC's \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" cast-member Jay Pharoah and host Kerry Washington appeared in a parody video of the song titled \\\"My Girl\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17544503\",\n \"text\": \"did not know about its existence when producing \\\"The Fox\\\". Like many viral music videos, \\\"The Fox\\\" has become an Internet meme and has been extensively covered and adapted by others, with some of the most prominent being a cover by The Ohio University Marching 110 who had previously covered \\\"Gangnam Style\\\" and LMFAO's \\\"Party Rock Anthem\\\"; a cover by Tay Zonday of \\\"Chocolate Rain\\\"; an acoustic guitar cover of the first verse by Tyler Ward; an adaptation based on the popular video game \\\"League of Legends\\\" entitled \\\"What Does Teemo Say?\\\"; and an adaptation by Annoying Orange entitled \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17544489\",\n \"text\": \"Bay. The video is produced by Fredrik Kvåle Dørum and Jørgen Thue (Concorde TV). The forest scenes were filmed in Nittedal municipality, from Oslo downtown. The video begins with Bård singing at a costume party where other participants are dressed as different animals, whose appearances follow the progression of the lyrics. He gives a summary of animal sounds (\\\"Dog goes woof/cat goes meow\\\", etc.) that \\\"could have been lifted straight from a preschool primer\\\" and asks \\\"what does the fox say?\\\" The group then transitions into a synchronized dance scene in a forest with Bård in a bear costume and\",\n \"title\": \"The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9998132\",\n \"text\": \"if the Greens candidate was excluded, the ALP). The party was deregistered on 30 March 2010 after failing to respond to an Australian Electoral Commission notice to update its membership records. What Women Want (Australia) What Women Want was an Australian political organisation launched in April 2007 which, its website says, \\\"aims to be Australia's first female political party dedicated to advancing issues affecting Australian women\\\". The organisation was formed by Justine Caines, a mother of six and political activist from rural New South Wales. In the 2007 general elections, the party stood candidates for the Senate in every jurisdiction\",\n \"title\": \"What Women Want (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9998131\",\n \"text\": \"What Women Want (Australia) What Women Want was an Australian political organisation launched in April 2007 which, its website says, \\\"aims to be Australia's first female political party dedicated to advancing issues affecting Australian women\\\". The organisation was formed by Justine Caines, a mother of six and political activist from rural New South Wales. In the 2007 general elections, the party stood candidates for the Senate in every jurisdiction except the Northern Territory, and secured approximately half a percent of the Senate vote nationwide. Preference distributions reported by the ABC indicated the party's preferences flowed mainly to the Greens (or\",\n \"title\": \"What Women Want (Australia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3169116\",\n \"text\": \"Export–Import Bank of the United States The Export–Import Bank of the United States (abbreviated as EXIM or the Bank) is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States federal government. Operating as a wholly owned federal government corporation, the Bank \\\"assists in financing and facilitating U.S. exports of goods and services\\\". Under its charter, the Bank does not compete with private sector lenders, but rather provides financing for transactions that would otherwise not occur because commercial lenders are either unable or unwilling to accept the political or commercial risks inherent in the deal. Its acting chairman and president\",\n \"title\": \"Export–Import Bank of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16366179\",\n \"text\": \"of the pre-protein translocase of E. coli, SecDF of B. subtilis was not required for the release of a mature secretory protein from the membrane, indicating that SecDF is involved in earlier translocation steps. Comparison with SecD and SecF proteins from other organisms revealed the presence of 10 conserved regions in SecDF, some of which appear to be important for SecDF function. The SecDF protein of B. subtilis has 12 putative transmembrane domains. Thus, SecDF does not only show sequence similarity but also structural similarity to secondary solute transporters. SecDF protein-export membrane protein SecD and SecF are prokaryotic protein export\",\n \"title\": \"SecDF protein-export membrane protein\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18674614\",\n \"text\": \"60 Minutes, revealed the horrific suffering of sheep on Australian live export ships in an exposé called \\\"Sheep, Ships and Videotape.\\\" For years, exporters have assured the Australian public the safety and well-being of the sheep is their priority. And because they don’t allow cameras on board, we've have had no choice but to accept what they said — until a brave Pakistani crew-member turned whistleblower documented the daily horrors onboard export ships, of sheep dehydrating, being crushed and even cooking alive during voyages to the Middle Eastern summer. The evidence of routine, extreme animal cruelty was so horrific that\",\n \"title\": \"Australian live export industry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6209490\",\n \"text\": \"Export subsidy Export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly linked to the volume of exports, except for LDCs. Incentives are given by the government of a country to exporters to encourage export of goods. Export subsidies are also generated when internal price supports, as in a\",\n \"title\": \"Export subsidy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1216500\",\n \"text\": \"mine in Export. Export, Pennsylvania Export is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, surrounded entirely by the Municipality of Murrysville. The population was 895 at the 2000 census. A post office called Export has been in operation since 1892. The borough was so named because coal was once mined in and exported from the town. Export is located at (40.416251, -79.623679). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Export is within the Franklin Regional School District. The district consists of three elementary schools (Sloan, Newlonsburg, Heritage), Franklin Regional\",\n \"title\": \"Export, Pennsylvania\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10703287\",\n \"text\": \"Export (cigarette) Export is a Canadian brand of cigarettes and rolling tobacco, currently owned and manufactured by JTI Macdonald, a subsidiary of Japan Tobacco. It was introduced in 1928 by Macdonald Tobacco as Macdonald's Gold Standard, the boxes were marked \\\"\\\"Export\\\"\\\" and they quickly became known under that name. The most recognized products are the Export 'A' product line. However, JTI also produces an unfiltered 'Export Plain' cigarette and Export rolling tobacco. The cigarettes and rolling tobacco are from premium Virginia leaf tobacco. Beginning in the mid-1930’s, Macdonald’s cigarette brands were adorned by the portrait of a pretty Scottish woman\",\n \"title\": \"Export (cigarette)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5398207\",\n \"text\": \"message. In Export's performance, the female body is not packaged and sold by male directors and producers, but is controlled and offered freely by the woman herself, in defiance of social rules and state precepts. Also, the ordinary state-approved cinema is an essentially voyeuristic experience, whereas in Export's performance, the \\\"audience\\\" not only has a very direct, tactile contact with another person, but does so in the full view of Export and bystanders. Export's groundbreaking video piece, \\\"Facing a Family\\\" (1971) was one of the first instances of television intervention and broadcasting video art. The video, originally broadcast on the\",\n \"title\": \"Valie Export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15064795\",\n \"text\": \"Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act The Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act was a 1922 act of the 67th United States Congress. Sponsored by Sen. Wesley L. Jones (R) of Washington and Rep. John F. Miller (R) of Washington. It is also often referred to as the Jones-Miller Act. The Act also led to the establishing of the Federal Narcotics Control Board (FNCB) to tightly oversee the import and export primarily of opiates, but also other psychoactive drugs like coca. The control board were created to better control what America was exporting from its territories to others as well\",\n \"title\": \"Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11258130\",\n \"text\": \"meet rapidly growing power demand, but all of this never eventuated. From the late 1970s, a number of agreements were signed enabling the potential peaceful export (and import) of nuclear material: These International agreements created a market for Australia to mine and export uranium. Between 1979 and 1984, the majority of what is now Kakadu National Park was created, surrounding but not including the Ranger uranium mine. Tension between mining and conservation values led to long running controversy around mining in the Park region. The two themes for the 1980 Hiroshima Day march and rally in Sydney, sponsored by the\",\n \"title\": \"Anti-nuclear movement in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13810775\",\n \"text\": \"do business.\\\" Jensen commended how Jack \\\"confessed the limits of his knowledge and power\\\" and his actions in all subsequent scenes from the episode. Poniewozik of \\\"Time\\\" was annoyed by the Others refusing to answer questions, but stated that \\\"here I'm willing to forgive that for setting up the genius scene of Jack surprise-popping the poison pill.\\\" In contrast, Eric Deggans of the \\\"St. Petersburg Times\\\" said, \\\"Another thing I find supremely annoying about \\\"Lost\\\": its insistence on returning again and again to the show's most uninteresting characters, including damaged, self-pitying control freak Jack.\\\" Deggans was negative toward \\\"What Kate\",\n \"title\": \"What Kate Does\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3888429\",\n \"text\": \"tabled in parliament)and opposition from the RSPCA because of cruelty, the export of live cattle continues. Lamb has become an increasingly important product as the sheep industry has moved its focus from wool production to the production of prime lamb. The beef meat industry and the lamb industry are represented by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA). Live export of cattle and sheep from Australia to Asia and the Middle East is a large part of Australian meat export. Live export practices came under scrutiny after the carrier \\\"Cormo Express\\\" carrying 52 000 animals was turned away from Saudi Arabia in\",\n \"title\": \"Agriculture in Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18674613\",\n \"text\": \"In March 2011, Animals Australia conducted an investigation of the treatment of exported Australian cattle in Indonesia. The investigation revealed animals had their throats cut while fully conscious and remained conscious for more than 30 seconds after the initial throat cut. This sparked mass protests across Australia calling for the live export trade to be banned. In September 2012, 20000 sheep were killed when a shipload of animals, rejected by Bahrain due to disease claims were offloaded into Pakistan. The mass slaughter was featured in a four corners program called \\\"Another Bloody Business\\\". In April 2018, Australian current affairs program,\",\n \"title\": \"Australian live export industry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8203405\",\n \"text\": \"& Cristiana Raquel Lages (2004), \\\"The STEP scale: A measure of short-term export performance improvement.\\\" Journal of International Marketing, 12(1), 36-56. Export performance Export performance is the relative success or failure of the efforts of a firm or nation to sell domestically-produced goods and services in other nations. Export performance can be described in objective terms such as sales, profits, or marketing measures or by subjective measures such as distributor or customer satisfaction. See a review of the literature: See two empirical articles from Journal of International Marketing: Lages, Luis Filipe, Carmen Lages & Cristiana Raquel Lages (2005), \\\"Bringing export\",\n \"title\": \"Export performance\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7579711\",\n \"text\": \"and online. Molson Export has been associated with the Canadiens Hockey Club since 1957 and with the Montreal Alouettes Football Club from 1999 to 2013. Molson Export Molson Export beer is a Canadian ale brewed by Molson at a strength of 5% alcohol by volume. First brewed in 1903, Molson Export is the oldest surviving of the Molson beer brands. The beer was named Molson Export because the brewers deemed it of such high quality that it was good enough to be exported and was even better than the imports that were in high demand at the time. In 1955,\",\n \"title\": \"Molson Export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7579709\",\n \"text\": \"Molson Export Molson Export beer is a Canadian ale brewed by Molson at a strength of 5% alcohol by volume. First brewed in 1903, Molson Export is the oldest surviving of the Molson beer brands. The beer was named Molson Export because the brewers deemed it of such high quality that it was good enough to be exported and was even better than the imports that were in high demand at the time. In 1955, the boat on the label was chosen to replace the previous anchor and crown logo. Export is made using several varieties of two-row malted barley,\",\n \"title\": \"Molson Export\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6209493\",\n \"text\": \"countries provide indirect export subsidies in the form of tax reductions. In the United States closely held exporters of U.S. made goods may get a reduction of tax using an Interest Charge Domestic International Sales Corporation (IC-DISC). Export subsidy Export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through direct payments, low-cost loans, tax relief for exporters, or government-financed international advertising. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) prohibits most subsidies directly\",\n \"title\": \"Export subsidy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1216496\",\n \"text\": \"Export, Pennsylvania Export is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, surrounded entirely by the Municipality of Murrysville. The population was 895 at the 2000 census. A post office called Export has been in operation since 1892. The borough was so named because coal was once mined in and exported from the town. Export is located at (40.416251, -79.623679). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all land. Export is within the Franklin Regional School District. The district consists of three elementary schools (Sloan, Newlonsburg, Heritage), Franklin Regional Middle School, and\",\n \"title\": \"Export, Pennsylvania\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10703290\",\n \"text\": \"(used when advertising various extreme sports in Canada in the 1990s) and \\\"\\\"Be Different\\\"\\\". Export A was the main sponsor of various extreme sports, such as the 1998 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships (called the \\\"\\\"Export A Mountain Bike World Cup\\\"\\\"), the Niagara Motocross event, the Extreme Motorboat event and the UCI Wildwater Kayak Race in Canada. Export and Macdonald's are mainly sold in Canada, but also were or still are sold in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Hungary. Export (cigarette) Export is a Canadian brand of cigarettes and rolling tobacco, currently owned and manufactured by JTI Macdonald, a\",\n \"title\": \"Export (cigarette)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["energy","agriculture"],"string":"[\n \"energy\",\n \"agriculture\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":193,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where did henry knox die?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1775809","text":"age of 56, three days after swallowing a chicken bone which lodged in his throat and caused a fatal infection. He was buried on his estate in Thomaston with full military honors. Lucy died in 1824, having sold off more portions of the family properties to pay the creditors of Knox's insolvent estate. The couple had 13 children, although only one son survived to adulthood. The son, Henry Jackson Knox, became known as a wastrel for his drinking and scandalous behavior. Before his death in 1832, Henry Jackson Knox became \"impressed with a deep sense of his own unworthiness\", requesting","title":"Henry Knox"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775809\",\n \"text\": \"age of 56, three days after swallowing a chicken bone which lodged in his throat and caused a fatal infection. He was buried on his estate in Thomaston with full military honors. Lucy died in 1824, having sold off more portions of the family properties to pay the creditors of Knox's insolvent estate. The couple had 13 children, although only one son survived to adulthood. The son, Henry Jackson Knox, became known as a wastrel for his drinking and scandalous behavior. Before his death in 1832, Henry Jackson Knox became \\\"impressed with a deep sense of his own unworthiness\\\", requesting\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"1775812","text":"of the U.S. Army Field Artillery School, is named in his honor, as is an annual award recognizing the performance of U.S. artillery batteries. The \"Major General Nathanael Greene\"–class large coastal tug USAV Major General Henry Knox (LT-802) is named in honor of Knox. His papers have been preserved at the Massachusetts Historical Society, and his personal library resides in the Boston Athenaeum in proximity to that of his friend, George Washington. Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"18866404","text":"between 1818 and 1826. The rear ell of the house that Joseph Campbell sold to Henry Knox Thatcher in 1832 was probably built in that time; Campbell built the main house between 1826 and 1832. Thatcher, the grandson of American Revolutionary War general Henry Knox, served in the United States Navy for more than 50 years, rising to the rank of rear admiral. His most active period of service was during the American Civil War, where he commanded squadrons engaged in blockading Confederate ports, and directed the naval activities in the First and Second Battles of Fort Fisher. Henry Knox","title":"Henry Knox Thatcher House"},{"psg_id":"13635389","text":"of the collaboration between the two states is unclear, however the work was completed in 1927. The New York markers' bronze reliefs were designed by Henry James Albright, and the Massachusetts reliefs by Henry L. Norton. In 1975, the marker locations between Kinderhook, New York and Alford, Massachusetts were updated after new research found Knox did not pass through Claverack, New York. A new marker was added to the trail at Roxbury Heritage State Park in Boston in 2009, adjacent to a house owned by General John Thomas, who guided the weapons received from Knox to their final placement on","title":"Henry Knox Trail"},{"psg_id":"13595806","text":"Henry Knox Sherrill Henry Knox Sherrill (November 6, 1890 – May 11, 1980) was an Episcopal clergyman. He was the 20th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church from 1947 to 1958, having previously served as Bishop of Massachusetts (1930-1947). Henry Knox Sherrill was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Henry Williams and Maria (Prue) Knox Mills Sherrill. His father died when he was ten-years-old, and his mother raised him to be religiously observant. He graduated from Brooklyn's Polytechnic Preparatory School in 1906, after which he attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, for a year. At age sixteen, he entered","title":"Henry Knox Sherrill"},{"psg_id":"13635390","text":"Dorchester Heights overlooking Boston. Henry Knox Trail The Henry Knox Trail, also known as the Knox Cannon Trail, is a network of roads and paths that traces the route of Colonel Henry Knox's \"noble train of artillery\" from Crown Point to the Continental Army camp outside Boston, Massachusetts early in the American Revolutionary War. Knox was commissioned by Continental Army commander George Washington in 1775 to transport 59 cannons from captured forts on Lake Champlain, 30 from Fort Ticonderoga and 29 from Crown Point, to the army camp outside Boston to aid the war effort there against British forces. They","title":"Henry Knox Trail"},{"psg_id":"13635387","text":"Henry Knox Trail The Henry Knox Trail, also known as the Knox Cannon Trail, is a network of roads and paths that traces the route of Colonel Henry Knox's \"noble train of artillery\" from Crown Point to the Continental Army camp outside Boston, Massachusetts early in the American Revolutionary War. Knox was commissioned by Continental Army commander George Washington in 1775 to transport 59 cannons from captured forts on Lake Champlain, 30 from Fort Ticonderoga and 29 from Crown Point, to the army camp outside Boston to aid the war effort there against British forces. They included forty-three heavy brass","title":"Henry Knox Trail"},{"psg_id":"13595812","text":"Hill Cemetery in Richmond, Massachusetts. Sherrill House, a nursing and rehabilitation center in Jamaica Plain, Boston, is named in his honor. Sherrill Hall, a freshman dormitory at Hobart College, is also named in his honor. The American operatic baritone Sherrill Milnes was named after him (see Milnes' memoirs, \"American Aria\"). Henry Knox Sherrill Henry Knox Sherrill (November 6, 1890 – May 11, 1980) was an Episcopal clergyman. He was the 20th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church from 1947 to 1958, having previously served as Bishop of Massachusetts (1930-1947). Henry Knox Sherrill was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Henry","title":"Henry Knox Sherrill"},{"psg_id":"1775778","text":"further action that year, but privateers that Knox and fellow Massachusetts native Henry Jackson invested in were not as successful as they hoped; many of them were captured by the British. Knox and the artillery established a winter cantonment at Pluckemin (a hamlet of Bedminster, New Jersey). There Knox established the Continental Army's first school for artillery and officer training. This facility is considered the precursor to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. While there, through the summer of 1779, General Knox spent most of his time training more than 1,000 soldiers in conditions of low","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"478080","text":"He replied that he knew it well, recognising the steeple of the place where he first preached and he declared that he would not die until he had preached there again. In February 1549, after spending a total of 19 months in the galley-prison, Knox was released. It is uncertain how he obtained his liberty. Later in the year, Henry II arranged with Edward VI of England the release of all remaining Castilian prisoners. On his release, Knox took refuge in England. The Reformation in England was a less radical movement than its Continental counterparts, but there was a definite","title":"John Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775759","text":"Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794. Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, he owned and operated a bookstore there, cultivating an interest in military history and joining a local artillery company. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he befriended General George Washington, and quickly rose to become the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army. In this role he accompanied Washington on most","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"18866402","text":"Henry Knox Thatcher House The Henry Knox Thatcher House is a historic house at Main and Elm Streets in Mercer, Maine. Built c. 1826, the building is a fine blend of late Federal and Greek Revival styling. It is most significant as the longtime home of Henry Knox Thatcher, an admiral in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Thatcher House stands at the northeast corner of Main and Elm Streets, on the eastern edge of Mercer's rural village center. The main block is","title":"Henry Knox Thatcher House"},{"psg_id":"19953155","text":"long time, Lucy and Henry didn't let their love die out and were connected through letters they sent each other. Their letters are kept at the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. They provide a first-hand view of one of the closest people to General Washington as well as an insight into the life of a war-hero spouse. Lucy Knox had fallen in love with a revolutionary war patriot Henry Knox, who was born into poverty in Boston in 1750. Despite her father's wish of she marrying a man with higher social status, Lucy Knox followed her own heart. She","title":"Lucy Flucker Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775766","text":"managed to bind the wound up and reach a doctor, who sewed the wound up. Knox supported the Sons of Liberty, an organization of agitators against what they considered repressive British colonial policies. It is unknown if he participated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party, but he did serve on guard duty before the incident to make sure no tea was unloaded from the \"Dartmouth\", one of the ships involved. The next year he refused a consignment of tea sent to him by James Rivington, a Loyalist in New York. Henry married Lucy Flucker (1756–1824), the daughter of Boston Loyalists,","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775769","text":"in July 1775 to take command of the army, he was impressed by the work Knox had done. The two also immediately developed a liking for one another, and Knox began to interact regularly with Washington and the other generals of the developing Continental Army. Knox did not have a commission in the army, but John Adams in particular worked in the Second Continental Congress to acquire for him a commission as colonel of the army's artillery regiment. Knox bolstered his own case by writing to Adams that Richard Gridley, the older leader of the artillery under Ward, was disliked","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775772","text":"the entire war, Knox's effort is commemorated by a series of plaques marking the Henry Knox Trail in New York and Massachusetts. Upon the cannon's arrival in Cambridge they were immediately deployed to fortify the Dorchester Heights recently taken by Washington. So commanding was the new battery over Boston harbor the British withdrew their fleet to Halifax. With the siege ended, Knox undertook the improvement of defenses in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New York City in anticipation of British attack there. In New York he met Alexander Hamilton, commander of the local artillery. The two men formed a close friendship","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"13595808","text":"until 1917, when he became a Red Cross chaplain at Massachusetts General Hospital. He later became an Army chaplain, with the rank of First Lieutenant, at Base Hospital 6 in Talence, France. Upon his return from the war service, he served as rector of the Church of Our Saviour in Brookline from 1919 to 1923. In 1921, he married Barbara Harris, with whom he had four children: Henry Williams, Edmund Knox, Franklin Goldthwaite, and Barbara Prue. He then returned to Boston's Trinity Church, where he had begun his ministry, as rector. In addition to his duties as rector, he served","title":"Henry Knox Sherrill"},{"psg_id":"1775792","text":"When Washington asked Knox if he should attend the convention, Knox urged him to do so: \"It would be circumstance highly honorable to your fame, in the judgment of the present and future ages, and double entitle you to the glorious epithet — Father of Your Country.\" This is possibly the earliest documented application of the phrase \"Father of His Country\" to Washington. Knox actively promoted the adoption of the new constitution, engaging correspondents in many colonies on the subject, but especially concentrating on achieving its adoption by Massachusetts, where its support was seen as weak. After its adoption he","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775787","text":"Congress attempted to implement an idea for a standing militia force as a peacetime army. Knox resigned his army commission in early 1784, \"well satisfied to be excluded from any responsibility in arrangements which it is impossible to execute\", and Congress' idea failed. Knox returned to Massachusetts, where the family established a home in Dorchester. Knox worked to reassemble a large parcel of land in Maine (parts of what are sometimes called the Waldo Patent and the Bingham Purchase) that had been confiscated from his Loyalist in-laws. He was able to assemble a vast multi-million acre real estate empire in","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"5436659","text":"Canadian Supreme Court's landmark decision \"R v Zundel\", when it declared that the law under which he had been charged, \"reporting false news\", was unconstitutional. \"Did Six Million Really Die?\" was banned in Germany and South Africa. In 2017 Amazon.com removed the book along with other holocaust-denying books from its US and UK sites. Did Six Million Really Die? Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth At Last is a Holocaust denial pamphlet allegedly written by British National Front member Richard Verrall under the pseudonym \"Richard E. Harwood\" and published in 1974 by neo-Nazi propagandist Ernst Zündel, another Holocaust denier","title":"Did Six Million Really Die?"},{"psg_id":"5436657","text":"Six Million Really Die?\" does not fit with received views of reality because it is not part of reality. Although in the end he was not required to give evidence, the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper offered to give evidence, stating that \"behind a simulated objectivity of expression, it is in fact an irresponsible and tendentious publication which avoids material evidence and presents selected half-truths and distortions for the sole purpose of sowing anti-Semitic propaganda\". Anthony Hancock re-published \"Did Six Million Really Die?\" and made a significant amount of money from doing so, to the point where he was sued for royalties","title":"Did Six Million Really Die?"},{"psg_id":"1775811","text":"are counties named for Knox in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas. The house he used as a headquarters in New Windsor, New York, during the Revolution has been preserved as Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site; it is a listed National Historic Landmark. Knox Township, Illinois, is named after Knox, as is Knox Place in the Bronx, New York. Knox has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with an 8¢ Great Americans series postage stamp. Two forts, one in Kentucky and another in Maine were named after him. Knox Hall at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, home","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775803","text":"been more destructive to the Indian natives than the conduct of the conquerors of Mexico and Peru\". He went on to cite the fact that where there was white civilization, there was \"the utter extirpation\" of natives, or almost none left. Regardless of whether the Americans wanted to obtain Native American lands by purchase, conquest or other means, \"there would be no lasting peace while land remained the object of American Indian policy\", which continued after Knox left office. Washington's policies, as carried out by Secretary Knox, set the stage for the rise of Tecumseh. Many thousands of Native Americans","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775777","text":"he made the critical suggestion, approved by Washington, to capture rather than bypass the Chew House, a stone mansion that the British had occupied as a strong defensive position. This turned out to significantly delay the army's advance and gave the British an opportunity to reform their lines. Knox afterward wrote to Lucy, \"To [morning fog and] the enemy's taking possession of some stone buildings in Germantown, is to be ascribed the loss of the victory.\" Knox was also present at the Battle of Monmouth in July 1778, where Washington commended him for the artillery's performance. The army saw no","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"19953156","text":"met Henry and fell in love with Henry when he was working at a bookstore in Boston. Lucy Flucker Knox Lucy Flucker Knox (August 2, 1756 – June 20, 1824) was an American revolutionary. Born under the British government, as daughter of colonial officer Thomas Flucker and Hannah Waldo, daughter of Samuel Waldo. Lucy joined the American Army under the Influence of Henry Knox. After their marriage, Lucy moved around with Henry and lived on the military camp. She accompanied Henry Knox until he retired from the army in 1794. She was born into a wealthy family of privilege as","title":"Lucy Flucker Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775808","text":"as building a landed estate, Knox attempted to enlarge his fortune through industrial craft enterprises. He had interests in lumbering, ship building, stock raising and brick manufacturing. Unfortunately for him, these businesses failed (due in part to a lack of focused investment), and Knox built up significant debts. Knox was forced to sell large tracts of land in Maine to satisfy some of his creditors. The purchaser of his Maine lands was a Pennsylvania banker named William Bingham, leading those tracts to become known locally as the Bingham Purchase. Knox died at his home on October 25, 1806, at the","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"3955448","text":"School in 1778. He was successful in raising the number of pupils, from around 20 to around 80. Among Knox's students were Charles Girdlestone and John Mitford. During the 1790s Knox was critical of British foreign policy, towards France and Poland, in articles written for the \"Morning Chronicle\". The pupil numbers at the school fell back again, after his unpopular views became known. Knox accumulated some livings: Shipborne (1800, a chapelry, as bequest from William Holles Vane, 2nd Viscount Vane), Ramsden Crays (1801), and Runwell (1807). But he did not become vicar of Tonbridge when the incumbent Henry Harpur died","title":"Vicesimus Knox"},{"psg_id":"11233103","text":"College, a small Methodist-affiliated liberal arts college, is located in Barbourville. Knox County, Kentucky Knox County is a county located near the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,883. Its county seat is Barbourville. The county is named for General Henry Knox. Knox County is included in the London, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of the few coal-producing counties in Kentucky not to experience massive population loss. Knox County was formed on December 19, 1799, from portions of Lincoln County. It was named for Henry Knox, a general","title":"Knox County, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"11233098","text":"Knox County, Kentucky Knox County is a county located near the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,883. Its county seat is Barbourville. The county is named for General Henry Knox. Knox County is included in the London, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of the few coal-producing counties in Kentucky not to experience massive population loss. Knox County was formed on December 19, 1799, from portions of Lincoln County. It was named for Henry Knox, a general and the first United States Secretary of War. The Civil War","title":"Knox County, Kentucky"},{"psg_id":"5436644","text":"Did Six Million Really Die? Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth At Last is a Holocaust denial pamphlet allegedly written by British National Front member Richard Verrall under the pseudonym \"Richard E. Harwood\" and published in 1974 by neo-Nazi propagandist Ernst Zündel, another Holocaust denier and pamphleteer. The NF denied that Verrall was the author in a 1978 edition of \"World in Action\". In 1983, Holocaust survivor Sabina Citron began a private prosecution under s.181 of the Canadian Criminal Code against Zündel, charging him with spreading false news. She was subsequently joined in her proceedings against Zündel by the","title":"Did Six Million Really Die?"},{"psg_id":"19953152","text":"Lucy Flucker Knox Lucy Flucker Knox (August 2, 1756 – June 20, 1824) was an American revolutionary. Born under the British government, as daughter of colonial officer Thomas Flucker and Hannah Waldo, daughter of Samuel Waldo. Lucy joined the American Army under the Influence of Henry Knox. After their marriage, Lucy moved around with Henry and lived on the military camp. She accompanied Henry Knox until he retired from the army in 1794. She was born into a wealthy family of privilege as the daughter of the Provincial Governor of Massachusetts. Lucy's father, Thomas Flucker, holding office under the British","title":"Lucy Flucker Knox"},{"psg_id":"478097","text":"England. Although Knox had not targeted Elizabeth, he had deeply offended her, and she never forgave him. With a Protestant on the throne, the English refugees in Geneva prepared to return home. Knox himself decided to return to Scotland. Before his departure, various honours were conferred on him, including the freedom of the city of Geneva. Knox left in January 1559, but he did not arrive in Scotland until 2 May 1559, owing to Elizabeth's refusal to issue him a passport through England. Two days after Knox arrived in Edinburgh, he proceeded to Dundee where a large number of Protestant","title":"John Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775801","text":"extermination of any tribe on land it wanted; Washington and Secretary Knox also wanted the lands. They generally (though not always) felt the use of force would be too costly to Americans, and sought other means to take Native American lands. Instead, Knox at first recommended a continuation of British policies, furnishing the Native nations with livestock, farming implements, and missionaries, in order to pacify them. After failing to appease the Cherokee and Creek with a large cache of gifts in 1789, Knox eventually signed the Treaty of New York (1790) on behalf of the nation, ending conflict with some,","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775798","text":"British supported the northwestern tribes from frontier bases that they continued to occupy after the Revolutionary War ended (in violation of the Treaty of Paris), and the Cherokee and Creek continued to contest illegal encroachment of colonial settlers on their lands. In October 1790 Knox organized a campaign led by General Josiah Harmar into the Northwest Territory in retaliation for Native American raids against colonial settlers in that territory and that of present-day Kentucky. That campaign failed. A second campaign was organized by Knox, financed by William Duer, and to be led by territorial Governor Arthur St. Clair. Knox and","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775795","text":"Both France and Britain began interfering with American shipping. Most of the Continental Navy's few ships were sold off at the end of the revolutionary war, leaving the nation's merchant fleet without any defenses against piracy or seizure on the high seas. Knox urged and presided over the creation of a regular United States Navy and the establishment of a series of coastal fortifications. Knox was responsible for managing the nation's relations with the Native Americans resident in lands it claimed, following a 1789 act of U.S. Congress. Knox, in several documents drafted for Washington and Congress, articulated the nation's","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775789","text":"March 8, 1785, after considering a number of other candidates. At the time, Knox is reported to have been of \"immense girth\", weighing nearly 300 pounds and 6 feet 3 inches. The army was by then a fraction of its former size, and the new nation's westward expansion was exacerbating frontier conflicts with Indian tribes. The War Department Knox took over had two civilian employees and a single small regiment. Congress in 1785 authorized the establishment of a 700-man army. Knox was only able to recruit six of the authorized ten companies, which were stationed on the western frontier. Some","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775786","text":"Fraunces Tavern. After Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief on December 23, Knox became the senior officer of the army. The post of Secretary at War became available when Benjamin Lincoln resigned in November 1783, and Lincoln had recommended Knox to follow him. Although the Confederation Congress had been aware of Lincoln's intent to resign when the formal peace arrived, it had not named a successor. Knox had been considered for the job when it was given to Lincoln in 1781, and expressed his interest in succeeding Lincoln. However, in the absence of a guiding hand in the War Department,","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775784","text":"and Congress, helping to defuse the crisis. Because of the unresolved issues, however, Knox and others became vigorous proponents of a stronger national government, something which leading political leaders (including Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, and Samuel Adams) opposed at the time. With the arrival of news of a preliminary peace in April 1783 Congress began to order the demobilization of the army, and Washington gave Knox day-to-day command of what remained of the army. During this time Knox organized the Society of the Cincinnati, a hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers that survives to this day. The hereditary nature of","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775781","text":"out both Knox and the French artillery chief for their roles in the siege, and recommended to Congress that Knox be promoted. Knox was promoted to major general on March 22, 1782; he became the army's youngest major general. He and Congressman Gouverneur Morris were assigned to negotiate prisoner exchanges with the British. These negotiations failed because the sides could not agree on processes and terms for matching various classes of captives. He joined the main army at Newburgh, New York, and inspected the facilities at West Point, considered a crucial defensive position. After enumerating its defects and needs, Washington","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775780","text":"to the northern states as Washington's representative to increase the flow of men and supplies to the army. In 1781 Knox accompanied Washington's army south and participated in the decisive Siege of Yorktown. He was personally active in the field, directing the placement and aiming of the artillery. The Marquis de Chastellux, with whom Knox established a good friendship, wrote of Knox, \"We cannot sufficiently admire the intelligence and activity with which he collected from different places and transported to the batteries more than thirty pieces ...\", and \"one-half has been said in commending his military genius. Washington specifically called","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775779","text":"morale and scarce supplies. Conditions were exceptionally harsh in the winter of 1779–80, and Washington's army was again largely inactive in 1780 while the main action in the war moved south. In late September 1780 Knox was a member of the court martial that convicted Major John André, the British officer whose arrest exposed the treachery of Benedict Arnold. (Knox had, in an interesting twist, briefly shared accommodations with André while en route to Ticonderoga in 1775, when the latter was traveling south on parole after being captured near Montreal.) During these years of relative inaction Knox made several trips","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1059099","text":"Knox, Indiana Knox is a city in Center Township, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 3,704 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Starke County. Knox was founded in 1851, and is named after General Henry Knox. The Knox post office has been in operation since 1820. Knox is located along the Yellow River. According to the 2010 census, Knox has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,704 people, 1,457 households, and 975 families residing in the city. The population density was","title":"Knox, Indiana"},{"psg_id":"10115009","text":"Andrew and Mikey, two high school friends that have been making music together for nearly 20 years – an amazing feat for any act, let alone a band that has thrived on instability, uncertainty and unpredictability.\" - Henry Oliver, former bassist (2004-06), 2018. Bassist Mike Logie had reunited with former Mint Chicks bandmate Kody Nielson in new band Opossum, so when Wilson and Prain decided to start playing together again they recruited Rory Attwell into the reformed Die! Die! Die!. Attwell was one half of the team behind Lightship95, a recording studio on a boat moored in the Thames, where","title":"Die! Die! Die!"},{"psg_id":"17604923","text":"by Henry Chadwick and published posthumously in two volumes (1953 and 1957). Knox died 9 February 1950 in Cambridge at the age of 63. So many wanted to attend his memorial service in Pembroke chapel that there had to be a ballot for tickets. Canon Henry R. T. Brandreth said of him, \"There has never been anyone like Father Wilfred and it is impossible to believe that there ever will be. ... He sacrificed his own interests and inclinations on [the Oratory's] behalf with a wonderful steadfastness.\" Wilfred Knox Wilfred Lawrence Knox (1886–1950) was an English Anglican priest and theologian,","title":"Wilfred Knox"},{"psg_id":"12790701","text":"Knox v. Lee Knox v. Lee, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 457 (1871), was an important case for its time where the Supreme Court of the United States overruled \"Hepburn v. Griswold\". In \"Knox v. Lee\", the Court held that making paper money legal tender through the Legal Tender Act did not conflict with Article One of the United States Constitution. Mrs. Lee was a loyal citizen of the United States whose flock of sheep was sold by the Confederate army, as the Confederates considered Mrs. Lee an 'alien enemy'. Mr. Knox purchased the sheep from the Confederate army, and Mrs.","title":"Knox v. Lee"},{"psg_id":"3399748","text":"Robert Knox Robert Knox, (4 September 1791 – 20 December 1862), was a Scottish anatomist, zoologist, ethologist and physician. He was a lecturer on anatomy in Britain, where he introduced the theory of transcendental anatomy. However, he is now mainly remembered for his involvement in the Burke and Hare murders. Difficulty in obtaining cadavers for dissection after the passage of the Anatomy Act and disagreements with professional colleagues ruined his career. A move to London did not improve matters. His later pessimistic view of humanity contrasted sharply with his youthful attachment to the ideas of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Knox devoted","title":"Robert Knox"},{"psg_id":"3407012","text":"Congregationalists, the county in which the college is located was already named Knox County, after Henry Knox, the first United States Secretary of War. Arguments have been made that the college was named for Calvinist leader John Knox, but it is not certain for which Knox it was named (if not both). George Candee Gale, a great-great-grandson of two of the founders, explains that contrary to general belief, Knox was not named for either General Knox or the Scottish Presbyterian Knox, according to my father ... Some wanted the college named for one Knox, some for the other; so they","title":"Knox College (Illinois)"},{"psg_id":"948174","text":"fifty states. Knox County, Illinois Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 52,919. Its county seat is Galesburg. Knox County comprises the Galesburg, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. Knox County was named in honor of Henry Knox, the first US Secretary of War. The first \"Knox County\" in what today is Illinois was unrelated to the modern incarnation. In 1790, the land of the Indiana Territory that was to become Illinois was divided into two counties: St. Clair and Knox. The latter included land in what was","title":"Knox County, Illinois"},{"psg_id":"948167","text":"Knox County, Illinois Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 52,919. Its county seat is Galesburg. Knox County comprises the Galesburg, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. Knox County was named in honor of Henry Knox, the first US Secretary of War. The first \"Knox County\" in what today is Illinois was unrelated to the modern incarnation. In 1790, the land of the Indiana Territory that was to become Illinois was divided into two counties: St. Clair and Knox. The latter included land in what was to become","title":"Knox County, Illinois"},{"psg_id":"2538143","text":"Philander C. Knox Philander Chase Knox (May 6, 1853October 12, 1921) was an American lawyer, bank director and politician. A member of the Republican Party, Knox served in the Cabinet of three different presidents and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. Born in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, Knox became a prominent attorney in Pittsburgh, forming the law firm of Knox and Reed. With the industrialists Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon, Knox also served as a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. In early 1901, he accepted appointment as United States Attorney General. Knox served under President William McKinley","title":"Philander C. Knox"},{"psg_id":"12566757","text":"Thomas Francis Knox Father Francis Knox (born as Thomas Francis Knox; 24 December 1822 – 20 March 1882, London Knox, whose profile in the Dictionary of New Ulster Biography claims he was born in County Armagh, not Brussels, was an Anglo-Irish ultramontane Roman Catholic priest and author, known for his historical writings and translations. Knox was the eldest son in a family connected to the Protestant Irish peerage: his father John Henry Knox, Tory MP for Newry, was a younger son of Thomas Knox, 1st Earl of Ranfurly. His mother was Mabella Josephine Needham, daughter of Francis Needham, 1st Earl","title":"Thomas Francis Knox"},{"psg_id":"928754","text":"Knox County, Nebraska Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,701. Its county seat is Center. Knox County was named after Continental and U.S. Army Major General Henry Knox. In the Nebraska license plate system, Knox County is represented by the prefix 12 (it had the 12th-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922). Knox County was organized by the Territorial Legislature in 1857, and named L'Eau Qui Court, that being the French name for the river named by","title":"Knox County, Nebraska"},{"psg_id":"19953154","text":"fact, Lucy Knox was a frequent visitor to Henry Knox's boostore and that's where the couple first met. During most of the Revolutionary War, Lucy and her husband were apart. Unfortunately, unlike other officers' wives she was wasn't able to get as many visits to the war camp. The reasoning behind Lucy Knox not receiving as many visits as other officers' wives as that she had already gave up already she had (her family) for this patriotic cause and therefore her husband was reluctant to her visiting and witnessing all the suffering. Even though they were separated for such a","title":"Lucy Flucker Knox"},{"psg_id":"14369189","text":"Knox Trophy The Knox Trophy is the oldest military award of the United States Military Academy at West Point. The award was established on October 8, 1910 and is given annually by the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York to the United States Military Academy cadet with the highest rating for military efficiency. Named in honor of General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War, the original trophy, made by Tiffany & Company was originally kept on display in the office of the West Point Commandant. The Knox Trophy celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2010. Named","title":"Knox Trophy"},{"psg_id":"1202095","text":"governed by an elected 7-member council. Current council members are President Jack Bish, Jr., Vice-President Linda Runyan, Thomas Goble, Bud Price, Carl Salser, Bill Henry, and Caleb Gilliland. Rich Cochran is the Mayor. Knox, Pennsylvania Knox is a borough in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,146 at the 2010 census. Knox is located northwest of the center of Clarion County at (41.235317, -79.536123). Pennsylvania Route 208 passes through the center of the borough, leading east to U.S. Route 322 at Shippenville and west to Emlenton. Pennsylvania Route 338 runs through the east side of Knox as a","title":"Knox, Pennsylvania"},{"psg_id":"1086552","text":"for the town was $14,468. About 10.7% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 21.9% of those age 65 or over. Knox is part of Regional School Unit No. 3. There are six elementary schools, a middle school and a high school in the district. Dr. Paul W. Austin is the Superintendent of Schools. Knox, Maine Knox is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The town was named for General Henry Knox, the first United States Secretary of War. The population was 806 at the","title":"Knox, Maine"},{"psg_id":"1775802","text":"but not all, Cherokee tribal units. Of the genocide of the native populations in the nation's most heavily populated areas, Knox wrote, \"A future historian may mark the causes of this destruction of the human race in sable colors.\" Noam Chomsky claims that the nation's leaders \"knew what they were doing\", and often used language saying they were the natives' \"benefactors\", \"philanthropists and humanitarians\", when in reality they were engaged in the \"genocidal practices\" of extermination and \"Indian Removal\". In fact, Knox said what the Europeans and Americans were doing to the native nations was so harmful that \"our modes...have","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775794","text":"for militia service as required by the act. To resolve this arms shortage, Knox recommended to Congress that the federal government increase the purchase of imported weapons, ban the export of domestically produced weapons and establish facilities for the domestic production and stockpiling of weapons. These facilities included the existing Springfield Armory and another at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. In 1792 Congress, acting on a detailed proposal from Knox, created the short-lived Legion of the United States. When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1793, American merchant shipping began to be affected after Washington formally declared neutrality in the conflict.","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775791","text":"Shays' Rebellion broke out in Massachusetts, threatening the Springfield Armory. Knox personally went to Springfield to see to its defense. Although Benjamin Lincoln raised a militia force and put down the rebellion, it highlighted the weakness of both the military and defects in the Articles of Confederation that hampered Congressional ability to act on the matter. In the rebellion's aftermath Congress called what became known as the Constitutional Convention, in which the current United States Constitution was drafted. Knox in early 1787 sent George Washington a draft proposal for a government that bears significant resemblance to what was eventually adopted.","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775776","text":"army for the 1777 campaign. In June he learned that Congress had appointed Philippe Charles Tronson du Coudray, a French soldier of fortune, to command the artillery. Du Coudray's appointment upset not only Knox, who immediately threatened his resignation to Congress, but also John Sullivan and Nathanael Greene, who also protested the politically motivated appointment. Du Coudray was subsequently reassigned to the post of inspector general, and died in a fall from his horse while crossing the Schuylkill River in September 1777. Knox was present at Brandywine, the first major battle of the Philadelphia campaign, and at Germantown. At Germantown","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775775","text":"with the army at the January 2, 1777 at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek, and again the next day at Princeton. In 1777 while the army was in winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, Knox returned to Massachusetts to improve the Army's artillery manufacturing capability. He raised an additional battalion of artillerymen and established an armory at Springfield, Massachusetts before returning to the main army in the spring. That armory, and a second at Yorktown, Pennsylvania established by one of his subordinates, remained valuable sources of war material for the rest of the war. Knox returned to the main","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775774","text":"hampered by ice and cold, with John Glover's Marbleheaders (14th Continental Regiment) manning the boats, he got the attack force of men, horses and artillery across the river without loss. Following the battle he returned the same force, along with hundreds of prisoners, captured supplies and all the boats back across the river by the afternoon of December 26. Knox was promoted to brigadier general for this accomplishment, and given command of an artillery corps expanded to five regiments. The army again crossed the river a few days later after the decision to make a stand at Trenton. Knox was","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775773","text":"that lasted until Hamilton's death in 1804. During his military service Knox also established a close friendship with fellow Massachusetts native Benjamin Lincoln. Knox was with Washington's army during the New York and New Jersey campaign, including most of the major engagements resulting in the loss of New York City. He narrowly escaped capture following the British invasion of Manhattan, only making it back to the main Continental Army lines through the offices of Aaron Burr. He was in charge of logistics in the critical crossing of the Delaware River that preceded the December 26, 1776 Battle of Trenton. Though","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775771","text":"some of ice-covered rivers and snow-draped Berkshire Mountains to the Boston siege camps. The region was lightly populated and Knox had to overcome difficulties hiring personnel and draft animals. On several occasions cannon crashed through the ice on river crossings, but the detail's men were always able to recover them. In the end, what Knox had expected to take just two weeks actually took more than six, and he was finally able to report the arrival of the weapons train to Washington on January 27, 1776. Called by historian Victor Brooks \"one of the most stupendous feats of logistics\" of","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775770","text":"by his men and in poor health. As the siege wore on, the idea arose that cannon recently captured at the fall of forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upstate New York could have a decisive impact on its outcome. Knox is generally credited with suggesting the prospect to Washington, who thereupon put him in charge of an expedition to retrieve them even though Knox's commission had not yet arrived. Reaching Ticonderoga on December 5, Knox commenced what came to be known as the noble train of artillery, hauling by ox-drawn sled 60 tons of cannon and other armaments across","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775768","text":"British during their withdrawal from Boston after the Continental Army fortified Dorchester Heights, a success that hinged upon Knox's Ticonderoga expedition. When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, Knox and Lucy snuck out of Boston, and Knox joined the militia army besieging the city. His abandoned bookshop was looted and all of its stock destroyed or stolen. He served under General Artemas Ward, putting his acquired engineering skills to use developing fortifications around the city. He directed rebel cannon fire at the Battle of Bunker Hill. When General George Washington arrived","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775767","text":"on June 16, 1774, despite opposition from her father that was due to their differing political views. Lucy's brother served in the British Army, and her family attempted to lure Knox to service there. Despite long separations due to his military service, the couple were devoted to one another for the rest of his life, and carried on an extensive correspondence. After the couple fled Boston in 1775, she remained essentially homeless until the British evacuated the city in March 1776. Even afterward, she often traveled to visit Knox in the field. Her parents left, never to return, with the","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"1775763","text":"to read. The inquisitive future war hero, when he was not running errands, taught himself French, learned some philosophy and advanced mathematics, and devoured tales of ancient warriors and famous battles. He immersed himself in literature from a tender age. However, Knox was also involved in Boston's street gangs, becoming one of the toughest fighters in his neighborhood. Impressed by a military demonstration, at 18 he joined a local artillery company called The Train. On March 5, 1770 Knox was a witness to the Boston massacre. According to his affidavit, he attempted to defuse the situation, trying to convince the","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"12790703","text":"and Parker was to execute a deed to Davis. Davis paid United States notes, but Parker refused to execute a deed, claiming that he was entitled to receive coin. Knox v. Lee Knox v. Lee, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 457 (1871), was an important case for its time where the Supreme Court of the United States overruled \"Hepburn v. Griswold\". In \"Knox v. Lee\", the Court held that making paper money legal tender through the Legal Tender Act did not conflict with Article One of the United States Constitution. Mrs. Lee was a loyal citizen of the United States whose","title":"Knox v. Lee"},{"psg_id":"1775782","text":"appointed him its commander in August 1782. The next month he was devastated by the death of his nine-month-old son, and fell into a depression. He soldiered on, however, becoming involved in negotiations with the Confederation Congress and Secretary of War Benjamin Lincoln over the issue of pensions and overdue compensation for the military. Knox wrote a memorial, signed by a number of high-profile officers, suggesting that Congress pay all back pay immediately and offer a lump-sum pension rather than providing half-pay for life. The unwillingness of Congress to deal with the issue prompted Knox to write a warning letter,","title":"Henry Knox"},{"psg_id":"6040707","text":"The song also features on the mini-album \"The End Of A Beautiful Career\". Why Did You Let My Kitten Die? \"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\" is a song by Angelica, released as the band's second single. It had a limited release of 1000 copies on Fantastic Plastic Records and was voted Alternative Record of the Year by BBC Radio 1's \"Evening Session\" audience. The title track is a reference to the 1961 film \"Whistle Down the Wind\", in which a group of children believe an escaped convict to be Jesus. The children give him a kitten to protect","title":"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?"},{"psg_id":"6040706","text":"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die? \"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\" is a song by Angelica, released as the band's second single. It had a limited release of 1000 copies on Fantastic Plastic Records and was voted Alternative Record of the Year by BBC Radio 1's \"Evening Session\" audience. The title track is a reference to the 1961 film \"Whistle Down the Wind\", in which a group of children believe an escaped convict to be Jesus. The children give him a kitten to protect but when the kitten dies they question whether he is who they believe.","title":"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?"},{"psg_id":"13279845","text":"\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"13279844","text":"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \"Love Is the Thing\" (1957) and \"The Very Thought of You\" (1958). The initial \"Billboard\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\". The Allmusic review of \"Where Did Everyone Go?\" by Lindsay Planer said","title":"Where Did Everyone Go?"},{"psg_id":"947163","text":"Knox County, Indiana Knox County is a county located in Indiana in the United States. It was one of two original counties created in the old Northwest Territory in 1790 and was reduced to its present size in 1817. , the population was 38,440. The county seat is Vincennes. In 1790, Winthrop Sargent, Secretary of Northwest Territory, organized the first Indiana county, Knox County. It was named for Major General Henry Knox, U.S. Secretary of War. Knox County was one of the original counties of the Northwest Territory and was created prior to the formation of the Indiana Territory. When","title":"Knox County, Indiana"},{"psg_id":"943023","text":"Knox County voted 55% in favor of a measure to legalize same-sex marriage. An addition to the Knox County Courthouse designed by Scott Simons Architects was completed 2005. It is connected to an annex built in 1977 that is adjacent to the historic, original building that was finished in 1874. Knox County, Maine Knox County is a county located in the state of Maine, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,736. Its county seat is Rockland. The county is named for American Revolutionary War general and Secretary of War Henry Knox, who lived in","title":"Knox County, Maine"},{"psg_id":"937899","text":"Knox County, Texas Knox County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,719. Its county seat is Benjamin. The county was created in 1858 and later organized in 1886. It is named for Henry Knox, an American Revolutionary War general. The 1932 Texas Republican gubernatorial nominee, Orville Bullington, resided in Knox County and served as county attorney early in his career. Knox County is represented in the Texas House of Representatives by the Republican James Frank, a businessman from Wichita Falls. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county","title":"Knox County, Texas"},{"psg_id":"928759","text":"income of $23,373 versus $18,319 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,971. About 12.50% of families and 15.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.40% of those under age 18 and 13.50% of those age 65 or over. Knox County, Nebraska Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,701. Its county seat is Center. Knox County was named after Continental and U.S. Army Major General Henry Knox. In the Nebraska license plate system, Knox County is represented by the prefix 12","title":"Knox County, Nebraska"},{"psg_id":"927081","text":"Knox County, Ohio Knox County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 60,921. Its county seat is Mount Vernon. The county is named for Henry Knox, an officer in the American Revolutionary War who was later the first Secretary of War. Knox County comprises the Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area. Knox County was formed from Fairfield County in 1808. A rich African American cultural heritage has existed in the county since its founding. According to the U.S.","title":"Knox County, Ohio"},{"psg_id":"6811275","text":"George Williams Knox Major-General John George Williams Knox CB (1838 - 6 March 1894) was a British soldier. He was commissioned in the Scots Fusilier Guards in January 1855 and served in the Crimean War with the Scots Fusilier Guards. He commanded the 1st Battalion of the Scots Guards during the Anglo-Egyptian War 1882. Knox was present at the Battle of Tel-el-Kebir and received a mention in despatches. Knox was created a Companion of the Order of the Bath in November 1882. On 30 April 1886 in Cottesmore, Rutland, Knox married Lady Sybil Emily Lowther, eldest daughter of Henry Lowther,","title":"George Williams Knox"},{"psg_id":"18771486","text":"The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 21, 2012. Unearthed Films handles the home video distribution. The film has yet to be released on streaming services. \"Where the Dead Go to Die\" was panned by many viewers and Internet animation critics, criticizing its three stories, animation, characters, voice acting, writing, use of music, and incredibly dark content, such as eating fetuses, genital mutilation, bestiality, and necrophilia. It was however reviewed well in many horror publications, such as Rue Morgue, DVDtalk, and horrornews. Where the Dead Go to Die Where the Dead Go to Die is a 2012","title":"Where the Dead Go to Die"},{"psg_id":"11939649","text":"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \"Where Did They Go\" and \"My Sweet Lord,\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \"Where Did They Go\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"10114997","text":"six-track live recording, \"Part Time Punks\", included two songs from the \"Die! Die! Die!\" album and one from \"Locust Weeks\". Closing track \"Blue Skies\" (which dates back to Henry Oliver's time with the band) hadn't been released before, but a studio version would appear as the final track of \"Promises, Promises\" later in the year. Over the European summer, a reunited Slint toured Europe with Die! Die! Die! in support. \"Promises, Promises\" was the band's second full-length album. It was recorded in New York and produced by Shayne Carter (Straitjacket Fits, Dimmer) in sessions that Andrew Wilson later described as","title":"Die! Die! Die!"},{"psg_id":"10114996","text":"band toured with Wolfmother and played in the UK, mainland Europe, and Japan. Henry Oliver, writing in 2016, said, \"At the time, Die! Die! Die! existed on a kind of low-budget neverending tour. We’d leave New Zealand for as long as possible, play as many shows we could get in a row and then decamp somewhere until we booked another bunch of shows.\" He left the band during a month-long break from touring in 2006, and was replaced by Australian Lachlan Anderson. On April 8, 2007, Die! Die! Die! played a show at the Echo in Los Angeles. The resulting","title":"Die! Die! Die!"},{"psg_id":"10114993","text":"NZ on Air funding for a single which was still to be released, so, why start at the bottom of the hill again?\" - Henry Oliver, 2018 Within weeks of this new incarnation of Die! Die! Die! forming, the band began touring. At first they performed four dates around the North Island, then a national tour followed before they travelled to Australia. \"We existed in a constant state of momentum\" and within two years had also taken in the UK, Europe, and the USA. Recorded releases quickly followed, starting with their first EP, \"Die! Die! Die!\" in 2005. A debut,","title":"Die! Die! Die!"},{"psg_id":"4443841","text":"the site of the National Arts Centre. It was designed by Henry Langley (architect) 1872-74. It opened prior to the formation of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in 1875; the General Assembly of the Canada Presbyterian Church was held at Knox in 1874 where the deliberations over the Union took place. The Regimental and King’s Colours of the 207th Battalion were \"laid up\" at Knox in 1919. They now rest in the sanctuary of the present church in a display case with a plaque dedicated to the memory of those who served in the 207th (Ottawa-Carleton) Battalion, CEF during the","title":"Knox Presbyterian Church (Ottawa)"},{"psg_id":"8053910","text":"in the eye by a baseball while playing a game, and it was suggested that drawing would aid his recovery. His segregated school did not have an art program, but the Catholic nuns who taught him recognized his talent and found someone to teach him. He attended Central High School in Mobile. Subsequently, Knox studied at Delaware State College while working in a textile factory. He then enrolled at Tyler School of Art, Pennsylvania, where he attained his masters degree. Knox began his career teaching at the Bowie State College, Maryland and the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, Washington","title":"Simmie Knox"},{"psg_id":"10114991","text":"in 2001. With Wilson playing bass, Prain on drums and guitarist/vocalist Tim \"Tiddy\" Smith, Carriage H released one EP, \"Power of Grey Skull\" in 2002 and disbanded shortly afterwards. Along with bassist Ricky French, Wilson (who began playing guitar for the first time) and Prain then formed a short-lived Wellington-based group called Rawer. Henry Oliver (who would later become Die! Die! Die!'s second bassist) saw Rawer perform and recalled their sound as \"a sea of pedals and effects\". In 2003 Wilson and Prain moved again, to Auckland, and formed Die! Die! Die! together with bassist Kane Goulter. Writing in 2018,","title":"Die! Die! Die!"},{"psg_id":"913701","text":"Knox County was created on June 11, 1792, by Governor William Blount from parts of Greene and Hawkins counties, one of the few counties created when the state was still known as the Southwest Territory. It is one of nine United States counties named for American Revolutionary War general and first United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. Parts of Knox County later became Blount (1795), Anderson (1801), Roane (1801), and Union (1850) counties. In 1783, an expedition into the Upper Tennessee Valley led by James White and Francis Alexander Ramsey explored what is now Knox County. White moved to","title":"Knox County, Tennessee"},{"psg_id":"2538148","text":"Reed Smith LLP). In 1897 Knox became President of the Pennsylvania Bar Association. Along with Jesse H. Lippencott, a fellow member of an elite hunting club (see South Fork below), Knox served as a director of the Fifth National Bank of Pittsburgh. With Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon, he was a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. As counsel for the Carnegie Steel Company, Knox took a prominent part in organizing the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. Knox was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which had a clubhouse upriver of Johnstown,","title":"Philander C. Knox"},{"psg_id":"12566759","text":"half a dozen priests. The rest of his life centred on the Oratorian group in England. The group based at the Birmingham Oratory divided in April 1849. Together with Faber, Knox set up the London Oratory. The splitting up of the original Oratorian group was partly driven by personal difficulties, and in particular Newman’s attitude to Knox, who was proving troublesome. From 1865 to 1868 Knox served a term as superior of the London Oratory. Knox has been called \"the most learned of all the fathers of that time\". He translated the autobiography of Henry Suso in 1865. In 1867","title":"Thomas Francis Knox"},{"psg_id":"11939648","text":"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \"Where Did They Go\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \"Billboard\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \"Is That All There Is?\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \"My Rock And Foundation\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \"Where Did They Go\" (backed by \"All I Want\") as a 45\" single","title":"Where Did They Go (album)"},{"psg_id":"478101","text":"July, Knox preached from the pulpit of St Giles', the most influential in the capital. The Lords of the Congregation negotiated their withdrawal from Edinburgh by the Articles of Leith signed 25 July 1559, and Mary of Guise promised freedom of conscience. Knox knew that the Queen Regent would ask for help from France. So he negotiated by letter under the assumed name John Sinclair with William Cecil, Elizabeth's chief adviser, for English support. Knox sailed secretly to Lindisfarne, off the northeast coast of England at the end of July, to meet James Croft and Sir Henry Percy at Berwick","title":"John Knox"},{"psg_id":"12962997","text":"in the British magazine \"Gramophone\" (September 2008). In 2009 Garth Knox recorded another CD with ECM that was published in 2012: Saltarello – \"a 14th-century fast Italian dance in ¾ time that survives today as a folk dance\". Knox (fiddle, viola and viola d'amore) is accompanied by Agnès Vesterman (violoncello) and Sylvain Lemêtre (percussion). The compositions interpreted by the trio range from medieval music (Hildegard von Bingen, Guillaume de Machaut), renaissance (John Dowland), baroque (Henry Purcell, Antonio Vivaldi) to those of contemporaries like Kaija Saariaho and Garth Knox himself. The album published in 2012 was much acclaimed also by jazz","title":"Garth Knox"},{"psg_id":"1086546","text":"Knox, Maine Knox is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The town was named for General Henry Knox, the first United States Secretary of War. The population was 806 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. The town is drained by Marsh Stream and Halfmoon Stream. The town is crossed by state routes SR 137, SR 220 and SR 139. It is bordered by the towns of Thorndike to the north, Brooks to the east, Morrill to","title":"Knox, Maine"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775812\",\n \"text\": \"of the U.S. Army Field Artillery School, is named in his honor, as is an annual award recognizing the performance of U.S. artillery batteries. The \\\"Major General Nathanael Greene\\\"–class large coastal tug USAV Major General Henry Knox (LT-802) is named in honor of Knox. His papers have been preserved at the Massachusetts Historical Society, and his personal library resides in the Boston Athenaeum in proximity to that of his friend, George Washington. Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18866404\",\n \"text\": \"between 1818 and 1826. The rear ell of the house that Joseph Campbell sold to Henry Knox Thatcher in 1832 was probably built in that time; Campbell built the main house between 1826 and 1832. Thatcher, the grandson of American Revolutionary War general Henry Knox, served in the United States Navy for more than 50 years, rising to the rank of rear admiral. His most active period of service was during the American Civil War, where he commanded squadrons engaged in blockading Confederate ports, and directed the naval activities in the First and Second Battles of Fort Fisher. Henry Knox\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Thatcher House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13635389\",\n \"text\": \"of the collaboration between the two states is unclear, however the work was completed in 1927. The New York markers' bronze reliefs were designed by Henry James Albright, and the Massachusetts reliefs by Henry L. Norton. In 1975, the marker locations between Kinderhook, New York and Alford, Massachusetts were updated after new research found Knox did not pass through Claverack, New York. A new marker was added to the trail at Roxbury Heritage State Park in Boston in 2009, adjacent to a house owned by General John Thomas, who guided the weapons received from Knox to their final placement on\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13595806\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Knox Sherrill Henry Knox Sherrill (November 6, 1890 – May 11, 1980) was an Episcopal clergyman. He was the 20th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church from 1947 to 1958, having previously served as Bishop of Massachusetts (1930-1947). Henry Knox Sherrill was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Henry Williams and Maria (Prue) Knox Mills Sherrill. His father died when he was ten-years-old, and his mother raised him to be religiously observant. He graduated from Brooklyn's Polytechnic Preparatory School in 1906, after which he attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut, for a year. At age sixteen, he entered\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Sherrill\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13635390\",\n \"text\": \"Dorchester Heights overlooking Boston. Henry Knox Trail The Henry Knox Trail, also known as the Knox Cannon Trail, is a network of roads and paths that traces the route of Colonel Henry Knox's \\\"noble train of artillery\\\" from Crown Point to the Continental Army camp outside Boston, Massachusetts early in the American Revolutionary War. Knox was commissioned by Continental Army commander George Washington in 1775 to transport 59 cannons from captured forts on Lake Champlain, 30 from Fort Ticonderoga and 29 from Crown Point, to the army camp outside Boston to aid the war effort there against British forces. They\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13635387\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Knox Trail The Henry Knox Trail, also known as the Knox Cannon Trail, is a network of roads and paths that traces the route of Colonel Henry Knox's \\\"noble train of artillery\\\" from Crown Point to the Continental Army camp outside Boston, Massachusetts early in the American Revolutionary War. Knox was commissioned by Continental Army commander George Washington in 1775 to transport 59 cannons from captured forts on Lake Champlain, 30 from Fort Ticonderoga and 29 from Crown Point, to the army camp outside Boston to aid the war effort there against British forces. They included forty-three heavy brass\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Trail\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13595812\",\n \"text\": \"Hill Cemetery in Richmond, Massachusetts. Sherrill House, a nursing and rehabilitation center in Jamaica Plain, Boston, is named in his honor. Sherrill Hall, a freshman dormitory at Hobart College, is also named in his honor. The American operatic baritone Sherrill Milnes was named after him (see Milnes' memoirs, \\\"American Aria\\\"). Henry Knox Sherrill Henry Knox Sherrill (November 6, 1890 – May 11, 1980) was an Episcopal clergyman. He was the 20th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church from 1947 to 1958, having previously served as Bishop of Massachusetts (1930-1947). Henry Knox Sherrill was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Henry\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Sherrill\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775778\",\n \"text\": \"further action that year, but privateers that Knox and fellow Massachusetts native Henry Jackson invested in were not as successful as they hoped; many of them were captured by the British. Knox and the artillery established a winter cantonment at Pluckemin (a hamlet of Bedminster, New Jersey). There Knox established the Continental Army's first school for artillery and officer training. This facility is considered the precursor to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. While there, through the summer of 1779, General Knox spent most of his time training more than 1,000 soldiers in conditions of low\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"478080\",\n \"text\": \"He replied that he knew it well, recognising the steeple of the place where he first preached and he declared that he would not die until he had preached there again. In February 1549, after spending a total of 19 months in the galley-prison, Knox was released. It is uncertain how he obtained his liberty. Later in the year, Henry II arranged with Edward VI of England the release of all remaining Castilian prisoners. On his release, Knox took refuge in England. The Reformation in England was a less radical movement than its Continental counterparts, but there was a definite\",\n \"title\": \"John Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775759\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806) was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794. Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, he owned and operated a bookstore there, cultivating an interest in military history and joining a local artillery company. When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, he befriended General George Washington, and quickly rose to become the chief artillery officer of the Continental Army. In this role he accompanied Washington on most\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18866402\",\n \"text\": \"Henry Knox Thatcher House The Henry Knox Thatcher House is a historic house at Main and Elm Streets in Mercer, Maine. Built c. 1826, the building is a fine blend of late Federal and Greek Revival styling. It is most significant as the longtime home of Henry Knox Thatcher, an admiral in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Thatcher House stands at the northeast corner of Main and Elm Streets, on the eastern edge of Mercer's rural village center. The main block is\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Thatcher House\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19953155\",\n \"text\": \"long time, Lucy and Henry didn't let their love die out and were connected through letters they sent each other. Their letters are kept at the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. They provide a first-hand view of one of the closest people to General Washington as well as an insight into the life of a war-hero spouse. Lucy Knox had fallen in love with a revolutionary war patriot Henry Knox, who was born into poverty in Boston in 1750. Despite her father's wish of she marrying a man with higher social status, Lucy Knox followed her own heart. She\",\n \"title\": \"Lucy Flucker Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775766\",\n \"text\": \"managed to bind the wound up and reach a doctor, who sewed the wound up. Knox supported the Sons of Liberty, an organization of agitators against what they considered repressive British colonial policies. It is unknown if he participated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party, but he did serve on guard duty before the incident to make sure no tea was unloaded from the \\\"Dartmouth\\\", one of the ships involved. The next year he refused a consignment of tea sent to him by James Rivington, a Loyalist in New York. Henry married Lucy Flucker (1756–1824), the daughter of Boston Loyalists,\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775769\",\n \"text\": \"in July 1775 to take command of the army, he was impressed by the work Knox had done. The two also immediately developed a liking for one another, and Knox began to interact regularly with Washington and the other generals of the developing Continental Army. Knox did not have a commission in the army, but John Adams in particular worked in the Second Continental Congress to acquire for him a commission as colonel of the army's artillery regiment. Knox bolstered his own case by writing to Adams that Richard Gridley, the older leader of the artillery under Ward, was disliked\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775772\",\n \"text\": \"the entire war, Knox's effort is commemorated by a series of plaques marking the Henry Knox Trail in New York and Massachusetts. Upon the cannon's arrival in Cambridge they were immediately deployed to fortify the Dorchester Heights recently taken by Washington. So commanding was the new battery over Boston harbor the British withdrew their fleet to Halifax. With the siege ended, Knox undertook the improvement of defenses in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New York City in anticipation of British attack there. In New York he met Alexander Hamilton, commander of the local artillery. The two men formed a close friendship\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13595808\",\n \"text\": \"until 1917, when he became a Red Cross chaplain at Massachusetts General Hospital. He later became an Army chaplain, with the rank of First Lieutenant, at Base Hospital 6 in Talence, France. Upon his return from the war service, he served as rector of the Church of Our Saviour in Brookline from 1919 to 1923. In 1921, he married Barbara Harris, with whom he had four children: Henry Williams, Edmund Knox, Franklin Goldthwaite, and Barbara Prue. He then returned to Boston's Trinity Church, where he had begun his ministry, as rector. In addition to his duties as rector, he served\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox Sherrill\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775792\",\n \"text\": \"When Washington asked Knox if he should attend the convention, Knox urged him to do so: \\\"It would be circumstance highly honorable to your fame, in the judgment of the present and future ages, and double entitle you to the glorious epithet — Father of Your Country.\\\" This is possibly the earliest documented application of the phrase \\\"Father of His Country\\\" to Washington. Knox actively promoted the adoption of the new constitution, engaging correspondents in many colonies on the subject, but especially concentrating on achieving its adoption by Massachusetts, where its support was seen as weak. After its adoption he\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775787\",\n \"text\": \"Congress attempted to implement an idea for a standing militia force as a peacetime army. Knox resigned his army commission in early 1784, \\\"well satisfied to be excluded from any responsibility in arrangements which it is impossible to execute\\\", and Congress' idea failed. Knox returned to Massachusetts, where the family established a home in Dorchester. Knox worked to reassemble a large parcel of land in Maine (parts of what are sometimes called the Waldo Patent and the Bingham Purchase) that had been confiscated from his Loyalist in-laws. He was able to assemble a vast multi-million acre real estate empire in\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5436659\",\n \"text\": \"Canadian Supreme Court's landmark decision \\\"R v Zundel\\\", when it declared that the law under which he had been charged, \\\"reporting false news\\\", was unconstitutional. \\\"Did Six Million Really Die?\\\" was banned in Germany and South Africa. In 2017 Amazon.com removed the book along with other holocaust-denying books from its US and UK sites. Did Six Million Really Die? Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth At Last is a Holocaust denial pamphlet allegedly written by British National Front member Richard Verrall under the pseudonym \\\"Richard E. Harwood\\\" and published in 1974 by neo-Nazi propagandist Ernst Zündel, another Holocaust denier\",\n \"title\": \"Did Six Million Really Die?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5436657\",\n \"text\": \"Six Million Really Die?\\\" does not fit with received views of reality because it is not part of reality. Although in the end he was not required to give evidence, the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper offered to give evidence, stating that \\\"behind a simulated objectivity of expression, it is in fact an irresponsible and tendentious publication which avoids material evidence and presents selected half-truths and distortions for the sole purpose of sowing anti-Semitic propaganda\\\". Anthony Hancock re-published \\\"Did Six Million Really Die?\\\" and made a significant amount of money from doing so, to the point where he was sued for royalties\",\n \"title\": \"Did Six Million Really Die?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775811\",\n \"text\": \"are counties named for Knox in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas. The house he used as a headquarters in New Windsor, New York, during the Revolution has been preserved as Knox's Headquarters State Historic Site; it is a listed National Historic Landmark. Knox Township, Illinois, is named after Knox, as is Knox Place in the Bronx, New York. Knox has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with an 8¢ Great Americans series postage stamp. Two forts, one in Kentucky and another in Maine were named after him. Knox Hall at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, home\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775803\",\n \"text\": \"been more destructive to the Indian natives than the conduct of the conquerors of Mexico and Peru\\\". He went on to cite the fact that where there was white civilization, there was \\\"the utter extirpation\\\" of natives, or almost none left. Regardless of whether the Americans wanted to obtain Native American lands by purchase, conquest or other means, \\\"there would be no lasting peace while land remained the object of American Indian policy\\\", which continued after Knox left office. Washington's policies, as carried out by Secretary Knox, set the stage for the rise of Tecumseh. Many thousands of Native Americans\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775777\",\n \"text\": \"he made the critical suggestion, approved by Washington, to capture rather than bypass the Chew House, a stone mansion that the British had occupied as a strong defensive position. This turned out to significantly delay the army's advance and gave the British an opportunity to reform their lines. Knox afterward wrote to Lucy, \\\"To [morning fog and] the enemy's taking possession of some stone buildings in Germantown, is to be ascribed the loss of the victory.\\\" Knox was also present at the Battle of Monmouth in July 1778, where Washington commended him for the artillery's performance. The army saw no\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19953156\",\n \"text\": \"met Henry and fell in love with Henry when he was working at a bookstore in Boston. Lucy Flucker Knox Lucy Flucker Knox (August 2, 1756 – June 20, 1824) was an American revolutionary. Born under the British government, as daughter of colonial officer Thomas Flucker and Hannah Waldo, daughter of Samuel Waldo. Lucy joined the American Army under the Influence of Henry Knox. After their marriage, Lucy moved around with Henry and lived on the military camp. She accompanied Henry Knox until he retired from the army in 1794. She was born into a wealthy family of privilege as\",\n \"title\": \"Lucy Flucker Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775808\",\n \"text\": \"as building a landed estate, Knox attempted to enlarge his fortune through industrial craft enterprises. He had interests in lumbering, ship building, stock raising and brick manufacturing. Unfortunately for him, these businesses failed (due in part to a lack of focused investment), and Knox built up significant debts. Knox was forced to sell large tracts of land in Maine to satisfy some of his creditors. The purchaser of his Maine lands was a Pennsylvania banker named William Bingham, leading those tracts to become known locally as the Bingham Purchase. Knox died at his home on October 25, 1806, at the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3955448\",\n \"text\": \"School in 1778. He was successful in raising the number of pupils, from around 20 to around 80. Among Knox's students were Charles Girdlestone and John Mitford. During the 1790s Knox was critical of British foreign policy, towards France and Poland, in articles written for the \\\"Morning Chronicle\\\". The pupil numbers at the school fell back again, after his unpopular views became known. Knox accumulated some livings: Shipborne (1800, a chapelry, as bequest from William Holles Vane, 2nd Viscount Vane), Ramsden Crays (1801), and Runwell (1807). But he did not become vicar of Tonbridge when the incumbent Henry Harpur died\",\n \"title\": \"Vicesimus Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11233103\",\n \"text\": \"College, a small Methodist-affiliated liberal arts college, is located in Barbourville. Knox County, Kentucky Knox County is a county located near the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,883. Its county seat is Barbourville. The county is named for General Henry Knox. Knox County is included in the London, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of the few coal-producing counties in Kentucky not to experience massive population loss. Knox County was formed on December 19, 1799, from portions of Lincoln County. It was named for Henry Knox, a general\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11233098\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County, Kentucky Knox County is a county located near the southeastern corner of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,883. Its county seat is Barbourville. The county is named for General Henry Knox. Knox County is included in the London, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of the few coal-producing counties in Kentucky not to experience massive population loss. Knox County was formed on December 19, 1799, from portions of Lincoln County. It was named for Henry Knox, a general and the first United States Secretary of War. The Civil War\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Kentucky\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5436644\",\n \"text\": \"Did Six Million Really Die? Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth At Last is a Holocaust denial pamphlet allegedly written by British National Front member Richard Verrall under the pseudonym \\\"Richard E. Harwood\\\" and published in 1974 by neo-Nazi propagandist Ernst Zündel, another Holocaust denier and pamphleteer. The NF denied that Verrall was the author in a 1978 edition of \\\"World in Action\\\". In 1983, Holocaust survivor Sabina Citron began a private prosecution under s.181 of the Canadian Criminal Code against Zündel, charging him with spreading false news. She was subsequently joined in her proceedings against Zündel by the\",\n \"title\": \"Did Six Million Really Die?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19953152\",\n \"text\": \"Lucy Flucker Knox Lucy Flucker Knox (August 2, 1756 – June 20, 1824) was an American revolutionary. Born under the British government, as daughter of colonial officer Thomas Flucker and Hannah Waldo, daughter of Samuel Waldo. Lucy joined the American Army under the Influence of Henry Knox. After their marriage, Lucy moved around with Henry and lived on the military camp. She accompanied Henry Knox until he retired from the army in 1794. She was born into a wealthy family of privilege as the daughter of the Provincial Governor of Massachusetts. Lucy's father, Thomas Flucker, holding office under the British\",\n \"title\": \"Lucy Flucker Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"478097\",\n \"text\": \"England. Although Knox had not targeted Elizabeth, he had deeply offended her, and she never forgave him. With a Protestant on the throne, the English refugees in Geneva prepared to return home. Knox himself decided to return to Scotland. Before his departure, various honours were conferred on him, including the freedom of the city of Geneva. Knox left in January 1559, but he did not arrive in Scotland until 2 May 1559, owing to Elizabeth's refusal to issue him a passport through England. Two days after Knox arrived in Edinburgh, he proceeded to Dundee where a large number of Protestant\",\n \"title\": \"John Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775801\",\n \"text\": \"extermination of any tribe on land it wanted; Washington and Secretary Knox also wanted the lands. They generally (though not always) felt the use of force would be too costly to Americans, and sought other means to take Native American lands. Instead, Knox at first recommended a continuation of British policies, furnishing the Native nations with livestock, farming implements, and missionaries, in order to pacify them. After failing to appease the Cherokee and Creek with a large cache of gifts in 1789, Knox eventually signed the Treaty of New York (1790) on behalf of the nation, ending conflict with some,\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775798\",\n \"text\": \"British supported the northwestern tribes from frontier bases that they continued to occupy after the Revolutionary War ended (in violation of the Treaty of Paris), and the Cherokee and Creek continued to contest illegal encroachment of colonial settlers on their lands. In October 1790 Knox organized a campaign led by General Josiah Harmar into the Northwest Territory in retaliation for Native American raids against colonial settlers in that territory and that of present-day Kentucky. That campaign failed. A second campaign was organized by Knox, financed by William Duer, and to be led by territorial Governor Arthur St. Clair. Knox and\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775795\",\n \"text\": \"Both France and Britain began interfering with American shipping. Most of the Continental Navy's few ships were sold off at the end of the revolutionary war, leaving the nation's merchant fleet without any defenses against piracy or seizure on the high seas. Knox urged and presided over the creation of a regular United States Navy and the establishment of a series of coastal fortifications. Knox was responsible for managing the nation's relations with the Native Americans resident in lands it claimed, following a 1789 act of U.S. Congress. Knox, in several documents drafted for Washington and Congress, articulated the nation's\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775789\",\n \"text\": \"March 8, 1785, after considering a number of other candidates. At the time, Knox is reported to have been of \\\"immense girth\\\", weighing nearly 300 pounds and 6 feet 3 inches. The army was by then a fraction of its former size, and the new nation's westward expansion was exacerbating frontier conflicts with Indian tribes. The War Department Knox took over had two civilian employees and a single small regiment. Congress in 1785 authorized the establishment of a 700-man army. Knox was only able to recruit six of the authorized ten companies, which were stationed on the western frontier. Some\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775786\",\n \"text\": \"Fraunces Tavern. After Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief on December 23, Knox became the senior officer of the army. The post of Secretary at War became available when Benjamin Lincoln resigned in November 1783, and Lincoln had recommended Knox to follow him. Although the Confederation Congress had been aware of Lincoln's intent to resign when the formal peace arrived, it had not named a successor. Knox had been considered for the job when it was given to Lincoln in 1781, and expressed his interest in succeeding Lincoln. However, in the absence of a guiding hand in the War Department,\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775784\",\n \"text\": \"and Congress, helping to defuse the crisis. Because of the unresolved issues, however, Knox and others became vigorous proponents of a stronger national government, something which leading political leaders (including Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, and Samuel Adams) opposed at the time. With the arrival of news of a preliminary peace in April 1783 Congress began to order the demobilization of the army, and Washington gave Knox day-to-day command of what remained of the army. During this time Knox organized the Society of the Cincinnati, a hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers that survives to this day. The hereditary nature of\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775781\",\n \"text\": \"out both Knox and the French artillery chief for their roles in the siege, and recommended to Congress that Knox be promoted. Knox was promoted to major general on March 22, 1782; he became the army's youngest major general. He and Congressman Gouverneur Morris were assigned to negotiate prisoner exchanges with the British. These negotiations failed because the sides could not agree on processes and terms for matching various classes of captives. He joined the main army at Newburgh, New York, and inspected the facilities at West Point, considered a crucial defensive position. After enumerating its defects and needs, Washington\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775780\",\n \"text\": \"to the northern states as Washington's representative to increase the flow of men and supplies to the army. In 1781 Knox accompanied Washington's army south and participated in the decisive Siege of Yorktown. He was personally active in the field, directing the placement and aiming of the artillery. The Marquis de Chastellux, with whom Knox established a good friendship, wrote of Knox, \\\"We cannot sufficiently admire the intelligence and activity with which he collected from different places and transported to the batteries more than thirty pieces ...\\\", and \\\"one-half has been said in commending his military genius. Washington specifically called\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775779\",\n \"text\": \"morale and scarce supplies. Conditions were exceptionally harsh in the winter of 1779–80, and Washington's army was again largely inactive in 1780 while the main action in the war moved south. In late September 1780 Knox was a member of the court martial that convicted Major John André, the British officer whose arrest exposed the treachery of Benedict Arnold. (Knox had, in an interesting twist, briefly shared accommodations with André while en route to Ticonderoga in 1775, when the latter was traveling south on parole after being captured near Montreal.) During these years of relative inaction Knox made several trips\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1059099\",\n \"text\": \"Knox, Indiana Knox is a city in Center Township, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 3,704 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Starke County. Knox was founded in 1851, and is named after General Henry Knox. The Knox post office has been in operation since 1820. Knox is located along the Yellow River. According to the 2010 census, Knox has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,704 people, 1,457 households, and 975 families residing in the city. The population density was\",\n \"title\": \"Knox, Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10115009\",\n \"text\": \"Andrew and Mikey, two high school friends that have been making music together for nearly 20 years – an amazing feat for any act, let alone a band that has thrived on instability, uncertainty and unpredictability.\\\" - Henry Oliver, former bassist (2004-06), 2018. Bassist Mike Logie had reunited with former Mint Chicks bandmate Kody Nielson in new band Opossum, so when Wilson and Prain decided to start playing together again they recruited Rory Attwell into the reformed Die! Die! Die!. Attwell was one half of the team behind Lightship95, a recording studio on a boat moored in the Thames, where\",\n \"title\": \"Die! Die! Die!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17604923\",\n \"text\": \"by Henry Chadwick and published posthumously in two volumes (1953 and 1957). Knox died 9 February 1950 in Cambridge at the age of 63. So many wanted to attend his memorial service in Pembroke chapel that there had to be a ballot for tickets. Canon Henry R. T. Brandreth said of him, \\\"There has never been anyone like Father Wilfred and it is impossible to believe that there ever will be. ... He sacrificed his own interests and inclinations on [the Oratory's] behalf with a wonderful steadfastness.\\\" Wilfred Knox Wilfred Lawrence Knox (1886–1950) was an English Anglican priest and theologian,\",\n \"title\": \"Wilfred Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12790701\",\n \"text\": \"Knox v. Lee Knox v. Lee, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 457 (1871), was an important case for its time where the Supreme Court of the United States overruled \\\"Hepburn v. Griswold\\\". In \\\"Knox v. Lee\\\", the Court held that making paper money legal tender through the Legal Tender Act did not conflict with Article One of the United States Constitution. Mrs. Lee was a loyal citizen of the United States whose flock of sheep was sold by the Confederate army, as the Confederates considered Mrs. Lee an 'alien enemy'. Mr. Knox purchased the sheep from the Confederate army, and Mrs.\",\n \"title\": \"Knox v. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3399748\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Knox Robert Knox, (4 September 1791 – 20 December 1862), was a Scottish anatomist, zoologist, ethologist and physician. He was a lecturer on anatomy in Britain, where he introduced the theory of transcendental anatomy. However, he is now mainly remembered for his involvement in the Burke and Hare murders. Difficulty in obtaining cadavers for dissection after the passage of the Anatomy Act and disagreements with professional colleagues ruined his career. A move to London did not improve matters. His later pessimistic view of humanity contrasted sharply with his youthful attachment to the ideas of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Knox devoted\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3407012\",\n \"text\": \"Congregationalists, the county in which the college is located was already named Knox County, after Henry Knox, the first United States Secretary of War. Arguments have been made that the college was named for Calvinist leader John Knox, but it is not certain for which Knox it was named (if not both). George Candee Gale, a great-great-grandson of two of the founders, explains that contrary to general belief, Knox was not named for either General Knox or the Scottish Presbyterian Knox, according to my father ... Some wanted the college named for one Knox, some for the other; so they\",\n \"title\": \"Knox College (Illinois)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"948174\",\n \"text\": \"fifty states. Knox County, Illinois Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 52,919. Its county seat is Galesburg. Knox County comprises the Galesburg, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. Knox County was named in honor of Henry Knox, the first US Secretary of War. The first \\\"Knox County\\\" in what today is Illinois was unrelated to the modern incarnation. In 1790, the land of the Indiana Territory that was to become Illinois was divided into two counties: St. Clair and Knox. The latter included land in what was\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"948167\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County, Illinois Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 52,919. Its county seat is Galesburg. Knox County comprises the Galesburg, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area. Knox County was named in honor of Henry Knox, the first US Secretary of War. The first \\\"Knox County\\\" in what today is Illinois was unrelated to the modern incarnation. In 1790, the land of the Indiana Territory that was to become Illinois was divided into two counties: St. Clair and Knox. The latter included land in what was to become\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2538143\",\n \"text\": \"Philander C. Knox Philander Chase Knox (May 6, 1853October 12, 1921) was an American lawyer, bank director and politician. A member of the Republican Party, Knox served in the Cabinet of three different presidents and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate. Born in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, Knox became a prominent attorney in Pittsburgh, forming the law firm of Knox and Reed. With the industrialists Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon, Knox also served as a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. In early 1901, he accepted appointment as United States Attorney General. Knox served under President William McKinley\",\n \"title\": \"Philander C. Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12566757\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Francis Knox Father Francis Knox (born as Thomas Francis Knox; 24 December 1822 – 20 March 1882, London Knox, whose profile in the Dictionary of New Ulster Biography claims he was born in County Armagh, not Brussels, was an Anglo-Irish ultramontane Roman Catholic priest and author, known for his historical writings and translations. Knox was the eldest son in a family connected to the Protestant Irish peerage: his father John Henry Knox, Tory MP for Newry, was a younger son of Thomas Knox, 1st Earl of Ranfurly. His mother was Mabella Josephine Needham, daughter of Francis Needham, 1st Earl\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Francis Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"928754\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County, Nebraska Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,701. Its county seat is Center. Knox County was named after Continental and U.S. Army Major General Henry Knox. In the Nebraska license plate system, Knox County is represented by the prefix 12 (it had the 12th-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922). Knox County was organized by the Territorial Legislature in 1857, and named L'Eau Qui Court, that being the French name for the river named by\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Nebraska\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19953154\",\n \"text\": \"fact, Lucy Knox was a frequent visitor to Henry Knox's boostore and that's where the couple first met. During most of the Revolutionary War, Lucy and her husband were apart. Unfortunately, unlike other officers' wives she was wasn't able to get as many visits to the war camp. The reasoning behind Lucy Knox not receiving as many visits as other officers' wives as that she had already gave up already she had (her family) for this patriotic cause and therefore her husband was reluctant to her visiting and witnessing all the suffering. Even though they were separated for such a\",\n \"title\": \"Lucy Flucker Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14369189\",\n \"text\": \"Knox Trophy The Knox Trophy is the oldest military award of the United States Military Academy at West Point. The award was established on October 8, 1910 and is given annually by the Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York to the United States Military Academy cadet with the highest rating for military efficiency. Named in honor of General Henry Knox, the first Secretary of War, the original trophy, made by Tiffany & Company was originally kept on display in the office of the West Point Commandant. The Knox Trophy celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2010. Named\",\n \"title\": \"Knox Trophy\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1202095\",\n \"text\": \"governed by an elected 7-member council. Current council members are President Jack Bish, Jr., Vice-President Linda Runyan, Thomas Goble, Bud Price, Carl Salser, Bill Henry, and Caleb Gilliland. Rich Cochran is the Mayor. Knox, Pennsylvania Knox is a borough in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,146 at the 2010 census. Knox is located northwest of the center of Clarion County at (41.235317, -79.536123). Pennsylvania Route 208 passes through the center of the borough, leading east to U.S. Route 322 at Shippenville and west to Emlenton. Pennsylvania Route 338 runs through the east side of Knox as a\",\n \"title\": \"Knox, Pennsylvania\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1086552\",\n \"text\": \"for the town was $14,468. About 10.7% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 21.9% of those age 65 or over. Knox is part of Regional School Unit No. 3. There are six elementary schools, a middle school and a high school in the district. Dr. Paul W. Austin is the Superintendent of Schools. Knox, Maine Knox is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The town was named for General Henry Knox, the first United States Secretary of War. The population was 806 at the\",\n \"title\": \"Knox, Maine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775802\",\n \"text\": \"but not all, Cherokee tribal units. Of the genocide of the native populations in the nation's most heavily populated areas, Knox wrote, \\\"A future historian may mark the causes of this destruction of the human race in sable colors.\\\" Noam Chomsky claims that the nation's leaders \\\"knew what they were doing\\\", and often used language saying they were the natives' \\\"benefactors\\\", \\\"philanthropists and humanitarians\\\", when in reality they were engaged in the \\\"genocidal practices\\\" of extermination and \\\"Indian Removal\\\". In fact, Knox said what the Europeans and Americans were doing to the native nations was so harmful that \\\"our modes...have\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775794\",\n \"text\": \"for militia service as required by the act. To resolve this arms shortage, Knox recommended to Congress that the federal government increase the purchase of imported weapons, ban the export of domestically produced weapons and establish facilities for the domestic production and stockpiling of weapons. These facilities included the existing Springfield Armory and another at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. In 1792 Congress, acting on a detailed proposal from Knox, created the short-lived Legion of the United States. When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1793, American merchant shipping began to be affected after Washington formally declared neutrality in the conflict.\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775791\",\n \"text\": \"Shays' Rebellion broke out in Massachusetts, threatening the Springfield Armory. Knox personally went to Springfield to see to its defense. Although Benjamin Lincoln raised a militia force and put down the rebellion, it highlighted the weakness of both the military and defects in the Articles of Confederation that hampered Congressional ability to act on the matter. In the rebellion's aftermath Congress called what became known as the Constitutional Convention, in which the current United States Constitution was drafted. Knox in early 1787 sent George Washington a draft proposal for a government that bears significant resemblance to what was eventually adopted.\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775776\",\n \"text\": \"army for the 1777 campaign. In June he learned that Congress had appointed Philippe Charles Tronson du Coudray, a French soldier of fortune, to command the artillery. Du Coudray's appointment upset not only Knox, who immediately threatened his resignation to Congress, but also John Sullivan and Nathanael Greene, who also protested the politically motivated appointment. Du Coudray was subsequently reassigned to the post of inspector general, and died in a fall from his horse while crossing the Schuylkill River in September 1777. Knox was present at Brandywine, the first major battle of the Philadelphia campaign, and at Germantown. At Germantown\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775775\",\n \"text\": \"with the army at the January 2, 1777 at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek, and again the next day at Princeton. In 1777 while the army was in winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, Knox returned to Massachusetts to improve the Army's artillery manufacturing capability. He raised an additional battalion of artillerymen and established an armory at Springfield, Massachusetts before returning to the main army in the spring. That armory, and a second at Yorktown, Pennsylvania established by one of his subordinates, remained valuable sources of war material for the rest of the war. Knox returned to the main\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775774\",\n \"text\": \"hampered by ice and cold, with John Glover's Marbleheaders (14th Continental Regiment) manning the boats, he got the attack force of men, horses and artillery across the river without loss. Following the battle he returned the same force, along with hundreds of prisoners, captured supplies and all the boats back across the river by the afternoon of December 26. Knox was promoted to brigadier general for this accomplishment, and given command of an artillery corps expanded to five regiments. The army again crossed the river a few days later after the decision to make a stand at Trenton. Knox was\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775773\",\n \"text\": \"that lasted until Hamilton's death in 1804. During his military service Knox also established a close friendship with fellow Massachusetts native Benjamin Lincoln. Knox was with Washington's army during the New York and New Jersey campaign, including most of the major engagements resulting in the loss of New York City. He narrowly escaped capture following the British invasion of Manhattan, only making it back to the main Continental Army lines through the offices of Aaron Burr. He was in charge of logistics in the critical crossing of the Delaware River that preceded the December 26, 1776 Battle of Trenton. Though\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775771\",\n \"text\": \"some of ice-covered rivers and snow-draped Berkshire Mountains to the Boston siege camps. The region was lightly populated and Knox had to overcome difficulties hiring personnel and draft animals. On several occasions cannon crashed through the ice on river crossings, but the detail's men were always able to recover them. In the end, what Knox had expected to take just two weeks actually took more than six, and he was finally able to report the arrival of the weapons train to Washington on January 27, 1776. Called by historian Victor Brooks \\\"one of the most stupendous feats of logistics\\\" of\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775770\",\n \"text\": \"by his men and in poor health. As the siege wore on, the idea arose that cannon recently captured at the fall of forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upstate New York could have a decisive impact on its outcome. Knox is generally credited with suggesting the prospect to Washington, who thereupon put him in charge of an expedition to retrieve them even though Knox's commission had not yet arrived. Reaching Ticonderoga on December 5, Knox commenced what came to be known as the noble train of artillery, hauling by ox-drawn sled 60 tons of cannon and other armaments across\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775768\",\n \"text\": \"British during their withdrawal from Boston after the Continental Army fortified Dorchester Heights, a success that hinged upon Knox's Ticonderoga expedition. When the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, Knox and Lucy snuck out of Boston, and Knox joined the militia army besieging the city. His abandoned bookshop was looted and all of its stock destroyed or stolen. He served under General Artemas Ward, putting his acquired engineering skills to use developing fortifications around the city. He directed rebel cannon fire at the Battle of Bunker Hill. When General George Washington arrived\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775767\",\n \"text\": \"on June 16, 1774, despite opposition from her father that was due to their differing political views. Lucy's brother served in the British Army, and her family attempted to lure Knox to service there. Despite long separations due to his military service, the couple were devoted to one another for the rest of his life, and carried on an extensive correspondence. After the couple fled Boston in 1775, she remained essentially homeless until the British evacuated the city in March 1776. Even afterward, she often traveled to visit Knox in the field. Her parents left, never to return, with the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775763\",\n \"text\": \"to read. The inquisitive future war hero, when he was not running errands, taught himself French, learned some philosophy and advanced mathematics, and devoured tales of ancient warriors and famous battles. He immersed himself in literature from a tender age. However, Knox was also involved in Boston's street gangs, becoming one of the toughest fighters in his neighborhood. Impressed by a military demonstration, at 18 he joined a local artillery company called The Train. On March 5, 1770 Knox was a witness to the Boston massacre. According to his affidavit, he attempted to defuse the situation, trying to convince the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12790703\",\n \"text\": \"and Parker was to execute a deed to Davis. Davis paid United States notes, but Parker refused to execute a deed, claiming that he was entitled to receive coin. Knox v. Lee Knox v. Lee, 79 U.S. (12 Wall.) 457 (1871), was an important case for its time where the Supreme Court of the United States overruled \\\"Hepburn v. Griswold\\\". In \\\"Knox v. Lee\\\", the Court held that making paper money legal tender through the Legal Tender Act did not conflict with Article One of the United States Constitution. Mrs. Lee was a loyal citizen of the United States whose\",\n \"title\": \"Knox v. Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1775782\",\n \"text\": \"appointed him its commander in August 1782. The next month he was devastated by the death of his nine-month-old son, and fell into a depression. He soldiered on, however, becoming involved in negotiations with the Confederation Congress and Secretary of War Benjamin Lincoln over the issue of pensions and overdue compensation for the military. Knox wrote a memorial, signed by a number of high-profile officers, suggesting that Congress pay all back pay immediately and offer a lump-sum pension rather than providing half-pay for life. The unwillingness of Congress to deal with the issue prompted Knox to write a warning letter,\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6040707\",\n \"text\": \"The song also features on the mini-album \\\"The End Of A Beautiful Career\\\". Why Did You Let My Kitten Die? \\\"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\\\" is a song by Angelica, released as the band's second single. It had a limited release of 1000 copies on Fantastic Plastic Records and was voted Alternative Record of the Year by BBC Radio 1's \\\"Evening Session\\\" audience. The title track is a reference to the 1961 film \\\"Whistle Down the Wind\\\", in which a group of children believe an escaped convict to be Jesus. The children give him a kitten to protect\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6040706\",\n \"text\": \"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die? \\\"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\\\" is a song by Angelica, released as the band's second single. It had a limited release of 1000 copies on Fantastic Plastic Records and was voted Alternative Record of the Year by BBC Radio 1's \\\"Evening Session\\\" audience. The title track is a reference to the 1961 film \\\"Whistle Down the Wind\\\", in which a group of children believe an escaped convict to be Jesus. The children give him a kitten to protect but when the kitten dies they question whether he is who they believe.\",\n \"title\": \"Why Did You Let My Kitten Die?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279845\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"there is a perceptible poignancy and longing weaved throughout Jenkins' arrangements. The opener \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" possesses a solitude accentuated by responsive instrumentation that supports, yet never intrudes. Cole's practically conversational delivery of pop standards...become musical soliloquies with the score as a sonic subtext.\\\" Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13279844\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did Everyone Go? Where Did Everyone Go? is a 1963 studio album by Nat King Cole, arranged by Gordon Jenkins. This was the third and final album that Cole and Jenkins recorded together, following \\\"Love Is the Thing\\\" (1957) and \\\"The Very Thought of You\\\" (1958). The initial \\\"Billboard\\\" review from April 13, 1963 commented that \\\"Here he is in a superb collection of ballad tunes, many of them in a lonesome, blue mood, with standout backing provided by Gordon Jenkins...Great mood wax for buyers and spinners\\\". The Allmusic review of \\\"Where Did Everyone Go?\\\" by Lindsay Planer said\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did Everyone Go?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"947163\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County, Indiana Knox County is a county located in Indiana in the United States. It was one of two original counties created in the old Northwest Territory in 1790 and was reduced to its present size in 1817. , the population was 38,440. The county seat is Vincennes. In 1790, Winthrop Sargent, Secretary of Northwest Territory, organized the first Indiana county, Knox County. It was named for Major General Henry Knox, U.S. Secretary of War. Knox County was one of the original counties of the Northwest Territory and was created prior to the formation of the Indiana Territory. When\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Indiana\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"943023\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County voted 55% in favor of a measure to legalize same-sex marriage. An addition to the Knox County Courthouse designed by Scott Simons Architects was completed 2005. It is connected to an annex built in 1977 that is adjacent to the historic, original building that was finished in 1874. Knox County, Maine Knox County is a county located in the state of Maine, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,736. Its county seat is Rockland. The county is named for American Revolutionary War general and Secretary of War Henry Knox, who lived in\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Maine\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"937899\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County, Texas Knox County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,719. Its county seat is Benjamin. The county was created in 1858 and later organized in 1886. It is named for Henry Knox, an American Revolutionary War general. The 1932 Texas Republican gubernatorial nominee, Orville Bullington, resided in Knox County and served as county attorney early in his career. Knox County is represented in the Texas House of Representatives by the Republican James Frank, a businessman from Wichita Falls. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"928759\",\n \"text\": \"income of $23,373 versus $18,319 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,971. About 12.50% of families and 15.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.40% of those under age 18 and 13.50% of those age 65 or over. Knox County, Nebraska Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,701. Its county seat is Center. Knox County was named after Continental and U.S. Army Major General Henry Knox. In the Nebraska license plate system, Knox County is represented by the prefix 12\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Nebraska\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"927081\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County, Ohio Knox County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 60,921. Its county seat is Mount Vernon. The county is named for Henry Knox, an officer in the American Revolutionary War who was later the first Secretary of War. Knox County comprises the Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area. Knox County was formed from Fairfield County in 1808. A rich African American cultural heritage has existed in the county since its founding. According to the U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Ohio\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6811275\",\n \"text\": \"George Williams Knox Major-General John George Williams Knox CB (1838 - 6 March 1894) was a British soldier. He was commissioned in the Scots Fusilier Guards in January 1855 and served in the Crimean War with the Scots Fusilier Guards. He commanded the 1st Battalion of the Scots Guards during the Anglo-Egyptian War 1882. Knox was present at the Battle of Tel-el-Kebir and received a mention in despatches. Knox was created a Companion of the Order of the Bath in November 1882. On 30 April 1886 in Cottesmore, Rutland, Knox married Lady Sybil Emily Lowther, eldest daughter of Henry Lowther,\",\n \"title\": \"George Williams Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18771486\",\n \"text\": \"The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 21, 2012. Unearthed Films handles the home video distribution. The film has yet to be released on streaming services. \\\"Where the Dead Go to Die\\\" was panned by many viewers and Internet animation critics, criticizing its three stories, animation, characters, voice acting, writing, use of music, and incredibly dark content, such as eating fetuses, genital mutilation, bestiality, and necrophilia. It was however reviewed well in many horror publications, such as Rue Morgue, DVDtalk, and horrornews. Where the Dead Go to Die Where the Dead Go to Die is a 2012\",\n \"title\": \"Where the Dead Go to Die\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939649\",\n \"text\": \"in 1971. The single did not make the charts. Lee performed songs from this album, including \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" and \\\"My Sweet Lord,\\\" during her June 1971 engagement at The Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. After completing work on \\\"Where Did They Go\\\", Peggy Lee did not return to the recording studio again until nearly a year later, when she began recording \\\"Norma Deloris Egstrom from Jamestown, North Dakota\\\" in April 1972. This album was released on 8-track, along with LP. Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10114997\",\n \"text\": \"six-track live recording, \\\"Part Time Punks\\\", included two songs from the \\\"Die! Die! Die!\\\" album and one from \\\"Locust Weeks\\\". Closing track \\\"Blue Skies\\\" (which dates back to Henry Oliver's time with the band) hadn't been released before, but a studio version would appear as the final track of \\\"Promises, Promises\\\" later in the year. Over the European summer, a reunited Slint toured Europe with Die! Die! Die! in support. \\\"Promises, Promises\\\" was the band's second full-length album. It was recorded in New York and produced by Shayne Carter (Straitjacket Fits, Dimmer) in sessions that Andrew Wilson later described as\",\n \"title\": \"Die! Die! Die!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10114996\",\n \"text\": \"band toured with Wolfmother and played in the UK, mainland Europe, and Japan. Henry Oliver, writing in 2016, said, \\\"At the time, Die! Die! Die! existed on a kind of low-budget neverending tour. We’d leave New Zealand for as long as possible, play as many shows we could get in a row and then decamp somewhere until we booked another bunch of shows.\\\" He left the band during a month-long break from touring in 2006, and was replaced by Australian Lachlan Anderson. On April 8, 2007, Die! Die! Die! played a show at the Echo in Los Angeles. The resulting\",\n \"title\": \"Die! Die! Die!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10114993\",\n \"text\": \"NZ on Air funding for a single which was still to be released, so, why start at the bottom of the hill again?\\\" - Henry Oliver, 2018 Within weeks of this new incarnation of Die! Die! Die! forming, the band began touring. At first they performed four dates around the North Island, then a national tour followed before they travelled to Australia. \\\"We existed in a constant state of momentum\\\" and within two years had also taken in the UK, Europe, and the USA. Recorded releases quickly followed, starting with their first EP, \\\"Die! Die! Die!\\\" in 2005. A debut,\",\n \"title\": \"Die! Die! Die!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4443841\",\n \"text\": \"the site of the National Arts Centre. It was designed by Henry Langley (architect) 1872-74. It opened prior to the formation of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in 1875; the General Assembly of the Canada Presbyterian Church was held at Knox in 1874 where the deliberations over the Union took place. The Regimental and King’s Colours of the 207th Battalion were \\\"laid up\\\" at Knox in 1919. They now rest in the sanctuary of the present church in a display case with a plaque dedicated to the memory of those who served in the 207th (Ottawa-Carleton) Battalion, CEF during the\",\n \"title\": \"Knox Presbyterian Church (Ottawa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8053910\",\n \"text\": \"in the eye by a baseball while playing a game, and it was suggested that drawing would aid his recovery. His segregated school did not have an art program, but the Catholic nuns who taught him recognized his talent and found someone to teach him. He attended Central High School in Mobile. Subsequently, Knox studied at Delaware State College while working in a textile factory. He then enrolled at Tyler School of Art, Pennsylvania, where he attained his masters degree. Knox began his career teaching at the Bowie State College, Maryland and the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, Washington\",\n \"title\": \"Simmie Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10114991\",\n \"text\": \"in 2001. With Wilson playing bass, Prain on drums and guitarist/vocalist Tim \\\"Tiddy\\\" Smith, Carriage H released one EP, \\\"Power of Grey Skull\\\" in 2002 and disbanded shortly afterwards. Along with bassist Ricky French, Wilson (who began playing guitar for the first time) and Prain then formed a short-lived Wellington-based group called Rawer. Henry Oliver (who would later become Die! Die! Die!'s second bassist) saw Rawer perform and recalled their sound as \\\"a sea of pedals and effects\\\". In 2003 Wilson and Prain moved again, to Auckland, and formed Die! Die! Die! together with bassist Kane Goulter. Writing in 2018,\",\n \"title\": \"Die! Die! Die!\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"913701\",\n \"text\": \"Knox County was created on June 11, 1792, by Governor William Blount from parts of Greene and Hawkins counties, one of the few counties created when the state was still known as the Southwest Territory. It is one of nine United States counties named for American Revolutionary War general and first United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. Parts of Knox County later became Blount (1795), Anderson (1801), Roane (1801), and Union (1850) counties. In 1783, an expedition into the Upper Tennessee Valley led by James White and Francis Alexander Ramsey explored what is now Knox County. White moved to\",\n \"title\": \"Knox County, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2538148\",\n \"text\": \"Reed Smith LLP). In 1897 Knox became President of the Pennsylvania Bar Association. Along with Jesse H. Lippencott, a fellow member of an elite hunting club (see South Fork below), Knox served as a director of the Fifth National Bank of Pittsburgh. With Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Mellon, he was a director of the Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. As counsel for the Carnegie Steel Company, Knox took a prominent part in organizing the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. Knox was a member of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which had a clubhouse upriver of Johnstown,\",\n \"title\": \"Philander C. Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12566759\",\n \"text\": \"half a dozen priests. The rest of his life centred on the Oratorian group in England. The group based at the Birmingham Oratory divided in April 1849. Together with Faber, Knox set up the London Oratory. The splitting up of the original Oratorian group was partly driven by personal difficulties, and in particular Newman’s attitude to Knox, who was proving troublesome. From 1865 to 1868 Knox served a term as superior of the London Oratory. Knox has been called \\\"the most learned of all the fathers of that time\\\". He translated the autobiography of Henry Suso in 1865. In 1867\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Francis Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11939648\",\n \"text\": \"Where Did They Go (album) Where Did They Go is a 1971 album by Peggy Lee. It was arranged and conducted by Don Sebesky and Al Capps. The recording sessions for this album took place at the Capitol Tower in Hollywood, California. \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" was Peggy Lee's first album not to make the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200 chart since her Grammy-winning hit \\\"Is That All There Is?\\\" in 1969. Burt Bacharach and Hal David wrote the song \\\"My Rock And Foundation\\\" specifically for Lee. Capitol Records released \\\"Where Did They Go\\\" (backed by \\\"All I Want\\\") as a 45\\\" single\",\n \"title\": \"Where Did They Go (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"478101\",\n \"text\": \"July, Knox preached from the pulpit of St Giles', the most influential in the capital. The Lords of the Congregation negotiated their withdrawal from Edinburgh by the Articles of Leith signed 25 July 1559, and Mary of Guise promised freedom of conscience. Knox knew that the Queen Regent would ask for help from France. So he negotiated by letter under the assumed name John Sinclair with William Cecil, Elizabeth's chief adviser, for English support. Knox sailed secretly to Lindisfarne, off the northeast coast of England at the end of July, to meet James Croft and Sir Henry Percy at Berwick\",\n \"title\": \"John Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12962997\",\n \"text\": \"in the British magazine \\\"Gramophone\\\" (September 2008). In 2009 Garth Knox recorded another CD with ECM that was published in 2012: Saltarello – \\\"a 14th-century fast Italian dance in ¾ time that survives today as a folk dance\\\". Knox (fiddle, viola and viola d'amore) is accompanied by Agnès Vesterman (violoncello) and Sylvain Lemêtre (percussion). The compositions interpreted by the trio range from medieval music (Hildegard von Bingen, Guillaume de Machaut), renaissance (John Dowland), baroque (Henry Purcell, Antonio Vivaldi) to those of contemporaries like Kaija Saariaho and Garth Knox himself. The album published in 2012 was much acclaimed also by jazz\",\n \"title\": \"Garth Knox\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1086546\",\n \"text\": \"Knox, Maine Knox is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. The town was named for General Henry Knox, the first United States Secretary of War. The population was 806 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which, of it is land and is water. The town is drained by Marsh Stream and Halfmoon Stream. The town is crossed by state routes SR 137, SR 220 and SR 139. It is bordered by the towns of Thorndike to the north, Brooks to the east, Morrill to\",\n \"title\": \"Knox, Maine\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["thomaston"],"string":"[\n \"thomaston\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the queen of the iceni tribe?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"9858330","text":"word \"viking\" is that of a raider or plunderer, of which there are many such characters in this film. The plot combines elements of life of the historic queen Boudica (featuring the Iceni tribe, combat chariots) with elements seemingly drawn from Vincenzo Bellini's opera \"Norma\", though that is set in Gaul. The film was budgeted at ₤350,000 and went over budget by ₤61,000. During filming in Ireland, Patrick Troughton, who was playing the part of Tristram, was offered the role of the Second Doctor in \"Doctor Who\". Eventually, he accepted. \"The Viking Queen\" was given mixed reviews on its original","title":"The Viking Queen"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9858330\",\n \"text\": \"word \\\"viking\\\" is that of a raider or plunderer, of which there are many such characters in this film. The plot combines elements of life of the historic queen Boudica (featuring the Iceni tribe, combat chariots) with elements seemingly drawn from Vincenzo Bellini's opera \\\"Norma\\\", though that is set in Gaul. The film was budgeted at ₤350,000 and went over budget by ₤61,000. During filming in Ireland, Patrick Troughton, who was playing the part of Tristram, was offered the role of the Second Doctor in \\\"Doctor Who\\\". Eventually, he accepted. \\\"The Viking Queen\\\" was given mixed reviews on its original\",\n \"title\": \"The Viking Queen\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2206776","text":"Iceni The Iceni or Eceni were a Brittonic tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and bordered the area of the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund. Julius Caesar does not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may be related to the Cenimagni, who Caesar notes as living north of the River","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"2206791","text":"are \"very few\". Iceni The Iceni or Eceni were a Brittonic tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and bordered the area of the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund. Julius Caesar does not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may be related to the Cenimagni, who Caesar notes as living north","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"2206780","text":"which evolved from the native language of Britain at that time, means origin or source; a tribe or nation. The current Dictionary of the Welsh Language defines Echen as meaning stock, lineage, family, tribe, source, origin, nature. Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs — heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins around 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic \"face/horse\" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"2206779","text":"with the inscription ECE versus coins with ECEN. This difference, Allen posits, tells archaeologists and historians when Prasutagus started his reign because the coins did not start reading the name of the tribe until around AD 47. Allen suggests that when Antedios was king of the Iceni, the coins did not yet have the name of the tribe on them but instead the name of its ruler, stating, \"If so, the coins suggest that the Prasutagus era commenced only after the events of 47\" (Allen 16). The word ECHEN in Welsh as given by the Owen-Pughe etymological dictionary of 1832,","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"2206784","text":"from afield\" Tacitus records that the Iceni were not conquered in the Claudian invasion of AD 43, but had come to a voluntary alliance with the Romans. However, they rose against them in 47 after the governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, threatened to disarm them. D. F. Allen explains in further detail, in his article \"The Coins of the Iceni,\" that Scapula had been \"preoccupied with defense against the unconquered Silures in South Wales and Brigantes in Yorkshire.\" Allen informs readers that this was how Prasutagus had come to gain full control over the Iceni (Allen 2). The Iceni were defeated","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"2206778","text":"the Roman province. The meaning of the name \"Iceni\" is uncertain. In his 1658 treatise \"Hydriotaphia, or Urn Burials\", the English polymath Thomas Browne claims that the Iceni got their name from the Iken, the old name for the River Ouse, where the Iceni were said to have originated. Robert Henry (1771) refers to a suggested naming from the Brittonic word Ychen meaning oxen. Ychen is still used in modern Welsh. Icenian coins dating from the 1st century AD use the spelling ECEN: another article by D. F. Allen titled “The Coins of the Iceni,” discusses the difference between coins","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"12438031","text":"on indoor jungle mockups to match the old outdoor footage. Screen Attractions released \"Queen of the Jungle\" in 1935 as both a 12-chapter serial and a 65-min feature film. Queen of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle is a 1935 independent film serial produced by Herman Wohl and released theatrically by Screen Attractions. David Worth travels into Africa to find his old friend Joan Lawrence, who disappeared in a hot air balloon as a child while the pair were with an expedition searching for radium deposits. Unknown to David, she was discovered by an African tribe and became their queen.","title":"Queen of the Jungle"},{"psg_id":"2206785","text":"by Ostorius in a fierce battle at a fortified place, but were allowed to retain their independence. The site of the battle may have been Stonea Camp in Cambridgeshire. A second and more serious uprising took place in AD 61. Prasutagus, the wealthy, pro-Roman Icenian king, who, according to a section in the \"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\" titled \"Roman Britain, British Leaders\", was leader of the Iceni between AD 43 and 50 (Todd 4), had died. It was common practice for a Roman client king to leave his kingdom to Rome on his death, but Prasutagus had attempted to","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"12438030","text":"Queen of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle is a 1935 independent film serial produced by Herman Wohl and released theatrically by Screen Attractions. David Worth travels into Africa to find his old friend Joan Lawrence, who disappeared in a hot air balloon as a child while the pair were with an expedition searching for radium deposits. Unknown to David, she was discovered by an African tribe and became their queen. Most of the action footage in this serial came from the 1922 silent serial \"The Jungle Goddess\", with the principal actors in the new scenes made up and costumed","title":"Queen of the Jungle"},{"psg_id":"2206783","text":"study also showed that there was not a regular supply of Roman coinage from year to year: In certain rural regions of Norfolk, Davies and Gregory speculate that the Iceni farmers were impacted very little by the civitas, seeing as there is a scarce presence of coinage and treasures. On the other hand, their surveys found \"coin-rich temple sites, which appear to have served as centres for periodic fairs and festivals and provided locations for markets and commercial transactions within their complexes and environs. In such rural areas, producers and consumers would have been attracted to these sites for commerce","title":"Iceni"},{"psg_id":"15364019","text":"the third time as \"Tonight Is Ours\" in 1933. The Queen Was in the Parlour The Queen Was in the Parlour: a romance in three acts is a play by the English writer Noël Coward. Belonging to the Ruritanian romance genre, its title is drawn from a line in the nursery rhyme \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\". Although written in 1922, it was not produced until 24 August 1926, when it was premiered at the St Martin's Theatre. It has been adapted for film three times - the first two times under its original title (in 1927 as a silent","title":"The Queen Was in the Parlour"},{"psg_id":"15364018","text":"The Queen Was in the Parlour The Queen Was in the Parlour: a romance in three acts is a play by the English writer Noël Coward. Belonging to the Ruritanian romance genre, its title is drawn from a line in the nursery rhyme \"Sing a Song of Sixpence\". Although written in 1922, it was not produced until 24 August 1926, when it was premiered at the St Martin's Theatre. It has been adapted for film three times - the first two times under its original title (in 1927 as a silent movie and in 1928 as a talking picture) and","title":"The Queen Was in the Parlour"},{"psg_id":"7377655","text":"was why [Illinois] never bothered to pursue the charge, although you’d never know that from reading the press accounts, which mentioned only the complaints, not that they had petered out.\" State regulators took no action on these complaints. The Man Who Would Be Queen The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by the psychologist J. Michael Bailey, published by Joseph Henry Press. In the first section of the book, Bailey discusses gender-atypical behaviors and gender dysphoria in children, emphasizing the biological determination of gender. In the second section he deals primarily","title":"The Man Who Would Be Queen"},{"psg_id":"19007063","text":"life and human history forever. This film was shot in Gansu. \"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe\"'s photographer was Cao Yu, who is Yao Chen's husband. The film was released in theaters in China on September 30, 2015. The film made US$14.2 million on its opening day in China on Wednesday, September 30, 2015 placing first at the daily box office. During its opening weekend, it earned US$34 million ranking second at the Chinese box office behind \"Lost in Hong Kong\". Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe () is a 2015 Chinese 3D adventure action film directed","title":"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe"},{"psg_id":"7377636","text":"The Man Who Would Be Queen The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by the psychologist J. Michael Bailey, published by Joseph Henry Press. In the first section of the book, Bailey discusses gender-atypical behaviors and gender dysphoria in children, emphasizing the biological determination of gender. In the second section he deals primarily with gay men, including the link between childhood gender dysphoria and male homosexuality later in life. Bailey reviews evidence that male homosexuality is congenital (a result of genetics and prenatal environment), and he argues for the accuracy of","title":"The Man Who Would Be Queen"},{"psg_id":"17425235","text":"minutes later. The Queen arrived at the Palace five minutes later, and there was a lunch for dignitaries at 1:00 pm. Queen Elizabeth was interred in the George VI Memorial Chapel next to her husband, King George VI, who had died 50 years previously. At the same time, the ashes of their daughter, Princess Margaret, who had died on 9 February 2002, were also interred in a private family service. Funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother The public funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother occurred on Tuesday, 9 April 2002 in Westminster Abbey in London, following her death","title":"Funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"},{"psg_id":"16356999","text":"The Tribe of Witches The Tribe of Witches: The Religion of the Dobunni and Hwicce is a historical and archaeological study of pre-Christian religion among the Iron Age \"Dobunni\" and the Early Medieval \"Hwicce\", two tribal groups who lived in central England. It was written by the archaeologist Stephen J. Yeates and published by Oxbow Books in 2008. Yeates had previously published his theories in a three-volume British Archaeological Report monograph entitled \"Religion, Community and Territory: Defining Religion in the Severn Valley and Adjacent Hills from the Iron Age to the Early Medieval Period\" (2006). Throughout the book, Yeates explores","title":"The Tribe of Witches"},{"psg_id":"16156042","text":"The Last of His Tribe The Last of His Tribe is a 1992 American made-for-television drama film based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Jon Voight stars as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi. Harry Hook directed the film. The movie is based on the real experiences of a Native American, Ishi, as he tries to adjust to a 20th-century society that is foreign to him. For his performance, Jon Voight was nominated for","title":"The Last of His Tribe"},{"psg_id":"8663587","text":"The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in \"Popular Tales of the West Highlands\", listing his informant as Mrs. MacTavish, Port Ellen, Islay, and noting the story could be traced back to 1548. It is Aarne-Thompson 440, the frog prince. The creature involved was called a \"losgann\", which could be either a frog or a toad. An ill queen sent each of her daughters to a well for healing water. They","title":"The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well"},{"psg_id":"7770537","text":"army led by Ali Ibn Abi Talib in Ramadhan in 10 AH, and apparently Madh'hij's lineage had been relinquished by the tribe due to the infamy of the aforementioned battle, to be replaced with Azd’s tribe, his brother, whose branch in Mecca was then named after his grandson\" Khuza’a\" Ibn Amr, Ibn Luhayy, Ibn Haritha, Ibn Amr, Ibn Muzaiqiya, from the dynasty of Ibn Al-Ghouth, Ibn Nabt, Ibn Malik, Ibn Zaid, Ibn Kahlan, Ibn Abed Shams “Saba'a (Sheba) The Great”, who is the founder of Sheba kingdom (Arabic 'Saba'a, which Queen Balkis \"Queen of Sheba\" who ruled in the 10th","title":"Al-Ali (tribe)"},{"psg_id":"16156118","text":"Ishi: The Last of His Tribe Ishi: The Last of His Tribe (1978) is a made-for-television biopic based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Some think it is superior to the 1992 version of the same story \"The Last of His Tribe\", also a TV movie starring Jon Voight which was criticized for being too politically correct. The telecast aired first on NBC on December 20, 1978. The film was written by Christopher Trumbo","title":"Ishi: The Last of His Tribe"},{"psg_id":"14910164","text":"Sun Horse, Moon Horse Sun Horse, Moon Horse is a historical novel for children written by Rosemary Sutcliff and published in 1977. It takes place in Bronze Age Britain, telling the tale of a chieftain's son of the Iceni who is caught up in a conflict with the neighboring Attribates, and plays an instrumental part in creating a monumental Hill figure while working to save his tribe. The story revolves around Lubrin Dhu, a younger son of the chieftain, who takes after the Little Dark People who predated the Celtic settlers of the Iceni tribe; and whose name \"Dhu\" is","title":"Sun Horse, Moon Horse"},{"psg_id":"16156119","text":"and father Dalton Trumbo, and directed by Robert Ellis Miller. Eloy Casados played the title role. Ishi: The Last of His Tribe Ishi: The Last of His Tribe (1978) is a made-for-television biopic based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Some think it is superior to the 1992 version of the same story \"The Last of His Tribe\", also a TV movie starring Jon Voight which was criticized for being too politically correct. The","title":"Ishi: The Last of His Tribe"},{"psg_id":"16156043","text":"the 1992 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. The Last of His Tribe The Last of His Tribe is a 1992 American made-for-television drama film based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Jon Voight stars as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi. Harry Hook directed the film. The movie is based on the real experiences of a Native American, Ishi, as he tries to adjust to a 20th-century society","title":"The Last of His Tribe"},{"psg_id":"20767148","text":"Leopold W. Tribe. After Liliʻuokalani's death, she began performing publicly as a soloist, accompanying herself on the ukulele, eventually becoming known as \"the soprano with the million dollar smile\". She was a popular featured soloist on radio stations KGMB and KGU. Tribe worked off and on with composer Charles E. King, who had also been a musical protogée of Liliʻuokalani's. She was cast in his Hawaiian-language opera \"The Prince of Hawaii\". At its May 4, 1925 premiere, Tribe appeared as Queen Kamaka, with Joseph Kamakau as King Kalani and Ray Kinney in the lead of Prince Kauikalu. She was sent","title":"Rose Tribe"},{"psg_id":"8663589","text":"the bed and cut off his head. She did, and he became a handsome young prince, who married her. The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in \"Popular Tales of the West Highlands\", listing his informant as Mrs. MacTavish, Port Ellen, Islay, and noting the story could be traced back to 1548. It is Aarne-Thompson 440, the frog prince. The creature involved was called a \"losgann\", which could be either a","title":"The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well"},{"psg_id":"12080302","text":"The Tribe (Buzoku) The Tribe was the best known name of a loose-knit countercultural group in Japan in the 1960s and 70s. Central figures of the group's beginnings in Shinjuku and leadership included Nanao Sakaki, Tetsuo Nagasawa, Sansei Yamao, Mamoru Kato, and Kenji Akiba, who shared an interest in an alternative community, free from materialism. This group initially called itself \"the Bum Academy\" or sometimes \"Harijan\", and published three issues of a magazine, \"Psyche\". Around the time the group obtained land in Nagano Prefecture and on Suwanosejima, \"the Tribe\" (\"Buzoku\") became their best known name. Starting in December 1967, they","title":"The Tribe (Buzoku)"},{"psg_id":"8124988","text":"Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief) Queen Ann (c. 1650-1725) appears in Virginia records between 1706 and 1718 as ruler of the Pamunkey tribe of Virginia. Ann continued her predecessors' efforts to keep peace with English colonists. She became the leader of her tribe after the death of her husband Totopotomoi in 1656, who was killed when he took troops to help English colonizers in Virginia when inland mountain tribes invaded in the mid-1650s. Ann's last record in history was in 1715, when she was noted as visiting the colonial authorities. She had come to seek fair treatment for her tribe, who","title":"Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief)"},{"psg_id":"536300","text":"witches' village is destroyed and they are incarcerated by the king and queen, who desire their knowledge. When the witches offend Akasha, the Queen condemns the twins. Enkil then orders his chief steward (who is Khayman as a mortal man) to rape the twins in his stead, which would prove their lack of power, before the eyes of the court. Afterward the witches are cast out into the desert. While making her way back home with a pregnant Maharet, Mekare curses the king and queen secretly with the bloodthirsty spirit. Eventually this spirit inflicts such torment on Akasha and Enkil","title":"The Queen of the Damned"},{"psg_id":"17425226","text":"by the Queen. The verse became widely popular after the funeral, and was later revealed to be based on a poem written some 20 years earlier by David Harkins, an aspiring artist from Carlisle. Andrew Motion who had previously written poems for the wedding of Prince Edward, the Queen Mother's 100th birthday, and the death of Princess Margaret, released an elegy in honour of the Queen Mother. Both the Queen and the Prince of Wales paid tribute to the Queen Mother in separate television broadcasts. The funeral was held in London. It started at 9:48 am on 9 April 2002,","title":"Funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"},{"psg_id":"10174745","text":"surprisingly sympathetic. Others, such as Morgan le Fay and Sir Bors, are also presented in unique and insightful ways that provide arch sidelights on the standard legend. In the end, Guenevere is cleared, and justice of a sort prevails. The book ends with Sir Kay - who is himself deeply in love with the Queen, and bitterly jealous of Lancelot - sitting down to play chess with her, and contenting himself with at least having a deep though platonic relationship. The Idylls of the Queen The Idylls of the Queen: A Tale of Queen Guenevere is a 1982 fantasy mystery","title":"The Idylls of the Queen"},{"psg_id":"5743322","text":"Havasu Lake, California. The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration is as follows. The tribe owns and operates Havasu Landing Resort and Casino on Lake Havasu, near Needles, California. The Chemehuevi Indian Cemetery is located at . Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation The Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Chemehuevi people, who are the southernmost branch of Southern Paiute people. To celebrate their organization under the Indian Reorganization Act, tribal recognition, and ratifying their constitution, the tribe hosts Nuwuvi Days, an annual festival held","title":"Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation"},{"psg_id":"20767150","text":"recorded four songs for Columbia Records Rose Tribe Rose Kalamahaaheo Otis Tribe Tyson (July 15, 1890 - February 18, 1934) was a soprano soloist in the Territory of Hawaii, and was a protégée of Queen Liliʻuokalani. She was born of Hawaiian ancestry in Lahaina, Maui, Kingdom of Hawaii, and was primarily known as a soprano soloist. A graduate of Kamehameha School for girls, she was hand maiden to Queen Liliʻuokalani and traveled with the queen's retinue. She was positioned as the royal musical protégée, groomed by the queen herself to convey Liliʻuokalani's compositions in the manner in which they were","title":"Rose Tribe"},{"psg_id":"20767147","text":"Rose Tribe Rose Kalamahaaheo Otis Tribe Tyson (July 15, 1890 - February 18, 1934) was a soprano soloist in the Territory of Hawaii, and was a protégée of Queen Liliʻuokalani. She was born of Hawaiian ancestry in Lahaina, Maui, Kingdom of Hawaii, and was primarily known as a soprano soloist. A graduate of Kamehameha School for girls, she was hand maiden to Queen Liliʻuokalani and traveled with the queen's retinue. She was positioned as the royal musical protégée, groomed by the queen herself to convey Liliʻuokalani's compositions in the manner in which they were originally composed. In 1915, she married","title":"Rose Tribe"},{"psg_id":"17362550","text":"as Samènes); Stephanus described them as Arabian nomadic people, and Dobiáš accepted that the Σαμηνών are the same as the Σαμηνoί (Samènes); thus Laodice was the queen of an Arab tribe. rendered the people mentioned by Stephanus as the Samenoi, and identified them with the Samnei, (Samnaei in the rendetion of Dobiáš), who were an Arab tribe of southern Arabia according to Pliny the Elder; Dobiáš is sceptical about Moritz' identification. Laodice of the Sameans Laodice was a Queen of an unknown Kingdom in Asia. She lived at the time of the Seleucid king of Syria Antiochus X Eusebes who","title":"Laodice of the Sameans"},{"psg_id":"14238740","text":"Secrets of the Tribe Secrets of the Tribe is a documentary film by director José Padilha premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize. This documentary explores the allegations, first brought to light in the book \"Darkness in El Dorado\", written by Patrick Tierney, that anthropologists studying the Yanomami Indians in the 1960s and '70s engaged in bizarre and inappropriate interactions with the tribe, including sexual and medical violations. Scientists accused in this film are among others James Neel, Napoleon Chagnon, Kenneth Good and Jacques Lizot. It features interviews with Yanomami, as","title":"Secrets of the Tribe"},{"psg_id":"17377947","text":"creative director had yet been fullfilled. This belief, combined with his olfactory infatuation led to his first fragrance aptly named Boadicea the Victorious in 2008. Boadicea was named after a queen of the British Celtic Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61, and died shortly after its failure, having supposedly poisoned herself. She is considered a British folk hero. In 2011, Boadi launched the brand “Illuminum”. The range classified scents according to four streams; citrus, floral, oud and musk. The Illuminum range contained 16 fragrances, with eight ingredients","title":"Michael Boadi"},{"psg_id":"7377639","text":"trans woman represented in Bailey’s book had felt abused by him and had filed a charge.\" \"The Man Who Would Be Queen\" is divided into three sections: \"The Boy Who Would Be Princess\", \"The Man He Might Become\", and \"Women Who Once Were Boys\". It starts with an anecdote about a child Bailey calls \"Danny\". Bailey writes of Danny's mother, who has been frustrated by other therapists she has seen about her son's \"feminine\" behavior. Bailey discusses psychologist and sexologist Kenneth Zucker's work with children whose parents have noticed significant gender-atypical behaviors. Bailey uses the anecdote about Danny to describe","title":"The Man Who Would Be Queen"},{"psg_id":"18384113","text":"trained biologist who works as a survival guide. In the show he adopts the customs, diet and way of life to live with and as the members of the tribe he visits. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Survive the Tribe Survive the Tribe is a television series which aires on the National Geographic Channel. In the program Hazen Audel visits several tribes around the world and participates in their daily lives. He learns about their survival tactics. The series is produced by Icon Films. It aired in the United States and the United Kingdom in July 2014, with other countries","title":"Survive the Tribe"},{"psg_id":"9931818","text":"Jungle Queen (serial) Jungle Queen (1945) is a Universal movie serial. Material from this serial was re-edited into the feature film \"Jungle Safari\" (1956). In 1939, Nazi Germany sends a team of agents to incite revolt and seize British Middle Africa as a first step in conquering Africa. Attempting to place their own sympathiser in charge of the local tribe, they face resistance from Pamela Courtney searching for her father, a pair of American volunteers and the mysterious Jungle Queen Lothel, who appears out of nowhere in her nightgown to give advice and instructions to the tribe. Cline writes that","title":"Jungle Queen (serial)"},{"psg_id":"17373444","text":"The Queen of the Tearling The Queen of the Tearling is the debut novel by Erika Johansen. It is set on a fictional landmass several centuries in the future, and is the first novel of a fantasy trilogy. The other books in the trilogy are The Invasion of the Tearling (2015) and The Fate of the Tearling (2016). Princess Kelsea Raleigh Glynn must defeat the powers of the Red Queen, who is out to destroy her. She must journey to the royal castle to claim her throne, and is accompanied only by the loyal Queen’s Guard which is led by","title":"The Queen of the Tearling"},{"psg_id":"536301","text":"that they again demand advice and help from the two witches. Conspirators, unhappy with the young king's policies, assassinate the royal couple in Khayman's house while they were attempting to exorcise Amel, who had been tormenting Khayman. While the king and queen lie dying, the evil spirit sees its chance to ensnare the soul of the dying queen and pulls it back into her body. The spirit combines itself with the flesh and blood of the queen, transforming her into a vampire. Akasha allows the king to drink her blood, which saves his life. They then order Khayman to find","title":"The Queen of the Damned"},{"psg_id":"6439720","text":"Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe The Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe is an important document in the history of relations between First Nations and the governments of the Dominion of Canada and the Province of British Columbia. Signed in Spences Bridge on May 10, 1911 by a committee of the chiefs of the St'at'imc peoples, taken down by anthropologist James Teit, a resident of Spences Bridge who lived among the Nlaka'pamux, it is an assertion of sovereignty over traditional territories as well as a protest against recent alienations of land by settlers at Seton Portage, British Columbia. Like the Nisga'a","title":"Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe"},{"psg_id":"5895515","text":"The Thirteenth Tribe The Thirteenth Tribe is a 1976 book by Arthur Koestler, in which the author advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people. Koestler hypothesized that the Khazars (who converted to Judaism in the 8th century) migrated westwards into Eastern Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries when the Khazar Empire was collapsing. Koestler used previous works by Douglas Morton Dunlop, Raphael Patai and Abraham Poliak as sources. His stated intent was to make antisemitism disappear by disproving its racial basis. In the book, Koestler","title":"The Thirteenth Tribe"},{"psg_id":"7377645","text":"gay sexual behavior scientist Simon LeVay, from sex-differences expert David Buss, and from research psychologist Steven Pinker, who wrote: \"The Man Who Would Be Queen may upset the guardians of political correctness on both the left and the right, but it will be welcomed by intellectually curious people of all sexes and sexual orientations.\" It also received praise from conservative journalist Steve Sailer, as well as \"Fortune\" magazine's Daniel Seligman, and Mark Henderson. Conservative commentator John Derbyshire said: \"a wealth of fascinating information, carefully gathered by (it seems to me) a conscientious and trustworthy scientific observer.\" It also received a","title":"The Man Who Would Be Queen"},{"psg_id":"4300768","text":"help, soon encountering a parrot named Wedgewood with a message for help. Seeking out the person the message was for, Joe meets with Trader Bob, who soon asks for his help in rescuing a princess named Azura from Floda, a lederhosen company that Bob suspects is a cover for something sinister Joe quickly begins searching for the jungle, encountering an entire tribe of Amazon women who capture him and took in Faye when she decided to seek help herself. Released by the tribe, Joe agrees to help them rescue Azura as well. Finding the princess within a hidden base beneath","title":"Flight of the Amazon Queen"},{"psg_id":"5743321","text":"Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation The Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Chemehuevi people, who are the southernmost branch of Southern Paiute people. To celebrate their organization under the Indian Reorganization Act, tribal recognition, and ratifying their constitution, the tribe hosts Nuwuvi Days, an annual festival held during the first weekend in June. The Chemehuevi Reservation () is located in San Bernardino County, California, bordering Lake Havasu for and along the Colorado River. The reservation is large and has a population of 345. The Chemehuevi Indian Tribe's headquarters is located in","title":"Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation"},{"psg_id":"9348373","text":"gem he steals it and undertakes to return it to a former owner, the witch-queen Bathyllis of Phaiaxia, who has offered a reward for its return. With his ally Aristax he undertakes the harrowing journey to Phaiaxia and begins negotiating with the queen. But nothing is straightforward when dealing with a witch, and there are also other interested parties poised to complicate the situation... In common with the other Pusadian tales, \"The Stone of the Witch Queen\" takes place in a prehistoric era during which a magic-based Atlantian civilization supposedly throve in what was then a single continent consisting of","title":"The Stone of the Witch Queen"},{"psg_id":"5143341","text":"that much of Norfolk was intensively farmed by people during the Late Iron Age. The \"Cenimagni\" tribe who submitted to Caesar in 54 BCE were settled in both lowland and upland Norfolk by this time. They may have been centred in north-west Norfolk, where hoards of coins and torcs have been discovered such as that found at Snettisham. Coins found in the south of the county indicate that the Iceni tribe may have been centred around Thetford by the mid-1st century AD. Norfolk's coastline is markedly different from the coastline that existed when the Romans first occupied what is now","title":"History of Norfolk"},{"psg_id":"13627799","text":"was one of her frog footmen who was then sent to be beheaded as the Red queen ordered her fish butler to round up the frog footman's children whom she implied to love on toast. In its followup \"Alice Through the Looking Glass\" the White Queen had stolen a tart her mother was baking and hid the crumbs near the bed of her sister, the Red Queen. The Queen of Hearts (poem) \"The Queen of Hearts\" is an English poem and nursery rhyme based on the characters found on playing cards, by an anonymous author, originally published with three lesser-known","title":"The Queen of Hearts (poem)"},{"psg_id":"20846641","text":"successors. Their successors were elected. An election for the new Carib Queen is scheduled to be held in September 2018 to chose a successor to the late Queen Jennifer Cassar. In an interview, Queen Valentina Medina, who held the position from 2000 to 2011, Medina summed up her responsibilities as the then-holder of the position, \"Each predecessor nominates her successor, who is then affirmed by the Council of Elders and thereupon declared Queen for life...I consider myself as a moral role model, I offer help and advice to memebers of the tribe who are in trouble, and I make sure","title":"Carib Queen"},{"psg_id":"12080303","text":"published a newspaper, also called \"Buzoku\". By 1970, according to Yamao, a few thousand young people felt some varying degrees of belonging to the Tribe. American poet and scholar Gary Snyder was also an influential member of the Tribe. Bhagavan Das spent some time with the Tribe on Suwanosejima in 1971-2. Sakaki found available land on Suwanosejima and brought several friends there, from the highland farm they had already started in Nagano, in May 1967. This was the beginning of the \"Banyan Ashram\". In 2004, according to Sakaki, some ten families were still living at this commune. The Tribe (Buzoku)","title":"The Tribe (Buzoku)"},{"psg_id":"14562905","text":"forcibly relocated to Oklahoma. Those who stayed hid in swampy, less desirable areas; fled to Florida and joined the Seminole tribe; or moved frequently to avoid capture. Laws limiting the rights of the Muskogee people were not officially removed until 1980. Georgia adopted a \"Resolution Recognizing the Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe\" on March 16, 1973. It read, in part: ... NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE SENATE that this body hereby recognizes the Muskogee-Creek Indian Tribe East of the Mississippi River in the State of Georgia as a tribe of people ... Proclamations recognizing the Creeks as a tribe","title":"Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe (East of the Mississippi)"},{"psg_id":"19461009","text":"of Castile. The Queen of Spain The Queen of Spain () is a 2016 Spanish comedy-drama film written and directed by Fernando Trueba. Starring Penélope Cruz, the movie is a sequel to Trueba's 1998 drama \"The Girl of Your Dreams\", also starring Cruz and set during the Spanish Civil War. It was selected to be shown in the Berlinale Special section of the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. Nearly twenty years after the events of \"The Girl of Your Dreams\", in the 1950s, Macarena Granada, who has become a Hollywood star, returns to Spain to film a blockbuster about Queen","title":"The Queen of Spain"},{"psg_id":"19461008","text":"The Queen of Spain The Queen of Spain () is a 2016 Spanish comedy-drama film written and directed by Fernando Trueba. Starring Penélope Cruz, the movie is a sequel to Trueba's 1998 drama \"The Girl of Your Dreams\", also starring Cruz and set during the Spanish Civil War. It was selected to be shown in the Berlinale Special section of the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. Nearly twenty years after the events of \"The Girl of Your Dreams\", in the 1950s, Macarena Granada, who has become a Hollywood star, returns to Spain to film a blockbuster about Queen Isabella I","title":"The Queen of Spain"},{"psg_id":"18754987","text":"The Queen of Brilliants The Queen of Brilliants is a comic opera in three acts with music by Edward Jakobowski and a libretto by Brandon Thomas. It was adapted from Jakobowski's German-language operetta \"Die Brillantett-Königin\", with a libretto by Theodore Tawbe and Isidor Fuchs, which premiered in March 1894 in Vienna. A vehicle for Lillian Russell, the plot concerns Betta, who runs away from a nunnery to join a variety troupe known as \"The Brilliants\" and is nicknamed their queen. She proves the worth of her lover, Florian, and turns out to be a real countess. A feature of the","title":"The Queen of Brilliants"},{"psg_id":"16357012","text":"and that \"[a]ny novice historical linguist\" could have told the author that his \"tribe of witches\" was a \"phantom\". Furthermore, highlighting that \"very few pages are free of basic errors\", he describes Yeates' thinking as \"muddled\" and ultimately considered \"The Tribe of Witches\" to be a \"shallow, muddled and thoroughly underwhelming book\" of no use to the scholarly study of either the \"Dobunni\" or \"Hwicce\". Other peer-reviewed journals to publish reviews included \"Oxoniensia\" and \"Transactions of the Birmingham & Warwickshire Archaeological Society\". In a short review published in \"British Archaeology\", the magazine of the Council for British Archaeology, the landscape","title":"The Tribe of Witches"},{"psg_id":"16357007","text":"Christianity. Peter S. Wells of the University of Missouri reviewed \"The Tribe of Witches\" for the \"Cambridge Archaeological Journal\" in 2009. Wells criticised Yeates' use of the word \"tribe\" to refer to both the \"Dobunni\" and the \"Hwicce\", believing that another term may have been more appropriate. He also criticised the use of maps, believing that they were unhelpful, in particular for anyone not familiar with the regional landscape. Considering the text to be \"very engaging\", he noted that the bibliography was \"extensive and valuable\", with good use of illustrations. Nonetheless, Wells thought Yeates' primary argument to be unconvincing, highlighting","title":"The Tribe of Witches"},{"psg_id":"19007062","text":"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe () is a 2015 Chinese 3D adventure action film directed and co-written by Lu Chuan, and stars Mark Chao, Yao Chen, Rhydian Vaughan, Li Chen, Tiffany Tang and Daniel Feng. The film is an adaptation of Tianxia Bachang's 2006 best-selling novel \"Ghost Blows Out the Light\". \"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe\" was released in China on September 30, 2015. In 1979, a young soldier is working in China's snow capped mountains when an explosion reveals bizarre fossils hidden deep in the mountain caverns. What they discover next will change his","title":"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe"},{"psg_id":"14238744","text":"out that, \"Tierney wrote a polemical, unscientific book that invoked a scandal. Padilha's film is more evenhanded than this, no doubt because it includes that scandal as a subject, allowing Chagnon an opportunity to defend himself\". Secrets of the Tribe Secrets of the Tribe is a documentary film by director José Padilha premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize. This documentary explores the allegations, first brought to light in the book \"Darkness in El Dorado\", written by Patrick Tierney, that anthropologists studying the Yanomami Indians in the 1960s and '70s engaged","title":"Secrets of the Tribe"},{"psg_id":"17052062","text":"Queen Pokou Queen Pokou, or Awura, Aura, or Abla Pokou (c. 1730–1750) was Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe in West Africa, now Ivory Coast. She ruled over a branch of the powerful Ashanti Empire as it expanded westward. A subgroup of the Akan people, the Baoule people are today one of the largest ethnic groups in modern Ivory Coast. Queen Pokou was born princess of Kumasi, Ghana, daughter of Nyakou Kosiamoa, sister of Dakon, the ill-fated successor of Opoku Ware I, and niece of Osei Kofi Tutu I, a formidable king who was the co-founder of the Ashanti","title":"Queen Pokou"},{"psg_id":"8516283","text":"following notes refer to sources listed in Bibliography for Duwamish (tribe), which also includes the sources referenced in Duwamish tribe, Cheshiahud (Lake John) and History of Seattle before white settlement.\" History of the Duwamish tribe The region now known as Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE.: 10,000 years ago). Archaeological excavations at West Point in Discovery Park, Magnolia confirm that the Seattle area has been inhabited by humans for at least 4,000 years and probably much longer. West Point was called \"Oka-dz-elt-cu\", \"Per-co-dus-chule\", or \"Pka-dzEltcu\". The village of \"tohl-AHL-too\" (\"herring house\")","title":"History of the Duwamish tribe"},{"psg_id":"2686974","text":"Mitzi Del Bra, is a Sydney-based drag queen who accepts an offer to perform his drag act at Lasseters Hotel Casino Resort managed by his estranged wife Marion in Alice Springs, a remote town in central Australia. After persuading his friends and fellow performers, Bernadette Bassenger (Terence Stamp), a recently bereaved transgender woman, and Adam Whitely (Guy Pearce), a flamboyant and obnoxious younger drag queen who goes under the drag name Felicia Jollygoodfellow, to join him, the three set out for a four-week run at the casino in a large tour bus, which Adam christens \"Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\".","title":"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert"},{"psg_id":"5895530","text":"the Khazar hypothesis\" and concludes \"that all three Jewish groups—Middle Eastern, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi—share genomewide genetic markers that distinguish them from other worldwide populations\". Geneticist Noah Rosenberg asserts that although recent DNA studies \"do not appear to support\" the Khazar hypothesis, they do not \"entirely eliminate it either.\" The Thirteenth Tribe The Thirteenth Tribe is a 1976 book by Arthur Koestler, in which the author advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people. Koestler hypothesized that the Khazars (who converted to Judaism in the 8th century) migrated","title":"The Thirteenth Tribe"},{"psg_id":"18798855","text":"and Princess Elizabeth are re-legitimized by the crown. The Taming of the Queen The Taming of the Queen is a historical novel by British author Philippa Gregory, published on 13 August 2015. It tells the story of Kateryn Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII of England chooses Kateryn Parr, a 31-year-old widow, as his new wife. Aware of the ends that Henry's other wives met, Kateryn is a studious woman who promotes projects, including advocating for Scriptures in English and supporting the Protestant Reformation. Henry suffers from gout and a leg wound that will not","title":"The Taming of the Queen"},{"psg_id":"18798854","text":"The Taming of the Queen The Taming of the Queen is a historical novel by British author Philippa Gregory, published on 13 August 2015. It tells the story of Kateryn Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII of England chooses Kateryn Parr, a 31-year-old widow, as his new wife. Aware of the ends that Henry's other wives met, Kateryn is a studious woman who promotes projects, including advocating for Scriptures in English and supporting the Protestant Reformation. Henry suffers from gout and a leg wound that will not heal throughout the novel. Parr ensures Princess Mary","title":"The Taming of the Queen"},{"psg_id":"536299","text":"glee. \"The Queen of the Damned\", deals with the origins of vampires themselves. The mother of all vampires, Akasha, begins as a pre-Egyptian queen, in a land called Kemet (which will become Egypt), many thousands of years ago. During this time two powerful witches (Maharet and Mekare) live in the mountains of an unnamed region. The witches are able to communicate with invisible spirits and gain simple favors from them. During this period there is a bloodthirsty, invisible spirit known as Amel who continually asks the two witches if they need his assistance, although they prudently decline the offer. The","title":"The Queen of the Damned"},{"psg_id":"778508","text":"1000 years. The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by Jehoiachin in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE. Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in CE 135 after the Bar Kokhba revolt and in the centuries after. Ethiopia's traditions, recorded and elaborated in a 13th-century treatise, the \"Kebre Negest\", assert descent from a retinue of Israelites who returned with the Queen of Sheba from her visit to King Solomon in Jerusalem, by whom she had conceived the Solomonic dynasty's founder,","title":"Tribe of Judah"},{"psg_id":"14143322","text":"The Boy Who Was The Boy Who Was is a children's historical fantasy novel by Grace Taber Hallock. It tells the story of a human boy blessed with eternal life who participates in the march of history as it moves across the Bay of Naples for 3,000 years. Nino witnesses the destruction of Pompeii, the sack of Rome, the Children's Crusade, and the coming of Garibaldi. The novel, illustrated by Harrie Wood, was first published in 1928 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1929. In the Prologue, an unnamed artist visiting the town of Sorrento, Italy, encounters a young","title":"The Boy Who Was"},{"psg_id":"7479881","text":"Qifu Chipan. Queen Zhejue Queen Zhejue (折掘王后, personal name unknown) was the only historically known queen of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang. Her husband was the state's final king, Tufa Rutan (King Jing). Very little is known about Queen Zhejue, who was likely from the nearby Zhejue tribe, also of Xianbei extraction. She bore Tufa Rutan at least one son, the crown king Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台). It is not known when she died, and therefore not whether she survived the state's destruction in 414 and her husband's and son's deaths (in 415 and 423, respectively) at the hands of Western","title":"Queen Zhejue"},{"psg_id":"7479880","text":"Queen Zhejue Queen Zhejue (折掘王后, personal name unknown) was the only historically known queen of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang. Her husband was the state's final king, Tufa Rutan (King Jing). Very little is known about Queen Zhejue, who was likely from the nearby Zhejue tribe, also of Xianbei extraction. She bore Tufa Rutan at least one son, the crown king Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台). It is not known when she died, and therefore not whether she survived the state's destruction in 414 and her husband's and son's deaths (in 415 and 423, respectively) at the hands of Western Qin's king","title":"Queen Zhejue"},{"psg_id":"10174740","text":"The Idylls of the Queen The Idylls of the Queen: A Tale of Queen Guenevere is a 1982 fantasy mystery novel set in the framework of the King Arthur myths written by American author Phyllis Ann Karr. It was first published in paperback by Ace Books in June 1982, and reprinted by Berkley Books in 1985. A trade paperback edition was published by Wildside Press in 1999. The novel's title is inspired by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Arthurian poetry collection \"Idylls of the King\". \"The Idylls of the Queen\" is set in the Britain of King Arthur, as portrayed by Sir","title":"The Idylls of the Queen"},{"psg_id":"15361016","text":"Daoists in the universe, both perfected and aspirants. Tang writers frequently refer to her in poems about Daoist women. In accordance with the Shang Ch'ing vision expressed by Tu, she appears as teacher judge, registrar, and Guardian of female believers. Her forms reflect Tu's definitions. The Queen Mother was held in especially high regard by Chinese women who did not represent the societal norm of the submissive woman. To these women, The Queen Mother of the West was seen as \"a powerful, independent deity representing the ultimate yin controlling immortality and the afterlife.\" Queen Mother of the West The Queen","title":"Queen Mother of the West"},{"psg_id":"18384112","text":"Survive the Tribe Survive the Tribe is a television series which aires on the National Geographic Channel. In the program Hazen Audel visits several tribes around the world and participates in their daily lives. He learns about their survival tactics. The series is produced by Icon Films. It aired in the United States and the United Kingdom in July 2014, with other countries following later the same year. In \"Survive the Tribe\" Audel joins a tribe for a week and is trained in several of the survival skills the tribe has used to survive over the years. Audel is a","title":"Survive the Tribe"},{"psg_id":"14986788","text":"Queen Betty Betty, or \"Mrs Betty\" is believed to have been the name of the niece of Cockacoeske who succeeded her as Weroansqua or chief of the Pamunkey tribe. On 1 July 1686, the Council of Virginia was informed of the death of Cockacoeske, ruler of the Pamunkey for 30 years: Though the new ruler is described as Cockakoeske's niece, her name is not given. The name \"Ms. Betty Queen ye Queen\" appears in a land transaction of 1702, and by 1708 \"Queen Ann\" is mentioned. The \"Dictionary of Virginia Biography\" suggests that Betty and Ann may have been the","title":"Queen Betty"},{"psg_id":"14986789","text":"same person: Queen Betty Betty, or \"Mrs Betty\" is believed to have been the name of the niece of Cockacoeske who succeeded her as Weroansqua or chief of the Pamunkey tribe. On 1 July 1686, the Council of Virginia was informed of the death of Cockacoeske, ruler of the Pamunkey for 30 years: Though the new ruler is described as Cockakoeske's niece, her name is not given. The name \"Ms. Betty Queen ye Queen\" appears in a land transaction of 1702, and by 1708 \"Queen Ann\" is mentioned. The \"Dictionary of Virginia Biography\" suggests that Betty and Ann may have","title":"Queen Betty"},{"psg_id":"293152","text":"accompaniment of the lyre and looked like Nero but he, too, was killed. Twenty years after Nero's death, during the reign of Domitian, there was a third pretender. He was supported by the Parthians, who only reluctantly gave him up, and the matter almost came to war. In Britannia in 59, Prasutagus, leader of the Iceni tribe, and a client king of Rome's during Claudius' reign, died. The client state arrangement was unlikely to survive the death of the former Emperor. Prasutagus' will leaving control of the Iceni to his wife Boudicca was denied, and, when Catus Decianus scourged Boudicca","title":"Nero"},{"psg_id":"14480422","text":"employment as ranch hands. The tribe formed a new government under the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. The Duckwater Shoshone Tribe is headquartered in Duckwater, Nevada. They are governed by a democratically elected, five-member tribal council. Elections are held annually and members serve staggered terms. Their tribal chairman is Virginia Sanchez, who succeeded Jerry Millet. The tribe has an environmental health office, a health clinic, Police Department, and senior center. Duckwater-Shoshone Nursery is a tribal venture. The nurseries raise native plants in two greenhouses. These are used in phytoremediation projects by mining operations. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has awarded","title":"Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation"},{"psg_id":"14143326","text":"Chapter 10, \"The Bandits\", tells how Nino arranges for an Italian Prince to be captured by the Carbonari and brought into sympathy with their cause. The \"Epilogue\" which follows is a short poem addressed to Nino by the author, which brings the book to a close. The Boy Who Was The Boy Who Was is a children's historical fantasy novel by Grace Taber Hallock. It tells the story of a human boy blessed with eternal life who participates in the march of history as it moves across the Bay of Naples for 3,000 years. Nino witnesses the destruction of Pompeii,","title":"The Boy Who Was"},{"psg_id":"5124337","text":"part of the Crown Jewels when it was left to the Crown upon Victoria's death in 1901. It had been successively mounted in the crowns of Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary before it was transferred to The Queen Mother's Crown. After the death of the king, Queen Elizabeth, known thereafter as the Queen Mother, did not wear the full crown, but wore it minus the arches as a circlet at the coronation of her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, in 1953. It was placed on top of the Queen Mother's coffin for her lying-in-state and funeral in 2002. The crown is","title":"Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother"},{"psg_id":"17667311","text":"company website was put back online a few days later, lacking any mention of the company ceasing operations. Neither the blog nor the website has any mentions of the ceasing of operations the company's customers had been notified of, leaving some uncertainty about the company's status or future. Acquisition It was reported recently that Oculus VR (owned by Facebook) acquired Eye Tribe and all of the employees and assets. The Eye Tribe The Eye Tribe was a Danish startup company that produced eye tracking technology and was selling it to software developers for them to incorporate the eye tracking device","title":"The Eye Tribe"},{"psg_id":"7021454","text":"The Tribe (dance band) The Tribe, formerly the World Wide Message Tribe (WWMT), were a British Christian dance band. Their aim was \"to communicate the gospel to young people in Greater Manchester\". They were part of the Christian charity, The Message Trust in Manchester. The World Wide Message Tribe formed in 1991, and grew out of an evangelistic project called \"Message to Schools\" run by fashion designer Andy Hawthorne and singer Mark Penells. The Tribe disbanded in 2004. The line up of The Tribe varied over the 13 years and included many recognised Christian artists including, Andy Hawthorne (director of","title":"The Tribe (dance band)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206776\",\n \"text\": \"Iceni The Iceni or Eceni were a Brittonic tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and bordered the area of the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund. Julius Caesar does not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may be related to the Cenimagni, who Caesar notes as living north of the River\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206791\",\n \"text\": \"are \\\"very few\\\". Iceni The Iceni or Eceni were a Brittonic tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and bordered the area of the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes to the south. In the Roman period, their capital was Venta Icenorum at modern-day Caistor St Edmund. Julius Caesar does not mention the Iceni in his account of his invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 BC, though they may be related to the Cenimagni, who Caesar notes as living north\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206780\",\n \"text\": \"which evolved from the native language of Britain at that time, means origin or source; a tribe or nation. The current Dictionary of the Welsh Language defines Echen as meaning stock, lineage, family, tribe, source, origin, nature. Archaeological evidence of the Iceni includes torcs — heavy rings of gold, silver or electrum worn around the neck and shoulders. The Iceni began producing coins around 10 BC. Their coins were a distinctive adaptation of the Gallo-Belgic \\\"face/horse\\\" design, and in some early issues, most numerous near Norwich, the horse was replaced with a boar. Some coins are inscribed ECENI, making them\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206779\",\n \"text\": \"with the inscription ECE versus coins with ECEN. This difference, Allen posits, tells archaeologists and historians when Prasutagus started his reign because the coins did not start reading the name of the tribe until around AD 47. Allen suggests that when Antedios was king of the Iceni, the coins did not yet have the name of the tribe on them but instead the name of its ruler, stating, \\\"If so, the coins suggest that the Prasutagus era commenced only after the events of 47\\\" (Allen 16). The word ECHEN in Welsh as given by the Owen-Pughe etymological dictionary of 1832,\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206784\",\n \"text\": \"from afield\\\" Tacitus records that the Iceni were not conquered in the Claudian invasion of AD 43, but had come to a voluntary alliance with the Romans. However, they rose against them in 47 after the governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, threatened to disarm them. D. F. Allen explains in further detail, in his article \\\"The Coins of the Iceni,\\\" that Scapula had been \\\"preoccupied with defense against the unconquered Silures in South Wales and Brigantes in Yorkshire.\\\" Allen informs readers that this was how Prasutagus had come to gain full control over the Iceni (Allen 2). The Iceni were defeated\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206778\",\n \"text\": \"the Roman province. The meaning of the name \\\"Iceni\\\" is uncertain. In his 1658 treatise \\\"Hydriotaphia, or Urn Burials\\\", the English polymath Thomas Browne claims that the Iceni got their name from the Iken, the old name for the River Ouse, where the Iceni were said to have originated. Robert Henry (1771) refers to a suggested naming from the Brittonic word Ychen meaning oxen. Ychen is still used in modern Welsh. Icenian coins dating from the 1st century AD use the spelling ECEN: another article by D. F. Allen titled “The Coins of the Iceni,” discusses the difference between coins\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12438031\",\n \"text\": \"on indoor jungle mockups to match the old outdoor footage. Screen Attractions released \\\"Queen of the Jungle\\\" in 1935 as both a 12-chapter serial and a 65-min feature film. Queen of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle is a 1935 independent film serial produced by Herman Wohl and released theatrically by Screen Attractions. David Worth travels into Africa to find his old friend Joan Lawrence, who disappeared in a hot air balloon as a child while the pair were with an expedition searching for radium deposits. Unknown to David, she was discovered by an African tribe and became their queen.\",\n \"title\": \"Queen of the Jungle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206785\",\n \"text\": \"by Ostorius in a fierce battle at a fortified place, but were allowed to retain their independence. The site of the battle may have been Stonea Camp in Cambridgeshire. A second and more serious uprising took place in AD 61. Prasutagus, the wealthy, pro-Roman Icenian king, who, according to a section in the \\\"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\\\" titled \\\"Roman Britain, British Leaders\\\", was leader of the Iceni between AD 43 and 50 (Todd 4), had died. It was common practice for a Roman client king to leave his kingdom to Rome on his death, but Prasutagus had attempted to\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12438030\",\n \"text\": \"Queen of the Jungle Queen of the Jungle is a 1935 independent film serial produced by Herman Wohl and released theatrically by Screen Attractions. David Worth travels into Africa to find his old friend Joan Lawrence, who disappeared in a hot air balloon as a child while the pair were with an expedition searching for radium deposits. Unknown to David, she was discovered by an African tribe and became their queen. Most of the action footage in this serial came from the 1922 silent serial \\\"The Jungle Goddess\\\", with the principal actors in the new scenes made up and costumed\",\n \"title\": \"Queen of the Jungle\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2206783\",\n \"text\": \"study also showed that there was not a regular supply of Roman coinage from year to year: In certain rural regions of Norfolk, Davies and Gregory speculate that the Iceni farmers were impacted very little by the civitas, seeing as there is a scarce presence of coinage and treasures. On the other hand, their surveys found \\\"coin-rich temple sites, which appear to have served as centres for periodic fairs and festivals and provided locations for markets and commercial transactions within their complexes and environs. In such rural areas, producers and consumers would have been attracted to these sites for commerce\",\n \"title\": \"Iceni\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15364019\",\n \"text\": \"the third time as \\\"Tonight Is Ours\\\" in 1933. The Queen Was in the Parlour The Queen Was in the Parlour: a romance in three acts is a play by the English writer Noël Coward. Belonging to the Ruritanian romance genre, its title is drawn from a line in the nursery rhyme \\\"Sing a Song of Sixpence\\\". Although written in 1922, it was not produced until 24 August 1926, when it was premiered at the St Martin's Theatre. It has been adapted for film three times - the first two times under its original title (in 1927 as a silent\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen Was in the Parlour\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15364018\",\n \"text\": \"The Queen Was in the Parlour The Queen Was in the Parlour: a romance in three acts is a play by the English writer Noël Coward. Belonging to the Ruritanian romance genre, its title is drawn from a line in the nursery rhyme \\\"Sing a Song of Sixpence\\\". Although written in 1922, it was not produced until 24 August 1926, when it was premiered at the St Martin's Theatre. It has been adapted for film three times - the first two times under its original title (in 1927 as a silent movie and in 1928 as a talking picture) and\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen Was in the Parlour\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7377655\",\n \"text\": \"was why [Illinois] never bothered to pursue the charge, although you’d never know that from reading the press accounts, which mentioned only the complaints, not that they had petered out.\\\" State regulators took no action on these complaints. The Man Who Would Be Queen The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by the psychologist J. Michael Bailey, published by Joseph Henry Press. In the first section of the book, Bailey discusses gender-atypical behaviors and gender dysphoria in children, emphasizing the biological determination of gender. In the second section he deals primarily\",\n \"title\": \"The Man Who Would Be Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19007063\",\n \"text\": \"life and human history forever. This film was shot in Gansu. \\\"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe\\\"'s photographer was Cao Yu, who is Yao Chen's husband. The film was released in theaters in China on September 30, 2015. The film made US$14.2 million on its opening day in China on Wednesday, September 30, 2015 placing first at the daily box office. During its opening weekend, it earned US$34 million ranking second at the Chinese box office behind \\\"Lost in Hong Kong\\\". Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe () is a 2015 Chinese 3D adventure action film directed\",\n \"title\": \"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7377636\",\n \"text\": \"The Man Who Would Be Queen The Man Who Would Be Queen: The Science of Gender-Bending and Transsexualism is a 2003 book by the psychologist J. Michael Bailey, published by Joseph Henry Press. In the first section of the book, Bailey discusses gender-atypical behaviors and gender dysphoria in children, emphasizing the biological determination of gender. In the second section he deals primarily with gay men, including the link between childhood gender dysphoria and male homosexuality later in life. Bailey reviews evidence that male homosexuality is congenital (a result of genetics and prenatal environment), and he argues for the accuracy of\",\n \"title\": \"The Man Who Would Be Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17425235\",\n \"text\": \"minutes later. The Queen arrived at the Palace five minutes later, and there was a lunch for dignitaries at 1:00 pm. Queen Elizabeth was interred in the George VI Memorial Chapel next to her husband, King George VI, who had died 50 years previously. At the same time, the ashes of their daughter, Princess Margaret, who had died on 9 February 2002, were also interred in a private family service. Funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother The public funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother occurred on Tuesday, 9 April 2002 in Westminster Abbey in London, following her death\",\n \"title\": \"Funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16356999\",\n \"text\": \"The Tribe of Witches The Tribe of Witches: The Religion of the Dobunni and Hwicce is a historical and archaeological study of pre-Christian religion among the Iron Age \\\"Dobunni\\\" and the Early Medieval \\\"Hwicce\\\", two tribal groups who lived in central England. It was written by the archaeologist Stephen J. Yeates and published by Oxbow Books in 2008. Yeates had previously published his theories in a three-volume British Archaeological Report monograph entitled \\\"Religion, Community and Territory: Defining Religion in the Severn Valley and Adjacent Hills from the Iron Age to the Early Medieval Period\\\" (2006). Throughout the book, Yeates explores\",\n \"title\": \"The Tribe of Witches\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16156042\",\n \"text\": \"The Last of His Tribe The Last of His Tribe is a 1992 American made-for-television drama film based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Jon Voight stars as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi. Harry Hook directed the film. The movie is based on the real experiences of a Native American, Ishi, as he tries to adjust to a 20th-century society that is foreign to him. For his performance, Jon Voight was nominated for\",\n \"title\": \"The Last of His Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8663587\",\n \"text\": \"The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in \\\"Popular Tales of the West Highlands\\\", listing his informant as Mrs. MacTavish, Port Ellen, Islay, and noting the story could be traced back to 1548. It is Aarne-Thompson 440, the frog prince. The creature involved was called a \\\"losgann\\\", which could be either a frog or a toad. An ill queen sent each of her daughters to a well for healing water. They\",\n \"title\": \"The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7770537\",\n \"text\": \"army led by Ali Ibn Abi Talib in Ramadhan in 10 AH, and apparently Madh'hij's lineage had been relinquished by the tribe due to the infamy of the aforementioned battle, to be replaced with Azd’s tribe, his brother, whose branch in Mecca was then named after his grandson\\\" Khuza’a\\\" Ibn Amr, Ibn Luhayy, Ibn Haritha, Ibn Amr, Ibn Muzaiqiya, from the dynasty of Ibn Al-Ghouth, Ibn Nabt, Ibn Malik, Ibn Zaid, Ibn Kahlan, Ibn Abed Shams “Saba'a (Sheba) The Great”, who is the founder of Sheba kingdom (Arabic 'Saba'a, which Queen Balkis \\\"Queen of Sheba\\\" who ruled in the 10th\",\n \"title\": \"Al-Ali (tribe)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16156118\",\n \"text\": \"Ishi: The Last of His Tribe Ishi: The Last of His Tribe (1978) is a made-for-television biopic based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Some think it is superior to the 1992 version of the same story \\\"The Last of His Tribe\\\", also a TV movie starring Jon Voight which was criticized for being too politically correct. The telecast aired first on NBC on December 20, 1978. The film was written by Christopher Trumbo\",\n \"title\": \"Ishi: The Last of His Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14910164\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Horse, Moon Horse Sun Horse, Moon Horse is a historical novel for children written by Rosemary Sutcliff and published in 1977. It takes place in Bronze Age Britain, telling the tale of a chieftain's son of the Iceni who is caught up in a conflict with the neighboring Attribates, and plays an instrumental part in creating a monumental Hill figure while working to save his tribe. The story revolves around Lubrin Dhu, a younger son of the chieftain, who takes after the Little Dark People who predated the Celtic settlers of the Iceni tribe; and whose name \\\"Dhu\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Horse, Moon Horse\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16156119\",\n \"text\": \"and father Dalton Trumbo, and directed by Robert Ellis Miller. Eloy Casados played the title role. Ishi: The Last of His Tribe Ishi: The Last of His Tribe (1978) is a made-for-television biopic based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Some think it is superior to the 1992 version of the same story \\\"The Last of His Tribe\\\", also a TV movie starring Jon Voight which was criticized for being too politically correct. The\",\n \"title\": \"Ishi: The Last of His Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16156043\",\n \"text\": \"the 1992 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. The Last of His Tribe The Last of His Tribe is a 1992 American made-for-television drama film based on a book by Theodora Kroeber which relates the experiences of her husband Alfred L. Kroeber who made friends with Ishi, thought to be the last of his people, the Yahi tribe. Jon Voight stars as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi. Harry Hook directed the film. The movie is based on the real experiences of a Native American, Ishi, as he tries to adjust to a 20th-century society\",\n \"title\": \"The Last of His Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20767148\",\n \"text\": \"Leopold W. Tribe. After Liliʻuokalani's death, she began performing publicly as a soloist, accompanying herself on the ukulele, eventually becoming known as \\\"the soprano with the million dollar smile\\\". She was a popular featured soloist on radio stations KGMB and KGU. Tribe worked off and on with composer Charles E. King, who had also been a musical protogée of Liliʻuokalani's. She was cast in his Hawaiian-language opera \\\"The Prince of Hawaii\\\". At its May 4, 1925 premiere, Tribe appeared as Queen Kamaka, with Joseph Kamakau as King Kalani and Ray Kinney in the lead of Prince Kauikalu. She was sent\",\n \"title\": \"Rose Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8663589\",\n \"text\": \"the bed and cut off his head. She did, and he became a handsome young prince, who married her. The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well is a Scottish fairy tale collected by John Francis Campbell in \\\"Popular Tales of the West Highlands\\\", listing his informant as Mrs. MacTavish, Port Ellen, Islay, and noting the story could be traced back to 1548. It is Aarne-Thompson 440, the frog prince. The creature involved was called a \\\"losgann\\\", which could be either a\",\n \"title\": \"The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12080302\",\n \"text\": \"The Tribe (Buzoku) The Tribe was the best known name of a loose-knit countercultural group in Japan in the 1960s and 70s. Central figures of the group's beginnings in Shinjuku and leadership included Nanao Sakaki, Tetsuo Nagasawa, Sansei Yamao, Mamoru Kato, and Kenji Akiba, who shared an interest in an alternative community, free from materialism. This group initially called itself \\\"the Bum Academy\\\" or sometimes \\\"Harijan\\\", and published three issues of a magazine, \\\"Psyche\\\". Around the time the group obtained land in Nagano Prefecture and on Suwanosejima, \\\"the Tribe\\\" (\\\"Buzoku\\\") became their best known name. Starting in December 1967, they\",\n \"title\": \"The Tribe (Buzoku)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8124988\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief) Queen Ann (c. 1650-1725) appears in Virginia records between 1706 and 1718 as ruler of the Pamunkey tribe of Virginia. Ann continued her predecessors' efforts to keep peace with English colonists. She became the leader of her tribe after the death of her husband Totopotomoi in 1656, who was killed when he took troops to help English colonizers in Virginia when inland mountain tribes invaded in the mid-1650s. Ann's last record in history was in 1715, when she was noted as visiting the colonial authorities. She had come to seek fair treatment for her tribe, who\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"536300\",\n \"text\": \"witches' village is destroyed and they are incarcerated by the king and queen, who desire their knowledge. When the witches offend Akasha, the Queen condemns the twins. Enkil then orders his chief steward (who is Khayman as a mortal man) to rape the twins in his stead, which would prove their lack of power, before the eyes of the court. Afterward the witches are cast out into the desert. While making her way back home with a pregnant Maharet, Mekare curses the king and queen secretly with the bloodthirsty spirit. Eventually this spirit inflicts such torment on Akasha and Enkil\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of the Damned\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17425226\",\n \"text\": \"by the Queen. The verse became widely popular after the funeral, and was later revealed to be based on a poem written some 20 years earlier by David Harkins, an aspiring artist from Carlisle. Andrew Motion who had previously written poems for the wedding of Prince Edward, the Queen Mother's 100th birthday, and the death of Princess Margaret, released an elegy in honour of the Queen Mother. Both the Queen and the Prince of Wales paid tribute to the Queen Mother in separate television broadcasts. The funeral was held in London. It started at 9:48 am on 9 April 2002,\",\n \"title\": \"Funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10174745\",\n \"text\": \"surprisingly sympathetic. Others, such as Morgan le Fay and Sir Bors, are also presented in unique and insightful ways that provide arch sidelights on the standard legend. In the end, Guenevere is cleared, and justice of a sort prevails. The book ends with Sir Kay - who is himself deeply in love with the Queen, and bitterly jealous of Lancelot - sitting down to play chess with her, and contenting himself with at least having a deep though platonic relationship. The Idylls of the Queen The Idylls of the Queen: A Tale of Queen Guenevere is a 1982 fantasy mystery\",\n \"title\": \"The Idylls of the Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5743322\",\n \"text\": \"Havasu Lake, California. The tribe is governed by a democratically elected, nine-member tribal council. The current administration is as follows. The tribe owns and operates Havasu Landing Resort and Casino on Lake Havasu, near Needles, California. The Chemehuevi Indian Cemetery is located at . Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation The Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Chemehuevi people, who are the southernmost branch of Southern Paiute people. To celebrate their organization under the Indian Reorganization Act, tribal recognition, and ratifying their constitution, the tribe hosts Nuwuvi Days, an annual festival held\",\n \"title\": \"Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20767150\",\n \"text\": \"recorded four songs for Columbia Records Rose Tribe Rose Kalamahaaheo Otis Tribe Tyson (July 15, 1890 - February 18, 1934) was a soprano soloist in the Territory of Hawaii, and was a protégée of Queen Liliʻuokalani. She was born of Hawaiian ancestry in Lahaina, Maui, Kingdom of Hawaii, and was primarily known as a soprano soloist. A graduate of Kamehameha School for girls, she was hand maiden to Queen Liliʻuokalani and traveled with the queen's retinue. She was positioned as the royal musical protégée, groomed by the queen herself to convey Liliʻuokalani's compositions in the manner in which they were\",\n \"title\": \"Rose Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20767147\",\n \"text\": \"Rose Tribe Rose Kalamahaaheo Otis Tribe Tyson (July 15, 1890 - February 18, 1934) was a soprano soloist in the Territory of Hawaii, and was a protégée of Queen Liliʻuokalani. She was born of Hawaiian ancestry in Lahaina, Maui, Kingdom of Hawaii, and was primarily known as a soprano soloist. A graduate of Kamehameha School for girls, she was hand maiden to Queen Liliʻuokalani and traveled with the queen's retinue. She was positioned as the royal musical protégée, groomed by the queen herself to convey Liliʻuokalani's compositions in the manner in which they were originally composed. In 1915, she married\",\n \"title\": \"Rose Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17362550\",\n \"text\": \"as Samènes); Stephanus described them as Arabian nomadic people, and Dobiáš accepted that the Σαμηνών are the same as the Σαμηνoί (Samènes); thus Laodice was the queen of an Arab tribe. rendered the people mentioned by Stephanus as the Samenoi, and identified them with the Samnei, (Samnaei in the rendetion of Dobiáš), who were an Arab tribe of southern Arabia according to Pliny the Elder; Dobiáš is sceptical about Moritz' identification. Laodice of the Sameans Laodice was a Queen of an unknown Kingdom in Asia. She lived at the time of the Seleucid king of Syria Antiochus X Eusebes who\",\n \"title\": \"Laodice of the Sameans\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14238740\",\n \"text\": \"Secrets of the Tribe Secrets of the Tribe is a documentary film by director José Padilha premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize. This documentary explores the allegations, first brought to light in the book \\\"Darkness in El Dorado\\\", written by Patrick Tierney, that anthropologists studying the Yanomami Indians in the 1960s and '70s engaged in bizarre and inappropriate interactions with the tribe, including sexual and medical violations. Scientists accused in this film are among others James Neel, Napoleon Chagnon, Kenneth Good and Jacques Lizot. It features interviews with Yanomami, as\",\n \"title\": \"Secrets of the Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17377947\",\n \"text\": \"creative director had yet been fullfilled. This belief, combined with his olfactory infatuation led to his first fragrance aptly named Boadicea the Victorious in 2008. Boadicea was named after a queen of the British Celtic Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61, and died shortly after its failure, having supposedly poisoned herself. She is considered a British folk hero. In 2011, Boadi launched the brand “Illuminum”. The range classified scents according to four streams; citrus, floral, oud and musk. The Illuminum range contained 16 fragrances, with eight ingredients\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Boadi\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7377639\",\n \"text\": \"trans woman represented in Bailey’s book had felt abused by him and had filed a charge.\\\" \\\"The Man Who Would Be Queen\\\" is divided into three sections: \\\"The Boy Who Would Be Princess\\\", \\\"The Man He Might Become\\\", and \\\"Women Who Once Were Boys\\\". It starts with an anecdote about a child Bailey calls \\\"Danny\\\". Bailey writes of Danny's mother, who has been frustrated by other therapists she has seen about her son's \\\"feminine\\\" behavior. Bailey discusses psychologist and sexologist Kenneth Zucker's work with children whose parents have noticed significant gender-atypical behaviors. Bailey uses the anecdote about Danny to describe\",\n \"title\": \"The Man Who Would Be Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18384113\",\n \"text\": \"trained biologist who works as a survival guide. In the show he adopts the customs, diet and way of life to live with and as the members of the tribe he visits. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Survive the Tribe Survive the Tribe is a television series which aires on the National Geographic Channel. In the program Hazen Audel visits several tribes around the world and participates in their daily lives. He learns about their survival tactics. The series is produced by Icon Films. It aired in the United States and the United Kingdom in July 2014, with other countries\",\n \"title\": \"Survive the Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9931818\",\n \"text\": \"Jungle Queen (serial) Jungle Queen (1945) is a Universal movie serial. Material from this serial was re-edited into the feature film \\\"Jungle Safari\\\" (1956). In 1939, Nazi Germany sends a team of agents to incite revolt and seize British Middle Africa as a first step in conquering Africa. Attempting to place their own sympathiser in charge of the local tribe, they face resistance from Pamela Courtney searching for her father, a pair of American volunteers and the mysterious Jungle Queen Lothel, who appears out of nowhere in her nightgown to give advice and instructions to the tribe. Cline writes that\",\n \"title\": \"Jungle Queen (serial)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17373444\",\n \"text\": \"The Queen of the Tearling The Queen of the Tearling is the debut novel by Erika Johansen. It is set on a fictional landmass several centuries in the future, and is the first novel of a fantasy trilogy. The other books in the trilogy are The Invasion of the Tearling (2015) and The Fate of the Tearling (2016). Princess Kelsea Raleigh Glynn must defeat the powers of the Red Queen, who is out to destroy her. She must journey to the royal castle to claim her throne, and is accompanied only by the loyal Queen’s Guard which is led by\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of the Tearling\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"536301\",\n \"text\": \"that they again demand advice and help from the two witches. Conspirators, unhappy with the young king's policies, assassinate the royal couple in Khayman's house while they were attempting to exorcise Amel, who had been tormenting Khayman. While the king and queen lie dying, the evil spirit sees its chance to ensnare the soul of the dying queen and pulls it back into her body. The spirit combines itself with the flesh and blood of the queen, transforming her into a vampire. Akasha allows the king to drink her blood, which saves his life. They then order Khayman to find\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of the Damned\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6439720\",\n \"text\": \"Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe The Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe is an important document in the history of relations between First Nations and the governments of the Dominion of Canada and the Province of British Columbia. Signed in Spences Bridge on May 10, 1911 by a committee of the chiefs of the St'at'imc peoples, taken down by anthropologist James Teit, a resident of Spences Bridge who lived among the Nlaka'pamux, it is an assertion of sovereignty over traditional territories as well as a protest against recent alienations of land by settlers at Seton Portage, British Columbia. Like the Nisga'a\",\n \"title\": \"Declaration of the Lillooet Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5895515\",\n \"text\": \"The Thirteenth Tribe The Thirteenth Tribe is a 1976 book by Arthur Koestler, in which the author advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people. Koestler hypothesized that the Khazars (who converted to Judaism in the 8th century) migrated westwards into Eastern Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries when the Khazar Empire was collapsing. Koestler used previous works by Douglas Morton Dunlop, Raphael Patai and Abraham Poliak as sources. His stated intent was to make antisemitism disappear by disproving its racial basis. In the book, Koestler\",\n \"title\": \"The Thirteenth Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7377645\",\n \"text\": \"gay sexual behavior scientist Simon LeVay, from sex-differences expert David Buss, and from research psychologist Steven Pinker, who wrote: \\\"The Man Who Would Be Queen may upset the guardians of political correctness on both the left and the right, but it will be welcomed by intellectually curious people of all sexes and sexual orientations.\\\" It also received praise from conservative journalist Steve Sailer, as well as \\\"Fortune\\\" magazine's Daniel Seligman, and Mark Henderson. Conservative commentator John Derbyshire said: \\\"a wealth of fascinating information, carefully gathered by (it seems to me) a conscientious and trustworthy scientific observer.\\\" It also received a\",\n \"title\": \"The Man Who Would Be Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4300768\",\n \"text\": \"help, soon encountering a parrot named Wedgewood with a message for help. Seeking out the person the message was for, Joe meets with Trader Bob, who soon asks for his help in rescuing a princess named Azura from Floda, a lederhosen company that Bob suspects is a cover for something sinister Joe quickly begins searching for the jungle, encountering an entire tribe of Amazon women who capture him and took in Faye when she decided to seek help herself. Released by the tribe, Joe agrees to help them rescue Azura as well. Finding the princess within a hidden base beneath\",\n \"title\": \"Flight of the Amazon Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5743321\",\n \"text\": \"Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation The Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Chemehuevi people, who are the southernmost branch of Southern Paiute people. To celebrate their organization under the Indian Reorganization Act, tribal recognition, and ratifying their constitution, the tribe hosts Nuwuvi Days, an annual festival held during the first weekend in June. The Chemehuevi Reservation () is located in San Bernardino County, California, bordering Lake Havasu for and along the Colorado River. The reservation is large and has a population of 345. The Chemehuevi Indian Tribe's headquarters is located in\",\n \"title\": \"Chemehuevi Indian Tribe of the Chemehuevi Reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9348373\",\n \"text\": \"gem he steals it and undertakes to return it to a former owner, the witch-queen Bathyllis of Phaiaxia, who has offered a reward for its return. With his ally Aristax he undertakes the harrowing journey to Phaiaxia and begins negotiating with the queen. But nothing is straightforward when dealing with a witch, and there are also other interested parties poised to complicate the situation... In common with the other Pusadian tales, \\\"The Stone of the Witch Queen\\\" takes place in a prehistoric era during which a magic-based Atlantian civilization supposedly throve in what was then a single continent consisting of\",\n \"title\": \"The Stone of the Witch Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5143341\",\n \"text\": \"that much of Norfolk was intensively farmed by people during the Late Iron Age. The \\\"Cenimagni\\\" tribe who submitted to Caesar in 54 BCE were settled in both lowland and upland Norfolk by this time. They may have been centred in north-west Norfolk, where hoards of coins and torcs have been discovered such as that found at Snettisham. Coins found in the south of the county indicate that the Iceni tribe may have been centred around Thetford by the mid-1st century AD. Norfolk's coastline is markedly different from the coastline that existed when the Romans first occupied what is now\",\n \"title\": \"History of Norfolk\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13627799\",\n \"text\": \"was one of her frog footmen who was then sent to be beheaded as the Red queen ordered her fish butler to round up the frog footman's children whom she implied to love on toast. In its followup \\\"Alice Through the Looking Glass\\\" the White Queen had stolen a tart her mother was baking and hid the crumbs near the bed of her sister, the Red Queen. The Queen of Hearts (poem) \\\"The Queen of Hearts\\\" is an English poem and nursery rhyme based on the characters found on playing cards, by an anonymous author, originally published with three lesser-known\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of Hearts (poem)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20846641\",\n \"text\": \"successors. Their successors were elected. An election for the new Carib Queen is scheduled to be held in September 2018 to chose a successor to the late Queen Jennifer Cassar. In an interview, Queen Valentina Medina, who held the position from 2000 to 2011, Medina summed up her responsibilities as the then-holder of the position, \\\"Each predecessor nominates her successor, who is then affirmed by the Council of Elders and thereupon declared Queen for life...I consider myself as a moral role model, I offer help and advice to memebers of the tribe who are in trouble, and I make sure\",\n \"title\": \"Carib Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12080303\",\n \"text\": \"published a newspaper, also called \\\"Buzoku\\\". By 1970, according to Yamao, a few thousand young people felt some varying degrees of belonging to the Tribe. American poet and scholar Gary Snyder was also an influential member of the Tribe. Bhagavan Das spent some time with the Tribe on Suwanosejima in 1971-2. Sakaki found available land on Suwanosejima and brought several friends there, from the highland farm they had already started in Nagano, in May 1967. This was the beginning of the \\\"Banyan Ashram\\\". In 2004, according to Sakaki, some ten families were still living at this commune. The Tribe (Buzoku)\",\n \"title\": \"The Tribe (Buzoku)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14562905\",\n \"text\": \"forcibly relocated to Oklahoma. Those who stayed hid in swampy, less desirable areas; fled to Florida and joined the Seminole tribe; or moved frequently to avoid capture. Laws limiting the rights of the Muskogee people were not officially removed until 1980. Georgia adopted a \\\"Resolution Recognizing the Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe\\\" on March 16, 1973. It read, in part: ... NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE SENATE that this body hereby recognizes the Muskogee-Creek Indian Tribe East of the Mississippi River in the State of Georgia as a tribe of people ... Proclamations recognizing the Creeks as a tribe\",\n \"title\": \"Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe (East of the Mississippi)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19461009\",\n \"text\": \"of Castile. The Queen of Spain The Queen of Spain () is a 2016 Spanish comedy-drama film written and directed by Fernando Trueba. Starring Penélope Cruz, the movie is a sequel to Trueba's 1998 drama \\\"The Girl of Your Dreams\\\", also starring Cruz and set during the Spanish Civil War. It was selected to be shown in the Berlinale Special section of the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. Nearly twenty years after the events of \\\"The Girl of Your Dreams\\\", in the 1950s, Macarena Granada, who has become a Hollywood star, returns to Spain to film a blockbuster about Queen\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of Spain\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19461008\",\n \"text\": \"The Queen of Spain The Queen of Spain () is a 2016 Spanish comedy-drama film written and directed by Fernando Trueba. Starring Penélope Cruz, the movie is a sequel to Trueba's 1998 drama \\\"The Girl of Your Dreams\\\", also starring Cruz and set during the Spanish Civil War. It was selected to be shown in the Berlinale Special section of the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. Nearly twenty years after the events of \\\"The Girl of Your Dreams\\\", in the 1950s, Macarena Granada, who has become a Hollywood star, returns to Spain to film a blockbuster about Queen Isabella I\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of Spain\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18754987\",\n \"text\": \"The Queen of Brilliants The Queen of Brilliants is a comic opera in three acts with music by Edward Jakobowski and a libretto by Brandon Thomas. It was adapted from Jakobowski's German-language operetta \\\"Die Brillantett-Königin\\\", with a libretto by Theodore Tawbe and Isidor Fuchs, which premiered in March 1894 in Vienna. A vehicle for Lillian Russell, the plot concerns Betta, who runs away from a nunnery to join a variety troupe known as \\\"The Brilliants\\\" and is nicknamed their queen. She proves the worth of her lover, Florian, and turns out to be a real countess. A feature of the\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of Brilliants\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16357012\",\n \"text\": \"and that \\\"[a]ny novice historical linguist\\\" could have told the author that his \\\"tribe of witches\\\" was a \\\"phantom\\\". Furthermore, highlighting that \\\"very few pages are free of basic errors\\\", he describes Yeates' thinking as \\\"muddled\\\" and ultimately considered \\\"The Tribe of Witches\\\" to be a \\\"shallow, muddled and thoroughly underwhelming book\\\" of no use to the scholarly study of either the \\\"Dobunni\\\" or \\\"Hwicce\\\". Other peer-reviewed journals to publish reviews included \\\"Oxoniensia\\\" and \\\"Transactions of the Birmingham & Warwickshire Archaeological Society\\\". In a short review published in \\\"British Archaeology\\\", the magazine of the Council for British Archaeology, the landscape\",\n \"title\": \"The Tribe of Witches\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16357007\",\n \"text\": \"Christianity. Peter S. Wells of the University of Missouri reviewed \\\"The Tribe of Witches\\\" for the \\\"Cambridge Archaeological Journal\\\" in 2009. Wells criticised Yeates' use of the word \\\"tribe\\\" to refer to both the \\\"Dobunni\\\" and the \\\"Hwicce\\\", believing that another term may have been more appropriate. He also criticised the use of maps, believing that they were unhelpful, in particular for anyone not familiar with the regional landscape. Considering the text to be \\\"very engaging\\\", he noted that the bibliography was \\\"extensive and valuable\\\", with good use of illustrations. Nonetheless, Wells thought Yeates' primary argument to be unconvincing, highlighting\",\n \"title\": \"The Tribe of Witches\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19007062\",\n \"text\": \"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe () is a 2015 Chinese 3D adventure action film directed and co-written by Lu Chuan, and stars Mark Chao, Yao Chen, Rhydian Vaughan, Li Chen, Tiffany Tang and Daniel Feng. The film is an adaptation of Tianxia Bachang's 2006 best-selling novel \\\"Ghost Blows Out the Light\\\". \\\"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe\\\" was released in China on September 30, 2015. In 1979, a young soldier is working in China's snow capped mountains when an explosion reveals bizarre fossils hidden deep in the mountain caverns. What they discover next will change his\",\n \"title\": \"Chronicles of the Ghostly Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14238744\",\n \"text\": \"out that, \\\"Tierney wrote a polemical, unscientific book that invoked a scandal. Padilha's film is more evenhanded than this, no doubt because it includes that scandal as a subject, allowing Chagnon an opportunity to defend himself\\\". Secrets of the Tribe Secrets of the Tribe is a documentary film by director José Padilha premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, where it was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize. This documentary explores the allegations, first brought to light in the book \\\"Darkness in El Dorado\\\", written by Patrick Tierney, that anthropologists studying the Yanomami Indians in the 1960s and '70s engaged\",\n \"title\": \"Secrets of the Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17052062\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Pokou Queen Pokou, or Awura, Aura, or Abla Pokou (c. 1730–1750) was Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe in West Africa, now Ivory Coast. She ruled over a branch of the powerful Ashanti Empire as it expanded westward. A subgroup of the Akan people, the Baoule people are today one of the largest ethnic groups in modern Ivory Coast. Queen Pokou was born princess of Kumasi, Ghana, daughter of Nyakou Kosiamoa, sister of Dakon, the ill-fated successor of Opoku Ware I, and niece of Osei Kofi Tutu I, a formidable king who was the co-founder of the Ashanti\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Pokou\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8516283\",\n \"text\": \"following notes refer to sources listed in Bibliography for Duwamish (tribe), which also includes the sources referenced in Duwamish tribe, Cheshiahud (Lake John) and History of Seattle before white settlement.\\\" History of the Duwamish tribe The region now known as Seattle has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period (c. 8,000 BCE.: 10,000 years ago). Archaeological excavations at West Point in Discovery Park, Magnolia confirm that the Seattle area has been inhabited by humans for at least 4,000 years and probably much longer. West Point was called \\\"Oka-dz-elt-cu\\\", \\\"Per-co-dus-chule\\\", or \\\"Pka-dzEltcu\\\". The village of \\\"tohl-AHL-too\\\" (\\\"herring house\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Duwamish tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2686974\",\n \"text\": \"Mitzi Del Bra, is a Sydney-based drag queen who accepts an offer to perform his drag act at Lasseters Hotel Casino Resort managed by his estranged wife Marion in Alice Springs, a remote town in central Australia. After persuading his friends and fellow performers, Bernadette Bassenger (Terence Stamp), a recently bereaved transgender woman, and Adam Whitely (Guy Pearce), a flamboyant and obnoxious younger drag queen who goes under the drag name Felicia Jollygoodfellow, to join him, the three set out for a four-week run at the casino in a large tour bus, which Adam christens \\\"Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5895530\",\n \"text\": \"the Khazar hypothesis\\\" and concludes \\\"that all three Jewish groups—Middle Eastern, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi—share genomewide genetic markers that distinguish them from other worldwide populations\\\". Geneticist Noah Rosenberg asserts that although recent DNA studies \\\"do not appear to support\\\" the Khazar hypothesis, they do not \\\"entirely eliminate it either.\\\" The Thirteenth Tribe The Thirteenth Tribe is a 1976 book by Arthur Koestler, in which the author advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people. Koestler hypothesized that the Khazars (who converted to Judaism in the 8th century) migrated\",\n \"title\": \"The Thirteenth Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18798855\",\n \"text\": \"and Princess Elizabeth are re-legitimized by the crown. The Taming of the Queen The Taming of the Queen is a historical novel by British author Philippa Gregory, published on 13 August 2015. It tells the story of Kateryn Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII of England chooses Kateryn Parr, a 31-year-old widow, as his new wife. Aware of the ends that Henry's other wives met, Kateryn is a studious woman who promotes projects, including advocating for Scriptures in English and supporting the Protestant Reformation. Henry suffers from gout and a leg wound that will not\",\n \"title\": \"The Taming of the Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18798854\",\n \"text\": \"The Taming of the Queen The Taming of the Queen is a historical novel by British author Philippa Gregory, published on 13 August 2015. It tells the story of Kateryn Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII of England chooses Kateryn Parr, a 31-year-old widow, as his new wife. Aware of the ends that Henry's other wives met, Kateryn is a studious woman who promotes projects, including advocating for Scriptures in English and supporting the Protestant Reformation. Henry suffers from gout and a leg wound that will not heal throughout the novel. Parr ensures Princess Mary\",\n \"title\": \"The Taming of the Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"536299\",\n \"text\": \"glee. \\\"The Queen of the Damned\\\", deals with the origins of vampires themselves. The mother of all vampires, Akasha, begins as a pre-Egyptian queen, in a land called Kemet (which will become Egypt), many thousands of years ago. During this time two powerful witches (Maharet and Mekare) live in the mountains of an unnamed region. The witches are able to communicate with invisible spirits and gain simple favors from them. During this period there is a bloodthirsty, invisible spirit known as Amel who continually asks the two witches if they need his assistance, although they prudently decline the offer. The\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen of the Damned\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"778508\",\n \"text\": \"1000 years. The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by Jehoiachin in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE. Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in CE 135 after the Bar Kokhba revolt and in the centuries after. Ethiopia's traditions, recorded and elaborated in a 13th-century treatise, the \\\"Kebre Negest\\\", assert descent from a retinue of Israelites who returned with the Queen of Sheba from her visit to King Solomon in Jerusalem, by whom she had conceived the Solomonic dynasty's founder,\",\n \"title\": \"Tribe of Judah\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14143322\",\n \"text\": \"The Boy Who Was The Boy Who Was is a children's historical fantasy novel by Grace Taber Hallock. It tells the story of a human boy blessed with eternal life who participates in the march of history as it moves across the Bay of Naples for 3,000 years. Nino witnesses the destruction of Pompeii, the sack of Rome, the Children's Crusade, and the coming of Garibaldi. The novel, illustrated by Harrie Wood, was first published in 1928 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1929. In the Prologue, an unnamed artist visiting the town of Sorrento, Italy, encounters a young\",\n \"title\": \"The Boy Who Was\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7479881\",\n \"text\": \"Qifu Chipan. Queen Zhejue Queen Zhejue (折掘王后, personal name unknown) was the only historically known queen of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang. Her husband was the state's final king, Tufa Rutan (King Jing). Very little is known about Queen Zhejue, who was likely from the nearby Zhejue tribe, also of Xianbei extraction. She bore Tufa Rutan at least one son, the crown king Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台). It is not known when she died, and therefore not whether she survived the state's destruction in 414 and her husband's and son's deaths (in 415 and 423, respectively) at the hands of Western\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Zhejue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7479880\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Zhejue Queen Zhejue (折掘王后, personal name unknown) was the only historically known queen of the Chinese/Xianbei state Southern Liang. Her husband was the state's final king, Tufa Rutan (King Jing). Very little is known about Queen Zhejue, who was likely from the nearby Zhejue tribe, also of Xianbei extraction. She bore Tufa Rutan at least one son, the crown king Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台). It is not known when she died, and therefore not whether she survived the state's destruction in 414 and her husband's and son's deaths (in 415 and 423, respectively) at the hands of Western Qin's king\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Zhejue\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10174740\",\n \"text\": \"The Idylls of the Queen The Idylls of the Queen: A Tale of Queen Guenevere is a 1982 fantasy mystery novel set in the framework of the King Arthur myths written by American author Phyllis Ann Karr. It was first published in paperback by Ace Books in June 1982, and reprinted by Berkley Books in 1985. A trade paperback edition was published by Wildside Press in 1999. The novel's title is inspired by Alfred, Lord Tennyson's Arthurian poetry collection \\\"Idylls of the King\\\". \\\"The Idylls of the Queen\\\" is set in the Britain of King Arthur, as portrayed by Sir\",\n \"title\": \"The Idylls of the Queen\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15361016\",\n \"text\": \"Daoists in the universe, both perfected and aspirants. Tang writers frequently refer to her in poems about Daoist women. In accordance with the Shang Ch'ing vision expressed by Tu, she appears as teacher judge, registrar, and Guardian of female believers. Her forms reflect Tu's definitions. The Queen Mother was held in especially high regard by Chinese women who did not represent the societal norm of the submissive woman. To these women, The Queen Mother of the West was seen as \\\"a powerful, independent deity representing the ultimate yin controlling immortality and the afterlife.\\\" Queen Mother of the West The Queen\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Mother of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18384112\",\n \"text\": \"Survive the Tribe Survive the Tribe is a television series which aires on the National Geographic Channel. In the program Hazen Audel visits several tribes around the world and participates in their daily lives. He learns about their survival tactics. The series is produced by Icon Films. It aired in the United States and the United Kingdom in July 2014, with other countries following later the same year. In \\\"Survive the Tribe\\\" Audel joins a tribe for a week and is trained in several of the survival skills the tribe has used to survive over the years. Audel is a\",\n \"title\": \"Survive the Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14986788\",\n \"text\": \"Queen Betty Betty, or \\\"Mrs Betty\\\" is believed to have been the name of the niece of Cockacoeske who succeeded her as Weroansqua or chief of the Pamunkey tribe. On 1 July 1686, the Council of Virginia was informed of the death of Cockacoeske, ruler of the Pamunkey for 30 years: Though the new ruler is described as Cockakoeske's niece, her name is not given. The name \\\"Ms. Betty Queen ye Queen\\\" appears in a land transaction of 1702, and by 1708 \\\"Queen Ann\\\" is mentioned. The \\\"Dictionary of Virginia Biography\\\" suggests that Betty and Ann may have been the\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Betty\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14986789\",\n \"text\": \"same person: Queen Betty Betty, or \\\"Mrs Betty\\\" is believed to have been the name of the niece of Cockacoeske who succeeded her as Weroansqua or chief of the Pamunkey tribe. On 1 July 1686, the Council of Virginia was informed of the death of Cockacoeske, ruler of the Pamunkey for 30 years: Though the new ruler is described as Cockakoeske's niece, her name is not given. The name \\\"Ms. Betty Queen ye Queen\\\" appears in a land transaction of 1702, and by 1708 \\\"Queen Ann\\\" is mentioned. The \\\"Dictionary of Virginia Biography\\\" suggests that Betty and Ann may have\",\n \"title\": \"Queen Betty\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"293152\",\n \"text\": \"accompaniment of the lyre and looked like Nero but he, too, was killed. Twenty years after Nero's death, during the reign of Domitian, there was a third pretender. He was supported by the Parthians, who only reluctantly gave him up, and the matter almost came to war. In Britannia in 59, Prasutagus, leader of the Iceni tribe, and a client king of Rome's during Claudius' reign, died. The client state arrangement was unlikely to survive the death of the former Emperor. Prasutagus' will leaving control of the Iceni to his wife Boudicca was denied, and, when Catus Decianus scourged Boudicca\",\n \"title\": \"Nero\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14480422\",\n \"text\": \"employment as ranch hands. The tribe formed a new government under the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. The Duckwater Shoshone Tribe is headquartered in Duckwater, Nevada. They are governed by a democratically elected, five-member tribal council. Elections are held annually and members serve staggered terms. Their tribal chairman is Virginia Sanchez, who succeeded Jerry Millet. The tribe has an environmental health office, a health clinic, Police Department, and senior center. Duckwater-Shoshone Nursery is a tribal venture. The nurseries raise native plants in two greenhouses. These are used in phytoremediation projects by mining operations. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Duckwater Shoshone Tribe of the Duckwater Reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14143326\",\n \"text\": \"Chapter 10, \\\"The Bandits\\\", tells how Nino arranges for an Italian Prince to be captured by the Carbonari and brought into sympathy with their cause. The \\\"Epilogue\\\" which follows is a short poem addressed to Nino by the author, which brings the book to a close. The Boy Who Was The Boy Who Was is a children's historical fantasy novel by Grace Taber Hallock. It tells the story of a human boy blessed with eternal life who participates in the march of history as it moves across the Bay of Naples for 3,000 years. Nino witnesses the destruction of Pompeii,\",\n \"title\": \"The Boy Who Was\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5124337\",\n \"text\": \"part of the Crown Jewels when it was left to the Crown upon Victoria's death in 1901. It had been successively mounted in the crowns of Queen Alexandra and Queen Mary before it was transferred to The Queen Mother's Crown. After the death of the king, Queen Elizabeth, known thereafter as the Queen Mother, did not wear the full crown, but wore it minus the arches as a circlet at the coronation of her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, in 1953. It was placed on top of the Queen Mother's coffin for her lying-in-state and funeral in 2002. The crown is\",\n \"title\": \"Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17667311\",\n \"text\": \"company website was put back online a few days later, lacking any mention of the company ceasing operations. Neither the blog nor the website has any mentions of the ceasing of operations the company's customers had been notified of, leaving some uncertainty about the company's status or future. Acquisition It was reported recently that Oculus VR (owned by Facebook) acquired Eye Tribe and all of the employees and assets. The Eye Tribe The Eye Tribe was a Danish startup company that produced eye tracking technology and was selling it to software developers for them to incorporate the eye tracking device\",\n \"title\": \"The Eye Tribe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7021454\",\n \"text\": \"The Tribe (dance band) The Tribe, formerly the World Wide Message Tribe (WWMT), were a British Christian dance band. Their aim was \\\"to communicate the gospel to young people in Greater Manchester\\\". They were part of the Christian charity, The Message Trust in Manchester. The World Wide Message Tribe formed in 1991, and grew out of an evangelistic project called \\\"Message to Schools\\\" run by fashion designer Andy Hawthorne and singer Mark Penells. The Tribe disbanded in 2004. The line up of The Tribe varied over the 13 years and included many recognised Christian artists including, Andy Hawthorne (director of\",\n \"title\": \"The Tribe (dance band)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["boudica"],"string":"[\n \"boudica\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is married to garry trudeau?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"160276","text":"collaborated on a crossword puzzle that was published on Tues. May 15, 2018 in the NYT. This is the 6th NYT puzzle for Ross and the 1st for Garry. Trudeau married Jane Pauley in 1980; they have three children. He maintains a low personal profile. A rare early appearance on television was as a guest on \"To Tell the Truth\" in 1971, where only one of the three panelists guessed his identity. In 1990, Trudeau appeared on the cover of \"Newsweek\" for \"Inside Doonesbury's Brain\", a story written by Jonathan Alter. This was the first interview Trudeau had given in","title":"Garry Trudeau"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160276\",\n \"text\": \"collaborated on a crossword puzzle that was published on Tues. May 15, 2018 in the NYT. This is the 6th NYT puzzle for Ross and the 1st for Garry. Trudeau married Jane Pauley in 1980; they have three children. He maintains a low personal profile. A rare early appearance on television was as a guest on \\\"To Tell the Truth\\\" in 1971, where only one of the three panelists guessed his identity. In 1990, Trudeau appeared on the cover of \\\"Newsweek\\\" for \\\"Inside Doonesbury's Brain\\\", a story written by Jonathan Alter. This was the first interview Trudeau had given in\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"160263","text":"Garry Trudeau Garretson Beekman \"Garry\" Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American cartoonist, best known for the \"Doonesbury\" comic strip. Trudeau is also the creator and executive producer of the Amazon Studios political comedy series \"Alpha House\". Trudeau was born in New York City, the son of Jean Douglas (née Moore) and Francis Berger Trudeau Jr. He is the great-grandson of Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau, who created Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York. Edward was succeeded by his son Francis and grandson Francis Jr. The latter founded the Trudeau Institute at","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160281","text":"in \"The Atlantic\", in which Trudeau had published his speech, political commentator David Frum criticized what he called Trudeau's \"moral theory\" that calls for identifying \"the bearer of privilege\", then holding \"the privilege-bearer responsible\". Trudeau was labelled a \"terror apologist\" by the editors of \"The New York Post\" for his comments, with his choice of the venue in which to make them \"adding to the insult\". Garry Trudeau Garretson Beekman \"Garry\" Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American cartoonist, best known for the \"Doonesbury\" comic strip. Trudeau is also the creator and executive producer of the Amazon Studios political","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160275","text":"For most of the strip's run, Trudeau has eschewed merchandising, but starting in 1998 he teamed up with Starbucks to create \"Doonesbury\" products to raise funds for local literacy programs. The items were offered for sale in Starbucks stores for nearly two years and raised over $1 million. Also for charity, Trudeau licensed the strip to Ben & Jerry's, which created a best-selling sorbet flavor called \"Doonesberry\". Garry Trudeau's son Ross, a digital media producer, is also a crossword constructor who has been published in the New York Times. As part of the ongoing celebrity partnership series, Ross and Garry","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160264","text":"Saranac Lake, with which his son Garry retains a connection. His ancestry is French Canadian, English, Dutch, German, and Swedish. Raised in Saranac Lake, Trudeau attended St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire. He enrolled in Yale University in 1966. As an art major, Trudeau initially focused on painting, but soon discovered a greater interest in the graphic arts. He spent much of his time cartooning and writing for Yale's humor magazine \"The Yale Record\", eventually serving as the magazine's editor-in-chief. At the same time, Trudeau began contributing to the \"Yale Daily News\", which eventually led to the creation of \"Bull","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"18198287","text":"1797, he granted lands which would later be part of the state of Missouri to Joseph Conway and his family, and to his friend Daniel Boone and his family (offering him 850 acres). Trudeau left his position as Lieutenant-governor of \"Alta Luisiana\" in 1799, being succeeded by Charles de Hault de Lassus. Zénon Trudeau was the ancestor of Dr. Edward Trudeau and Garry Trudeau. Zénon Trudeau Zénon Trudeau (1748–1813) was a soldier, planter, and administrator who served as Lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, New Spain, between 1792 and 1799. Born in New Orleans, Trudeau joined the Spanish Army in his youth,","title":"Zénon Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8536807","text":"cartoonist Garry Trudeau, a great grandson. Edward Livingston Trudeau Edward Livingston Trudeau (5 October 1848 – 15 November 1915) was an American physician who established the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake for treatment of tuberculosis. Dr. Trudeau also established the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, the first laboratory in the United States dedicated to the study of tuberculosis. He was a public health pioneer who helped to establish principles for disease prevention and control. Named for statesman Edward Livingston, Trudeau was born in New York City to a family of physicians, the son of Cephise (\"née\" Berger)","title":"Edward Livingston Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160271","text":"In 2013, Trudeau created, wrote and co-produced \"Alpha House\", a political sitcom starring John Goodman that revolves around four Republican U.S. Senators who live together in a townhouse on Capitol Hill. Trudeau was inspired to write the show's pilot after reading a 2007 \"New York Times\" article about a real D.C. townhouse shared by New York Senator Chuck Schumer, Illinois Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois, and California Representative George Miller, all Democrats. The pilot for \"Alpha House\" was produced by Amazon Studios and aired in early 2013. Due to positive response, Amazon picked up the show to develop into a","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160278","text":"2006, \"The Washington Post\" printed an extensive profile of Trudeau by writer Gene Weingarten. He appeared on the \"Charlie Rose\" television program, and at signings for \"The Long Road Home: One Step at a Time\", his \"Doonesbury\" book about B.D.'s struggle with injuries received during the second Gulf War. On August 1, 2016, Trudeau appeared on MSNBC on \"The Rachel Maddow Show\". He was brought on to discuss his ability to predict and accurately write about Donald Trump's plans to run for president almost three decades earlier. Maddow presented cartoon strips from as far back as 1987. Trudeau was on","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160267","text":"cartoonists. He was also a Pulitzer finalist in 1990, 2004, and 2005. Other awards include the National Cartoonist Society Newspaper Comic Strip Award in 1994, and the Reuben Award in 1995. In 1993, Trudeau was made a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Wiley Miller, fellow comic-strip artist responsible for \"Non Sequitur\", called him \"far and away the most influential editorial cartoonist in the last 25 years\". A regular graduation speaker, Trudeau has received 35 honorary degrees. In addition to his creating his strip, Trudeau has worked in both theater and television. He was nominated for an","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"9644493","text":"during his tenure as recorder that James Mather resigned and Charles Trudeau became interim mayor. Charles Trudeau was born in New Orleans during the French regime to Jean-Baptiste Trudeau and Marianne Carrière. He married Charlotte Perrault (or Peyraud). The couple's children were: Caroline, who married Thomas Urquhart; Celestine, who became the second wife of General James Wilkinson; Josephine, who married Manuel Andry, Jr.; and Manette, who married David C. Kerr. He is also the father of Marie Laveau, whose mother was Marguerite Darcantel, a \"free woman of colour\". Charles Trudeau (politician) Charles Laveau Trudeau \"(correctly written, Charles Trudeau dit Laveau)\"","title":"Charles Trudeau (politician)"},{"psg_id":"160265","text":"Tales\", a comic strip parodying the exploits of Yale quarterback Brian Dowling. This strip was the progenitor of \"Doonesbury\". While still an undergraduate at Yale, Trudeau published two collections of \"Bull Tales\": \"Bull Tales\" (1969, published by the \"Yale Daily News\") and \"Michael J.\" (1970, published by \"The Yale Record\"). As a senior, Trudeau became a member of Scroll and Key. He did postgraduate work at the Yale School of Art, earning a master of fine arts degree in graphic design in 1973. It was there that Trudeau first met photographer David Levinthal, with whom he would later collaborate on","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160266","text":"\"Hitler Moves East\", an influential \"graphic chronicle\" of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Soon after \"Bull Tales\" began running in the Yale student newspaper, the strip caught the attention of the newly formed Universal Press Syndicate. The syndicate's editor, James F. Andrews, recruited Trudeau, changed the strip's name to \"Doonesbury\", and began distributing it following the cartoonist's graduation in 1970. Today \"Doonesbury\" is syndicated to 1,000 daily and Sunday newspapers worldwide and is accessible online in association with \"The Washington Post\". In 1975, Trudeau became the first comic strip artist to win a Pulitzer, traditionally awarded to editorial-page","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160273","text":"creating daily \"Doonesbury\" strips; new material remains a Sunday-only event. Trudeau has contributed to such publications as \"Harper's\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"The New Republic\", \"The New Yorker\", \"New York\", and \"The Washington Post\". From 1990-94, he wrote and drew an occasional column for \"The New York Times\" op-ed page, and was a contributing essayist for \"Time\" magazine from 1996 to 2001. Beginning with the Gulf War in 1991, Trudeau has written about military issues extensively. In recognition for his work on wounded warriors, he has been presented with the Commander's Award for Public Service by the Department of the Army, the","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160272","text":"full series, streaming eleven episodes for its first season. On March 31, 2014, Amazon announced that \"Alpha House\" had been renewed. Production began in July 2014, and the entire second season became available for streaming on October 24, 2014. While writing \"Alpha House\", Trudeau put the daily Doonesbury into rerun mode. On March 3, 2014 the \"Classic Doonesbury\" series began, featuring approximately four weeks of daily strips from each year of the strip's run. He continues to produce new strips for Sundays. Although \"Alpha House\" has not been in production since the end of 2014, Trudeau has not returned to","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160277","text":"seventeen years. Trudeau cooperated extensively with \"Wired\" magazine for a 2000 profile, \"The Revolution Will be Satirized\". He later spoke with the writer of that article, Edward Cone, for a 2004 newspaper column in the Greensboro, North Carolina \"News & Record\", about the war wounds suffered by the Doonesbury character \"B.D.\", and in 2006 did a Q&A at Cone's personal blog about The Sandbox. Trudeau granted an interview to \"Rolling Stone\" in 2004 in which he discussed his time at Yale University, which he attended two years behind George W. Bush. He granted another \"Rolling Stone\" interview in 2010. In","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160270","text":"Altman to write and co-produce a sequel mini-series, \"Tanner on Tanner\", for the Sundance Channel. In 1996, \"Newsweek\" and the \"Washington Post\" speculated that Trudeau had written the novel \"Primary Colors\", which was later revealed to have been written by Joe Klein. In February 2000, Trudeau, working with Dotcomix, launched \"Duke2000\", a web-based presidential campaign featuring a real-time, 3-D, streaming-animation version of Duke. Nearly 30 campaign videos were created for the site, and Ambassador Duke was interviewed live by satellite on the \"Today Show, Larry King Live, The Charlie Rose Show\", and dozens of local TV and radio news shows.","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160269","text":"opened off-Broadway at the Village Gate. A filmed version, featuring Jon Cryer, the Smothers Brothers, and Carol Kane, was broadcast on Cinemax in 1988. Also in 1988, Trudeau wrote and co-produced with director Robert Altman HBO's critically acclaimed \"Tanner '88\", a satiric look at that year's presidential election campaign. The show won the gold medal for Best Television Series at the Cannes Television Festival, the British Academy Television Award for Best Foreign Program, and Best Imported Program from the British Broadcasting Press Guild. It earned an Emmy Award, as well as four ACE Award nominations. In 2004, Trudeau reunited with","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160268","text":"Oscar in 1977 in the category of Animated Short Film for \"A Doonesbury Special\", created for NBC in collaboration with John and Faith Hubley. The film went on to win the Cannes Film Festival Jury Special Prize in 1978. In 1984, with composer Elizabeth Swados, he wrote the book and lyrics for the Broadway musical \"Doonesbury\", for which he was nominated for two Drama Desk Awards. A cast album of the show, recorded for MCA, received a Grammy nomination. Trudeau again collaborated with Swados in 1984, this time on \"Rap Master Ronnie\", a satirical review about the Reagan Administration that","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"5167297","text":"in London, ended in annulment after four months. In 2008 he married Natalya Babenko, another Ukrainian, who currently runs several of his former companies. She has returned to her home in Kiev, according to Trudeau. In 2004, Trudeau self-published his book \"Natural Cures \"They\" Don't Want You to Know About\", in which he made a number of unsubstantiated claims—for example, that sunlight does not cause cancer, sunscreen is one of the major causes of skin cancer, and that AIDS was a hoax devised as an excuse to stimulate medication usage. Trudeau further suggested—again without documentation—that various \"natural cures\" for serious","title":"Kevin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"160280","text":"Alterman, writing in \"The Nation\", called \"Doonesbury\" \"one of the great intellectual/artistic accomplishments of the past half-century, irrespective of category\". Trudeau's acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving a Polk Award in 2015 for lifetime achievement stirred controversy. In the speech, Trudeau criticized the cartoonists of \"Charlie Hebdo\"—after a number of \"Charlie Hebdo\" writers, editors and cartoonists had been murdered execution style in their own Paris offices by Muslim terrorists—for \"punching downward..., attacking a powerless, disenfranchised minority with crude, vulgar drawings closer to graffiti than cartoons\", and thereby wandering \"into the realm of hate speech\" with cartoons of Muhammad. Writing","title":"Garry Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"7505281","text":"team. Trudeau was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the 1995 NFL Expansion Draft to become the third-string quarterback behind Frank Reich and Kerry Collins in the team's inaugural season. After appearing in just one game with Carolina, Trudeau retired following the 1995 season. Trudeau finished his ten-year NFL career with 10,243 passing yards, 42 touchdowns, 62 interceptions, and a 63.3 passer rating in 67 games. He is married to wife (Lisa), with a daughter (Danielle) and three sons (John, Beau, and Trey). His brother, Kevin Trudeau, was drafted at age 18 as a pitcher for the New York Yankees","title":"Jack Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"5741470","text":"of the youngest Trudeau son, Michel. Grégoire and Trudeau reconnected as adults in June 2003, when they were assigned to co-host a charity ball, and began dating several months later. They became engaged in October 2004, and married on May 28, 2005, in a Catholic ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church. They have three children: Xavier James Trudeau (born October 18, 2007), Ella-Grace Margaret Trudeau (born February 5, 2009), and Hadrien Grégoire Trudeau (born February 28, 2014). Grégoire is reported to have introduced her brother-in-law Alexandre to his future wife Zoë Bedos. After her husband became a Member of Parliament","title":"Sophie Grégoire Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2214635","text":"Margaret Trudeau Margaret Joan Trudeau (\"née\" Sinclair, formerly Kemper; born September 10, 1948) is a Canadian author, actress, photographer, former television talk show hostess, and social advocate for people with bipolar disorder, which she is diagnosed with. She is the former wife of Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada; they divorced in 1984, during his final months in office. She is the mother of Justin Trudeau, who has been the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada since 2015; the journalist and author Alexandre \"Sacha\" Trudeau; and the deceased Michel Trudeau. In 2013, Trudeau was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor","title":"Margaret Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594725","text":"during which he regained his faith. In 2011, Trudeau stated, \"My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with.\" <nowiki>*</nowiki>Each federal electoral district had 100 points, which were determined by the voters in the district. Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8536799","text":"was descended from Illinois Country Governor Zénon Trudeau. During his late teens, his older brother James contracted tuberculosis and Edward nursed him until his death three months later. At twenty, he enrolled in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University (then Columbia College), completing his medical training in 1871. Trudeau married Miss Lottie Beare in June 1871, and after a honeymoon in Europe the couple settled on Long Island NY, where Trudeau began his medical practice. Trudeau mentioned Lottie with great affection in his autobiography and remarked on the fortitude with which she met the many adversities of","title":"Edward Livingston Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594772","text":"Alexandre Trudeau Alexandre Emmanuel \"Sacha\" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker, journalist and author of \"Barbarian Lost\". He is the second son of Canada's former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau, and the younger brother of Canada's current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Alexandre is the younger one of the two Christmas babies of Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau, exactly two years younger than Justin Trudeau. The family was attending the 1973 Christmas midnight mass at Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church when Margaret Trudeau went into labour and was rushed to The Ottawa Hospital. Alexandre Trudeau thus","title":"Alexandre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8857171","text":"ran a time of 7 minutes 3.89 seconds on 30 August 1982 at Crystal Palace. After a successful athletics career, Cook qualified and has since practiced as a teacher specialising in Physical Education and Geography. He is married to former fellow Olympian Kathy Cook; they have three children, Sarah (1988), Matthew (1989) and George (1992) and reside in Walsall, England. Garry Cook Garry Peter Cook (born 10 January 1958) is a former British track and field athlete, who competed mainly in the 800 metres with a best time of 1:44.55 minutes. He competed for Great Britain in the 1984 Summer","title":"Garry Cook"},{"psg_id":"8536798","text":"Edward Livingston Trudeau Edward Livingston Trudeau (5 October 1848 – 15 November 1915) was an American physician who established the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake for treatment of tuberculosis. Dr. Trudeau also established the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, the first laboratory in the United States dedicated to the study of tuberculosis. He was a public health pioneer who helped to establish principles for disease prevention and control. Named for statesman Edward Livingston, Trudeau was born in New York City to a family of physicians, the son of Cephise (\"née\" Berger) and James de Berty Trudeau, who","title":"Edward Livingston Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"5167296","text":"His writing has been commercially successful if not factual. In September 2005, \"Natural Cures\" was listed in the \"New York Times\" as the number-one-selling nonfiction book in the United States for 25 weeks. It has sold more than five million copies. Trudeau launched a self-titled Internet radio talk show in February 2009 which also aired on several small radio stations consisting of mostly brokered programming. Trudeau has been married at least three times. Little is known about his first marriage, to Oleksandra Polozhentseva, a Ukrainian immigrant. His second union, in 2007, to Kristine Dorow, a Norwegian student whom he met","title":"Kevin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"7116692","text":"his family vault in St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery. Due to Trudeau's business, Pierre Trudeau himself inherited wealth. Trudeau served as an inspiration to the Prime Minister. As Jim Coutts, Pierre Trudeau's aide, recalled, Trudeau \"talked, at times, of his father, whom he greatly admired, but who was too busy to understand his son's interests or spend much time with him.\" Pierre Trudeau named his third son, Michel Charles Émile Trudeau, after him. Charles-Émile Trudeau Joseph Charles-Émile \"Charley\" Trudeau (July 5, 1887 – April 10, 1935) was a French Canadian entrepreneur, father of Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada, and grandfather of","title":"Charles-Émile Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8070308","text":"his parents, siblings and himself. Weston married Mary Kippenberger, daughter of Major-General Sir Howard Kippenberger, and they had six children together: Guy, Jana, Kate, George, Sophia and Garth. His son George is chief executive of ABF, and son Guy is chairman of Wittington Investments Limited, ABF's major shareholder. His other children are Jana Khayat, Kate Hobhouse, Sophia Mason and Garth Weston. He suffered a stroke in 1999 and died in 2002. Garry Weston Garfield \"Garry\" Howard Weston, CBE (April 28, 1927 – February 15, 2002) was a Canadian businessman who was active in the United Kingdom. Born in Toronto, Ontario,","title":"Garry Weston"},{"psg_id":"324131","text":"Trudeau family can be traced to Marcillac-Lanville in France in the 16th century and to a Robert Truteau (1544–1589). In 1659 the first Trudeau to arrive in Canada was Étienne Trudeau or Truteau (1641–1712), a carpenter and home builder from La Rochelle. Pierre Trudeau was born at home at 5779 Durocher Avenue, Outremont, Montreal, on October 18, 1919, to Charles-Émile \"Charley\" Trudeau, a French-Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of mixed Scottish and French-Canadian descent. He had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr.; he remained close to both siblings for his","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"14280145","text":"Trudeau Landing The Trudeau Landing Site (16 WF 25), also known as \"Tunica Village\" and \"Trudeau\", is an archaeological site in Tunica, unincorporated West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was once occupied by the Tunica tribe. Later it was developed by Europeans as the Trudeau Plantation. In the 1960s, graves at the site were dug up by a local self-described treasure hunter, who worked as a guard at Louisiana State Prison (Angola). He took many artifacts from the area, which had been deposited as grave goods with the more than 100 graves. The Tunica felt that he had stolen","title":"Trudeau Landing"},{"psg_id":"324146","text":"that \"what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code\". Trudeau paraphrased the term from Martin O'Malley's editorial piece in \"The Globe and Mail\" on December 12, 1967. Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. during constitutional negotiations. At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted massive media attention and mobilized many young people, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"18937300","text":"Noah Andre Trudeau Noah Andre Trudeau is an American historian who has written books and produced programs for National Public Radio. Trudeau was born on February 23, 1949, the son of two World War II veterans. He studied history at the State University of New York at Albany. Trudeau was formerly an executive producer at National Public Radio. In addition to his books, Trudeau has written a number of articles for military history magazines such as \"Civil War Times Illustrated, Gettysburg Magazine, Blue and Gray, North & South, The Columbiad, America's Civil War and Military History Quarterly\". Trudeau’s first book","title":"Noah Andre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"16679693","text":"then went on to the Peterhead Academy and the University of Aberdeen. She became a school teacher, and taught at Dumfries and Strichen. She married Robert Campbell Garry, who was the first to use insulin in Scotland while a house doctor at Western Infirmary, Glasgow and who became Regius Professor of Physiology at the University of Glasgow. They had one son, Frank. Flora Garry did not start to write poetry until World War II, and did not publish anything until she was an old age pensioner. Explaining why she began writing poetry so late, she said that just as happiness","title":"Flora Garry"},{"psg_id":"19726047","text":"aged 54, after a period of depression. He had married twice, having three children by his first wife (who died of breast cancer in 1998) and two step-children from his second marriage. Garry Kelly Garry Kenneth Kelly (26 May 1948 – 11 July 2002) was an Australian politician who served as a Labor Party member of the Legislative Council of Western Australia from 1982 to 1993. He stood for parliament eight times in total, winning four elections. Kelly was born in Perth to Rita Phyllis (née Limmer) and Kenneth John Kelly. He attended Manjimup Senior High School, Northam Senior High","title":"Garry Kelly"},{"psg_id":"2594670","text":"First World War. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed, Major Talbot Mercer Papineau, who was killed on October 30, 1917, during the Battle of Passchendaele. Trudeau is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities. The others are Ben Mulroney (son of Brian Mulroney), Catherine Clark (daughter of Joe Clark), and Trudeau's younger brother, Alexandre. Ben Mulroney was a guest at Trudeau's wedding. Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000, two years after his brother Michel Trudeau died in an avalanche during a ski","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"15920344","text":"and still keeps the ministry control for Foreign Affairs and Cults (Worships). Garry Conille Dr. Garry Conille (born 26 February 1966) is a Haitian academic, development worker, author, and former Prime Minister of Haiti. He submitted his resignation as prime minister on 24 February 2012 and was officially succeeded by Laurent Lamothe on 16 May 2012. Garry Conille is the second of a family of four brothers (Serge, Pierre and Jean Conille). He is the son of Marie Antoinette Darbouze and Dr. Serge Conille, former Minister of Sports and Youth in the Duvalier government. He is married to Betty Rousseau,","title":"Garry Conille"},{"psg_id":"15920334","text":"Garry Conille Dr. Garry Conille (born 26 February 1966) is a Haitian academic, development worker, author, and former Prime Minister of Haiti. He submitted his resignation as prime minister on 24 February 2012 and was officially succeeded by Laurent Lamothe on 16 May 2012. Garry Conille is the second of a family of four brothers (Serge, Pierre and Jean Conille). He is the son of Marie Antoinette Darbouze and Dr. Serge Conille, former Minister of Sports and Youth in the Duvalier government. He is married to Betty Rousseau, the step daughter of Marc Bazin, a former Prime Minister of Haiti","title":"Garry Conille"},{"psg_id":"324208","text":"as Prime Minister of Canada for fifteen years. Lending substance to the phrase \"the style is the man,\" he has imparted, both in his and on the world stage, his quintessentially personal philosophy of modern politics. Through hours of archival footage and interviews with Trudeau himself, the documentary \"Memoirs\" details the story of a man who used intelligence and charisma to bring together a country that was very nearly torn apart. Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. The first one, \"Trudeau\" (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. \"Trudeau II: Maverick","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594656","text":"and due in December. He was born on Christmas Day 1971 at 9:27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. Trudeau is the second child in Canadian history to be born to a Prime Minister in office; the first was John A. Macdonald's daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (February 8, 1869 – January 28, 1933). Trudeau's younger brothers Alexandre (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973) and Michel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) were the third and fourth. Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish and French Canadian descent. His grandfathers were businessman Charles-Émile Trudeau and Scottish-born James Sinclair, who served as","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"12566160","text":"of decorative giftware made of crystal from France and from Czechkoslovakia. Trudeau turned into a modern dynamic company. It added new exclusive ranges of housewares, giftware and porcelain figurine collectibles. Trudeau started to export its products from around the world. It experienced significant growth in many countries, especially for its range of children's tableware. Trudeau launched the \"Trudeau\" and \"Home Presence\" Brands and created two organizations: Home Presence and Trudeau Corporation 1889 Inc. In 2007, Philippe Trudeau was officially nominated new president. Trudeau Corporation Trudeau Corporation is a Canadian company specialized in the design, manufacturing and distribution of houseware, kitchenware","title":"Trudeau Corporation"},{"psg_id":"7212123","text":"movie \"The Breakup Artist\" in 2009. \"Freeze\" was included in the 2010 release of \"Dancing Ninja\". In 2010, Colette began working with RockSTAR Music Corp. on her music career. Her self-titled debut album was released through her MySpace Tuesday, June 29, 2010. She is now a member of EDM band Red City. Colette Trudeau Colette Marie Trudeau (born June 17, 1985) is a Canadian born Métis singer/songwriter, best known as a vocalist for the band LiveonRelease. LiveonRelease was founded by Colette Trudeau and Brittin Karroll, who had decided to form an all-female rock band at the age of 15. Colette","title":"Colette Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"5167331","text":"of the $50,000 bond. Well-known critic of Trudeau, Stephen Barrett, the creator of Quackwatch.org, \"has for years labeled Trudeau a fraud\" and was quoted: \"He struck me as somebody who (believes he) is omnipotent. That is, no one can touch him,\" Barrett said. \"That's almost been the case.\" Trudeau appealed the ruling and on May 20 the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals granted his motion, dismissing the contempt citation. On November 28, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission issued warnings to companies selling human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as weight loss products as the claims","title":"Kevin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"16358336","text":"ranch; Garry later bought the ranch for himself. In 1900, he married Nellie Sharp. Garry was defeated by Alan Carl Stewart when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1929. He died at the age of 92. Thomas Henry Garry Thomas Henry Garry (January 28, 1862 – October 1954) was a rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Yorkton in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1905 to 1929 as a Liberal. Garry was the son of Thomas Garry and Colena Kennedy. He came to High Bluff, Manitoba from Ontario with his father and brother in 1883.","title":"Thomas Henry Garry"},{"psg_id":"2594688","text":"debate, and said that if Trudeau could not defend his ideas in a debate against him, he wouldn't be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper. Trudeau clashed in debates with challenger Joyce Murray, who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system of proportional representation. She challenged Trudeau over his support for a preferential ballot voting system. On March 13, 2013, Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau. With Joyce","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"12668823","text":"John Trudeau S. John Trudeau (c. 1927 – November 3, 2008) was an American musician who expanded the music department at Portland State University and helped co-found the outdoor Britt Festival of performing arts in Jacksonville, Oregon, the first of its kind in the Pacific Northwest. In 1951, Trudeau came to Portland, Oregon to join the Oregon Symphony as its principal trombone player. Trudeau first came to Southern Oregon in 1955 with the Portland Symphonic Brass Ensemble for a performance at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon, whose founder suggested the creation of a classical musical festival in the","title":"John Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"12668826","text":"the members of the Florestan Trio as artists-in-residence and faculty members in the music department. With the group's appointment, the music department was able to attract better-qualified students. The university orchestra, which Trudeau conducted, expanded in size and improved in quality. Trudeau died at age 81 on November 3, 2008 from complications related to congestive heart failure. John Trudeau S. John Trudeau (c. 1927 – November 3, 2008) was an American musician who expanded the music department at Portland State University and helped co-found the outdoor Britt Festival of performing arts in Jacksonville, Oregon, the first of its kind in","title":"John Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"7212119","text":"Colette Trudeau Colette Marie Trudeau (born June 17, 1985) is a Canadian born Métis singer/songwriter, best known as a vocalist for the band LiveonRelease. LiveonRelease was founded by Colette Trudeau and Brittin Karroll, who had decided to form an all-female rock band at the age of 15. Colette used the Georgia Straight, an entertainment newspaper in Vancouver, to recruit the rest of the band: Foxx Herst and Leah Emmott. After doing small gigs, the band invited Vancouver rocker Bif Naked to an outdoor show, leading her to sign them to her label \"Her Royal Majesty Records\", distributed through Warner Music","title":"Colette Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"13182752","text":"called Trudeau a \"psychopathic killer\" and a \"killing machine\" par excellence, who was the Angels' most dangerous killer. Dubro stated about Trudeau: \"He had absolutely no conscience, no respect for human life at all.\" To assist with his killings, Trudeau started to heavily use cocaine. Dubro commented: \"Most of the hit men I've met have been cokeheads, and they usually coke up before doing the killings. Makes it a little easier. Not all of them, but alcoholism and drug use is very common among hit men.\" Among his murder victims: Trudeau claimed that Ryan's successor, Allan \"The Weasel\" Ross, had","title":"Yves Trudeau (biker)"},{"psg_id":"324200","text":"regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP. Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP. More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered as having fostered Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting the Canadian Wheat Board. The widely remembered perception is that Trudeau dismissed the protesters' concerns with","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2214641","text":"She attended Hamilton Junior Secondary School and Delbrook Senior Secondary School in North Vancouver. Trudeau graduated in 1969 from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology. As an 18-year-old vacationing in Tahiti with her family, she met Pierre Trudeau, who was then Minister of Justice. Sinclair did not recognize him, and she in fact thought little of their encounter, but Trudeau was captivated by the carefree \"flower child\", nearly thirty years younger than he, and began to pursue her. Pierre Trudeau was still a bachelor when he became Prime Minister in 1968. They","title":"Margaret Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"18198286","text":"Zénon Trudeau Zénon Trudeau (1748–1813) was a soldier, planter, and administrator who served as Lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, New Spain, between 1792 and 1799. Born in New Orleans, Trudeau joined the Spanish Army in his youth, a place where he excelled, attaining the rank of Captain of the Regiment of Infantry and Lieutenant Colonel. In 1792, Zénon Trudeau was appointed Lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, a position located in St. Louis. During his administration two new posts were established. He commanded the galiot \"La Fleche\" in an expedition from Natchez to St. Louis and back in the winter of 1793. In","title":"Zénon Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2214640","text":"princess) who married a prominent Dutch colonial official and merchant. Acclaimed British harpsichordist, Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, and Hawaiian settler, Edward William Purvis, who according to popular belief was the namesake of the ukulele, are Margaret Trudeau's first cousins, three times removed. Trudeau explored her mother's family's roots in Singapore during an episode of \"Who Do You Think You Are?\". Trudeau's family moved to a large house in Rockcliffe Park, Ontario in 1952 when her father was appointed to the Cabinet, and she attended Rockcliffe Park Public School although they returned to North Vancouver after he lost his re-election bid in 1958.","title":"Margaret Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"4112542","text":"Gary Beers. Very rarely given as Gary, Beers adopted the alternative spelling, which appears on merchandise and personal items such as guitar picks. Garry and Jourdan Beers married in September 2007. They live in Los Angeles and enjoy volunteering for several animal rescue organisations. They have a pair of twins. Beers also has two daughters from his first marriage to Jodie Crampton; and a son from his short relationship with Shelley Preston. Garry Gary Beers Garry William Beers (born 22 June 1957), known as Garry Gary Beers, is an Australian musician and was the bass guitarist for the new wave","title":"Garry Gary Beers"},{"psg_id":"324187","text":"his inner life. In no small part, it defined him.\" Described as a \"swinging young bachelor\" when he became prime minister in 1968, Trudeau also dated Hollywood star Barbra Streisand in 1969 and 1970. They had a serious romantic relationship, although (contrary to one published report) there was no express marriage proposal. On March 4, 1971, while Prime Minister, he quietly married Margaret Sinclair at St. Stephen's Roman Catholic parish church in North Vancouver. Contrary to his publicized exploits, Trudeau was an intense intellectual with robust work habits and little time for family or fun. As a result, Margaret felt","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"9448315","text":"\"highly talented individuals who are actively and concretely engaged in their fields and expected to become leading national and international figures.\" In addition, Trudeau Scholars often work as part of their scholarship with Trudeau Mentors and Fellows. According to the Foundation documentation, \"interaction with the Trudeau community, non-academic spheres and the general public is an essential element of the Scholarship program.\" The Trudeau Scholarship program has rapidly become recognized as among the most prestigious doctoral award in Canada for students interested in major social and public policy issues. Up to five Trudeau Fellows are chosen each year in recognition of","title":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation"},{"psg_id":"13182755","text":"into the Montreal Chapter. Trudeau was supposed to be at that meeting, but had enrolled in a detoxification program the week before. He later said he wanted to clean himself up, because he knew what happened to members who were always high. News of the North Chapter slaughter soon reached Trudeau at the detox center in Oka, and Trudeau received a visit from a Montreal Chapter representative. Trudeau was told that he was out of the club and would have to have his club tattoos removed. After his release from the detox center, Trudeau discovered that the Hells Angels had","title":"Yves Trudeau (biker)"},{"psg_id":"324148","text":"long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. As the new leader of the governing Liberals, Trudeau was sworn in as Prime Minister two weeks later on April 20. Trudeau soon called an election, for June 25. His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called \"Trudeaumania\", which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. Trudeau's main national opponents were PC leader Robert Stanfield and NDP leader Tommy Douglas, both popular figures who had been Premiers, respectively, of Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. As a candidate Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"18937301","text":"\"Bloody Roads South\" won the Civil War Round Table of New York's Fletcher Pratt Award. He was also awarded the Jerry Coffey Memorial Book Prize offered by the Grady McWhiney Research Foundation. In June 2012, Trudeau’s essay in \"Military History Quarterly\" won the Army Historical Foundation’s 2011 Distinguished Writing Award. Noah Andre Trudeau Noah Andre Trudeau is an American historian who has written books and produced programs for National Public Radio. Trudeau was born on February 23, 1949, the son of two World War II veterans. He studied history at the State University of New York at Albany. Trudeau was","title":"Noah Andre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594653","text":"Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be related to a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau. Born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a high public profile in October 2000, when","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"7587394","text":"age of 89. He was buried at Old Bennington Cemetery in Bennington. Buckley married Frances Kingsbury Littlefield in 1945. They were the parents of five children, four sons and one daughter. For many years Buckley and his family resided in the home that had originally been built by Isaac Tichenor in the late 1700s. After the death of his first wife, Buckley was married successively to Barbara Morgan, Patricia Mann, and Hesterley Black. T. Garry Buckley Thomas Garry Buckley (September 13, 1922 – May 23, 2012) was the 73rd Lieutenant Governor of Vermont. T. Garry Buckley was born in Albany,","title":"T. Garry Buckley"},{"psg_id":"2594720","text":"\"consequences\". Trudeau first met Sophie Grégoire when they were both children growing up in Montreal; Grégoire was a classmate and childhood friend of Trudeau's youngest brother, Michel. They reconnected as adults in June 2003, when Grégoire, by then a Quebec television personality, was assigned as Trudeau's co-host for a charity ball; they began dating several months later. Trudeau and Grégoire became engaged in October 2004, and married on May 28, 2005, in a Roman Catholic ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church. They have three children: Xavier James (born October 18, 2007), Ella-Grace Margaret (born February 5, 2009) and Hadrien Grégoire","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"16537756","text":"are frequently the subject of debate and discussion by other theologians Williams is married and has four children. Books and contributions by Garry Williams include: Garry Williams (theologian) Garry John Williams is an English theologian and academic. He is currently the director of the John Owen Centre, which is part of the London Theological Seminary. He is also visiting professor of Historical Theology at the Westminster Theological Seminary. Williams obtained his degree and masters at Christ Church, Oxford, and his doctorate at Queen's College, Oxford. Williams held the position of academic Dean at Oak Hill Theological College. In 2014 he","title":"Garry Williams (theologian)"},{"psg_id":"9129935","text":"Young Trudeau Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada (short title: \"Young Trudeau\") is the intellectual biography of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau that deals with his parents, childhood, and education in the province of Quebec from his birth in 1919 until November 1944 when he left to study at Harvard University. Published in 2006 by Douglas Gibson Books (), the book was written by retired professors Max and Monique Nemni, friends and admirers of Pierre Trudeau whom he had convinced to take over as editors of \"Cité Libre\". Max and Monique Nemni spent most","title":"Young Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"7505285","text":"test and threatening to kill an Indiana officer. He was arrested previously in 1990. Jack Trudeau Jack Francis Trudeau (born September 9, 1962) is a former professional American football player and morning show co-host on Fox Sports Radio. He was selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 1986 NFL Draft. A quarterback from the University of Illinois, Trudeau played ten NFL seasons from 1986 to 1995. Trudeau was born in Forest Lake, Minnesota. He graduated from Granada High School in Livermore, California. Trudeau was the starting quarterback of the Illinois Fighting Illini football team his sophomore","title":"Jack Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"5710499","text":"of the premiere, actual Trudeau PMO bureaucrats commented on the general accuracy of the film; even Trudeau himself said, \"'That,' Pierre Elliott Trudeau pronounced, 'is a very good film.'\" However, there is one major exception. Most characters in the film refer to Trudeau as \"Mr. Prime Minister.\" This is improper Canadian government protocol; the prime minister is simply referred to as \"Prime Minister\", although it is not uncommon for the Prime Minister to be addressed by the former as well as the latter. It is notable that actor R. H. Thomson refused to use the scripted address and ad-libbed instead.","title":"Trudeau (film)"},{"psg_id":"9448309","text":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation (), commonly called the Trudeau Foundation (), is an independent and non-partisan Canadian charity, founded in 2001. The foundation supports creative and critical thinkers who make meaningful contributions to critical social issues through scholarships, fellowships, mentorships and public interaction events. To date, the foundation has granted hundreds of major awards to top researchers and highly accomplished individuals, in Canada and abroad. The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation has had four presidents since its inception in 2001. The first President and CEO of the Foundation, Dr. Stephen J. Toope, took up his position","title":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation"},{"psg_id":"16860365","text":"star she’s married to instead of the fiancé she thought was her perfect match. I Married Who? I Married Who? (also called Always a Bride) is a 2012 American made-for-television comedy film starred Kellie Martin as Jordan and Ethan Erickson as Matt. Directed by Kevin Connor, it originally aired on Hallmark Channel on October 20, 2012. Straight-laced Jordan is about to marry her perfect match, Peter a clean-cut ambitious attorney. Before she walks down the aisle, Jordan and her best friends, Claire and Jessica, head to Vegas for a bachelorette party. Determined to get Jordan to loosen up, Claire steers","title":"I Married Who?"},{"psg_id":"12566159","text":"Trudeau Corporation Trudeau Corporation is a Canadian company specialized in the design, manufacturing and distribution of houseware, kitchenware and products for children under license. The Canadian distribution center is located in Longueuil, Quebec near Montreal; the American distribution center located in Woodridge, Illinois (near Chicago) Trudeau Corporation manufactured kitchenware and tableware, starting as The General Bazaar Company in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1889. The company initially focused on the distribution of imported articles (smoker's accessories) and religious articles. In 1919, Joseph-Arthur Trudeau became President. Trudeau developed an extensive distribution network, emphasizing brand name small electrical accessories. It imported a range","title":"Trudeau Corporation"},{"psg_id":"7505277","text":"Jack Trudeau Jack Francis Trudeau (born September 9, 1962) is a former professional American football player and morning show co-host on Fox Sports Radio. He was selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 1986 NFL Draft. A quarterback from the University of Illinois, Trudeau played ten NFL seasons from 1986 to 1995. Trudeau was born in Forest Lake, Minnesota. He graduated from Granada High School in Livermore, California. Trudeau was the starting quarterback of the Illinois Fighting Illini football team his sophomore through senior years. As a sophomore, he helped the Illini become the first and","title":"Jack Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8079479","text":"Valemount and attended by Trudeau's eldest son, Justin. Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau is a mountain located in the Premier Range of the Cariboo Mountains in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The mountain is located on the south side of the McLennan River, just west of Valemount. The name honours the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, who died in 2000. Upon Trudeau's death, then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien floated the idea of renaming Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak, for Trudeau; when this met with resistance, this formerly unnamed peak was given the designation on","title":"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8079478","text":"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau is a mountain located in the Premier Range of the Cariboo Mountains in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The mountain is located on the south side of the McLennan River, just west of Valemount. The name honours the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, who died in 2000. Upon Trudeau's death, then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien floated the idea of renaming Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak, for Trudeau; when this met with resistance, this formerly unnamed peak was given the designation on June 10, 2006 in a ceremony held at","title":"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"9129940","text":"that warned French Canadians not to shop at Jewish-owned stores. (p. 58). Pierre Trudeau himself fully subscribed to these theories and wrote a vehemently anti-Semitic play titled \"Dupés\" (meaning \"We've been had!\"). His diary records that the seven-character play was \"performed on May 16, 1938 at College Jean-de-Brebeuf before students and parents with great success.\" (p. 58) Young Trudeau Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada (short title: \"Young Trudeau\") is the intellectual biography of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau that deals with his parents, childhood, and education in the province of Quebec from his","title":"Young Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"324171","text":"spokesman for the federal government, helping to push the \"Non\" cause to working-class voters who tuned out the intellectual Ryan and Trudeau. Unlike Ryan and the Liberals, he refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the referendum question, and noted that the \"association\" required consent from the other provinces. As the campaign began to pick up steam, and the Quebec Liberals struggled in the legislative debate, Trudeau and Lévesque became heavily involved, with Lévesque mocking Trudeau's English middle name and aristocratic upbringing. Trudeau dramatically intervened in the best-received speech of his career a week before the referendum, extolling the virtues of","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"6376931","text":"in recognition of their work together on the \"Steve & Garry Show\". Garry Meier Garry Meier (born December 2, 1949) is a Chicago-based radio personality who has been active in Chicago radio since 1973. Meier is well known for being part of the highly successful radio duos \"Steve & Garry\" and \"Roe and Garry\", but he also hosted shows on WFYR, WYEN, WLUP, WCKG, WGN and WGN.FM at various times in his career. Meier is also a former feature reporter for WGN-TV's morning show and is a member of the National Radio Hall of Fame. As of March 12, 2016,","title":"Garry Meier"},{"psg_id":"324128","text":"Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (; ; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), often referred to by the initials PET, was a Canadian statesman who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979 and 1980–1984). He was the third longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history (behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald), having served for 15 years, 164 days. Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer, intellectual, and activist in Quebec politics. In the 1960s he entered federal politics by joining the Liberal Party of Canada. He was appointed as Lester B. Pearson's","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"8095063","text":"playing skills and technique. This course at Trudeau Music teaches students the fundamentals of musical theatre and gives them the chance to perform in their very own stage production at the end of the school year. Trudeau Music hosts 3 annual concerts throughout the school year: \"A Celebration of Bands\", also known as the Trudeau Band Workshop Concert, or simply TBW, is an annual event which showcases Trudeau Music students from Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School performing, as well as featuring multiple other YRDSB elementary school's bands who display their own talents as musicians. \"A Celebration of Bands\" also features","title":"Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School"},{"psg_id":"20517785","text":"Electoral history of Justin Trudeau This article is the Electoral history of Justin Trudeau, the current Prime Minister of Canada. A liberal, Trudeau has led the Liberal Party of Canada in one general election, in 2015, which he won by defeating then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party of Canada. He has been prime minister since November 4, 2015. Trudeau has stood for election to the House of Commons of Canada three times and was elected each time (2008, 2011, 2015). Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party in 2013, succeeding Michael Ignatieff, who retired from politics after","title":"Electoral history of Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2214653","text":"Mental Health Association. Trudeau is the author of \"Changing My Mind\", a book about her personal experience with bipolar disorder, published by HarperCollins Canada in 2010. On June 19, 2013 she was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Western Ontario in recognition of her work to combat mental illness. Margaret Trudeau Margaret Joan Trudeau (\"née\" Sinclair, formerly Kemper; born September 10, 1948) is a Canadian author, actress, photographer, former television talk show hostess, and social advocate for people with bipolar disorder, which she is diagnosed with. She is the former wife of Pierre Trudeau,","title":"Margaret Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"324182","text":"the book sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several editions, and became one of the most successful Canadian books ever published. In the Old age of his life, he was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law practice until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche on November 13, 1998. Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on September 28, 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family","title":"Pierre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594721","text":"(born February 28, 2014). In June 2013, two months after Trudeau became the leader of the Liberal Party, the couple sold their home in the Côte-des-Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal. They began living in a rented home in Ottawa's Rockcliffe Park, the neighbourhood near where Trudeau resided as a child during his father's time as prime minister. On August 18, 2014, an intruder broke into the house while Grégoire and the couple's three children were sleeping and left a threatening note; however, nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property. Following the incident, Trudeau, who was in Winnipeg","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594682","text":"not enter the race and Ignatieff was later acclaimed as leader in December 2008. After the party's poor showing in the 2011 election, Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and Trudeau was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party. Following the election, Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership; months later on October 12 at Wilfrid Laurier University, he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family. When interim leader Rae, who was also seen as a frontrunner, announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012, Trudeau was","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594674","text":"In October 2006, Trudeau criticized Quebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an \"old idea from the 19th century\", \"based on a smallness of thought\" and not relevant to modern Quebec. This comment was seen as a criticism of Michael Ignatieff, then a candidate in the 2006 Liberal Party leadership election, who was promoting recognition of Quebec as a nation. Trudeau later wrote a public letter on the subject, describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as \"against everything my father ever believed\". Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidate Gerard Kennedy shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594781","text":"saying: \"My whole professional career has had a focus on geopolitics, and in this age, you cannot understand the world without understanding the massive role that China has grown to play.\" Currently, Trudeau is President and Chief Producer at Jujufilms. He and wife Zoë Bedos became the parents of a son, Pierre-Emmanuel, and two daughters, Gala Simone and Ariane Lea. He is a director of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation for excellence in social sciences and humanities research and innovation. Alexandre Trudeau Alexandre Emmanuel \"Sacha\" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker, journalist and author of \"Barbarian Lost\".","title":"Alexandre Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2891827","text":"Michel Trudeau Michel Charles-Émile Trudeau (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau and the younger brother of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He died in an avalanche on November 13, 1998, while skiing in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park. He was born at the Ottawa Civic Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario, and named after his paternal grandfather, Charles-Émile. Trudeau was known to family and friends as Miche, a nickname given to him as a four-month-old by Fidel Castro when he accompanied his father and mother to Cuba in 1976,","title":"Michel Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"16240927","text":"Negrov's illegitimate daughter Lyubov. In part two Krutsifersky and Lyubov are happily married with a child. Their happiness is destroyed when a rich young landowner named Beltov becomes a friend of the family and begins an illicit relationship with Lyubov. Beltov ends up departing Russia for Europe, leaving the young couple with a broken and hopeless marriage. Part one is a satire of the Russian landed gentry, showing their coarseness and pettiness. Part two introduces the type of the \"superfluous man\" in the person of Beltov. Who is to Blame? Who is to Blame? () is a novel by Alexander","title":"Who is to Blame?"},{"psg_id":"4261869","text":"in 2005 and in September 2007 became co-host of the morning drive news-talk team on Montreal radio station CINW AM 940 until the station ceased operations in 2010. Dennis Trudeau Dennis Trudeau is a Canadian broadcaster based in Montreal. From 1987 to 2005 he was the anchor of the supper hour local news show on CBMT in Montreal. He is now an independent journalist with Dennis Trudeau Communications Incorporated and works as a contract master of ceremonies, moderator, discussion leader or facilitator. After graduating from the University of Ottawa Trudeau worked with the CBC from 1979. For eight years he","title":"Dennis Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"4261867","text":"Dennis Trudeau Dennis Trudeau is a Canadian broadcaster based in Montreal. From 1987 to 2005 he was the anchor of the supper hour local news show on CBMT in Montreal. He is now an independent journalist with Dennis Trudeau Communications Incorporated and works as a contract master of ceremonies, moderator, discussion leader or facilitator. After graduating from the University of Ottawa Trudeau worked with the CBC from 1979. For eight years he hosted the local show \"Daybreak\" on CBM before becoming a national radio host fronting \"As It Happens\" and \"Cross-Country Checkup\" during the 1980s. His journalism career dates back","title":"Dennis Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"5167338","text":"Know About\", produced and marketed by Free is My Favorite LLC, continue to run on television stations throughout the United States. In October 2015, Gettleman approved a partial refund of about $8 million to more than 820,000 people who bought \"The Weight Loss Cure \"They\" Don't Want You to Know About\". One common criticism by consumer groups is that Trudeau has had no medical training. Trudeau responds that by not having such training, he is not biased toward pharmaceutical companies and the FDA, and that medical doctors \"are taught only how to write out prescriptions\" for \"poisons\" and \"cut out","title":"Kevin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"2594675","text":"during the candidates' final speeches. When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot, Trudeau joined him in supporting the ultimate winner, Stéphane Dion. Rumours circulated in early 2007 that Trudeau would run in an upcoming by-election in the Montreal riding of Outremont. The Montreal newspaper \"La Presse\" reported despite Trudeau's keenness, Liberal leader Stéphane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party. Instead, Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election. The riding, which had once been held for 26 years by","title":"Justin Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"7355020","text":"Sophie Trudeau Sophie Trudeau is a Canadian musician. She is best known for being a member of Godspeed You! Black Emperor, and co-founder with Efrim Menuck and Thierry Amar of Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band. She also plays in a number of other bands, including Valley of the Giants and The Mile End Ladies String Auxiliary. Trudeau first served as violinist for Godspeed You! Black Emperor on their first EP, \"Slow Riot for New Zerø Kanada\", which was released in 1999. Trudeau went on later to co-found Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band,","title":"Sophie Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"14504055","text":"title role. Walberg had previously appeared alongside Klugman in \"The Odd Couple\" (1970–75) in the recurring role as Oscar's poker crony, Homer \"Speed\" Deegan. He reprised the role in the 1993 TV movie \"The Odd Couple: Together Again\". This was his final acting appearance. Married and divorced twice, Walberg married his third wife, Florence M. Apostol, on September 12, 1987. Walberg died from chronic pulmonary disease on March 27, 2012, aged 90, in Northridge, California. Garry Walberg Garry Walberg (June 10, 1921 – March 27, 2012) was an American character actor primarily known for his work on television. He performed","title":"Garry Walberg"},{"psg_id":"5354867","text":"a special adviser to the chairman of Pittsburgh's Rockwell International aerospace firm until 1972. Throughout his military service, General Trudeau was an outspoken advocate of racial integration of the military. He also said it was in the nation's best interests that educational opportunities be provided for the disadvantaged so they could take advantage of new career openings. General Trudeau is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. He died on June 5, 1991, in Chevy Chase, Maryland. Arthur Trudeau Arthur Gilbert Trudeau (July 5, 1902 – June 5, 1991) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army.","title":"Arthur Trudeau"},{"psg_id":"6780120","text":"grow to be larger than Brandon, Manitoba (Manitoba's second largest city). The first section, Bridgwater Forest, was completed in 2010. St. Norbert is separated from the rest of Fort Garry by the Perimeter Highway. The area of St. Norbert east of Pembina Highway is unique due to its large Francophone population and history. The University of Manitoba's main campus is located in Fort Garry. The Fort Garry Area shares the Fort Garry/Fort Rouge Twins hockey team in the MMJHL who play out of the Century Arena. The University of Manitoba Bisons play their homes games on the Fort Garry campus","title":"Fort Garry, Winnipeg"},{"psg_id":"9529683","text":"was a Great Depression-era socialist who began his legal career defending militant trade unions. Like many in his generation, Garry earned his law degree without attending college, and suffered difficulty with spelling and syntax. An avowed Marxist lawyer, Garry earned a reputation of fighting for underdogs. He insisted on a full truthful disclosure from those he represented, and had a sign on his desk that read \"the only clients of mine who go to San Quentin are the ones who lie to me.\" In 1948, Garry was brought before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Garry declared that he was","title":"Charles Garry"},{"psg_id":"6376922","text":"Garry Meier Garry Meier (born December 2, 1949) is a Chicago-based radio personality who has been active in Chicago radio since 1973. Meier is well known for being part of the highly successful radio duos \"Steve & Garry\" and \"Roe and Garry\", but he also hosted shows on WFYR, WYEN, WLUP, WCKG, WGN and WGN.FM at various times in his career. Meier is also a former feature reporter for WGN-TV's morning show and is a member of the National Radio Hall of Fame. As of March 12, 2016, he has a new show broadcast in Podcast format via his website.","title":"Garry Meier"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160263\",\n \"text\": \"Garry Trudeau Garretson Beekman \\\"Garry\\\" Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American cartoonist, best known for the \\\"Doonesbury\\\" comic strip. Trudeau is also the creator and executive producer of the Amazon Studios political comedy series \\\"Alpha House\\\". Trudeau was born in New York City, the son of Jean Douglas (née Moore) and Francis Berger Trudeau Jr. He is the great-grandson of Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau, who created Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York. Edward was succeeded by his son Francis and grandson Francis Jr. The latter founded the Trudeau Institute at\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160281\",\n \"text\": \"in \\\"The Atlantic\\\", in which Trudeau had published his speech, political commentator David Frum criticized what he called Trudeau's \\\"moral theory\\\" that calls for identifying \\\"the bearer of privilege\\\", then holding \\\"the privilege-bearer responsible\\\". Trudeau was labelled a \\\"terror apologist\\\" by the editors of \\\"The New York Post\\\" for his comments, with his choice of the venue in which to make them \\\"adding to the insult\\\". Garry Trudeau Garretson Beekman \\\"Garry\\\" Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American cartoonist, best known for the \\\"Doonesbury\\\" comic strip. Trudeau is also the creator and executive producer of the Amazon Studios political\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160275\",\n \"text\": \"For most of the strip's run, Trudeau has eschewed merchandising, but starting in 1998 he teamed up with Starbucks to create \\\"Doonesbury\\\" products to raise funds for local literacy programs. The items were offered for sale in Starbucks stores for nearly two years and raised over $1 million. Also for charity, Trudeau licensed the strip to Ben & Jerry's, which created a best-selling sorbet flavor called \\\"Doonesberry\\\". Garry Trudeau's son Ross, a digital media producer, is also a crossword constructor who has been published in the New York Times. As part of the ongoing celebrity partnership series, Ross and Garry\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160264\",\n \"text\": \"Saranac Lake, with which his son Garry retains a connection. His ancestry is French Canadian, English, Dutch, German, and Swedish. Raised in Saranac Lake, Trudeau attended St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire. He enrolled in Yale University in 1966. As an art major, Trudeau initially focused on painting, but soon discovered a greater interest in the graphic arts. He spent much of his time cartooning and writing for Yale's humor magazine \\\"The Yale Record\\\", eventually serving as the magazine's editor-in-chief. At the same time, Trudeau began contributing to the \\\"Yale Daily News\\\", which eventually led to the creation of \\\"Bull\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18198287\",\n \"text\": \"1797, he granted lands which would later be part of the state of Missouri to Joseph Conway and his family, and to his friend Daniel Boone and his family (offering him 850 acres). Trudeau left his position as Lieutenant-governor of \\\"Alta Luisiana\\\" in 1799, being succeeded by Charles de Hault de Lassus. Zénon Trudeau was the ancestor of Dr. Edward Trudeau and Garry Trudeau. Zénon Trudeau Zénon Trudeau (1748–1813) was a soldier, planter, and administrator who served as Lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, New Spain, between 1792 and 1799. Born in New Orleans, Trudeau joined the Spanish Army in his youth,\",\n \"title\": \"Zénon Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8536807\",\n \"text\": \"cartoonist Garry Trudeau, a great grandson. Edward Livingston Trudeau Edward Livingston Trudeau (5 October 1848 – 15 November 1915) was an American physician who established the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake for treatment of tuberculosis. Dr. Trudeau also established the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, the first laboratory in the United States dedicated to the study of tuberculosis. He was a public health pioneer who helped to establish principles for disease prevention and control. Named for statesman Edward Livingston, Trudeau was born in New York City to a family of physicians, the son of Cephise (\\\"née\\\" Berger)\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Livingston Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160271\",\n \"text\": \"In 2013, Trudeau created, wrote and co-produced \\\"Alpha House\\\", a political sitcom starring John Goodman that revolves around four Republican U.S. Senators who live together in a townhouse on Capitol Hill. Trudeau was inspired to write the show's pilot after reading a 2007 \\\"New York Times\\\" article about a real D.C. townhouse shared by New York Senator Chuck Schumer, Illinois Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois, and California Representative George Miller, all Democrats. The pilot for \\\"Alpha House\\\" was produced by Amazon Studios and aired in early 2013. Due to positive response, Amazon picked up the show to develop into a\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160278\",\n \"text\": \"2006, \\\"The Washington Post\\\" printed an extensive profile of Trudeau by writer Gene Weingarten. He appeared on the \\\"Charlie Rose\\\" television program, and at signings for \\\"The Long Road Home: One Step at a Time\\\", his \\\"Doonesbury\\\" book about B.D.'s struggle with injuries received during the second Gulf War. On August 1, 2016, Trudeau appeared on MSNBC on \\\"The Rachel Maddow Show\\\". He was brought on to discuss his ability to predict and accurately write about Donald Trump's plans to run for president almost three decades earlier. Maddow presented cartoon strips from as far back as 1987. Trudeau was on\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160267\",\n \"text\": \"cartoonists. He was also a Pulitzer finalist in 1990, 2004, and 2005. Other awards include the National Cartoonist Society Newspaper Comic Strip Award in 1994, and the Reuben Award in 1995. In 1993, Trudeau was made a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Wiley Miller, fellow comic-strip artist responsible for \\\"Non Sequitur\\\", called him \\\"far and away the most influential editorial cartoonist in the last 25 years\\\". A regular graduation speaker, Trudeau has received 35 honorary degrees. In addition to his creating his strip, Trudeau has worked in both theater and television. He was nominated for an\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9644493\",\n \"text\": \"during his tenure as recorder that James Mather resigned and Charles Trudeau became interim mayor. Charles Trudeau was born in New Orleans during the French regime to Jean-Baptiste Trudeau and Marianne Carrière. He married Charlotte Perrault (or Peyraud). The couple's children were: Caroline, who married Thomas Urquhart; Celestine, who became the second wife of General James Wilkinson; Josephine, who married Manuel Andry, Jr.; and Manette, who married David C. Kerr. He is also the father of Marie Laveau, whose mother was Marguerite Darcantel, a \\\"free woman of colour\\\". Charles Trudeau (politician) Charles Laveau Trudeau \\\"(correctly written, Charles Trudeau dit Laveau)\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Trudeau (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160265\",\n \"text\": \"Tales\\\", a comic strip parodying the exploits of Yale quarterback Brian Dowling. This strip was the progenitor of \\\"Doonesbury\\\". While still an undergraduate at Yale, Trudeau published two collections of \\\"Bull Tales\\\": \\\"Bull Tales\\\" (1969, published by the \\\"Yale Daily News\\\") and \\\"Michael J.\\\" (1970, published by \\\"The Yale Record\\\"). As a senior, Trudeau became a member of Scroll and Key. He did postgraduate work at the Yale School of Art, earning a master of fine arts degree in graphic design in 1973. It was there that Trudeau first met photographer David Levinthal, with whom he would later collaborate on\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160266\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Hitler Moves East\\\", an influential \\\"graphic chronicle\\\" of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Soon after \\\"Bull Tales\\\" began running in the Yale student newspaper, the strip caught the attention of the newly formed Universal Press Syndicate. The syndicate's editor, James F. Andrews, recruited Trudeau, changed the strip's name to \\\"Doonesbury\\\", and began distributing it following the cartoonist's graduation in 1970. Today \\\"Doonesbury\\\" is syndicated to 1,000 daily and Sunday newspapers worldwide and is accessible online in association with \\\"The Washington Post\\\". In 1975, Trudeau became the first comic strip artist to win a Pulitzer, traditionally awarded to editorial-page\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160273\",\n \"text\": \"creating daily \\\"Doonesbury\\\" strips; new material remains a Sunday-only event. Trudeau has contributed to such publications as \\\"Harper's\\\", \\\"Rolling Stone\\\", \\\"The New Republic\\\", \\\"The New Yorker\\\", \\\"New York\\\", and \\\"The Washington Post\\\". From 1990-94, he wrote and drew an occasional column for \\\"The New York Times\\\" op-ed page, and was a contributing essayist for \\\"Time\\\" magazine from 1996 to 2001. Beginning with the Gulf War in 1991, Trudeau has written about military issues extensively. In recognition for his work on wounded warriors, he has been presented with the Commander's Award for Public Service by the Department of the Army, the\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160272\",\n \"text\": \"full series, streaming eleven episodes for its first season. On March 31, 2014, Amazon announced that \\\"Alpha House\\\" had been renewed. Production began in July 2014, and the entire second season became available for streaming on October 24, 2014. While writing \\\"Alpha House\\\", Trudeau put the daily Doonesbury into rerun mode. On March 3, 2014 the \\\"Classic Doonesbury\\\" series began, featuring approximately four weeks of daily strips from each year of the strip's run. He continues to produce new strips for Sundays. Although \\\"Alpha House\\\" has not been in production since the end of 2014, Trudeau has not returned to\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160277\",\n \"text\": \"seventeen years. Trudeau cooperated extensively with \\\"Wired\\\" magazine for a 2000 profile, \\\"The Revolution Will be Satirized\\\". He later spoke with the writer of that article, Edward Cone, for a 2004 newspaper column in the Greensboro, North Carolina \\\"News & Record\\\", about the war wounds suffered by the Doonesbury character \\\"B.D.\\\", and in 2006 did a Q&A at Cone's personal blog about The Sandbox. Trudeau granted an interview to \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" in 2004 in which he discussed his time at Yale University, which he attended two years behind George W. Bush. He granted another \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" interview in 2010. In\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160270\",\n \"text\": \"Altman to write and co-produce a sequel mini-series, \\\"Tanner on Tanner\\\", for the Sundance Channel. In 1996, \\\"Newsweek\\\" and the \\\"Washington Post\\\" speculated that Trudeau had written the novel \\\"Primary Colors\\\", which was later revealed to have been written by Joe Klein. In February 2000, Trudeau, working with Dotcomix, launched \\\"Duke2000\\\", a web-based presidential campaign featuring a real-time, 3-D, streaming-animation version of Duke. Nearly 30 campaign videos were created for the site, and Ambassador Duke was interviewed live by satellite on the \\\"Today Show, Larry King Live, The Charlie Rose Show\\\", and dozens of local TV and radio news shows.\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160269\",\n \"text\": \"opened off-Broadway at the Village Gate. A filmed version, featuring Jon Cryer, the Smothers Brothers, and Carol Kane, was broadcast on Cinemax in 1988. Also in 1988, Trudeau wrote and co-produced with director Robert Altman HBO's critically acclaimed \\\"Tanner '88\\\", a satiric look at that year's presidential election campaign. The show won the gold medal for Best Television Series at the Cannes Television Festival, the British Academy Television Award for Best Foreign Program, and Best Imported Program from the British Broadcasting Press Guild. It earned an Emmy Award, as well as four ACE Award nominations. In 2004, Trudeau reunited with\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160268\",\n \"text\": \"Oscar in 1977 in the category of Animated Short Film for \\\"A Doonesbury Special\\\", created for NBC in collaboration with John and Faith Hubley. The film went on to win the Cannes Film Festival Jury Special Prize in 1978. In 1984, with composer Elizabeth Swados, he wrote the book and lyrics for the Broadway musical \\\"Doonesbury\\\", for which he was nominated for two Drama Desk Awards. A cast album of the show, recorded for MCA, received a Grammy nomination. Trudeau again collaborated with Swados in 1984, this time on \\\"Rap Master Ronnie\\\", a satirical review about the Reagan Administration that\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5167297\",\n \"text\": \"in London, ended in annulment after four months. In 2008 he married Natalya Babenko, another Ukrainian, who currently runs several of his former companies. She has returned to her home in Kiev, according to Trudeau. In 2004, Trudeau self-published his book \\\"Natural Cures \\\"They\\\" Don't Want You to Know About\\\", in which he made a number of unsubstantiated claims—for example, that sunlight does not cause cancer, sunscreen is one of the major causes of skin cancer, and that AIDS was a hoax devised as an excuse to stimulate medication usage. Trudeau further suggested—again without documentation—that various \\\"natural cures\\\" for serious\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"160280\",\n \"text\": \"Alterman, writing in \\\"The Nation\\\", called \\\"Doonesbury\\\" \\\"one of the great intellectual/artistic accomplishments of the past half-century, irrespective of category\\\". Trudeau's acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving a Polk Award in 2015 for lifetime achievement stirred controversy. In the speech, Trudeau criticized the cartoonists of \\\"Charlie Hebdo\\\"—after a number of \\\"Charlie Hebdo\\\" writers, editors and cartoonists had been murdered execution style in their own Paris offices by Muslim terrorists—for \\\"punching downward..., attacking a powerless, disenfranchised minority with crude, vulgar drawings closer to graffiti than cartoons\\\", and thereby wandering \\\"into the realm of hate speech\\\" with cartoons of Muhammad. Writing\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7505281\",\n \"text\": \"team. Trudeau was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the 1995 NFL Expansion Draft to become the third-string quarterback behind Frank Reich and Kerry Collins in the team's inaugural season. After appearing in just one game with Carolina, Trudeau retired following the 1995 season. Trudeau finished his ten-year NFL career with 10,243 passing yards, 42 touchdowns, 62 interceptions, and a 63.3 passer rating in 67 games. He is married to wife (Lisa), with a daughter (Danielle) and three sons (John, Beau, and Trey). His brother, Kevin Trudeau, was drafted at age 18 as a pitcher for the New York Yankees\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5741470\",\n \"text\": \"of the youngest Trudeau son, Michel. Grégoire and Trudeau reconnected as adults in June 2003, when they were assigned to co-host a charity ball, and began dating several months later. They became engaged in October 2004, and married on May 28, 2005, in a Catholic ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church. They have three children: Xavier James Trudeau (born October 18, 2007), Ella-Grace Margaret Trudeau (born February 5, 2009), and Hadrien Grégoire Trudeau (born February 28, 2014). Grégoire is reported to have introduced her brother-in-law Alexandre to his future wife Zoë Bedos. After her husband became a Member of Parliament\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Grégoire Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2214635\",\n \"text\": \"Margaret Trudeau Margaret Joan Trudeau (\\\"née\\\" Sinclair, formerly Kemper; born September 10, 1948) is a Canadian author, actress, photographer, former television talk show hostess, and social advocate for people with bipolar disorder, which she is diagnosed with. She is the former wife of Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada; they divorced in 1984, during his final months in office. She is the mother of Justin Trudeau, who has been the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada since 2015; the journalist and author Alexandre \\\"Sacha\\\" Trudeau; and the deceased Michel Trudeau. In 2013, Trudeau was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594725\",\n \"text\": \"during which he regained his faith. In 2011, Trudeau stated, \\\"My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with.\\\" <nowiki>*</nowiki>Each federal electoral district had 100 points, which were determined by the voters in the district. Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8536799\",\n \"text\": \"was descended from Illinois Country Governor Zénon Trudeau. During his late teens, his older brother James contracted tuberculosis and Edward nursed him until his death three months later. At twenty, he enrolled in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University (then Columbia College), completing his medical training in 1871. Trudeau married Miss Lottie Beare in June 1871, and after a honeymoon in Europe the couple settled on Long Island NY, where Trudeau began his medical practice. Trudeau mentioned Lottie with great affection in his autobiography and remarked on the fortitude with which she met the many adversities of\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Livingston Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594772\",\n \"text\": \"Alexandre Trudeau Alexandre Emmanuel \\\"Sacha\\\" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker, journalist and author of \\\"Barbarian Lost\\\". He is the second son of Canada's former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau, and the younger brother of Canada's current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Alexandre is the younger one of the two Christmas babies of Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau, exactly two years younger than Justin Trudeau. The family was attending the 1973 Christmas midnight mass at Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church when Margaret Trudeau went into labour and was rushed to The Ottawa Hospital. Alexandre Trudeau thus\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8857171\",\n \"text\": \"ran a time of 7 minutes 3.89 seconds on 30 August 1982 at Crystal Palace. After a successful athletics career, Cook qualified and has since practiced as a teacher specialising in Physical Education and Geography. He is married to former fellow Olympian Kathy Cook; they have three children, Sarah (1988), Matthew (1989) and George (1992) and reside in Walsall, England. Garry Cook Garry Peter Cook (born 10 January 1958) is a former British track and field athlete, who competed mainly in the 800 metres with a best time of 1:44.55 minutes. He competed for Great Britain in the 1984 Summer\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8536798\",\n \"text\": \"Edward Livingston Trudeau Edward Livingston Trudeau (5 October 1848 – 15 November 1915) was an American physician who established the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium at Saranac Lake for treatment of tuberculosis. Dr. Trudeau also established the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, the first laboratory in the United States dedicated to the study of tuberculosis. He was a public health pioneer who helped to establish principles for disease prevention and control. Named for statesman Edward Livingston, Trudeau was born in New York City to a family of physicians, the son of Cephise (\\\"née\\\" Berger) and James de Berty Trudeau, who\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Livingston Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5167296\",\n \"text\": \"His writing has been commercially successful if not factual. In September 2005, \\\"Natural Cures\\\" was listed in the \\\"New York Times\\\" as the number-one-selling nonfiction book in the United States for 25 weeks. It has sold more than five million copies. Trudeau launched a self-titled Internet radio talk show in February 2009 which also aired on several small radio stations consisting of mostly brokered programming. Trudeau has been married at least three times. Little is known about his first marriage, to Oleksandra Polozhentseva, a Ukrainian immigrant. His second union, in 2007, to Kristine Dorow, a Norwegian student whom he met\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7116692\",\n \"text\": \"his family vault in St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery. Due to Trudeau's business, Pierre Trudeau himself inherited wealth. Trudeau served as an inspiration to the Prime Minister. As Jim Coutts, Pierre Trudeau's aide, recalled, Trudeau \\\"talked, at times, of his father, whom he greatly admired, but who was too busy to understand his son's interests or spend much time with him.\\\" Pierre Trudeau named his third son, Michel Charles Émile Trudeau, after him. Charles-Émile Trudeau Joseph Charles-Émile \\\"Charley\\\" Trudeau (July 5, 1887 – April 10, 1935) was a French Canadian entrepreneur, father of Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada, and grandfather of\",\n \"title\": \"Charles-Émile Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8070308\",\n \"text\": \"his parents, siblings and himself. Weston married Mary Kippenberger, daughter of Major-General Sir Howard Kippenberger, and they had six children together: Guy, Jana, Kate, George, Sophia and Garth. His son George is chief executive of ABF, and son Guy is chairman of Wittington Investments Limited, ABF's major shareholder. His other children are Jana Khayat, Kate Hobhouse, Sophia Mason and Garth Weston. He suffered a stroke in 1999 and died in 2002. Garry Weston Garfield \\\"Garry\\\" Howard Weston, CBE (April 28, 1927 – February 15, 2002) was a Canadian businessman who was active in the United Kingdom. Born in Toronto, Ontario,\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Weston\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324131\",\n \"text\": \"Trudeau family can be traced to Marcillac-Lanville in France in the 16th century and to a Robert Truteau (1544–1589). In 1659 the first Trudeau to arrive in Canada was Étienne Trudeau or Truteau (1641–1712), a carpenter and home builder from La Rochelle. Pierre Trudeau was born at home at 5779 Durocher Avenue, Outremont, Montreal, on October 18, 1919, to Charles-Émile \\\"Charley\\\" Trudeau, a French-Canadian businessman and lawyer, and Grace Elliott, who was of mixed Scottish and French-Canadian descent. He had an older sister named Suzette and a younger brother named Charles Jr.; he remained close to both siblings for his\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14280145\",\n \"text\": \"Trudeau Landing The Trudeau Landing Site (16 WF 25), also known as \\\"Tunica Village\\\" and \\\"Trudeau\\\", is an archaeological site in Tunica, unincorporated West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was once occupied by the Tunica tribe. Later it was developed by Europeans as the Trudeau Plantation. In the 1960s, graves at the site were dug up by a local self-described treasure hunter, who worked as a guard at Louisiana State Prison (Angola). He took many artifacts from the area, which had been deposited as grave goods with the more than 100 graves. The Tunica felt that he had stolen\",\n \"title\": \"Trudeau Landing\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324146\",\n \"text\": \"that \\\"what's done in private between adults doesn't concern the Criminal Code\\\". Trudeau paraphrased the term from Martin O'Malley's editorial piece in \\\"The Globe and Mail\\\" on December 12, 1967. Trudeau also liberalized divorce laws, and clashed with Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr. during constitutional negotiations. At the end of Canada's centennial year in 1967, Prime Minister Pearson announced his intention to step down, and Trudeau entered the race for the Liberal leadership. His energetic campaign attracted massive media attention and mobilized many young people, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. Going into the leadership convention, Trudeau\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18937300\",\n \"text\": \"Noah Andre Trudeau Noah Andre Trudeau is an American historian who has written books and produced programs for National Public Radio. Trudeau was born on February 23, 1949, the son of two World War II veterans. He studied history at the State University of New York at Albany. Trudeau was formerly an executive producer at National Public Radio. In addition to his books, Trudeau has written a number of articles for military history magazines such as \\\"Civil War Times Illustrated, Gettysburg Magazine, Blue and Gray, North & South, The Columbiad, America's Civil War and Military History Quarterly\\\". Trudeau’s first book\",\n \"title\": \"Noah Andre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16679693\",\n \"text\": \"then went on to the Peterhead Academy and the University of Aberdeen. She became a school teacher, and taught at Dumfries and Strichen. She married Robert Campbell Garry, who was the first to use insulin in Scotland while a house doctor at Western Infirmary, Glasgow and who became Regius Professor of Physiology at the University of Glasgow. They had one son, Frank. Flora Garry did not start to write poetry until World War II, and did not publish anything until she was an old age pensioner. Explaining why she began writing poetry so late, she said that just as happiness\",\n \"title\": \"Flora Garry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19726047\",\n \"text\": \"aged 54, after a period of depression. He had married twice, having three children by his first wife (who died of breast cancer in 1998) and two step-children from his second marriage. Garry Kelly Garry Kenneth Kelly (26 May 1948 – 11 July 2002) was an Australian politician who served as a Labor Party member of the Legislative Council of Western Australia from 1982 to 1993. He stood for parliament eight times in total, winning four elections. Kelly was born in Perth to Rita Phyllis (née Limmer) and Kenneth John Kelly. He attended Manjimup Senior High School, Northam Senior High\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Kelly\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594670\",\n \"text\": \"First World War. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed, Major Talbot Mercer Papineau, who was killed on October 30, 1917, during the Battle of Passchendaele. Trudeau is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities. The others are Ben Mulroney (son of Brian Mulroney), Catherine Clark (daughter of Joe Clark), and Trudeau's younger brother, Alexandre. Ben Mulroney was a guest at Trudeau's wedding. Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000, two years after his brother Michel Trudeau died in an avalanche during a ski\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15920344\",\n \"text\": \"and still keeps the ministry control for Foreign Affairs and Cults (Worships). Garry Conille Dr. Garry Conille (born 26 February 1966) is a Haitian academic, development worker, author, and former Prime Minister of Haiti. He submitted his resignation as prime minister on 24 February 2012 and was officially succeeded by Laurent Lamothe on 16 May 2012. Garry Conille is the second of a family of four brothers (Serge, Pierre and Jean Conille). He is the son of Marie Antoinette Darbouze and Dr. Serge Conille, former Minister of Sports and Youth in the Duvalier government. He is married to Betty Rousseau,\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Conille\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15920334\",\n \"text\": \"Garry Conille Dr. Garry Conille (born 26 February 1966) is a Haitian academic, development worker, author, and former Prime Minister of Haiti. He submitted his resignation as prime minister on 24 February 2012 and was officially succeeded by Laurent Lamothe on 16 May 2012. Garry Conille is the second of a family of four brothers (Serge, Pierre and Jean Conille). He is the son of Marie Antoinette Darbouze and Dr. Serge Conille, former Minister of Sports and Youth in the Duvalier government. He is married to Betty Rousseau, the step daughter of Marc Bazin, a former Prime Minister of Haiti\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Conille\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324208\",\n \"text\": \"as Prime Minister of Canada for fifteen years. Lending substance to the phrase \\\"the style is the man,\\\" he has imparted, both in his and on the world stage, his quintessentially personal philosophy of modern politics. Through hours of archival footage and interviews with Trudeau himself, the documentary \\\"Memoirs\\\" details the story of a man who used intelligence and charisma to bring together a country that was very nearly torn apart. Trudeau's life is depicted in two CBC Television mini-series. The first one, \\\"Trudeau\\\" (with Colm Feore in the title role), depicts his years as Prime Minister. \\\"Trudeau II: Maverick\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594656\",\n \"text\": \"and due in December. He was born on Christmas Day 1971 at 9:27 pm EST at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. Trudeau is the second child in Canadian history to be born to a Prime Minister in office; the first was John A. Macdonald's daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (February 8, 1869 – January 28, 1933). Trudeau's younger brothers Alexandre (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973) and Michel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) were the third and fourth. Trudeau is predominantly of Scottish and French Canadian descent. His grandfathers were businessman Charles-Émile Trudeau and Scottish-born James Sinclair, who served as\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12566160\",\n \"text\": \"of decorative giftware made of crystal from France and from Czechkoslovakia. Trudeau turned into a modern dynamic company. It added new exclusive ranges of housewares, giftware and porcelain figurine collectibles. Trudeau started to export its products from around the world. It experienced significant growth in many countries, especially for its range of children's tableware. Trudeau launched the \\\"Trudeau\\\" and \\\"Home Presence\\\" Brands and created two organizations: Home Presence and Trudeau Corporation 1889 Inc. In 2007, Philippe Trudeau was officially nominated new president. Trudeau Corporation Trudeau Corporation is a Canadian company specialized in the design, manufacturing and distribution of houseware, kitchenware\",\n \"title\": \"Trudeau Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7212123\",\n \"text\": \"movie \\\"The Breakup Artist\\\" in 2009. \\\"Freeze\\\" was included in the 2010 release of \\\"Dancing Ninja\\\". In 2010, Colette began working with RockSTAR Music Corp. on her music career. Her self-titled debut album was released through her MySpace Tuesday, June 29, 2010. She is now a member of EDM band Red City. Colette Trudeau Colette Marie Trudeau (born June 17, 1985) is a Canadian born Métis singer/songwriter, best known as a vocalist for the band LiveonRelease. LiveonRelease was founded by Colette Trudeau and Brittin Karroll, who had decided to form an all-female rock band at the age of 15. Colette\",\n \"title\": \"Colette Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5167331\",\n \"text\": \"of the $50,000 bond. Well-known critic of Trudeau, Stephen Barrett, the creator of Quackwatch.org, \\\"has for years labeled Trudeau a fraud\\\" and was quoted: \\\"He struck me as somebody who (believes he) is omnipotent. That is, no one can touch him,\\\" Barrett said. \\\"That's almost been the case.\\\" Trudeau appealed the ruling and on May 20 the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals granted his motion, dismissing the contempt citation. On November 28, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission issued warnings to companies selling human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as weight loss products as the claims\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16358336\",\n \"text\": \"ranch; Garry later bought the ranch for himself. In 1900, he married Nellie Sharp. Garry was defeated by Alan Carl Stewart when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1929. He died at the age of 92. Thomas Henry Garry Thomas Henry Garry (January 28, 1862 – October 1954) was a rancher and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Yorkton in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1905 to 1929 as a Liberal. Garry was the son of Thomas Garry and Colena Kennedy. He came to High Bluff, Manitoba from Ontario with his father and brother in 1883.\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Henry Garry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594688\",\n \"text\": \"debate, and said that if Trudeau could not defend his ideas in a debate against him, he wouldn't be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper. Trudeau clashed in debates with challenger Joyce Murray, who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system of proportional representation. She challenged Trudeau over his support for a preferential ballot voting system. On March 13, 2013, Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau. With Joyce\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12668823\",\n \"text\": \"John Trudeau S. John Trudeau (c. 1927 – November 3, 2008) was an American musician who expanded the music department at Portland State University and helped co-found the outdoor Britt Festival of performing arts in Jacksonville, Oregon, the first of its kind in the Pacific Northwest. In 1951, Trudeau came to Portland, Oregon to join the Oregon Symphony as its principal trombone player. Trudeau first came to Southern Oregon in 1955 with the Portland Symphonic Brass Ensemble for a performance at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon, whose founder suggested the creation of a classical musical festival in the\",\n \"title\": \"John Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12668826\",\n \"text\": \"the members of the Florestan Trio as artists-in-residence and faculty members in the music department. With the group's appointment, the music department was able to attract better-qualified students. The university orchestra, which Trudeau conducted, expanded in size and improved in quality. Trudeau died at age 81 on November 3, 2008 from complications related to congestive heart failure. John Trudeau S. John Trudeau (c. 1927 – November 3, 2008) was an American musician who expanded the music department at Portland State University and helped co-found the outdoor Britt Festival of performing arts in Jacksonville, Oregon, the first of its kind in\",\n \"title\": \"John Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7212119\",\n \"text\": \"Colette Trudeau Colette Marie Trudeau (born June 17, 1985) is a Canadian born Métis singer/songwriter, best known as a vocalist for the band LiveonRelease. LiveonRelease was founded by Colette Trudeau and Brittin Karroll, who had decided to form an all-female rock band at the age of 15. Colette used the Georgia Straight, an entertainment newspaper in Vancouver, to recruit the rest of the band: Foxx Herst and Leah Emmott. After doing small gigs, the band invited Vancouver rocker Bif Naked to an outdoor show, leading her to sign them to her label \\\"Her Royal Majesty Records\\\", distributed through Warner Music\",\n \"title\": \"Colette Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13182752\",\n \"text\": \"called Trudeau a \\\"psychopathic killer\\\" and a \\\"killing machine\\\" par excellence, who was the Angels' most dangerous killer. Dubro stated about Trudeau: \\\"He had absolutely no conscience, no respect for human life at all.\\\" To assist with his killings, Trudeau started to heavily use cocaine. Dubro commented: \\\"Most of the hit men I've met have been cokeheads, and they usually coke up before doing the killings. Makes it a little easier. Not all of them, but alcoholism and drug use is very common among hit men.\\\" Among his murder victims: Trudeau claimed that Ryan's successor, Allan \\\"The Weasel\\\" Ross, had\",\n \"title\": \"Yves Trudeau (biker)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324200\",\n \"text\": \"regional transfer payments to poorer parts of the country. Sentiments of this kind were especially strong in oil-rich Alberta where unemployment rose from 4% to 10% following passage of the NEP. Estimates have placed Alberta's losses between $50 billion and $100 billion because of the NEP. More particularly, two incidents involving Trudeau are remembered as having fostered Western alienation, and as emblematic of it. During a visit to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on July 17, 1969, Trudeau met with a group of farmers who were protesting the Canadian Wheat Board. The widely remembered perception is that Trudeau dismissed the protesters' concerns with\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2214641\",\n \"text\": \"She attended Hamilton Junior Secondary School and Delbrook Senior Secondary School in North Vancouver. Trudeau graduated in 1969 from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology. As an 18-year-old vacationing in Tahiti with her family, she met Pierre Trudeau, who was then Minister of Justice. Sinclair did not recognize him, and she in fact thought little of their encounter, but Trudeau was captivated by the carefree \\\"flower child\\\", nearly thirty years younger than he, and began to pursue her. Pierre Trudeau was still a bachelor when he became Prime Minister in 1968. They\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18198286\",\n \"text\": \"Zénon Trudeau Zénon Trudeau (1748–1813) was a soldier, planter, and administrator who served as Lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, New Spain, between 1792 and 1799. Born in New Orleans, Trudeau joined the Spanish Army in his youth, a place where he excelled, attaining the rank of Captain of the Regiment of Infantry and Lieutenant Colonel. In 1792, Zénon Trudeau was appointed Lieutenant-governor of Upper Louisiana, a position located in St. Louis. During his administration two new posts were established. He commanded the galiot \\\"La Fleche\\\" in an expedition from Natchez to St. Louis and back in the winter of 1793. In\",\n \"title\": \"Zénon Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2214640\",\n \"text\": \"princess) who married a prominent Dutch colonial official and merchant. Acclaimed British harpsichordist, Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, and Hawaiian settler, Edward William Purvis, who according to popular belief was the namesake of the ukulele, are Margaret Trudeau's first cousins, three times removed. Trudeau explored her mother's family's roots in Singapore during an episode of \\\"Who Do You Think You Are?\\\". Trudeau's family moved to a large house in Rockcliffe Park, Ontario in 1952 when her father was appointed to the Cabinet, and she attended Rockcliffe Park Public School although they returned to North Vancouver after he lost his re-election bid in 1958.\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4112542\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Beers. Very rarely given as Gary, Beers adopted the alternative spelling, which appears on merchandise and personal items such as guitar picks. Garry and Jourdan Beers married in September 2007. They live in Los Angeles and enjoy volunteering for several animal rescue organisations. They have a pair of twins. Beers also has two daughters from his first marriage to Jodie Crampton; and a son from his short relationship with Shelley Preston. Garry Gary Beers Garry William Beers (born 22 June 1957), known as Garry Gary Beers, is an Australian musician and was the bass guitarist for the new wave\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Gary Beers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324187\",\n \"text\": \"his inner life. In no small part, it defined him.\\\" Described as a \\\"swinging young bachelor\\\" when he became prime minister in 1968, Trudeau also dated Hollywood star Barbra Streisand in 1969 and 1970. They had a serious romantic relationship, although (contrary to one published report) there was no express marriage proposal. On March 4, 1971, while Prime Minister, he quietly married Margaret Sinclair at St. Stephen's Roman Catholic parish church in North Vancouver. Contrary to his publicized exploits, Trudeau was an intense intellectual with robust work habits and little time for family or fun. As a result, Margaret felt\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9448315\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"highly talented individuals who are actively and concretely engaged in their fields and expected to become leading national and international figures.\\\" In addition, Trudeau Scholars often work as part of their scholarship with Trudeau Mentors and Fellows. According to the Foundation documentation, \\\"interaction with the Trudeau community, non-academic spheres and the general public is an essential element of the Scholarship program.\\\" The Trudeau Scholarship program has rapidly become recognized as among the most prestigious doctoral award in Canada for students interested in major social and public policy issues. Up to five Trudeau Fellows are chosen each year in recognition of\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13182755\",\n \"text\": \"into the Montreal Chapter. Trudeau was supposed to be at that meeting, but had enrolled in a detoxification program the week before. He later said he wanted to clean himself up, because he knew what happened to members who were always high. News of the North Chapter slaughter soon reached Trudeau at the detox center in Oka, and Trudeau received a visit from a Montreal Chapter representative. Trudeau was told that he was out of the club and would have to have his club tattoos removed. After his release from the detox center, Trudeau discovered that the Hells Angels had\",\n \"title\": \"Yves Trudeau (biker)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324148\",\n \"text\": \"long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr., Robert Winters and Paul Hellyer. As the new leader of the governing Liberals, Trudeau was sworn in as Prime Minister two weeks later on April 20. Trudeau soon called an election, for June 25. His election campaign benefited from an unprecedented wave of personal popularity called \\\"Trudeaumania\\\", which saw Trudeau mobbed by throngs of youths. Trudeau's main national opponents were PC leader Robert Stanfield and NDP leader Tommy Douglas, both popular figures who had been Premiers, respectively, of Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. As a candidate Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18937301\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Bloody Roads South\\\" won the Civil War Round Table of New York's Fletcher Pratt Award. He was also awarded the Jerry Coffey Memorial Book Prize offered by the Grady McWhiney Research Foundation. In June 2012, Trudeau’s essay in \\\"Military History Quarterly\\\" won the Army Historical Foundation’s 2011 Distinguished Writing Award. Noah Andre Trudeau Noah Andre Trudeau is an American historian who has written books and produced programs for National Public Radio. Trudeau was born on February 23, 1949, the son of two World War II veterans. He studied history at the State University of New York at Albany. Trudeau was\",\n \"title\": \"Noah Andre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594653\",\n \"text\": \"Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (; ; born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician serving as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada since 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. Trudeau is the second-youngest Canadian Prime Minister, after Joe Clark; he is also the first to be related to a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau. Born in Ottawa, Trudeau attended Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and graduated from McGill University in 1994 and the University of British Columbia in 1998. He gained a high public profile in October 2000, when\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7587394\",\n \"text\": \"age of 89. He was buried at Old Bennington Cemetery in Bennington. Buckley married Frances Kingsbury Littlefield in 1945. They were the parents of five children, four sons and one daughter. For many years Buckley and his family resided in the home that had originally been built by Isaac Tichenor in the late 1700s. After the death of his first wife, Buckley was married successively to Barbara Morgan, Patricia Mann, and Hesterley Black. T. Garry Buckley Thomas Garry Buckley (September 13, 1922 – May 23, 2012) was the 73rd Lieutenant Governor of Vermont. T. Garry Buckley was born in Albany,\",\n \"title\": \"T. Garry Buckley\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594720\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"consequences\\\". Trudeau first met Sophie Grégoire when they were both children growing up in Montreal; Grégoire was a classmate and childhood friend of Trudeau's youngest brother, Michel. They reconnected as adults in June 2003, when Grégoire, by then a Quebec television personality, was assigned as Trudeau's co-host for a charity ball; they began dating several months later. Trudeau and Grégoire became engaged in October 2004, and married on May 28, 2005, in a Roman Catholic ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church. They have three children: Xavier James (born October 18, 2007), Ella-Grace Margaret (born February 5, 2009) and Hadrien Grégoire\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16537756\",\n \"text\": \"are frequently the subject of debate and discussion by other theologians Williams is married and has four children. Books and contributions by Garry Williams include: Garry Williams (theologian) Garry John Williams is an English theologian and academic. He is currently the director of the John Owen Centre, which is part of the London Theological Seminary. He is also visiting professor of Historical Theology at the Westminster Theological Seminary. Williams obtained his degree and masters at Christ Church, Oxford, and his doctorate at Queen's College, Oxford. Williams held the position of academic Dean at Oak Hill Theological College. In 2014 he\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Williams (theologian)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9129935\",\n \"text\": \"Young Trudeau Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada (short title: \\\"Young Trudeau\\\") is the intellectual biography of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau that deals with his parents, childhood, and education in the province of Quebec from his birth in 1919 until November 1944 when he left to study at Harvard University. Published in 2006 by Douglas Gibson Books (), the book was written by retired professors Max and Monique Nemni, friends and admirers of Pierre Trudeau whom he had convinced to take over as editors of \\\"Cité Libre\\\". Max and Monique Nemni spent most\",\n \"title\": \"Young Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7505285\",\n \"text\": \"test and threatening to kill an Indiana officer. He was arrested previously in 1990. Jack Trudeau Jack Francis Trudeau (born September 9, 1962) is a former professional American football player and morning show co-host on Fox Sports Radio. He was selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 1986 NFL Draft. A quarterback from the University of Illinois, Trudeau played ten NFL seasons from 1986 to 1995. Trudeau was born in Forest Lake, Minnesota. He graduated from Granada High School in Livermore, California. Trudeau was the starting quarterback of the Illinois Fighting Illini football team his sophomore\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5710499\",\n \"text\": \"of the premiere, actual Trudeau PMO bureaucrats commented on the general accuracy of the film; even Trudeau himself said, \\\"'That,' Pierre Elliott Trudeau pronounced, 'is a very good film.'\\\" However, there is one major exception. Most characters in the film refer to Trudeau as \\\"Mr. Prime Minister.\\\" This is improper Canadian government protocol; the prime minister is simply referred to as \\\"Prime Minister\\\", although it is not uncommon for the Prime Minister to be addressed by the former as well as the latter. It is notable that actor R. H. Thomson refused to use the scripted address and ad-libbed instead.\",\n \"title\": \"Trudeau (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9448309\",\n \"text\": \"Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation (), commonly called the Trudeau Foundation (), is an independent and non-partisan Canadian charity, founded in 2001. The foundation supports creative and critical thinkers who make meaningful contributions to critical social issues through scholarships, fellowships, mentorships and public interaction events. To date, the foundation has granted hundreds of major awards to top researchers and highly accomplished individuals, in Canada and abroad. The Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation has had four presidents since its inception in 2001. The first President and CEO of the Foundation, Dr. Stephen J. Toope, took up his position\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16860365\",\n \"text\": \"star she’s married to instead of the fiancé she thought was her perfect match. I Married Who? I Married Who? (also called Always a Bride) is a 2012 American made-for-television comedy film starred Kellie Martin as Jordan and Ethan Erickson as Matt. Directed by Kevin Connor, it originally aired on Hallmark Channel on October 20, 2012. Straight-laced Jordan is about to marry her perfect match, Peter a clean-cut ambitious attorney. Before she walks down the aisle, Jordan and her best friends, Claire and Jessica, head to Vegas for a bachelorette party. Determined to get Jordan to loosen up, Claire steers\",\n \"title\": \"I Married Who?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12566159\",\n \"text\": \"Trudeau Corporation Trudeau Corporation is a Canadian company specialized in the design, manufacturing and distribution of houseware, kitchenware and products for children under license. The Canadian distribution center is located in Longueuil, Quebec near Montreal; the American distribution center located in Woodridge, Illinois (near Chicago) Trudeau Corporation manufactured kitchenware and tableware, starting as The General Bazaar Company in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1889. The company initially focused on the distribution of imported articles (smoker's accessories) and religious articles. In 1919, Joseph-Arthur Trudeau became President. Trudeau developed an extensive distribution network, emphasizing brand name small electrical accessories. It imported a range\",\n \"title\": \"Trudeau Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7505277\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Trudeau Jack Francis Trudeau (born September 9, 1962) is a former professional American football player and morning show co-host on Fox Sports Radio. He was selected by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 1986 NFL Draft. A quarterback from the University of Illinois, Trudeau played ten NFL seasons from 1986 to 1995. Trudeau was born in Forest Lake, Minnesota. He graduated from Granada High School in Livermore, California. Trudeau was the starting quarterback of the Illinois Fighting Illini football team his sophomore through senior years. As a sophomore, he helped the Illini become the first and\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8079479\",\n \"text\": \"Valemount and attended by Trudeau's eldest son, Justin. Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau is a mountain located in the Premier Range of the Cariboo Mountains in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The mountain is located on the south side of the McLennan River, just west of Valemount. The name honours the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, who died in 2000. Upon Trudeau's death, then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien floated the idea of renaming Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak, for Trudeau; when this met with resistance, this formerly unnamed peak was given the designation on\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8079478\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau is a mountain located in the Premier Range of the Cariboo Mountains in the Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The mountain is located on the south side of the McLennan River, just west of Valemount. The name honours the fifteenth Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Elliott Trudeau, who died in 2000. Upon Trudeau's death, then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien floated the idea of renaming Mount Logan, Canada's highest peak, for Trudeau; when this met with resistance, this formerly unnamed peak was given the designation on June 10, 2006 in a ceremony held at\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9129940\",\n \"text\": \"that warned French Canadians not to shop at Jewish-owned stores. (p. 58). Pierre Trudeau himself fully subscribed to these theories and wrote a vehemently anti-Semitic play titled \\\"Dupés\\\" (meaning \\\"We've been had!\\\"). His diary records that the seven-character play was \\\"performed on May 16, 1938 at College Jean-de-Brebeuf before students and parents with great success.\\\" (p. 58) Young Trudeau Young Trudeau: 1919-1944: Son of Quebec, Father of Canada (short title: \\\"Young Trudeau\\\") is the intellectual biography of the former Prime Minister of Canada, Pierre Trudeau that deals with his parents, childhood, and education in the province of Quebec from his\",\n \"title\": \"Young Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324171\",\n \"text\": \"spokesman for the federal government, helping to push the \\\"Non\\\" cause to working-class voters who tuned out the intellectual Ryan and Trudeau. Unlike Ryan and the Liberals, he refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the referendum question, and noted that the \\\"association\\\" required consent from the other provinces. As the campaign began to pick up steam, and the Quebec Liberals struggled in the legislative debate, Trudeau and Lévesque became heavily involved, with Lévesque mocking Trudeau's English middle name and aristocratic upbringing. Trudeau dramatically intervened in the best-received speech of his career a week before the referendum, extolling the virtues of\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6376931\",\n \"text\": \"in recognition of their work together on the \\\"Steve & Garry Show\\\". Garry Meier Garry Meier (born December 2, 1949) is a Chicago-based radio personality who has been active in Chicago radio since 1973. Meier is well known for being part of the highly successful radio duos \\\"Steve & Garry\\\" and \\\"Roe and Garry\\\", but he also hosted shows on WFYR, WYEN, WLUP, WCKG, WGN and WGN.FM at various times in his career. Meier is also a former feature reporter for WGN-TV's morning show and is a member of the National Radio Hall of Fame. As of March 12, 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Meier\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324128\",\n \"text\": \"Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (; ; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), often referred to by the initials PET, was a Canadian statesman who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979 and 1980–1984). He was the third longest-serving Prime Minister in Canadian history (behind William Lyon Mackenzie King and John A. Macdonald), having served for 15 years, 164 days. Trudeau rose to prominence as a lawyer, intellectual, and activist in Quebec politics. In the 1960s he entered federal politics by joining the Liberal Party of Canada. He was appointed as Lester B. Pearson's\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8095063\",\n \"text\": \"playing skills and technique. This course at Trudeau Music teaches students the fundamentals of musical theatre and gives them the chance to perform in their very own stage production at the end of the school year. Trudeau Music hosts 3 annual concerts throughout the school year: \\\"A Celebration of Bands\\\", also known as the Trudeau Band Workshop Concert, or simply TBW, is an annual event which showcases Trudeau Music students from Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School performing, as well as featuring multiple other YRDSB elementary school's bands who display their own talents as musicians. \\\"A Celebration of Bands\\\" also features\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20517785\",\n \"text\": \"Electoral history of Justin Trudeau This article is the Electoral history of Justin Trudeau, the current Prime Minister of Canada. A liberal, Trudeau has led the Liberal Party of Canada in one general election, in 2015, which he won by defeating then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party of Canada. He has been prime minister since November 4, 2015. Trudeau has stood for election to the House of Commons of Canada three times and was elected each time (2008, 2011, 2015). Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party in 2013, succeeding Michael Ignatieff, who retired from politics after\",\n \"title\": \"Electoral history of Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2214653\",\n \"text\": \"Mental Health Association. Trudeau is the author of \\\"Changing My Mind\\\", a book about her personal experience with bipolar disorder, published by HarperCollins Canada in 2010. On June 19, 2013 she was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Western Ontario in recognition of her work to combat mental illness. Margaret Trudeau Margaret Joan Trudeau (\\\"née\\\" Sinclair, formerly Kemper; born September 10, 1948) is a Canadian author, actress, photographer, former television talk show hostess, and social advocate for people with bipolar disorder, which she is diagnosed with. She is the former wife of Pierre Trudeau,\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"324182\",\n \"text\": \"the book sold hundreds of thousands of copies in several editions, and became one of the most successful Canadian books ever published. In the Old age of his life, he was afflicted with Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer, and became less active, although he continued to work at his law practice until a few months before his death at the age of 80. He was devastated by the death of his youngest son, Michel Trudeau, who was killed in an avalanche on November 13, 1998. Pierre Elliott Trudeau died on September 28, 2000, and was buried in the Trudeau family\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594721\",\n \"text\": \"(born February 28, 2014). In June 2013, two months after Trudeau became the leader of the Liberal Party, the couple sold their home in the Côte-des-Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal. They began living in a rented home in Ottawa's Rockcliffe Park, the neighbourhood near where Trudeau resided as a child during his father's time as prime minister. On August 18, 2014, an intruder broke into the house while Grégoire and the couple's three children were sleeping and left a threatening note; however, nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property. Following the incident, Trudeau, who was in Winnipeg\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594682\",\n \"text\": \"not enter the race and Ignatieff was later acclaimed as leader in December 2008. After the party's poor showing in the 2011 election, Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and Trudeau was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party. Following the election, Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership; months later on October 12 at Wilfrid Laurier University, he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family. When interim leader Rae, who was also seen as a frontrunner, announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012, Trudeau was\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594674\",\n \"text\": \"In October 2006, Trudeau criticized Quebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an \\\"old idea from the 19th century\\\", \\\"based on a smallness of thought\\\" and not relevant to modern Quebec. This comment was seen as a criticism of Michael Ignatieff, then a candidate in the 2006 Liberal Party leadership election, who was promoting recognition of Quebec as a nation. Trudeau later wrote a public letter on the subject, describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as \\\"against everything my father ever believed\\\". Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidate Gerard Kennedy shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594781\",\n \"text\": \"saying: \\\"My whole professional career has had a focus on geopolitics, and in this age, you cannot understand the world without understanding the massive role that China has grown to play.\\\" Currently, Trudeau is President and Chief Producer at Jujufilms. He and wife Zoë Bedos became the parents of a son, Pierre-Emmanuel, and two daughters, Gala Simone and Ariane Lea. He is a director of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation for excellence in social sciences and humanities research and innovation. Alexandre Trudeau Alexandre Emmanuel \\\"Sacha\\\" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker, journalist and author of \\\"Barbarian Lost\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandre Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2891827\",\n \"text\": \"Michel Trudeau Michel Charles-Émile Trudeau (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) was the youngest son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau and the younger brother of current Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He died in an avalanche on November 13, 1998, while skiing in Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park. He was born at the Ottawa Civic Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario, and named after his paternal grandfather, Charles-Émile. Trudeau was known to family and friends as Miche, a nickname given to him as a four-month-old by Fidel Castro when he accompanied his father and mother to Cuba in 1976,\",\n \"title\": \"Michel Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16240927\",\n \"text\": \"Negrov's illegitimate daughter Lyubov. In part two Krutsifersky and Lyubov are happily married with a child. Their happiness is destroyed when a rich young landowner named Beltov becomes a friend of the family and begins an illicit relationship with Lyubov. Beltov ends up departing Russia for Europe, leaving the young couple with a broken and hopeless marriage. Part one is a satire of the Russian landed gentry, showing their coarseness and pettiness. Part two introduces the type of the \\\"superfluous man\\\" in the person of Beltov. Who is to Blame? Who is to Blame? () is a novel by Alexander\",\n \"title\": \"Who is to Blame?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4261869\",\n \"text\": \"in 2005 and in September 2007 became co-host of the morning drive news-talk team on Montreal radio station CINW AM 940 until the station ceased operations in 2010. Dennis Trudeau Dennis Trudeau is a Canadian broadcaster based in Montreal. From 1987 to 2005 he was the anchor of the supper hour local news show on CBMT in Montreal. He is now an independent journalist with Dennis Trudeau Communications Incorporated and works as a contract master of ceremonies, moderator, discussion leader or facilitator. After graduating from the University of Ottawa Trudeau worked with the CBC from 1979. For eight years he\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4261867\",\n \"text\": \"Dennis Trudeau Dennis Trudeau is a Canadian broadcaster based in Montreal. From 1987 to 2005 he was the anchor of the supper hour local news show on CBMT in Montreal. He is now an independent journalist with Dennis Trudeau Communications Incorporated and works as a contract master of ceremonies, moderator, discussion leader or facilitator. After graduating from the University of Ottawa Trudeau worked with the CBC from 1979. For eight years he hosted the local show \\\"Daybreak\\\" on CBM before becoming a national radio host fronting \\\"As It Happens\\\" and \\\"Cross-Country Checkup\\\" during the 1980s. His journalism career dates back\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5167338\",\n \"text\": \"Know About\\\", produced and marketed by Free is My Favorite LLC, continue to run on television stations throughout the United States. In October 2015, Gettleman approved a partial refund of about $8 million to more than 820,000 people who bought \\\"The Weight Loss Cure \\\"They\\\" Don't Want You to Know About\\\". One common criticism by consumer groups is that Trudeau has had no medical training. Trudeau responds that by not having such training, he is not biased toward pharmaceutical companies and the FDA, and that medical doctors \\\"are taught only how to write out prescriptions\\\" for \\\"poisons\\\" and \\\"cut out\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2594675\",\n \"text\": \"during the candidates' final speeches. When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot, Trudeau joined him in supporting the ultimate winner, Stéphane Dion. Rumours circulated in early 2007 that Trudeau would run in an upcoming by-election in the Montreal riding of Outremont. The Montreal newspaper \\\"La Presse\\\" reported despite Trudeau's keenness, Liberal leader Stéphane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party. Instead, Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election. The riding, which had once been held for 26 years by\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7355020\",\n \"text\": \"Sophie Trudeau Sophie Trudeau is a Canadian musician. She is best known for being a member of Godspeed You! Black Emperor, and co-founder with Efrim Menuck and Thierry Amar of Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band. She also plays in a number of other bands, including Valley of the Giants and The Mile End Ladies String Auxiliary. Trudeau first served as violinist for Godspeed You! Black Emperor on their first EP, \\\"Slow Riot for New Zerø Kanada\\\", which was released in 1999. Trudeau went on later to co-found Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band,\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14504055\",\n \"text\": \"title role. Walberg had previously appeared alongside Klugman in \\\"The Odd Couple\\\" (1970–75) in the recurring role as Oscar's poker crony, Homer \\\"Speed\\\" Deegan. He reprised the role in the 1993 TV movie \\\"The Odd Couple: Together Again\\\". This was his final acting appearance. Married and divorced twice, Walberg married his third wife, Florence M. Apostol, on September 12, 1987. Walberg died from chronic pulmonary disease on March 27, 2012, aged 90, in Northridge, California. Garry Walberg Garry Walberg (June 10, 1921 – March 27, 2012) was an American character actor primarily known for his work on television. He performed\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Walberg\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5354867\",\n \"text\": \"a special adviser to the chairman of Pittsburgh's Rockwell International aerospace firm until 1972. Throughout his military service, General Trudeau was an outspoken advocate of racial integration of the military. He also said it was in the nation's best interests that educational opportunities be provided for the disadvantaged so they could take advantage of new career openings. General Trudeau is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. He died on June 5, 1991, in Chevy Chase, Maryland. Arthur Trudeau Arthur Gilbert Trudeau (July 5, 1902 – June 5, 1991) was a lieutenant general in the United States Army.\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Trudeau\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6780120\",\n \"text\": \"grow to be larger than Brandon, Manitoba (Manitoba's second largest city). The first section, Bridgwater Forest, was completed in 2010. St. Norbert is separated from the rest of Fort Garry by the Perimeter Highway. The area of St. Norbert east of Pembina Highway is unique due to its large Francophone population and history. The University of Manitoba's main campus is located in Fort Garry. The Fort Garry Area shares the Fort Garry/Fort Rouge Twins hockey team in the MMJHL who play out of the Century Arena. The University of Manitoba Bisons play their homes games on the Fort Garry campus\",\n \"title\": \"Fort Garry, Winnipeg\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9529683\",\n \"text\": \"was a Great Depression-era socialist who began his legal career defending militant trade unions. Like many in his generation, Garry earned his law degree without attending college, and suffered difficulty with spelling and syntax. An avowed Marxist lawyer, Garry earned a reputation of fighting for underdogs. He insisted on a full truthful disclosure from those he represented, and had a sign on his desk that read \\\"the only clients of mine who go to San Quentin are the ones who lie to me.\\\" In 1948, Garry was brought before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). Garry declared that he was\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Garry\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6376922\",\n \"text\": \"Garry Meier Garry Meier (born December 2, 1949) is a Chicago-based radio personality who has been active in Chicago radio since 1973. Meier is well known for being part of the highly successful radio duos \\\"Steve & Garry\\\" and \\\"Roe and Garry\\\", but he also hosted shows on WFYR, WYEN, WLUP, WCKG, WGN and WGN.FM at various times in his career. Meier is also a former feature reporter for WGN-TV's morning show and is a member of the National Radio Hall of Fame. As of March 12, 2016, he has a new show broadcast in Podcast format via his website.\",\n \"title\": \"Garry Meier\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["jane pauley"],"string":"[\n \"jane pauley\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what language do they speak in northern ireland?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2198234","text":"Irish language in Northern Ireland The Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic) () is a recognised minority language in Northern Ireland. The dialect spoken there is known as Ulster Irish. Protection for the Irish language in Northern Ireland stems largely from the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. According to the 2011 UK Census, in Northern Ireland 184,898 (10.65%) claim to have some knowledge of Irish, of whom 104,943 (6.05%) can speak the language to varying degrees. Some 4,130 people (0.2%) use Irish as their main home language. As in other parts of Ireland, Irish was the main","title":"Irish language in Northern Ireland"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2198234\",\n \"text\": \"Irish language in Northern Ireland The Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic) () is a recognised minority language in Northern Ireland. The dialect spoken there is known as Ulster Irish. Protection for the Irish language in Northern Ireland stems largely from the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. According to the 2011 UK Census, in Northern Ireland 184,898 (10.65%) claim to have some knowledge of Irish, of whom 104,943 (6.05%) can speak the language to varying degrees. Some 4,130 people (0.2%) use Irish as their main home language. As in other parts of Ireland, Irish was the main\",\n \"title\": \"Irish language in Northern Ireland\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"2621244","text":"number of councils in Northern Ireland to 11. Local government in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is divided into 11 districts for local government purposes. In Northern Ireland, local councils do not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United Kingdom; for example they have no responsibility for education, road-building or housing (although they do nominate members to the advisory Northern Ireland Housing Council). Their functions include planning, waste and recycling services, leisure and community services, building control and local economic and cultural development. The collection of rates is handled centrally by the Land","title":"Local government in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"2621238","text":"Local government in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is divided into 11 districts for local government purposes. In Northern Ireland, local councils do not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United Kingdom; for example they have no responsibility for education, road-building or housing (although they do nominate members to the advisory Northern Ireland Housing Council). Their functions include planning, waste and recycling services, leisure and community services, building control and local economic and cultural development. The collection of rates is handled centrally by the Land and Property Services agency of the Northern Ireland","title":"Local government in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"7657272","text":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"7657281","text":"2002 DVD \"Pull Over\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \"The Facts of Life\", \"Working\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \"Read No Evil\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \"Working\"","title":"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do"},{"psg_id":"11986072","text":"years have they been joined by a poorer group of asylum-seekers from Somalia. They tend to inhabit leafy, cosmopolitan districts in south Belfast, near Queen’s University where many have taught or studied.\" Islam in Northern Ireland Islam in Northern Ireland details Islam in Northern Ireland since its creation as a separate country within the United Kingdom on 3 May 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late","title":"Islam in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"18517669","text":"and Disability Act 2001, and The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 offer protection from discrimination in education. In 2011 the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland published the 'Do You Mean Me?' research findings in regard to attitudes and experience of discrimination in Northern Ireland. This report found that: Another source of information is the Northern Ireland Survey of Activity Limitation and Disability (2007). The majority (87%) of respondents said that they are never or only occasionally prevented from doing something because of other people’s reactions to their disability or limitation, but 12% said that they are","title":"Disability in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"291289","text":"symbolism into the use or non-use of a word, also attaches itself to some urban centres. The most notable example is whether Northern Ireland's second city should be called \"Derry\" or \"Londonderry\". Choice of language and nomenclature in Northern Ireland often reveals the cultural, ethnic and religious identity of the speaker. The first Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, Seamus Mallon, was criticised by unionist politicians for calling the region the \"North of Ireland\" while Sinn Féin has been criticised in a Dublin newspaper for referring to the \"Six Counties\". Those who do not belong to any group but lean","title":"Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"20760416","text":"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our","title":"In What Language?"},{"psg_id":"11728258","text":"of the Altay language. Only around 10% of them speak Northern Altay varieties, while the remaining speak Southern Altay varieties. Furthermore, according to some data, only 2% of Altays fluently speak the Altay language. Northern Altay consists of the following varieties: Closely related to the northern varieties of Altay are and the of Chulym language. The following features refer to the outcome of commonly used Turkic isoglosses in Northern Altay. Northern Altai language Northern Altai or Northern Altay is one of two Turkic languages spoken in the Altay Republic of Russia on the border of Mongolia, the People's Republic of","title":"Northern Altai language"},{"psg_id":"12277846","text":"Protestants (48% of the resident population are either Protestant, or brought up Protestant, while 45% of the resident population are either Catholic, or brought up Catholic, according to the 2011 census) and its people speak dialects of English heavily influenced by the Scots language. This is both because of historic links with Scotland going back centuries, and because of settlements of lowland Scots Protestants in Ulster in the 17th century, such as the Plantation of Ulster. Also unlike the Republic, a large proportion of people in Northern Ireland have a British national identity. Many people in Northern Ireland have a","title":"Demography of Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"11986070","text":"Islam in Northern Ireland Islam in Northern Ireland details Islam in Northern Ireland since its creation as a separate country within the United Kingdom on 3 May 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. At the time of the 2001 Census there were 1,943 living in Northern Ireland, though the Belfast Islamic Centre claims that as of January 2009, this number had increased to","title":"Islam in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"2198249","text":"III of the Charter, thus giving it a degree of protection and status comparable to the Welsh language in Wales and Scottish Gaelic in Scotland. This included a range of specific undertakings in relation to education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities and other matters. (A lower level of recognition was accorded to the Ulster variant of Scots, under Part II of the Charter.) Compliance with the state's obligations is assessed periodically by a Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe. The \"Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1998\" states:","title":"Irish language in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"7799577","text":"identified themselves as Catholic. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. At the time of the 2001 Census there were 1,943 living in Northern Ireland, though the Belfast Islamic Centre claims that by January 2009, this number had increased to over 4,000. The Muslims in Northern Ireland come from over 40 countries of origin, from Western Europe all the way through to the Far East. This situation is reflected in comparably complex","title":"Religion in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"1647334","text":"so few – as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak standard Thai – such that they now use mostly central Thai words, seasoning their speech only with \"kham mueang\" accent. The Northern Thai language has various names in Northern Thai, Thai, and other Tai languages. Thanajirawat (2018) classifies Tai Yuan into five major dialect groups based on tonal split and merger patterns. (\"See also Proto-Tai language#Tones\") Currently, different scripts are used to write Northern Thai. Northern Thai is traditionally written with the Tai Tham script, which in Northern Thai is called \"tua mueang\" ( ตั๋วเมือง ) or \"tua","title":"Northern Thai language"},{"psg_id":"291283","text":"Britain that were extended to Ireland under Poynings' Law between 1494 and 1782. There is no generally accepted term to describe what Northern Ireland is: province, region, country or something else. The choice of term can be controversial and can reveal the writer's political preferences. This has been noted as a problem by several writers on Northern Ireland, with no generally recommended solution. Owing in part to the way in which the United Kingdom, and Northern Ireland, came into being, there is no legally defined term to describe what Northern Ireland 'is'. There is also no uniform or guiding way","title":"Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"14621891","text":"army, had held the first fireside in Helens Bay in 1940, there were no Bahá'ís in Northern Ireland by the late 1940s. After this the first Bahá'í pioneer to Northern Ireland was Charles Dunning, who came to Belfast in March 1948. Within ten weeks he was arranging the first public meetings, to which George Townshend and his son Brian came from Dublin to speak. He was followed by Ursula Newman (later Samandarí) in 1949. A review of Townshend's \"Promise of All Ages\" in a local newspaper in 1949 and chance encounters lead to a conversion. Robert Sloan was the first","title":"Bahá'í Faith in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"8161109","text":"Murals in Northern Ireland Murals in Northern Ireland have become symbols of Northern Ireland, depicting the region's past and present political and religious divisions. Belfast and Derry contain arguably the most famous political murals in Europe. It is believed that almost 2,000 murals have been documented since the 1970s. In 2014, the book, \"The Belfast Mural Guide\" estimated that, in Belfast, there were approximately 300 quality murals on display, with many more in varying degrees of age and decay. Murals commemorate, communicate and display aspects of culture and history. The themes of murals often reflect what is important to a","title":"Murals in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"291284","text":"to refer to Northern Ireland amongst the agencies of the UK government. For example, the websites of the Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the UK Statistics Authority describe the United Kingdom as being made up of four countries, one of these being Northern Ireland. Other pages on the same websites refer to Northern Ireland specifically as a \"province\" as do publications of the UK Statistics Authority. The website of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency also refers to Northern Ireland as being a province as does the website of the Office of Public Sector","title":"Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"7799576","text":"they had no religion in the 2011 census were concentrated in largely Protestant areas, suggesting that they were mostly from a Protestant background. In their respective 2011 censuses Northern Ireland had a lower proportion of people stating that they were Christian (82.3%) than the Republic of Ireland (90.4%) and had a higher proportion of people stating that they had no religion or not indicating a religious belief (16.9%) than the Republic of Ireland (7.6%). While in the 2011 census 84.2% of people in the Republic of Ireland identified themselves as Catholic in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland only 40.8%","title":"Religion in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"15104171","text":"fibre optic cables. If customers are not in a fibre optic area they can take up Virgin's ADSL broadband which offers speeds of around 20Mbit/s almost every area in Northern Ireland are able to get this service as it uses the telephone lines rented of BT to provide the service. Broadband in Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland over 80% of the population has access to the internet, with 9 in 10 people having an internet connection in the home. Northern Ireland is one of the best connected regions in Europe and has the highest availability of fibre broadband in the","title":"Broadband in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"7799574","text":"of a recent reorganisation. In the 2011 census Northern Ireland had substantially more people stating that they were Christian (91.4%) than did England (59.4%), Scotland (53.8%) or Wales (57.6%). The proportion who stated that they had any religion was also higher in Northern Ireland (92.2%) than in England (68.1%), Scotland (56.3%) or Wales (60.3%). In Northern Ireland those who did not state any religion in the 2011 census amounted to 7.9% of the population, lower than in England (31.9%), Scotland (43.7%) or Wales (39.7%). This represented an increase from the 2001 census in those stating no religion of 10.6% in","title":"Religion in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"6761303","text":"the universal access to schooling and TV, most Qiang children are fluent or even monolingual in Chinese while an increasing percentage cannot speak Qiang. Northern Qiang language Northern Qiang is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Qiangic branch spoken by approximately 60,000 people in north-central Sichuan Province, China. Unlike its close relative Southern Qiang, Northern Qiang is not a tonal language. Northern Qiang is composed of several different dialects, many of which are easily mutually intelligible. Sun Hongkai in his book on Qiang in 1981 divides Northern Qiang into the following dialects: Luhua, Mawo, Zhimulin, Weigu, and Yadu. These dialects are","title":"Northern Qiang language"},{"psg_id":"15611968","text":"Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician) Brenda Hale is a Democratic Unionist Party politician in Northern Ireland. She sat in the Northern Ireland Assembly as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Lagan Valley from 2011 until her defeat at the 2017 Assembly election. Hale's husband served with the British Army and was killed in Afghanistan in 2009. Hale then started to speak to the Ministry of Defence on behalf of other war widows. As of August 2015, she is a Political Member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board. As a result of her work in politics Mrs Hale was","title":"Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician)"},{"psg_id":"10959332","text":"government's policy of banning sectarian parades was eventually overturned after a campaign of defiance led by William Johnston of Ballykilbeg. The 1st Government of Northern Ireland passed the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922, which allowed the Home Affairs Minister to do virtually anything he thought necessary to preserve law and order. Over the next thirty years this was used many times to ban or re-route nationalist, republican and some left-wing parades, marches and meetings. In 1951, the government passed the Public Order Act, which required parade organisers to give the police forty-eight hours notice of their intent","title":"Parades in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"13914080","text":"claimed responsibility for this incident. Between 2007 and 2009, there were on average in Northern Ireland around seven or more Hoax Bomb Alerts each week, but some alerts are genuine. They are so common that there is a permanent Bomb Disposal team of the British Army stationed in Northern Ireland. The main areas are County Londonderry, County Down, County Antrim and Belfast. Due to the threat posed to the society in Northern Ireland, all objects have to be treated with suspect care and controlled explosions are common place in some areas. On 14 October 2009, the Police Service of Northern","title":"Crime in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"4133301","text":"the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2011. The party has also called for funding to be focused on improving public transport infrastructure and supports the creation of an independent environmental protection agency for Northern Ireland. They also campaign for a shift to alternative energy for Northern Ireland and were involved in the setting up of a lobby group for the sector. The Green Party in Northern Ireland campaigns for transparency in political funding, responsive local government, effective community planning, dynamic and sustainable local economies, environmental protection, and for animal welfare. On the constitutional status of Northern Ireland, the Green Party's leader","title":"Green Party in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"14621899","text":"Bahá'í groups or individuals made submissions. Bahá'í women have been involved with women's organisations that were primarily concerned with anything to do with women and children. As Bahá'ís they also talked about peace in the global sense, hoping that \"some of this has filtered through\". The Cookstown Baha'i Community is the home of \"The Moving Hour\" on Townland Radio 828. R. Jackson Armstrong-Ingram was second generation Bahá'í from Belfast and worked for years as an archivist and uncovered some of the earliest history of the Bahá'ís of Ireland as well as composing music and writing other books. The Northern Ireland","title":"Bahá'í Faith in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"12159742","text":"election. People Before Profit has expressed its support for LGBT rights. LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Northern Ireland are the most limited in the United Kingdom, lagging behind England, Scotland, and Wales. They are also more limited than in the neighbouring Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland decriminalised homosexuality a decade earlier and introduced civil unions six years before the Republic of Ireland, but has since been overtaken in the introduction of same-sex marriage. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity and the last to end","title":"LGBT rights in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"12159692","text":"LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Northern Ireland are the most limited in the United Kingdom, lagging behind England, Scotland, and Wales. They are also more limited than in the neighbouring Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland decriminalised homosexuality a decade earlier and introduced civil unions six years before the Republic of Ireland, but has since been overtaken in the introduction of same-sex marriage. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity and the last to end a lifetime ban on blood donations by men who have sex","title":"LGBT rights in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"15611969","text":"listed on the Queen’s Birthday Honours list and is due to receive an OBE. Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician) Brenda Hale is a Democratic Unionist Party politician in Northern Ireland. She sat in the Northern Ireland Assembly as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Lagan Valley from 2011 until her defeat at the 2017 Assembly election. Hale's husband served with the British Army and was killed in Afghanistan in 2009. Hale then started to speak to the Ministry of Defence on behalf of other war widows. As of August 2015, she is a Political Member of the Northern","title":"Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician)"},{"psg_id":"6232262","text":"A problem facing many communities in Northern Australia is that creole-speaking children are treated as though they speak English, but speak it badly; so they do not receive education in English as a second language. On the other hand, because they are not regarded as having a native mother tongue, they are denied access to education in their traditional language. The only official bilingual language program in Kriol is at Barunga, which was established during the Whitlam government, and has successfully included Kriol as both a medium and an object of study. Funding is scarce for any further development of","title":"Australian Kriol language"},{"psg_id":"291290","text":"towards one side often tend to use the language of that group. Supporters of unionism in the British media (notably \"The Daily Telegraph\" and the \"Daily Express\") regularly call Northern Ireland \"Ulster\". Some media outlets in the Republic use \"North of Ireland\", \"the North\", or (less often) the \"Six Counties\". Government and cultural organisations in Northern Ireland often use the word \"Ulster\" in their title; for example, the University of Ulster, the Ulster Museum, the Ulster Orchestra, and BBC Radio Ulster. Although some news bulletins since the 1990s have opted to avoid all contentious terms and use the official name,","title":"Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"11930023","text":"Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels is part of the Executive Office and is the focus of Northern Ireland's relations with the institutions of the European Union. The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive, operates under the umbrella of the UK Permanent Representation to the European Union, as do the Brussels offices of the Scottish Government and Welsh Government. The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels is located in the European Quarter of Brussels. The office provides full facilities for Northern Ireland Ministers and officials visiting the","title":"Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels"},{"psg_id":"15117868","text":"Maonan language The Maonan language is a Kam–Sui language spoken mainly in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Hechi, northern Guangxi by the Maonan people. Approximately half of all Maonan people are capable of speaking Maonan. In addition to this, many Maonan also speak Chinese or a Zhuang language. About 1/3 of all people who self-identify as Maonan are concentrated in the southern Guizhou province. They speak a mutually unintelligible dialect commonly called \"Yanghuang\", which is more common known as the Then language in Western literature. The Maonan do not have a writing system. Other than Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi,","title":"Maonan language"},{"psg_id":"17370976","text":"of community based women's group to come to fruition in Northern Ireland. Women in Northern Ireland Women in Northern Ireland are women who live in or are from Northern Ireland. Among the notable women of Northern Ireland were Geraldine O'Regan and May Blood, a Catholic and a Protestant respectively. Both of them were active community leaders in Belfast, the administrative capital and largest city of Northern Ireland. Women in Northern Ireland have a variety of concerns in regards to their overall treatment in society. Some areas of concern include domestic violence, poverty, poor housing conditions, unemployment, and a wide array","title":"Women in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"15107263","text":"Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats The Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats (; Ulster-Scots: \"Norlin Airlann Leeberal Democrats\"), is a local party of the Liberal Democrats that operates in Northern Ireland. Unlike its counterparts in England, Scotland and Wales, the Northern Ireland party is not a state party within the federal Liberal Democrats (though there does exist constitutional provision for it to be established so by conference) but a local party similar to constituency parties in the rest of the UK. The Liberal Democrats do not presently contest elections in Northern Ireland but there is a strong history of support to the Alliance","title":"Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats"},{"psg_id":"19105440","text":"company brewing in Northern Ireland. Stout is the most preferred beer in Northern Ireland, with lager second and bitter beer as a distant third preference. Guinness, brewed in Dublin is still a popular stout beer in Northern Ireland. Hilden Brewing Company claims to be Ireland's oldest microbrewery, founded in 1981. In 2007 an ale produced by Whitewater Brewing Company was judged one of the best 50 beers in the world. The number of microbreweries in Northern Ireland has significantly increased in recent years, from 5 in 2012 to 30 in 2017. Beer in Northern Ireland Beer in Northern Ireland has","title":"Beer in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"14301931","text":"Prostitution in Northern Ireland Prostitution in Northern Ireland is governed by the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland) 2015, which makes it illegal to pay for sex in Northern Ireland. Prior to the act coming into effect, prostitution in Northern Ireland was regulated by the same or similar laws to those in England and Wales, as it is elsewhere in the United Kingdom. At that time, prostitution in Northern Ireland was legal subject to a number of restraints which controlled certain activities associated with prostitution, such as soliciting, procuring, living on the proceeds","title":"Prostitution in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"18517664","text":"Disability in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland has differing legislation and policy in relation to disability than in other areas of the UK due to the various governmental powers and competencies that are devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly. There are a number of key policy areas in relation to disability in Northern Ireland. The primary strategic document, A Strategy to improve the lives of people with disabilities 2012-2015 was published in 2012 by the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister Other key policies and legislation include: The Northern Ireland 2011 Census, undertaken by Northern Ireland Statistics and","title":"Disability in Northern Ireland"},{"psg_id":"7050342","text":"Scouting in Northern Ireland Scouting in Northern Ireland is represented by three Scouting associations. The Northern Ireland Scout Council is part of The Scout Association of the United Kingdom, which is the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) recognized Scouting association in the United Kingdom. Scouting Ireland is the national Scouting association and the WOSM-recognized Scouting association for the Republic of Ireland, although its membership extends to Northern Ireland. The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association is a member of the World Federation of Independent Scouts and operates one group in Northern Ireland. The Scout Association has seven Scout Counties covering the","title":"Scouting in Northern Ireland"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2621244\",\n \"text\": \"number of councils in Northern Ireland to 11. Local government in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is divided into 11 districts for local government purposes. In Northern Ireland, local councils do not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United Kingdom; for example they have no responsibility for education, road-building or housing (although they do nominate members to the advisory Northern Ireland Housing Council). Their functions include planning, waste and recycling services, leisure and community services, building control and local economic and cultural development. The collection of rates is handled centrally by the Land\",\n \"title\": \"Local government in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2621238\",\n \"text\": \"Local government in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is divided into 11 districts for local government purposes. In Northern Ireland, local councils do not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United Kingdom; for example they have no responsibility for education, road-building or housing (although they do nominate members to the advisory Northern Ireland Housing Council). Their functions include planning, waste and recycling services, leisure and community services, building control and local economic and cultural development. The collection of rates is handled centrally by the Land and Property Services agency of the Northern Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Local government in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657272\",\n \"text\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\" is a book which investigates the meaning of work for different people under different circumstances, showing it can vary in importance. The book also reflects Terkel's general idea that work can be difficult but still provides meaning for workers. It is an exploration of what makes work meaningful for people\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7657281\",\n \"text\": \"2002 DVD \\\"Pull Over\\\", Taylor explains that a story about a woman in a shoe manufacturing plant in Massachusetts, described in the book, inspired the song. In the television series \\\"The Facts of Life\\\", \\\"Working\\\" is one of the books parents wanted to ban in the episode \\\"Read No Evil\\\". Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do is a 1974 nonfiction book by the noted oral historian and radio broadcaster Studs Terkel. \\\"Working\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11986072\",\n \"text\": \"years have they been joined by a poorer group of asylum-seekers from Somalia. They tend to inhabit leafy, cosmopolitan districts in south Belfast, near Queen’s University where many have taught or studied.\\\" Islam in Northern Ireland Islam in Northern Ireland details Islam in Northern Ireland since its creation as a separate country within the United Kingdom on 3 May 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late\",\n \"title\": \"Islam in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18517669\",\n \"text\": \"and Disability Act 2001, and The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Northern Ireland) Order 2005 offer protection from discrimination in education. In 2011 the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland published the 'Do You Mean Me?' research findings in regard to attitudes and experience of discrimination in Northern Ireland. This report found that: Another source of information is the Northern Ireland Survey of Activity Limitation and Disability (2007). The majority (87%) of respondents said that they are never or only occasionally prevented from doing something because of other people’s reactions to their disability or limitation, but 12% said that they are\",\n \"title\": \"Disability in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"291289\",\n \"text\": \"symbolism into the use or non-use of a word, also attaches itself to some urban centres. The most notable example is whether Northern Ireland's second city should be called \\\"Derry\\\" or \\\"Londonderry\\\". Choice of language and nomenclature in Northern Ireland often reveals the cultural, ethnic and religious identity of the speaker. The first Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, Seamus Mallon, was criticised by unionist politicians for calling the region the \\\"North of Ireland\\\" while Sinn Féin has been criticised in a Dublin newspaper for referring to the \\\"Six Counties\\\". Those who do not belong to any group but lean\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20760416\",\n \"text\": \"is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\\\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \\\"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \\\"In What Language?\\\" and it is this: that no matter what language distinguishes the nature of the present global geo-political culture, the language spoken has a clear and consistent meaning borne in its content. The language transcends any dialect. And if we are determined enough, within our commonly shared humanity, we can speak the same language. In our\",\n \"title\": \"In What Language?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11728258\",\n \"text\": \"of the Altay language. Only around 10% of them speak Northern Altay varieties, while the remaining speak Southern Altay varieties. Furthermore, according to some data, only 2% of Altays fluently speak the Altay language. Northern Altay consists of the following varieties: Closely related to the northern varieties of Altay are and the of Chulym language. The following features refer to the outcome of commonly used Turkic isoglosses in Northern Altay. Northern Altai language Northern Altai or Northern Altay is one of two Turkic languages spoken in the Altay Republic of Russia on the border of Mongolia, the People's Republic of\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Altai language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12277846\",\n \"text\": \"Protestants (48% of the resident population are either Protestant, or brought up Protestant, while 45% of the resident population are either Catholic, or brought up Catholic, according to the 2011 census) and its people speak dialects of English heavily influenced by the Scots language. This is both because of historic links with Scotland going back centuries, and because of settlements of lowland Scots Protestants in Ulster in the 17th century, such as the Plantation of Ulster. Also unlike the Republic, a large proportion of people in Northern Ireland have a British national identity. Many people in Northern Ireland have a\",\n \"title\": \"Demography of Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11986070\",\n \"text\": \"Islam in Northern Ireland Islam in Northern Ireland details Islam in Northern Ireland since its creation as a separate country within the United Kingdom on 3 May 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. At the time of the 2001 Census there were 1,943 living in Northern Ireland, though the Belfast Islamic Centre claims that as of January 2009, this number had increased to\",\n \"title\": \"Islam in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2198249\",\n \"text\": \"III of the Charter, thus giving it a degree of protection and status comparable to the Welsh language in Wales and Scottish Gaelic in Scotland. This included a range of specific undertakings in relation to education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities and other matters. (A lower level of recognition was accorded to the Ulster variant of Scots, under Part II of the Charter.) Compliance with the state's obligations is assessed periodically by a Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe. The \\\"Education (Northern Ireland) Order 1998\\\" states:\",\n \"title\": \"Irish language in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7799577\",\n \"text\": \"identified themselves as Catholic. While there were a small number of Muslims already living in what became Northern Ireland in 1921, the bulk of Muslims in Northern Ireland today come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. At the time of the 2001 Census there were 1,943 living in Northern Ireland, though the Belfast Islamic Centre claims that by January 2009, this number had increased to over 4,000. The Muslims in Northern Ireland come from over 40 countries of origin, from Western Europe all the way through to the Far East. This situation is reflected in comparably complex\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1647334\",\n \"text\": \"so few – as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak standard Thai – such that they now use mostly central Thai words, seasoning their speech only with \\\"kham mueang\\\" accent. The Northern Thai language has various names in Northern Thai, Thai, and other Tai languages. Thanajirawat (2018) classifies Tai Yuan into five major dialect groups based on tonal split and merger patterns. (\\\"See also Proto-Tai language#Tones\\\") Currently, different scripts are used to write Northern Thai. Northern Thai is traditionally written with the Tai Tham script, which in Northern Thai is called \\\"tua mueang\\\" ( ตั๋วเมือง ) or \\\"tua\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Thai language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"291283\",\n \"text\": \"Britain that were extended to Ireland under Poynings' Law between 1494 and 1782. There is no generally accepted term to describe what Northern Ireland is: province, region, country or something else. The choice of term can be controversial and can reveal the writer's political preferences. This has been noted as a problem by several writers on Northern Ireland, with no generally recommended solution. Owing in part to the way in which the United Kingdom, and Northern Ireland, came into being, there is no legally defined term to describe what Northern Ireland 'is'. There is also no uniform or guiding way\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14621891\",\n \"text\": \"army, had held the first fireside in Helens Bay in 1940, there were no Bahá'ís in Northern Ireland by the late 1940s. After this the first Bahá'í pioneer to Northern Ireland was Charles Dunning, who came to Belfast in March 1948. Within ten weeks he was arranging the first public meetings, to which George Townshend and his son Brian came from Dublin to speak. He was followed by Ursula Newman (later Samandarí) in 1949. A review of Townshend's \\\"Promise of All Ages\\\" in a local newspaper in 1949 and chance encounters lead to a conversion. Robert Sloan was the first\",\n \"title\": \"Bahá'í Faith in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8161109\",\n \"text\": \"Murals in Northern Ireland Murals in Northern Ireland have become symbols of Northern Ireland, depicting the region's past and present political and religious divisions. Belfast and Derry contain arguably the most famous political murals in Europe. It is believed that almost 2,000 murals have been documented since the 1970s. In 2014, the book, \\\"The Belfast Mural Guide\\\" estimated that, in Belfast, there were approximately 300 quality murals on display, with many more in varying degrees of age and decay. Murals commemorate, communicate and display aspects of culture and history. The themes of murals often reflect what is important to a\",\n \"title\": \"Murals in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"291284\",\n \"text\": \"to refer to Northern Ireland amongst the agencies of the UK government. For example, the websites of the Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the UK Statistics Authority describe the United Kingdom as being made up of four countries, one of these being Northern Ireland. Other pages on the same websites refer to Northern Ireland specifically as a \\\"province\\\" as do publications of the UK Statistics Authority. The website of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency also refers to Northern Ireland as being a province as does the website of the Office of Public Sector\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7799576\",\n \"text\": \"they had no religion in the 2011 census were concentrated in largely Protestant areas, suggesting that they were mostly from a Protestant background. In their respective 2011 censuses Northern Ireland had a lower proportion of people stating that they were Christian (82.3%) than the Republic of Ireland (90.4%) and had a higher proportion of people stating that they had no religion or not indicating a religious belief (16.9%) than the Republic of Ireland (7.6%). While in the 2011 census 84.2% of people in the Republic of Ireland identified themselves as Catholic in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland only 40.8%\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15104171\",\n \"text\": \"fibre optic cables. If customers are not in a fibre optic area they can take up Virgin's ADSL broadband which offers speeds of around 20Mbit/s almost every area in Northern Ireland are able to get this service as it uses the telephone lines rented of BT to provide the service. Broadband in Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland over 80% of the population has access to the internet, with 9 in 10 people having an internet connection in the home. Northern Ireland is one of the best connected regions in Europe and has the highest availability of fibre broadband in the\",\n \"title\": \"Broadband in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7799574\",\n \"text\": \"of a recent reorganisation. In the 2011 census Northern Ireland had substantially more people stating that they were Christian (91.4%) than did England (59.4%), Scotland (53.8%) or Wales (57.6%). The proportion who stated that they had any religion was also higher in Northern Ireland (92.2%) than in England (68.1%), Scotland (56.3%) or Wales (60.3%). In Northern Ireland those who did not state any religion in the 2011 census amounted to 7.9% of the population, lower than in England (31.9%), Scotland (43.7%) or Wales (39.7%). This represented an increase from the 2001 census in those stating no religion of 10.6% in\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6761303\",\n \"text\": \"the universal access to schooling and TV, most Qiang children are fluent or even monolingual in Chinese while an increasing percentage cannot speak Qiang. Northern Qiang language Northern Qiang is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Qiangic branch spoken by approximately 60,000 people in north-central Sichuan Province, China. Unlike its close relative Southern Qiang, Northern Qiang is not a tonal language. Northern Qiang is composed of several different dialects, many of which are easily mutually intelligible. Sun Hongkai in his book on Qiang in 1981 divides Northern Qiang into the following dialects: Luhua, Mawo, Zhimulin, Weigu, and Yadu. These dialects are\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Qiang language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15611968\",\n \"text\": \"Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician) Brenda Hale is a Democratic Unionist Party politician in Northern Ireland. She sat in the Northern Ireland Assembly as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Lagan Valley from 2011 until her defeat at the 2017 Assembly election. Hale's husband served with the British Army and was killed in Afghanistan in 2009. Hale then started to speak to the Ministry of Defence on behalf of other war widows. As of August 2015, she is a Political Member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board. As a result of her work in politics Mrs Hale was\",\n \"title\": \"Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10959332\",\n \"text\": \"government's policy of banning sectarian parades was eventually overturned after a campaign of defiance led by William Johnston of Ballykilbeg. The 1st Government of Northern Ireland passed the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922, which allowed the Home Affairs Minister to do virtually anything he thought necessary to preserve law and order. Over the next thirty years this was used many times to ban or re-route nationalist, republican and some left-wing parades, marches and meetings. In 1951, the government passed the Public Order Act, which required parade organisers to give the police forty-eight hours notice of their intent\",\n \"title\": \"Parades in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13914080\",\n \"text\": \"claimed responsibility for this incident. Between 2007 and 2009, there were on average in Northern Ireland around seven or more Hoax Bomb Alerts each week, but some alerts are genuine. They are so common that there is a permanent Bomb Disposal team of the British Army stationed in Northern Ireland. The main areas are County Londonderry, County Down, County Antrim and Belfast. Due to the threat posed to the society in Northern Ireland, all objects have to be treated with suspect care and controlled explosions are common place in some areas. On 14 October 2009, the Police Service of Northern\",\n \"title\": \"Crime in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4133301\",\n \"text\": \"the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2011. The party has also called for funding to be focused on improving public transport infrastructure and supports the creation of an independent environmental protection agency for Northern Ireland. They also campaign for a shift to alternative energy for Northern Ireland and were involved in the setting up of a lobby group for the sector. The Green Party in Northern Ireland campaigns for transparency in political funding, responsive local government, effective community planning, dynamic and sustainable local economies, environmental protection, and for animal welfare. On the constitutional status of Northern Ireland, the Green Party's leader\",\n \"title\": \"Green Party in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14621899\",\n \"text\": \"Bahá'í groups or individuals made submissions. Bahá'í women have been involved with women's organisations that were primarily concerned with anything to do with women and children. As Bahá'ís they also talked about peace in the global sense, hoping that \\\"some of this has filtered through\\\". The Cookstown Baha'i Community is the home of \\\"The Moving Hour\\\" on Townland Radio 828. R. Jackson Armstrong-Ingram was second generation Bahá'í from Belfast and worked for years as an archivist and uncovered some of the earliest history of the Bahá'ís of Ireland as well as composing music and writing other books. The Northern Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Bahá'í Faith in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12159742\",\n \"text\": \"election. People Before Profit has expressed its support for LGBT rights. LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Northern Ireland are the most limited in the United Kingdom, lagging behind England, Scotland, and Wales. They are also more limited than in the neighbouring Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland decriminalised homosexuality a decade earlier and introduced civil unions six years before the Republic of Ireland, but has since been overtaken in the introduction of same-sex marriage. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity and the last to end\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT rights in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12159692\",\n \"text\": \"LGBT rights in Northern Ireland Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Northern Ireland are the most limited in the United Kingdom, lagging behind England, Scotland, and Wales. They are also more limited than in the neighbouring Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland decriminalised homosexuality a decade earlier and introduced civil unions six years before the Republic of Ireland, but has since been overtaken in the introduction of same-sex marriage. Northern Ireland was the last part of the United Kingdom to legalise same-sex sexual activity and the last to end a lifetime ban on blood donations by men who have sex\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT rights in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15611969\",\n \"text\": \"listed on the Queen’s Birthday Honours list and is due to receive an OBE. Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician) Brenda Hale is a Democratic Unionist Party politician in Northern Ireland. She sat in the Northern Ireland Assembly as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Lagan Valley from 2011 until her defeat at the 2017 Assembly election. Hale's husband served with the British Army and was killed in Afghanistan in 2009. Hale then started to speak to the Ministry of Defence on behalf of other war widows. As of August 2015, she is a Political Member of the Northern\",\n \"title\": \"Brenda Hale (Northern Ireland politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6232262\",\n \"text\": \"A problem facing many communities in Northern Australia is that creole-speaking children are treated as though they speak English, but speak it badly; so they do not receive education in English as a second language. On the other hand, because they are not regarded as having a native mother tongue, they are denied access to education in their traditional language. The only official bilingual language program in Kriol is at Barunga, which was established during the Whitlam government, and has successfully included Kriol as both a medium and an object of study. Funding is scarce for any further development of\",\n \"title\": \"Australian Kriol language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"291290\",\n \"text\": \"towards one side often tend to use the language of that group. Supporters of unionism in the British media (notably \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" and the \\\"Daily Express\\\") regularly call Northern Ireland \\\"Ulster\\\". Some media outlets in the Republic use \\\"North of Ireland\\\", \\\"the North\\\", or (less often) the \\\"Six Counties\\\". Government and cultural organisations in Northern Ireland often use the word \\\"Ulster\\\" in their title; for example, the University of Ulster, the Ulster Museum, the Ulster Orchestra, and BBC Radio Ulster. Although some news bulletins since the 1990s have opted to avoid all contentious terms and use the official name,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11930023\",\n \"text\": \"Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels is part of the Executive Office and is the focus of Northern Ireland's relations with the institutions of the European Union. The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive, operates under the umbrella of the UK Permanent Representation to the European Union, as do the Brussels offices of the Scottish Government and Welsh Government. The Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels is located in the European Quarter of Brussels. The office provides full facilities for Northern Ireland Ministers and officials visiting the\",\n \"title\": \"Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15117868\",\n \"text\": \"Maonan language The Maonan language is a Kam–Sui language spoken mainly in Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Hechi, northern Guangxi by the Maonan people. Approximately half of all Maonan people are capable of speaking Maonan. In addition to this, many Maonan also speak Chinese or a Zhuang language. About 1/3 of all people who self-identify as Maonan are concentrated in the southern Guizhou province. They speak a mutually unintelligible dialect commonly called \\\"Yanghuang\\\", which is more common known as the Then language in Western literature. The Maonan do not have a writing system. Other than Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi,\",\n \"title\": \"Maonan language\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17370976\",\n \"text\": \"of community based women's group to come to fruition in Northern Ireland. Women in Northern Ireland Women in Northern Ireland are women who live in or are from Northern Ireland. Among the notable women of Northern Ireland were Geraldine O'Regan and May Blood, a Catholic and a Protestant respectively. Both of them were active community leaders in Belfast, the administrative capital and largest city of Northern Ireland. Women in Northern Ireland have a variety of concerns in regards to their overall treatment in society. Some areas of concern include domestic violence, poverty, poor housing conditions, unemployment, and a wide array\",\n \"title\": \"Women in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15107263\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats The Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats (; Ulster-Scots: \\\"Norlin Airlann Leeberal Democrats\\\"), is a local party of the Liberal Democrats that operates in Northern Ireland. Unlike its counterparts in England, Scotland and Wales, the Northern Ireland party is not a state party within the federal Liberal Democrats (though there does exist constitutional provision for it to be established so by conference) but a local party similar to constituency parties in the rest of the UK. The Liberal Democrats do not presently contest elections in Northern Ireland but there is a strong history of support to the Alliance\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19105440\",\n \"text\": \"company brewing in Northern Ireland. Stout is the most preferred beer in Northern Ireland, with lager second and bitter beer as a distant third preference. Guinness, brewed in Dublin is still a popular stout beer in Northern Ireland. Hilden Brewing Company claims to be Ireland's oldest microbrewery, founded in 1981. In 2007 an ale produced by Whitewater Brewing Company was judged one of the best 50 beers in the world. The number of microbreweries in Northern Ireland has significantly increased in recent years, from 5 in 2012 to 30 in 2017. Beer in Northern Ireland Beer in Northern Ireland has\",\n \"title\": \"Beer in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14301931\",\n \"text\": \"Prostitution in Northern Ireland Prostitution in Northern Ireland is governed by the Human Trafficking and Exploitation (Criminal Justice and Support for Victims) Act (Northern Ireland) 2015, which makes it illegal to pay for sex in Northern Ireland. Prior to the act coming into effect, prostitution in Northern Ireland was regulated by the same or similar laws to those in England and Wales, as it is elsewhere in the United Kingdom. At that time, prostitution in Northern Ireland was legal subject to a number of restraints which controlled certain activities associated with prostitution, such as soliciting, procuring, living on the proceeds\",\n \"title\": \"Prostitution in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18517664\",\n \"text\": \"Disability in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland has differing legislation and policy in relation to disability than in other areas of the UK due to the various governmental powers and competencies that are devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly. There are a number of key policy areas in relation to disability in Northern Ireland. The primary strategic document, A Strategy to improve the lives of people with disabilities 2012-2015 was published in 2012 by the Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister Other key policies and legislation include: The Northern Ireland 2011 Census, undertaken by Northern Ireland Statistics and\",\n \"title\": \"Disability in Northern Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7050342\",\n \"text\": \"Scouting in Northern Ireland Scouting in Northern Ireland is represented by three Scouting associations. The Northern Ireland Scout Council is part of The Scout Association of the United Kingdom, which is the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) recognized Scouting association in the United Kingdom. Scouting Ireland is the national Scouting association and the WOSM-recognized Scouting association for the Republic of Ireland, although its membership extends to Northern Ireland. The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association is a member of the World Federation of Independent Scouts and operates one group in Northern Ireland. The Scout Association has seven Scout Counties covering the\",\n \"title\": \"Scouting in Northern Ireland\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["irish","english language","ulster scots dialects"],"string":"[\n \"irish\",\n \"english language\",\n \"ulster scots dialects\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what countries make up continental europe?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11458277","text":"System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The synchronous grid of Continental Europe covers territory of the ENTSO-E Continental Europe regional group and some neighboring countries not involved in the ENTSO-E. The synchronous grid includes part or all of Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark , France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Switzerland as a members of the ENTSO-E Continental Europe regional group. In addition to the ENTSO-E members, the small west electricity island of Ukraine is synchronized with the grid of Continental Europe. Albania is","title":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11458277\",\n \"text\": \"System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The synchronous grid of Continental Europe covers territory of the ENTSO-E Continental Europe regional group and some neighboring countries not involved in the ENTSO-E. The synchronous grid includes part or all of Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark , France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Switzerland as a members of the ENTSO-E Continental Europe regional group. In addition to the ENTSO-E members, the small west electricity island of Ukraine is synchronized with the grid of Continental Europe. Albania is\",\n \"title\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11458282","text":"to the synchronized grid of Central Europe. Further possibilities are extension to the Nordic regional group, the Turkey-Iraq interconnection, and the DESERTEC concept for interconnection with other countries in the Middle East. In the past Armenia and Turkmenistan networks were part of the Soviet unified system, but currently they are connected to the Iran grid. Synchronous grid of Continental Europe The synchronous grid of Continental Europe (also known as Continental Synchronous Area; formerly known as the UCTE grid) is the largest synchronous electrical grid (by connected power) in the world. It is interconnected as a single phase-locked mains frequency electricity","title":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"72500","text":"Continental Europe Continental or mainland Europe is the continuous continent of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and by Europeans, simply the Continent. The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands, encompassing the Greek Islands, Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Great Britain and Ireland and surrounding islands, Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago, as well as nearby oceanic islands, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Svalbard. The Scandinavian Peninsula","title":"Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"72503","text":"Iceland, and Ireland (although the term is often used to refer to the European Union). The term \"mainland Europe\" is also sometimes used. Usage may reflect political or cultural allegiances. Younger, pro-European UK citizens are much less likely to use \"Europe\" in ways that exclude the UK and Ireland. Derivatively, the adjective \"continental\" refers to the social practices or fashion of continental Europe. Examples include breakfast, topless sunbathing and, historically, long-range driving (before Britain had motorways) often known as \"Grand Touring\". Differences include electrical plugs, time zones for the most part, the use of left-hand traffic, and for the United","title":"Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"72504","text":"Kingdom, currency and the continued use of imperial units alongside metric. Britain is physically connected to continental Europe through the undersea Channel Tunnel (the longest undersea tunnel in the world), which accommodates both the Getlink (passenger and vehicle use – vehicle required) and Eurostar (passenger use only) services. These services were established to transport passengers and vehicles through the tunnel on a 24/7 basis between England and continental Europe, while still maintaining passport and immigration control measures on both sides of the tunnel. This route is popular with refugees and migrants seeking to enter the UK. Especially in Germanic studies,","title":"Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"11458278","text":"operating the national grid synchronously with the synchronous grid of Continental Europe. The grids of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia are synchronized with the European grid through the Gibraltar AC link and form the SWMB. In April 2015, the grid of Turkey was synchronized with the European grid. Although synchronous, some countries operate in a near island mode, with low connectivity to other countries. The European Commission considers high connectivity to be beneficial, and has listed several interconnection projects as \"Projects of Common Interest\". However, the national grids must also be upgraded to handle increased power flows if the values of","title":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"11458281","text":"are connected with the Continental Europe grid through the Lithuania–Poland interconnection. The networks of Iceland and Cyprus, are not yet interconnected with the other grids. Malta is connected up to 35% via the Malta-Sicily interconnector, commissioned in 2015. UCTE/ENTSO-E and the corresponding partner TSO companies are planning the following extensions of the grid and synchronous frequency: Studies are made on the synchronous connection between the Continental Europe and IPS/UPS networks . Separately, there is another option concerning Ukraine and Moldova, and the ENTSO-E Baltic regional group – to disconnect only these networks from the IPS/UPS system and synchronously interconnecting them","title":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"13352206","text":"What Strong Fences Make What Strong Fences Make is a 2009 play by Israel Horovitz. Horovitz told an interviewer that he wrote \"What Strong Fences Make\" because \"another voice needed to be heard\" in the wake of Caryl Churchill's play \"Seven Jewish Children\", which he argues \"offensive, distorted and manipulative\". Horovitz has offered to allow any theater that wishes to produce \"What Strong Fences Make\" free of royalties, provided that a collection is taken up following all performances for the benefit of ONE Family Fund, a charity that assists children wounded in attacks on Israel. The playwright has made the","title":"What Strong Fences Make"},{"psg_id":"6627693","text":"all of Svenonius' bands and projects, a make-believe mythos and back-story surrounds the Make-Up, primarily based on the band's gospel approach and its pseudo-political, socialist aesthetics. The political identity of the Make-Up was ideologically and semantically similar to Svenonius' other bands and projects, all of which culminate in his collection of essays, \"The Psychic Soviet\", published through Drag City Press in 2006. The Make-Up intended to create ad-lib performances in order to re-energize what they saw as the stale, bland, and formal ritual of rock and roll. Appropriating gospel music's use of the congregate as a \"fifth member\", the Make-Up","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"11458276","text":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe The synchronous grid of Continental Europe (also known as Continental Synchronous Area; formerly known as the UCTE grid) is the largest synchronous electrical grid (by connected power) in the world. It is interconnected as a single phase-locked mains frequency electricity grid that supplies over customers in , including most of the European Union. In 2009, of production capacity was connected to the grid, providing approximately of operating reserve margin. The transmission system operators operating this grid formed the Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), now part of the European Network of Transmission","title":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"6627699","text":"that we create and the form of our shows is unchanging - there's an intro, an outro, a middle break. It's very vaudevillian in form\". The Make-Up always wore matching uniforms on stage. Like most of the Make-Up's identity, the uniforms were an ideological statement, meant to \"[destroy] individualism. Instead of there being \"this\" person [or] \"this\" member, and them having their separate personalities, or having them as \"separate entities\". We're trying to create a \"unification\". A one-ness. That's basically what it is: they're uniforms\". The Make-Up The Make-Up is an American post-punk band from Washington, D.C. formed in 1995,","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"20075652","text":"Bejjany. He is also a representative of several beauty workshops around the Middle East and in Europe, . In 2015, Bouba moved to the next step in his professional career by opening his own beauty center, \"Beautique by Bouba\". The shop is located in Verdun and consists of a team of 8 members of make-up artists, manicurists, and beauty specialists. Bouba (make-up artist) Bouba a.k.a. Hamza Slim is a make-up artist based in Lebanon. He has worked with celebrities including Haifa Wehbe, Ahlam, Latifa, Shames, Shatha Hassoun, and Amar. When he first moved back to Beirut in 2005 Bouba launched","title":"Bouba (make-up artist)"},{"psg_id":"11458280","text":"with the Continental Europe grid. Gotland is not synchronized with the Swedish mainland, as it is connected by HVDC. The networks of Ireland and Northern Ireland form the ENTSO-E Irish regional group, which is not yet interconnected with the Continental Europe grid, but has interconnection with the British network through the Moyle Interconnector and the East–West Interconnector. Similarly, the network of ENTSO-E Baltic regional group, composed of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, currently part of the IPS/UPS system, is interconnected with the Nordic grid through the Estlink cables and the NordBalt cable, at an electricity interconnection level of 10%. The Baltics","title":"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"6627682","text":"on live performances and interaction between the band and their audience, incorporating the audience into the performances as a \"fifth member\", creating what one reviewer described as \"\"highly energetic and participatory live shows\". Parallel to the band's gospel musical stylings, the Make-Up produced music under a communism-influenced political philosophy that they saw as counter to the capitalist form of modern rock and roll and pop music. The Make-Up released four studio albums, two live albums, a compilation release collecting several singles and B-sides, and a number of vinyl singles, all released on independent record labels such as Dischord Records, K","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"13746886","text":"What Would Brian Boitano Make? What Would Brian Boitano Make? is a cooking show on Food Network hosted by Brian Boitano. It first aired on August 23, 2009. The show features Boitano cooking several dishes and then entertaining his friends. Boitano is a self-taught cook, who started cooking in earnest at age 25. The show's name is based on \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\", a song from the film \",\" and uses a shortened version of the song as its theme music. All episodes are shot in Boitano's home in San Francisco. Boitano comes up with the recipes himself. A","title":"What Would Brian Boitano Make?"},{"psg_id":"19397069","text":"face and eyes, however this was condemned by Queen Elizabeth I who described the type of dark make-up as 'vulgar'. From the Renaissance up until the 20th century the lower classes predominately worked outside in jobs such as agricultural work, therefore, the stereotypical light-coloured British skin was darkened by exposure to the sun, this created the trend of 'pale faces' in mainland Europe. This type of cosmetic technique was used especially by royalty and the higher classes to segregate them from the poor. The whiter the complexion, the higher the class and nobility of the person. Consequently why Queen Elizabeth","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"6627698","text":"alone allowing people the voice for expression. That's what the Make-Up has come to remedy. We want to be at once entertaining and inclusive in terms of using the gospel form to sort of breathe life into the old Frankenstein monster\". Svenonius would often interact with the audience in a number of ways, including call and response lyrics, direct address, and leaving the stage and going out into the crowd. Despite the band's \"gospel\" and \"ad-libbed\" approach to recording, the Make-Up's live performances were often quite structured, as opposed to the typical \"jam session\". Svenonius explained that \"there's a skeleton","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"5878593","text":"present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country’s autonomy. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but as independent countries.) This is a list of all the independent countries that could or would have existed between 1815 and the present day that for some reason or another never did. General: Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country","title":"Former countries in Europe after 1815"},{"psg_id":"13352207","text":"entire script of the play available as a downloadable PDF on the website of Theater J. \"What Strong Fences Make\" is set at an IDF military checkpoint just outside Ramallah. Horovitz calls it \"a simple and clear stage-play that attempts to make a statement about a real-life situation that is anything but simple and clear.\" The first reading was staged by New York's Barefoot Theater Company on April 15, 2009. The play was produced at the Boston Theater Marathon in 2009. What Strong Fences Make What Strong Fences Make is a 2009 play by Israel Horovitz. Horovitz told an interviewer","title":"What Strong Fences Make"},{"psg_id":"12266674","text":"Mark Payne (make-up artist) Mark Payne (born July 2, 1965) is an American make-up artist, filmmaker and author. He has won three Emmy Awards. Mark Payne started his career as a performer. At the age of twelve, Payne began making home movies of himself performing as his favorite singers. He involved his mother, grandmother and neighbors in the creative process. Acting as his own agent, he used these home movies as demo tapes which led to headlining dates in Europe and Australia. By the age of sixteen, he had performed as the opening act for Bob Hope and Milton Berle.","title":"Mark Payne (make-up artist)"},{"psg_id":"10910183","text":"for the music streaming service in 2018. The track appeared in the video game \"\" in 2002, where it plays on the pop radio station Flash FM. Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song) \"Life's What You Make It\" is a song by the English band Talk Talk. It was released as a single in 1985, the first from the band's album \"The Colour of Spring\". The single was a hit in the UK, peaking at No. 16, and charted in numerous other countries, often reaching the Top 20. Artist James Marsh created the single's cover illustration. The track","title":"Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song)"},{"psg_id":"10910179","text":"Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song) \"Life's What You Make It\" is a song by the English band Talk Talk. It was released as a single in 1985, the first from the band's album \"The Colour of Spring\". The single was a hit in the UK, peaking at No. 16, and charted in numerous other countries, often reaching the Top 20. Artist James Marsh created the single's cover illustration. The track was re-released as a single in 1990, charting for a second time. The song was one of the last to be conceived for \"The Colour of Spring\",","title":"Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song)"},{"psg_id":"6948768","text":"an important part of wedding planning in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. This is an art which involves the use of light reflectors and ingredients such as minerals to give the skin a flawless finish. This was developed due to the further development of high definition mediums and the cost implications of airbrush makeup. In 1955 the Bollywood group Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association (CCMAA) created a rule that did not allow women to obtain memberships as makeup artists. However, in 2014 the Supreme Court of India ruled that this rule was in violation of the","title":"Make-up artist"},{"psg_id":"6627683","text":"Records, and Southern Records. Svenonius, Mae, and Minoff would go on to form Weird War, who released three albums on Drag City. Svenonius has released a solo album under the pseudonym David Candy , as well as records with the groups Chain & the Gang, Felt Letters, and Escape-Ism. Canty would go on to play with Ted Leo and the Pharmacists and French Toast. The Make-Up reformed in 2012 to perform at All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival), and has continued to tour sporadically in the U.S. and Europe with drummer Mark Cisneros (Desdemonas, Kid Congo Powers and the Pink Monkey","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"12550316","text":"Continental education system The German education system or continental education system is a higher education model, often contrasted with the Anglo-Saxon education system and the Scandinavian education system. It was the standard tertiary education model for most of the countries of Continental Europe before the implementation of the Anglo-Saxon model there due to the Bologna Process. A distinction exists between vocational education (Fachhochschule; i.e.: school of applied sciences) and academic higher education (at university). This is also called dual education system. In contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model with common lower and higher academic degree for all subjects (Bachelor degree and","title":"Continental education system"},{"psg_id":"5878592","text":"of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, including restoring or reorganising many of the states which had previously been removed from Europe's political map. This is a list of all the independent countries or puppet states that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's sovereignty. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but not under full independence.) This is a list of all the dependencies of countries that existed between 1815 and the","title":"Former countries in Europe after 1815"},{"psg_id":"5878590","text":"Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the country or countries that hold all or some of the territory it once did, and further information about it. The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of","title":"Former countries in Europe after 1815"},{"psg_id":"7485630","text":"Continental margin The continental margin is one of the three major zones of the ocean floor, the other two being deep-ocean basins and mid-ocean ridges. The continental margin is the shallow water area found in proximity to continent. The continental margin consists of three different features: the continental rise, the continental slope, and the continental shelf. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area. The continental shelf is the portion of the continental margin that transitions from the shore out towards to ocean. They are believed to make up 7 percent of the sea floor. The width of continental","title":"Continental margin"},{"psg_id":"15189275","text":"teams that advanced to the continental cup final as hosts, the four winners in the zonal phase, the two winners of the continental semifinal and the highest ranked non-qualified team. The winner will qualify to the 2012 Summer Olympics and the second and third place teams will qualify to the final qualification tournament. The following teams will compete. Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics 2010–12 Continental Beach Volleyball Cup – Europe Teams will be split into groups of four, where an elimination bracket will determine the 3 teams to advance to the next stage from the sub-zones. The winner of","title":"2010–12 Continental Beach Volleyball Cup – Europe"},{"psg_id":"13572456","text":"earning the band a gold disc The award was presented by the RIAA on April 6, 1973. It was the band's fourth gold disc. \"Break Up to Make Up\" has been covered many times, including: Break Up to Make Up \"Break Up to Make Up\" was a 1973 hit by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics. The song was written by Thom Bell, Linda Creed, and Kenneth Gamble. An R&B ballad, it was the seventh track from their 1972 album, \"Round 2\" and was released as a single and reached number 5 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In","title":"Break Up to Make Up"},{"psg_id":"6486255","text":"their US campuses, includes the techniques of beauty make-up artistry, hairstyling, portfolio development, character make-up, special make-up effects, and prosthetic building. The school has over a hundred locations and partner schools, but their main campuses are located in Burbank, California and New York, New York. The company further has its own cosmetic line that offers industry quality make-up to the general public. The cosmetics are sold world wide in MUD Studios, on amazon, at MUD Campuses, MUD Partner Schools, and by hundreds of wholesalers. MUD Studios were created by Make-up Designory to bring their education and cosmetics over seas on","title":"Make-up Designory"},{"psg_id":"6486254","text":"Make-up Designory Make-up Designory, popularly known as MUD, is a globally recognized make-up trade school. Quoted as the \"Harvard of Make-up Schools\", MUD's educational program was developed by Hollywood makeup artists in 1997. Students from around the world are taught makeup artistry by industry professionals, each with over 5-10 years of experience working in the field. They are trained to excel in fields such as film, television, fashion, weddings, theatre, and other make-up related industries. Many graduates of Makeup Designory also work in cosplay, body painting, or create their own product lines. MUD's six month course that is offered at","title":"Make-up Designory"},{"psg_id":"6627681","text":"The Make-Up The Make-Up is an American post-punk band from Washington, D.C. formed in 1995, consisting of ex-Nation of Ulysses frontman Ian Svenonius on vocals, James Canty on guitar and organ, Steve Gamboa on drums, and Michelle Mae on bass guitar. The Make-Up were joined in late 1999 by a fifth member, Alex Minoff (of the groups Golden and Extra Golden), who played guitar with the group until the band's dissolution in early 2000. The Make-Up combined garage rock, soul, and a self-styled liberation theology to make a new genre they called \"Gospel Yeh-Yeh\". This style led to an emphasis","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"11166104","text":"also collates and distributes information on entertainment industry. On occasion, GERA Europe will make representations to lawmakers. The following are member organisations of GERA Europe: GERA Europe is supported by a secretariat based in Brussels. GERA Europe GERA Europe is the European wing of the Global Entertainment Retail Association. It is a Brussels-based umbrella group for trade associations representing entertainment retailers and distributors across Europe. It has active members in six European countries. GERA Europe, the Global Entertainment Retail Association-Europe is the trade association of entertainment retailers in Europe. It was set up in August 2000 as the European arm","title":"GERA Europe"},{"psg_id":"19397067","text":"chin and the forehead. The effects of the powder are to soak up facial oils and to help the foundation melt into the skin. This prevents creasing in the baked areas while maximising coverage and longevity of the make-up to leave the face looking matte. The cosmetic technique of baking is a \"very old make-up technique\" that may be traced back to times such as Ancient Egypt and the early Victorian era. The use of make-up can be traced back to times as early as Ancient Egypt. High class members of Egyptian society would use make-up to display their wealth,","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"11236300","text":"of these 2016 Australian make-up stamps have been offered for sale on eBay at up to 1,000 times face value as well as used copies on covers. Also in 2014 Canada Post issued a make-up stamp denominated 22¢ to make to allow use of the previous rate 63¢ stamps when the rate was increased to 85¢. It joined the existing definitive insect issue which did not have this value at that time and was printed in panes of 50 stamps. Deutsche Post added two Internet-only make-up rate stamps, valued €0.02 to their website to allow customers to use up their","title":"Make up stamp"},{"psg_id":"1066351","text":"after a contentious battle with Continental's management who were determined to resist Lorenzo. Continental's labor unions also fiercely resisted, fearing what they termed as \"Lorenzo's deregulation tactics\", which they believed implied that he wanted to make Continental a non-union airline. Lorenzo viewed the company as stuck in the pre-deregulation era and in need of serious changes to stay competitive. Continental was experiencing financial challenges both before and after Lorenzo's takeover, and he demanded immediate wage cuts and layoffs to keep the company afloat. During this struggle, Continental Airlines CEO, Alvin Feldman, committed suicide in his office. Lorenzo became Continental's new","title":"Continental Airlines"},{"psg_id":"11236301","text":"Internet-purchased €0.58 stamps when the rate was increased to €0.60 for domestic mail and a €0.10 for registered mail and some international rates on 1 January 2014 but were no longer available after 31 March 2014. United States Postal Service issued a new 3¢ definitive stamp, illustrating a star with red and blue points, specifically as a make up stamp in June 2002. Make up stamp A make-up stamp is a postage stamp issued by postal authorities to make up the difference in the cost of postage when rates have been increased and stamps are not yet available in the","title":"Make up stamp"},{"psg_id":"11236298","text":"Make up stamp A make-up stamp is a postage stamp issued by postal authorities to make up the difference in the cost of postage when rates have been increased and stamps are not yet available in the new denomination and no other values exist for that purpose. There are two types: In Australia six different 30¢ make-up stamps, three showing kangaroos and three depicting koala bears, and all are inscribed “Adelaide 2016” at the bottom, were on sale of just two days in January 2016. At the end of 2015 Australia Post decided, that from 4 January 2016, they would","title":"Make up stamp"},{"psg_id":"16375989","text":"Continental Newspapers Continental Newspapers, formally known as Continental Newspapers Canada Ltd., is a Canadian daily newspaper publisher based in Kelowna, British Columbia. It publishes two British Columbia dailies and \"The Chronicle-Journal\" of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Continental is one of two Canadian newspaper companies run and partially owned by David Radler, a former business partner of Conrad Black who was convicted of defrauding their company, Hollinger Inc. Both Continental and Alta Newspaper Group are descendants of Horizon Operations (Canada) Ltd., a company Radler founded at the end of the 1990s. The newspapers that currently make up Continental were purchased from The","title":"Continental Newspapers"},{"psg_id":"6627689","text":"studio album. The two albums shared a number of tracks, recorded either live or in-studio. The same year the Make-Up released \"Free Arthur Lee,\" a 7-inch single promoting the release from jail of Love singer Arthur Lee, who was incarcerated in 1996. Also in 1997, the Make-Up were the subject of James Schneider's fictionalized tour-documentary \"Blue is Beautiful\". The following year, The Make-Up released their fourth studio album, \"In Mass Mind\", as well as a split 7-inch with Scottish band Lungleg. In 1999, the Make-Up released \"I Want Some\", a compilation album of previous singles and B-sides. A month later,","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"6627685","text":"this [the forming of Make-Up] is it\". The Make-Up released records through many independent record labels, most notably Dischord Records, K Records, Southern Records, and their own Black Gemini Records. On their numerous releases, the Make-Up recorded with a number of producers, including Brendan Canty, Calvin Johnson, Guy Picciotto, Royal Trux (\"Adam and Eve\"), John Loder, and Ian MacKaye. They toured extensively with groups such as Dub Narcotic Sound System, Royal Trux, Sonic Youth, Fugazi, Ted Leo, Slant 6, Lungleg, Mr. Quintron, Les Savy Fav, Blonde Redhead, among others. In 2000, after releasing their fifth studio album, the Make-Up dissolved,","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"6486262","text":"Sean Conklin, Paul Thompson, Gil Romero, Shanna Cistulli, Pamela Hackman, Ray Shaffer, Mike McCraken, Yvonne Hawker, Karrieann Sillay, and many more. MUD Art Magazine MUD Cosmetics US Site Make-up Designory Make-up Designory, popularly known as MUD, is a globally recognized make-up trade school. Quoted as the \"Harvard of Make-up Schools\", MUD's educational program was developed by Hollywood makeup artists in 1997. Students from around the world are taught makeup artistry by industry professionals, each with over 5-10 years of experience working in the field. They are trained to excel in fields such as film, television, fashion, weddings, theatre, and other","title":"Make-up Designory"},{"psg_id":"19397076","text":"dark circles and also to prevent creasing in their fine lines and wrinkles, especially in the under eye area. Although, many make-up artists argue this isn't a good technique for ageing skin. Finally, make-up artists also use baking for practical reasons. For example, when applying eye shadow, they often bake under the eyes to catch any eye shadow that may fall down onto the face from its application, allowing the product to be easily brushed away with the excess powder. Baking (make-up) Baking (verb), also known as 'cooking' is a make-up technique originally used in Drag, now popularised by celebrities","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"19397066","text":"Baking (make-up) Baking (verb), also known as 'cooking' is a make-up technique originally used in Drag, now popularised by celebrities and make-up artists. This technique includes applying a heavy amount of translucent powder under the eyes and on the high points of the face, including the 'T' zone, to set the base make-up. It is also used to extract oils from your face. This technique can be used on a variety of different skin types and shades. To highlight the under eye area and high points of the face such as the cheek bones, the bridge of the nose, the","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"7601858","text":"company, created this \"airline within an airline\" concept in 1985 in an effort to operate lower cost flights, but was folded back into Continental by 1986. Continental Lite Continental Lite was a short lived subsidiary brand of Continental Airlines established in 1993. The airline folded in 1995 after losing what has been reported in the press as between $140 million or (US) $300 million. It was developed by Continental Airlines to counter the rise of low-cost start up carriers. This despite the fact that Continental had some of the lowest costs in the airline industry due to many of the","title":"Continental Lite"},{"psg_id":"7601856","text":"Continental Lite Continental Lite was a short lived subsidiary brand of Continental Airlines established in 1993. The airline folded in 1995 after losing what has been reported in the press as between $140 million or (US) $300 million. It was developed by Continental Airlines to counter the rise of low-cost start up carriers. This despite the fact that Continental had some of the lowest costs in the airline industry due to many of the trade labor unions agreements being tossed out during Frank Lorenzo's reign with Continental through Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The airline was named CALite from Fall 1993 and","title":"Continental Lite"},{"psg_id":"20396290","text":"2017–18 European Rugby Continental Shield The 2017–18 European Rugby Continental Shield is a rugby union competition, organised by European Professional Club Rugby, Rugby Europe and the Federazione Italiana Rugby, for entry into the European Rugby Challenge Cup. The format of the Qualifying Competition remains similar to the previous season. As before, two places in the next year's Challenge Cup will be available for teams in the Continental Shield. Clubs from six countries will compete in the 2017/18 Continental Shield. Four representatives from the Italian Eccellenza - Pataro Rugby Calvisano, Femi-CZ Rugby Rovigo, Rugby Petrarca and Rugby Viadana - will be","title":"2017–18 European Rugby Continental Shield"},{"psg_id":"8014933","text":"and the covers featuring Morrissey are now very rare and collectible. \"What Difference Does It Make?\" was released without an accompanying music video. Speaking to Tony Fletcher on \"The Tube\" in 1984, Morrissey remarked that he felt that the video market was something that was going to \"die very quickly\", and that he wanted to \"herald the death\" of it. What Difference Does It Make? \"What Difference Does It Make?\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut","title":"What Difference Does It Make?"},{"psg_id":"8014931","text":"What Difference Does It Make? \"What Difference Does It Make?\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut album, \"The Smiths\". A different version, recorded for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio 1, is included in the compilation album \"Hatful of Hollow\". The song was one of the band's first significant chart hits, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart. However, Morrissey has said \"What Difference Does It Make?\" is among his least favourite songs","title":"What Difference Does It Make?"},{"psg_id":"17657354","text":"Sanz. Make Up For Ever is sold at Sephora and Make Up For Ever boutiques worldwide, with flagship stores in Paris, New York, Montreal, Shanghai, Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and other cities. Make Up for Ever also offers full professional make-up trainings in its academies since 2002 in Paris, and expanded in New York, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, Brussels, Helsinki and Nice. Make Up For Ever Make Up For Ever is a French cosmetics brand owned by LVMH. It was created in 1984 by make-up artist Dany Sanz. LVMH acquired the brand in 1999 and accelerated its","title":"Make Up For Ever"},{"psg_id":"17657353","text":"Make Up For Ever Make Up For Ever is a French cosmetics brand owned by LVMH. It was created in 1984 by make-up artist Dany Sanz. LVMH acquired the brand in 1999 and accelerated its growth. In 1984, Make Up For Ever was created by make-up artist Dany Sanz to offer quality products to professional make-up artists in the fashion and movie industries. LVMH acquired the brand in 1999 as a complement to its high-end make up offering and develop the offering to its fashion customer base. In 2004, Nicolas Cordier was named CEO and formed a manager/creator team with","title":"Make Up For Ever"},{"psg_id":"13197271","text":"Kiss and Make Up (Saint Etienne song) \"Let's Kiss and Make Up\" is a song by The Field Mice from their 1989 album \"Snowball\". It is better known in the form of Saint Etienne's cover version of 1990, which retitled it \"Kiss and Make Up\" and was released as a single. Saint Etienne were \"drinking buddies\" with Michael Hiscock from The Field Mice. The group recorded two demos of this song in their first studio session in January 1990, with Moira Lambert on lead vocals. Notably, they would go on to record with her what would become their first hit","title":"Kiss and Make Up (Saint Etienne song)"},{"psg_id":"13572455","text":"Break Up to Make Up \"Break Up to Make Up\" was a 1973 hit by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics. The song was written by Thom Bell, Linda Creed, and Kenneth Gamble. An R&B ballad, it was the seventh track from their 1972 album, \"Round 2\" and was released as a single and reached number 5 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. In addition, it also climbed to number 5 in the \"Billboard\" R&B chart and reached number 34 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1973. The Stylistics' recording sold over one million copies in the US,","title":"Break Up to Make Up"},{"psg_id":"19667047","text":"Life's What You Make It (EP) Life's What You Make It is an EP by the English alternative rock band Placebo, released on 7 October 2016. It includes three cover songs (Talk Talk's \"Life's What You Make It\", Rowland S. Howard's \"Autoluminescent\" and Freak Power's \"Song #6\"), as well as the 2016 single \"Jesus' Son\" and two live recordings of \"Twenty Years\". Singer Brian Molko told \"The Independent\" that Placebo decided to cover \"Life's What You Make It\" because it's a 1980s song that the band still enjoys. Additionally, Molko said, \"we wondered if we could replicate Gwen Stefani's global","title":"Life's What You Make It (EP)"},{"psg_id":"6627684","text":"Birds) replacing Gamboa. Before the formation of the Make-Up, Svenonius, Canty, and Gamboa were members of The Nation of Ulysses and the short-lived Cupid Car Club. Before joining the Make-Up, Mae played with the Northwest group The Frumpies. In a post-Nation of Ulysses interview, Svenonius explained the formation of the Make-Up from the ashes of his former band: \"Nation of Ulysses broke up because the epoch changed with the advent of digital music and the Nirvana explosion. We were faced with what's now known as indie rock, a sort of vacuous form. We had to determine our next move and","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"10785964","text":"by the fabrics I see, the colours that are in the collections and the girl's faces. It's always a challenge but that's the key – to make it different every time.\" Her inspiration started with her mother, particularly her love for fashion, film and costumes:\"Everything that she was obsessed with, I became obsessed with.\" McGrath's mother encouraged her stating \"It will be a problem for you if you don't love what you do. So make sure!\" Growing up in London, McGrath and her mother used to go makeup shopping when she was six years old. Fashion became a huge inspiration","title":"Pat McGrath (make-up artist)"},{"psg_id":"13850477","text":"was last talking about. Alex Ross mentions playtex. Depending on the actor, this next bit could go two ways. If you have one guy, he will show you what latex is and will also show you what playtex is. Others will just skip showing playtex, or may show playtex if it's in the drawer. A clip of creation of the make-up design for the title character in Universal's \"The Wolfman\" is then shown on the two screens in the theater. After that, Alex Ross says, \"That's cool, tell us how you got to where you are.\" Mark James explains how","title":"Universal's Horror Make-Up Show"},{"psg_id":"20013606","text":"direct democracy, and more solidarity. Furthermore, Stand Up For Europe seeks to merge or cooperate with other similar organisations, such as Volt Europa, Pulse of Europe, Young European Federalists and the New Europeans. Stand Up For Europe Stand Up for Europe is a pan-European citizens' movement that campaigns for a more democratic and federal Europe. Stand Up For Europe was launched at the 6th European Federalist Convention in Brussels on 3 December 2016, through the integration of three eurofederalist movements: Stand up for the United States of Europe, the European Federalist Party, and United States of Europe Now. It was","title":"Stand Up For Europe"},{"psg_id":"19397074","text":"Paired with contouring, it can also work to give the illusion of definition. Baking directly underneath the contour on the cheekbones can create a more crisp and clean contour. Paired with a highlighter or a strobing cream or powder, baking can set a base for a highlight, as well as intensifying it. Baking is used by many performers as it increases the longevity of the make-up, meaning it will not easily melt or rub off during performances. This technique is utilised by many make-up artists for celebrities and models as \"a way to set your make-up when standing under hot","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"19397071","text":"be seen throughout the episodes when the queens are in the 'work room' preparing for the runway. Baking isn't just used for drag performers, it has been adopted by many make-up artists and is now used throughout special effects make-up to set bruising and cuts so that the products applied to the face melt in seamlessly and look as realistic as possible. This tecnhnique was then popularised further by many bloggers and vloggers who have created videos and pages, teaching make-up enthusiasts and the general public how to bake or cook their face. This type of tutorial has taken over","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"6627695","text":"into a parking lot. Similarly we use musical technology that we create, and it finds a use for itself\". Due to the Make-Up's consideration of the audience and the special techniques they applied to performing, their live shows exhibited a convergence of soul, surf, and punk – an example of which is their single \"I Want Some\" from their 1999 album of the same name. Citing the Make-Up's soul influences, one reviewer stated \"If you didn't know it, you'd swear that the four members of The Make Up had stolen the soul from James Brown himself\". The Make-Up were also","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"6202680","text":"countries during World War II; its reintroduction in the United States is often credited to Elizabeth Zimmermann. Since World War II, both continental and English knitting are used in the United States and England. Japanese knitters tend to favor the continental style and Chinese knitters for the most part use the English style. Many other countries generally use continental knitting, such as Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Bolivia, and Peru. Continental knitting Knitting with the yarn in the hand opposite the working needle (i.e. the left hand if the knitter is right-handed) is commonly referred to as Continental knitting, German knitting, European","title":"Continental knitting"},{"psg_id":"3172942","text":"continental crust. It makes up about 70% of the volume of Earth's crust. Because the surface of continental crust mainly lies above sea level, its existence allowed land life to evolve from marine life. Its existence also provides broad expanses of shallow water known as epeiric seas and continental shelves where complex metazoan life could become established during early Paleozoic time, in what is now called the Cambrian explosion. All continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many millions of years. This process has occurred, and continues to occur today, primarily as a result of","title":"Continental crust"},{"psg_id":"13610676","text":"Swedes, the Swedish rule was gradually established in the region. During the Middle Ages, increased trade meant that the Nordic countries became increasingly integrated into Europe and Nordic society became more Continental. The monarchies strengthened their positions in the 12th and 13th centuries through imposing taxes on peasants and a class of nobles also emerged. By the Late Middle Ages, the whole of the Nordic Region was politically united in the loose Kalmar Union. Diverging interests and especially Sweden's dissatisfaction over the Danish dominance gave rise to a conflict that hampered the union from the 1430s onward until its final","title":"Nordic countries"},{"psg_id":"13746887","text":"second season consisting of ten episodes began airing on March 7, 2010. What Would Brian Boitano Make? What Would Brian Boitano Make? is a cooking show on Food Network hosted by Brian Boitano. It first aired on August 23, 2009. The show features Boitano cooking several dishes and then entertaining his friends. Boitano is a self-taught cook, who started cooking in earnest at age 25. The show's name is based on \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\", a song from the film \",\" and uses a shortened version of the song as its theme music. All episodes are shot in Boitano's","title":"What Would Brian Boitano Make?"},{"psg_id":"20013603","text":"Stand Up For Europe Stand Up for Europe is a pan-European citizens' movement that campaigns for a more democratic and federal Europe. Stand Up For Europe was launched at the 6th European Federalist Convention in Brussels on 3 December 2016, through the integration of three eurofederalist movements: Stand up for the United States of Europe, the European Federalist Party, and United States of Europe Now. It was one of several new pro-European civil movements that sprang up in response to the anti-European outcome of the Brexit referendum and the election of Donald Trump as U.S. President. On 6 May 2017,","title":"Stand Up For Europe"},{"psg_id":"8437262","text":"\"disguise kits\" for CIA personnel stationed in other countries. Some of his work can be seen at the International Spy Museum in Washington D.C.. In 1980, Chambers was enlisted by CIA officer Tony Mendez to work on the Canadian Caper—the rescue of six American embassy personnel who hid at the residence of the Canadian ambassador during the Iran hostage crisis. Chambers set up a fake movie and production company as a cover story of a film crew planning to shoot a science fiction film, titled \"Argo\", in Iran. To make the cover believable, Chambers used actor Michael Douglas's former office","title":"John Chambers (make-up artist)"},{"psg_id":"3009335","text":"ended up being the basis for the production 2017 Continental which went on sale in the fall of 2016. Lincoln Continental The Lincoln Continental is a series of mid-sized and full-sized luxury cars produced by Lincoln, a division of the American automaker Ford Motor Company. Introduced in 1939 as a personal vehicle of Edsel Ford, who commissioned a coachbuilt Lincoln-Zephyr convertible as a vacation vehicle to attract potential Lincoln buyers. In what would give the model line its name, the exterior was given European \"continental\" styling elements, including a rear-mounted spare tire. Produced for 55 years across nearly eight decades,","title":"Lincoln Continental"},{"psg_id":"6466606","text":"are pushed high and now make up much of these ranges. A submarine back-arc basin develops south of Italy, which is one of several Mediterranean mini-continental fragments caught between the two plates. This buckling of the Earth's crust forces up Italy's mountains and stimulates active faults and volcanoes such as Vesuvius. Iberia, another separate terrain unit, has been rotated and emplaced against the rest of Europe by the plate collision. Moving north from the Alps and other ranges, tectonic activity largely fades away in the stable Baltic craton. One exception to this trend is a hot spot, rising from the","title":"Geology of Europe"},{"psg_id":"12693395","text":"and \"Twentieth Century Fool\" reached #57. Love Is What We Make It Love Is What We Make It is the eighteenth studio album by Kenny Rogers, released by Liberty Records. It is a collection of songs Rogers recorded between 1974 and 1983 that were rejected for his studio albums of that time. \"Love Is What We Make It\" was issued after he signed to RCA Nashville. \"Stranger in My Place\" is a 1974 recording with The First Edition, an alternate of which was released on their last single. The album is home to two singles, which were its first two","title":"Love Is What We Make It"},{"psg_id":"12693394","text":"Love Is What We Make It Love Is What We Make It is the eighteenth studio album by Kenny Rogers, released by Liberty Records. It is a collection of songs Rogers recorded between 1974 and 1983 that were rejected for his studio albums of that time. \"Love Is What We Make It\" was issued after he signed to RCA Nashville. \"Stranger in My Place\" is a 1974 recording with The First Edition, an alternate of which was released on their last single. The album is home to two singles, which were its first two tracks. The title track hit #37,","title":"Love Is What We Make It"},{"psg_id":"10298528","text":"Hilary Duff from a photo shoot in 2005. Also in the opening sequence, the film has the alternate title \"Safety Glass\"'. What Goes Up is the soundtrack for the movie \"What Goes Up\", released by independent record label Amherst Records. It was digitally released on iTunes on April 29, 2009 and later on the Nokia Music Store. It was released on May 5, 2009 at Amazon.com's MP3 store. The physical CD was released on July 14, 2009. What Goes Up What Goes Up is a 2009 American comedy-drama film distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment starring Hilary Duff, Steve Coogan, Josh","title":"What Goes Up"},{"psg_id":"12590802","text":"cover of \"Dō ni mo tomaranai\", a 1972 hit song originally performed by Linda Yamamoto. Ikko (make-up artist) Ikko (born on 20 January 1962 in Fukuoka Prefecture) is a Japanese trans woman make-up artist and TV personality. The name \"Ikko\" comes from an alternative reading of the Japanese name \"一幸\" (Ikkō). Born on 20 January 1962, Ikko graduated from a beauty college in Fukuoka Prefecture, and trained as a make-up artist for eight years before opening \"Atelier Ikko\", a make-up studio, in 1992. , Ikko regularly appears on the following TV programmes. Ikko has published the following books. In December","title":"Ikko (make-up artist)"},{"psg_id":"12590801","text":"Ikko (make-up artist) Ikko (born on 20 January 1962 in Fukuoka Prefecture) is a Japanese trans woman make-up artist and TV personality. The name \"Ikko\" comes from an alternative reading of the Japanese name \"一幸\" (Ikkō). Born on 20 January 1962, Ikko graduated from a beauty college in Fukuoka Prefecture, and trained as a make-up artist for eight years before opening \"Atelier Ikko\", a make-up studio, in 1992. , Ikko regularly appears on the following TV programmes. Ikko has published the following books. In December 2007, Ikko released a CD single titled \"Dondake no Hōsoku\". The single also included a","title":"Ikko (make-up artist)"},{"psg_id":"6627690","text":"the band released what would be their fifth and final studio album \"Save Yourself\". A posthumous live album, \"Untouchable Sound\", was released in 2006 by Drag City and Sea Note. The album included the addition of Alex Minoff on guitar. The same year, Dischord Records released \"In Film/On Video\", a DVD collection of live performances, music videos, and \"Blue is Beautiful\". As the Make-Up's frontman and mouthpiece, Ian Svenonius often contextualized the band's music in terms of larger socio-political themes. Svenonius typically described the band and its gospel attitude in Marxist and socialist terms, in opposition of what he saw","title":"The Make-Up"},{"psg_id":"19397068","text":"beliefs and positions within the community. Cosmetics were regarded as a symbol of high status and a sign of holiness and were often a major part of the burial ceremony along with jewellery. Although, Egyptians are renowned for heavy eye make-up, facial products were also used but were mainly focused on cheeks. Despite the fact that make-up developed over time it remained an ideological concept of wealth and a display of class. In the lead up and throughout the early Victorian era cosmetics took aspects from Ancient Egypt and began to be used by actresses and prostitutes to define the","title":"Baking (make-up)"},{"psg_id":"13652503","text":"semi-acoustic \"spaced out ‘After the Concert’ winds things up wordlessly and beautifully.\" Make Up (album) Make Up is the fourth album by Japanese rock band Flower Travellin' Band, released in 1973. It is a double album, featuring both live and studio recordings. After returning from Canada, Flower Travellin' Band began a new album. The mix of live and studio recordings was planned from the beginning. Wanting a mix of sounds, they tried acoustic pieces and experimented with material that would be hard to reproduce live. Growing as a band and as individuals, more individual contributions were made. Tracks 1, 2,","title":"Make Up (album)"},{"psg_id":"72502","text":"Benelux states (historical Austrasia). This historical core of \"Carolingian Europe\" was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration (see also Multi-speed Europe). In both Great Britain and Ireland, \"the Continent\" is widely and generally used to refer to the mainland of Europe. An apocryphal British newspaper headline supposedly once read, \"Fog in Channel; Continent Cut Off\". It has also been claimed that this was a regular weather forecast in Britain in the 1930s. In addition, the word \"Europe\" itself is also regularly used to mean Europe excluding the islands of Great Britain,","title":"Continental Europe"},{"psg_id":"20012948","text":"make it diverting.\" In the same review, he concluded, \"...given the Spankers’ remarkably deft musicianship and bottomless pit of material — bad breaks and bad brakes are both likely to be part of the touring band vernacular for some time to come — the revue would seem to have legs.\" What? And Give Up Show Biz? What? And Give Up Show Biz? is a live double album by Austin, Texas-based band Asylum Street Spankers, which documents the band's performance of a revue of the same name at Barrow Street Theatre during a two-week period in January 2008. The album was","title":"What? And Give Up Show Biz?"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11458282\",\n \"text\": \"to the synchronized grid of Central Europe. Further possibilities are extension to the Nordic regional group, the Turkey-Iraq interconnection, and the DESERTEC concept for interconnection with other countries in the Middle East. In the past Armenia and Turkmenistan networks were part of the Soviet unified system, but currently they are connected to the Iran grid. Synchronous grid of Continental Europe The synchronous grid of Continental Europe (also known as Continental Synchronous Area; formerly known as the UCTE grid) is the largest synchronous electrical grid (by connected power) in the world. It is interconnected as a single phase-locked mains frequency electricity\",\n \"title\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72500\",\n \"text\": \"Continental Europe Continental or mainland Europe is the continuous continent of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and by Europeans, simply the Continent. The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands, encompassing the Greek Islands, Cyprus, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands, Great Britain and Ireland and surrounding islands, Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago, as well as nearby oceanic islands, including the Canary Islands, Madeira, the Azores, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Svalbard. The Scandinavian Peninsula\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72503\",\n \"text\": \"Iceland, and Ireland (although the term is often used to refer to the European Union). The term \\\"mainland Europe\\\" is also sometimes used. Usage may reflect political or cultural allegiances. Younger, pro-European UK citizens are much less likely to use \\\"Europe\\\" in ways that exclude the UK and Ireland. Derivatively, the adjective \\\"continental\\\" refers to the social practices or fashion of continental Europe. Examples include breakfast, topless sunbathing and, historically, long-range driving (before Britain had motorways) often known as \\\"Grand Touring\\\". Differences include electrical plugs, time zones for the most part, the use of left-hand traffic, and for the United\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72504\",\n \"text\": \"Kingdom, currency and the continued use of imperial units alongside metric. Britain is physically connected to continental Europe through the undersea Channel Tunnel (the longest undersea tunnel in the world), which accommodates both the Getlink (passenger and vehicle use – vehicle required) and Eurostar (passenger use only) services. These services were established to transport passengers and vehicles through the tunnel on a 24/7 basis between England and continental Europe, while still maintaining passport and immigration control measures on both sides of the tunnel. This route is popular with refugees and migrants seeking to enter the UK. Especially in Germanic studies,\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11458278\",\n \"text\": \"operating the national grid synchronously with the synchronous grid of Continental Europe. The grids of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia are synchronized with the European grid through the Gibraltar AC link and form the SWMB. In April 2015, the grid of Turkey was synchronized with the European grid. Although synchronous, some countries operate in a near island mode, with low connectivity to other countries. The European Commission considers high connectivity to be beneficial, and has listed several interconnection projects as \\\"Projects of Common Interest\\\". However, the national grids must also be upgraded to handle increased power flows if the values of\",\n \"title\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11458281\",\n \"text\": \"are connected with the Continental Europe grid through the Lithuania–Poland interconnection. The networks of Iceland and Cyprus, are not yet interconnected with the other grids. Malta is connected up to 35% via the Malta-Sicily interconnector, commissioned in 2015. UCTE/ENTSO-E and the corresponding partner TSO companies are planning the following extensions of the grid and synchronous frequency: Studies are made on the synchronous connection between the Continental Europe and IPS/UPS networks . Separately, there is another option concerning Ukraine and Moldova, and the ENTSO-E Baltic regional group – to disconnect only these networks from the IPS/UPS system and synchronously interconnecting them\",\n \"title\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13352206\",\n \"text\": \"What Strong Fences Make What Strong Fences Make is a 2009 play by Israel Horovitz. Horovitz told an interviewer that he wrote \\\"What Strong Fences Make\\\" because \\\"another voice needed to be heard\\\" in the wake of Caryl Churchill's play \\\"Seven Jewish Children\\\", which he argues \\\"offensive, distorted and manipulative\\\". Horovitz has offered to allow any theater that wishes to produce \\\"What Strong Fences Make\\\" free of royalties, provided that a collection is taken up following all performances for the benefit of ONE Family Fund, a charity that assists children wounded in attacks on Israel. The playwright has made the\",\n \"title\": \"What Strong Fences Make\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627693\",\n \"text\": \"all of Svenonius' bands and projects, a make-believe mythos and back-story surrounds the Make-Up, primarily based on the band's gospel approach and its pseudo-political, socialist aesthetics. The political identity of the Make-Up was ideologically and semantically similar to Svenonius' other bands and projects, all of which culminate in his collection of essays, \\\"The Psychic Soviet\\\", published through Drag City Press in 2006. The Make-Up intended to create ad-lib performances in order to re-energize what they saw as the stale, bland, and formal ritual of rock and roll. Appropriating gospel music's use of the congregate as a \\\"fifth member\\\", the Make-Up\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11458276\",\n \"text\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe The synchronous grid of Continental Europe (also known as Continental Synchronous Area; formerly known as the UCTE grid) is the largest synchronous electrical grid (by connected power) in the world. It is interconnected as a single phase-locked mains frequency electricity grid that supplies over customers in , including most of the European Union. In 2009, of production capacity was connected to the grid, providing approximately of operating reserve margin. The transmission system operators operating this grid formed the Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), now part of the European Network of Transmission\",\n \"title\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627699\",\n \"text\": \"that we create and the form of our shows is unchanging - there's an intro, an outro, a middle break. It's very vaudevillian in form\\\". The Make-Up always wore matching uniforms on stage. Like most of the Make-Up's identity, the uniforms were an ideological statement, meant to \\\"[destroy] individualism. Instead of there being \\\"this\\\" person [or] \\\"this\\\" member, and them having their separate personalities, or having them as \\\"separate entities\\\". We're trying to create a \\\"unification\\\". A one-ness. That's basically what it is: they're uniforms\\\". The Make-Up The Make-Up is an American post-punk band from Washington, D.C. formed in 1995,\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20075652\",\n \"text\": \"Bejjany. He is also a representative of several beauty workshops around the Middle East and in Europe, . In 2015, Bouba moved to the next step in his professional career by opening his own beauty center, \\\"Beautique by Bouba\\\". The shop is located in Verdun and consists of a team of 8 members of make-up artists, manicurists, and beauty specialists. Bouba (make-up artist) Bouba a.k.a. Hamza Slim is a make-up artist based in Lebanon. He has worked with celebrities including Haifa Wehbe, Ahlam, Latifa, Shames, Shatha Hassoun, and Amar. When he first moved back to Beirut in 2005 Bouba launched\",\n \"title\": \"Bouba (make-up artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11458280\",\n \"text\": \"with the Continental Europe grid. Gotland is not synchronized with the Swedish mainland, as it is connected by HVDC. The networks of Ireland and Northern Ireland form the ENTSO-E Irish regional group, which is not yet interconnected with the Continental Europe grid, but has interconnection with the British network through the Moyle Interconnector and the East–West Interconnector. Similarly, the network of ENTSO-E Baltic regional group, composed of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, currently part of the IPS/UPS system, is interconnected with the Nordic grid through the Estlink cables and the NordBalt cable, at an electricity interconnection level of 10%. The Baltics\",\n \"title\": \"Synchronous grid of Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627682\",\n \"text\": \"on live performances and interaction between the band and their audience, incorporating the audience into the performances as a \\\"fifth member\\\", creating what one reviewer described as \\\"\\\"highly energetic and participatory live shows\\\". Parallel to the band's gospel musical stylings, the Make-Up produced music under a communism-influenced political philosophy that they saw as counter to the capitalist form of modern rock and roll and pop music. The Make-Up released four studio albums, two live albums, a compilation release collecting several singles and B-sides, and a number of vinyl singles, all released on independent record labels such as Dischord Records, K\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13746886\",\n \"text\": \"What Would Brian Boitano Make? What Would Brian Boitano Make? is a cooking show on Food Network hosted by Brian Boitano. It first aired on August 23, 2009. The show features Boitano cooking several dishes and then entertaining his friends. Boitano is a self-taught cook, who started cooking in earnest at age 25. The show's name is based on \\\"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\\\", a song from the film \\\",\\\" and uses a shortened version of the song as its theme music. All episodes are shot in Boitano's home in San Francisco. Boitano comes up with the recipes himself. A\",\n \"title\": \"What Would Brian Boitano Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397069\",\n \"text\": \"face and eyes, however this was condemned by Queen Elizabeth I who described the type of dark make-up as 'vulgar'. From the Renaissance up until the 20th century the lower classes predominately worked outside in jobs such as agricultural work, therefore, the stereotypical light-coloured British skin was darkened by exposure to the sun, this created the trend of 'pale faces' in mainland Europe. This type of cosmetic technique was used especially by royalty and the higher classes to segregate them from the poor. The whiter the complexion, the higher the class and nobility of the person. Consequently why Queen Elizabeth\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627698\",\n \"text\": \"alone allowing people the voice for expression. That's what the Make-Up has come to remedy. We want to be at once entertaining and inclusive in terms of using the gospel form to sort of breathe life into the old Frankenstein monster\\\". Svenonius would often interact with the audience in a number of ways, including call and response lyrics, direct address, and leaving the stage and going out into the crowd. Despite the band's \\\"gospel\\\" and \\\"ad-libbed\\\" approach to recording, the Make-Up's live performances were often quite structured, as opposed to the typical \\\"jam session\\\". Svenonius explained that \\\"there's a skeleton\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5878593\",\n \"text\": \"present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country’s autonomy. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but as independent countries.) This is a list of all the independent countries that could or would have existed between 1815 and the present day that for some reason or another never did. General: Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country\",\n \"title\": \"Former countries in Europe after 1815\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13352207\",\n \"text\": \"entire script of the play available as a downloadable PDF on the website of Theater J. \\\"What Strong Fences Make\\\" is set at an IDF military checkpoint just outside Ramallah. Horovitz calls it \\\"a simple and clear stage-play that attempts to make a statement about a real-life situation that is anything but simple and clear.\\\" The first reading was staged by New York's Barefoot Theater Company on April 15, 2009. The play was produced at the Boston Theater Marathon in 2009. What Strong Fences Make What Strong Fences Make is a 2009 play by Israel Horovitz. Horovitz told an interviewer\",\n \"title\": \"What Strong Fences Make\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12266674\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Payne (make-up artist) Mark Payne (born July 2, 1965) is an American make-up artist, filmmaker and author. He has won three Emmy Awards. Mark Payne started his career as a performer. At the age of twelve, Payne began making home movies of himself performing as his favorite singers. He involved his mother, grandmother and neighbors in the creative process. Acting as his own agent, he used these home movies as demo tapes which led to headlining dates in Europe and Australia. By the age of sixteen, he had performed as the opening act for Bob Hope and Milton Berle.\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Payne (make-up artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10910183\",\n \"text\": \"for the music streaming service in 2018. The track appeared in the video game \\\"\\\" in 2002, where it plays on the pop radio station Flash FM. Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song) \\\"Life's What You Make It\\\" is a song by the English band Talk Talk. It was released as a single in 1985, the first from the band's album \\\"The Colour of Spring\\\". The single was a hit in the UK, peaking at No. 16, and charted in numerous other countries, often reaching the Top 20. Artist James Marsh created the single's cover illustration. The track\",\n \"title\": \"Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10910179\",\n \"text\": \"Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song) \\\"Life's What You Make It\\\" is a song by the English band Talk Talk. It was released as a single in 1985, the first from the band's album \\\"The Colour of Spring\\\". The single was a hit in the UK, peaking at No. 16, and charted in numerous other countries, often reaching the Top 20. Artist James Marsh created the single's cover illustration. The track was re-released as a single in 1990, charting for a second time. The song was one of the last to be conceived for \\\"The Colour of Spring\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Life's What You Make It (Talk Talk song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6948768\",\n \"text\": \"an important part of wedding planning in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. This is an art which involves the use of light reflectors and ingredients such as minerals to give the skin a flawless finish. This was developed due to the further development of high definition mediums and the cost implications of airbrush makeup. In 1955 the Bollywood group Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers' Association (CCMAA) created a rule that did not allow women to obtain memberships as makeup artists. However, in 2014 the Supreme Court of India ruled that this rule was in violation of the\",\n \"title\": \"Make-up artist\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627683\",\n \"text\": \"Records, and Southern Records. Svenonius, Mae, and Minoff would go on to form Weird War, who released three albums on Drag City. Svenonius has released a solo album under the pseudonym David Candy , as well as records with the groups Chain & the Gang, Felt Letters, and Escape-Ism. Canty would go on to play with Ted Leo and the Pharmacists and French Toast. The Make-Up reformed in 2012 to perform at All Tomorrow's Parties (music festival), and has continued to tour sporadically in the U.S. and Europe with drummer Mark Cisneros (Desdemonas, Kid Congo Powers and the Pink Monkey\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12550316\",\n \"text\": \"Continental education system The German education system or continental education system is a higher education model, often contrasted with the Anglo-Saxon education system and the Scandinavian education system. It was the standard tertiary education model for most of the countries of Continental Europe before the implementation of the Anglo-Saxon model there due to the Bologna Process. A distinction exists between vocational education (Fachhochschule; i.e.: school of applied sciences) and academic higher education (at university). This is also called dual education system. In contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model with common lower and higher academic degree for all subjects (Bachelor degree and\",\n \"title\": \"Continental education system\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5878592\",\n \"text\": \"of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, including restoring or reorganising many of the states which had previously been removed from Europe's political map. This is a list of all the independent countries or puppet states that existed between 1815 and the present day that no longer exist. (Lifespan of each is based on that country's sovereignty. This means that those countries may have existed outside of those dates as well but not under full independence.) This is a list of all the dependencies of countries that existed between 1815 and the\",\n \"title\": \"Former countries in Europe after 1815\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5878590\",\n \"text\": \"Former countries in Europe after 1815 This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the country or countries that hold all or some of the territory it once did, and further information about it. The scope of this article begins in 1815, after a round of negotiations about European borders and spheres of influence were agreed upon at the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of\",\n \"title\": \"Former countries in Europe after 1815\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7485630\",\n \"text\": \"Continental margin The continental margin is one of the three major zones of the ocean floor, the other two being deep-ocean basins and mid-ocean ridges. The continental margin is the shallow water area found in proximity to continent. The continental margin consists of three different features: the continental rise, the continental slope, and the continental shelf. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area. The continental shelf is the portion of the continental margin that transitions from the shore out towards to ocean. They are believed to make up 7 percent of the sea floor. The width of continental\",\n \"title\": \"Continental margin\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15189275\",\n \"text\": \"teams that advanced to the continental cup final as hosts, the four winners in the zonal phase, the two winners of the continental semifinal and the highest ranked non-qualified team. The winner will qualify to the 2012 Summer Olympics and the second and third place teams will qualify to the final qualification tournament. The following teams will compete. Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics 2010–12 Continental Beach Volleyball Cup – Europe Teams will be split into groups of four, where an elimination bracket will determine the 3 teams to advance to the next stage from the sub-zones. The winner of\",\n \"title\": \"2010–12 Continental Beach Volleyball Cup – Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13572456\",\n \"text\": \"earning the band a gold disc The award was presented by the RIAA on April 6, 1973. It was the band's fourth gold disc. \\\"Break Up to Make Up\\\" has been covered many times, including: Break Up to Make Up \\\"Break Up to Make Up\\\" was a 1973 hit by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics. The song was written by Thom Bell, Linda Creed, and Kenneth Gamble. An R&B ballad, it was the seventh track from their 1972 album, \\\"Round 2\\\" and was released as a single and reached number 5 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. In\",\n \"title\": \"Break Up to Make Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6486255\",\n \"text\": \"their US campuses, includes the techniques of beauty make-up artistry, hairstyling, portfolio development, character make-up, special make-up effects, and prosthetic building. The school has over a hundred locations and partner schools, but their main campuses are located in Burbank, California and New York, New York. The company further has its own cosmetic line that offers industry quality make-up to the general public. The cosmetics are sold world wide in MUD Studios, on amazon, at MUD Campuses, MUD Partner Schools, and by hundreds of wholesalers. MUD Studios were created by Make-up Designory to bring their education and cosmetics over seas on\",\n \"title\": \"Make-up Designory\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6486254\",\n \"text\": \"Make-up Designory Make-up Designory, popularly known as MUD, is a globally recognized make-up trade school. Quoted as the \\\"Harvard of Make-up Schools\\\", MUD's educational program was developed by Hollywood makeup artists in 1997. Students from around the world are taught makeup artistry by industry professionals, each with over 5-10 years of experience working in the field. They are trained to excel in fields such as film, television, fashion, weddings, theatre, and other make-up related industries. Many graduates of Makeup Designory also work in cosplay, body painting, or create their own product lines. MUD's six month course that is offered at\",\n \"title\": \"Make-up Designory\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627681\",\n \"text\": \"The Make-Up The Make-Up is an American post-punk band from Washington, D.C. formed in 1995, consisting of ex-Nation of Ulysses frontman Ian Svenonius on vocals, James Canty on guitar and organ, Steve Gamboa on drums, and Michelle Mae on bass guitar. The Make-Up were joined in late 1999 by a fifth member, Alex Minoff (of the groups Golden and Extra Golden), who played guitar with the group until the band's dissolution in early 2000. The Make-Up combined garage rock, soul, and a self-styled liberation theology to make a new genre they called \\\"Gospel Yeh-Yeh\\\". This style led to an emphasis\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11166104\",\n \"text\": \"also collates and distributes information on entertainment industry. On occasion, GERA Europe will make representations to lawmakers. The following are member organisations of GERA Europe: GERA Europe is supported by a secretariat based in Brussels. GERA Europe GERA Europe is the European wing of the Global Entertainment Retail Association. It is a Brussels-based umbrella group for trade associations representing entertainment retailers and distributors across Europe. It has active members in six European countries. GERA Europe, the Global Entertainment Retail Association-Europe is the trade association of entertainment retailers in Europe. It was set up in August 2000 as the European arm\",\n \"title\": \"GERA Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397067\",\n \"text\": \"chin and the forehead. The effects of the powder are to soak up facial oils and to help the foundation melt into the skin. This prevents creasing in the baked areas while maximising coverage and longevity of the make-up to leave the face looking matte. The cosmetic technique of baking is a \\\"very old make-up technique\\\" that may be traced back to times such as Ancient Egypt and the early Victorian era. The use of make-up can be traced back to times as early as Ancient Egypt. High class members of Egyptian society would use make-up to display their wealth,\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11236300\",\n \"text\": \"of these 2016 Australian make-up stamps have been offered for sale on eBay at up to 1,000 times face value as well as used copies on covers. Also in 2014 Canada Post issued a make-up stamp denominated 22¢ to make to allow use of the previous rate 63¢ stamps when the rate was increased to 85¢. It joined the existing definitive insect issue which did not have this value at that time and was printed in panes of 50 stamps. Deutsche Post added two Internet-only make-up rate stamps, valued €0.02 to their website to allow customers to use up their\",\n \"title\": \"Make up stamp\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1066351\",\n \"text\": \"after a contentious battle with Continental's management who were determined to resist Lorenzo. Continental's labor unions also fiercely resisted, fearing what they termed as \\\"Lorenzo's deregulation tactics\\\", which they believed implied that he wanted to make Continental a non-union airline. Lorenzo viewed the company as stuck in the pre-deregulation era and in need of serious changes to stay competitive. Continental was experiencing financial challenges both before and after Lorenzo's takeover, and he demanded immediate wage cuts and layoffs to keep the company afloat. During this struggle, Continental Airlines CEO, Alvin Feldman, committed suicide in his office. Lorenzo became Continental's new\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Airlines\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11236301\",\n \"text\": \"Internet-purchased €0.58 stamps when the rate was increased to €0.60 for domestic mail and a €0.10 for registered mail and some international rates on 1 January 2014 but were no longer available after 31 March 2014. United States Postal Service issued a new 3¢ definitive stamp, illustrating a star with red and blue points, specifically as a make up stamp in June 2002. Make up stamp A make-up stamp is a postage stamp issued by postal authorities to make up the difference in the cost of postage when rates have been increased and stamps are not yet available in the\",\n \"title\": \"Make up stamp\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11236298\",\n \"text\": \"Make up stamp A make-up stamp is a postage stamp issued by postal authorities to make up the difference in the cost of postage when rates have been increased and stamps are not yet available in the new denomination and no other values exist for that purpose. There are two types: In Australia six different 30¢ make-up stamps, three showing kangaroos and three depicting koala bears, and all are inscribed “Adelaide 2016” at the bottom, were on sale of just two days in January 2016. At the end of 2015 Australia Post decided, that from 4 January 2016, they would\",\n \"title\": \"Make up stamp\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16375989\",\n \"text\": \"Continental Newspapers Continental Newspapers, formally known as Continental Newspapers Canada Ltd., is a Canadian daily newspaper publisher based in Kelowna, British Columbia. It publishes two British Columbia dailies and \\\"The Chronicle-Journal\\\" of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Continental is one of two Canadian newspaper companies run and partially owned by David Radler, a former business partner of Conrad Black who was convicted of defrauding their company, Hollinger Inc. Both Continental and Alta Newspaper Group are descendants of Horizon Operations (Canada) Ltd., a company Radler founded at the end of the 1990s. The newspapers that currently make up Continental were purchased from The\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Newspapers\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627689\",\n \"text\": \"studio album. The two albums shared a number of tracks, recorded either live or in-studio. The same year the Make-Up released \\\"Free Arthur Lee,\\\" a 7-inch single promoting the release from jail of Love singer Arthur Lee, who was incarcerated in 1996. Also in 1997, the Make-Up were the subject of James Schneider's fictionalized tour-documentary \\\"Blue is Beautiful\\\". The following year, The Make-Up released their fourth studio album, \\\"In Mass Mind\\\", as well as a split 7-inch with Scottish band Lungleg. In 1999, the Make-Up released \\\"I Want Some\\\", a compilation album of previous singles and B-sides. A month later,\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627685\",\n \"text\": \"this [the forming of Make-Up] is it\\\". The Make-Up released records through many independent record labels, most notably Dischord Records, K Records, Southern Records, and their own Black Gemini Records. On their numerous releases, the Make-Up recorded with a number of producers, including Brendan Canty, Calvin Johnson, Guy Picciotto, Royal Trux (\\\"Adam and Eve\\\"), John Loder, and Ian MacKaye. They toured extensively with groups such as Dub Narcotic Sound System, Royal Trux, Sonic Youth, Fugazi, Ted Leo, Slant 6, Lungleg, Mr. Quintron, Les Savy Fav, Blonde Redhead, among others. In 2000, after releasing their fifth studio album, the Make-Up dissolved,\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6486262\",\n \"text\": \"Sean Conklin, Paul Thompson, Gil Romero, Shanna Cistulli, Pamela Hackman, Ray Shaffer, Mike McCraken, Yvonne Hawker, Karrieann Sillay, and many more. MUD Art Magazine MUD Cosmetics US Site Make-up Designory Make-up Designory, popularly known as MUD, is a globally recognized make-up trade school. Quoted as the \\\"Harvard of Make-up Schools\\\", MUD's educational program was developed by Hollywood makeup artists in 1997. Students from around the world are taught makeup artistry by industry professionals, each with over 5-10 years of experience working in the field. They are trained to excel in fields such as film, television, fashion, weddings, theatre, and other\",\n \"title\": \"Make-up Designory\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397076\",\n \"text\": \"dark circles and also to prevent creasing in their fine lines and wrinkles, especially in the under eye area. Although, many make-up artists argue this isn't a good technique for ageing skin. Finally, make-up artists also use baking for practical reasons. For example, when applying eye shadow, they often bake under the eyes to catch any eye shadow that may fall down onto the face from its application, allowing the product to be easily brushed away with the excess powder. Baking (make-up) Baking (verb), also known as 'cooking' is a make-up technique originally used in Drag, now popularised by celebrities\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397066\",\n \"text\": \"Baking (make-up) Baking (verb), also known as 'cooking' is a make-up technique originally used in Drag, now popularised by celebrities and make-up artists. This technique includes applying a heavy amount of translucent powder under the eyes and on the high points of the face, including the 'T' zone, to set the base make-up. It is also used to extract oils from your face. This technique can be used on a variety of different skin types and shades. To highlight the under eye area and high points of the face such as the cheek bones, the bridge of the nose, the\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7601858\",\n \"text\": \"company, created this \\\"airline within an airline\\\" concept in 1985 in an effort to operate lower cost flights, but was folded back into Continental by 1986. Continental Lite Continental Lite was a short lived subsidiary brand of Continental Airlines established in 1993. The airline folded in 1995 after losing what has been reported in the press as between $140 million or (US) $300 million. It was developed by Continental Airlines to counter the rise of low-cost start up carriers. This despite the fact that Continental had some of the lowest costs in the airline industry due to many of the\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Lite\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7601856\",\n \"text\": \"Continental Lite Continental Lite was a short lived subsidiary brand of Continental Airlines established in 1993. The airline folded in 1995 after losing what has been reported in the press as between $140 million or (US) $300 million. It was developed by Continental Airlines to counter the rise of low-cost start up carriers. This despite the fact that Continental had some of the lowest costs in the airline industry due to many of the trade labor unions agreements being tossed out during Frank Lorenzo's reign with Continental through Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The airline was named CALite from Fall 1993 and\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Lite\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20396290\",\n \"text\": \"2017–18 European Rugby Continental Shield The 2017–18 European Rugby Continental Shield is a rugby union competition, organised by European Professional Club Rugby, Rugby Europe and the Federazione Italiana Rugby, for entry into the European Rugby Challenge Cup. The format of the Qualifying Competition remains similar to the previous season. As before, two places in the next year's Challenge Cup will be available for teams in the Continental Shield. Clubs from six countries will compete in the 2017/18 Continental Shield. Four representatives from the Italian Eccellenza - Pataro Rugby Calvisano, Femi-CZ Rugby Rovigo, Rugby Petrarca and Rugby Viadana - will be\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 European Rugby Continental Shield\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8014933\",\n \"text\": \"and the covers featuring Morrissey are now very rare and collectible. \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" was released without an accompanying music video. Speaking to Tony Fletcher on \\\"The Tube\\\" in 1984, Morrissey remarked that he felt that the video market was something that was going to \\\"die very quickly\\\", and that he wanted to \\\"herald the death\\\" of it. What Difference Does It Make? \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut\",\n \"title\": \"What Difference Does It Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8014931\",\n \"text\": \"What Difference Does It Make? \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. It was the band's third single and is featured on their debut album, \\\"The Smiths\\\". A different version, recorded for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio 1, is included in the compilation album \\\"Hatful of Hollow\\\". The song was one of the band's first significant chart hits, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart. However, Morrissey has said \\\"What Difference Does It Make?\\\" is among his least favourite songs\",\n \"title\": \"What Difference Does It Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17657354\",\n \"text\": \"Sanz. Make Up For Ever is sold at Sephora and Make Up For Ever boutiques worldwide, with flagship stores in Paris, New York, Montreal, Shanghai, Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and other cities. Make Up for Ever also offers full professional make-up trainings in its academies since 2002 in Paris, and expanded in New York, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, Brussels, Helsinki and Nice. Make Up For Ever Make Up For Ever is a French cosmetics brand owned by LVMH. It was created in 1984 by make-up artist Dany Sanz. LVMH acquired the brand in 1999 and accelerated its\",\n \"title\": \"Make Up For Ever\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17657353\",\n \"text\": \"Make Up For Ever Make Up For Ever is a French cosmetics brand owned by LVMH. It was created in 1984 by make-up artist Dany Sanz. LVMH acquired the brand in 1999 and accelerated its growth. In 1984, Make Up For Ever was created by make-up artist Dany Sanz to offer quality products to professional make-up artists in the fashion and movie industries. LVMH acquired the brand in 1999 as a complement to its high-end make up offering and develop the offering to its fashion customer base. In 2004, Nicolas Cordier was named CEO and formed a manager/creator team with\",\n \"title\": \"Make Up For Ever\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13197271\",\n \"text\": \"Kiss and Make Up (Saint Etienne song) \\\"Let's Kiss and Make Up\\\" is a song by The Field Mice from their 1989 album \\\"Snowball\\\". It is better known in the form of Saint Etienne's cover version of 1990, which retitled it \\\"Kiss and Make Up\\\" and was released as a single. Saint Etienne were \\\"drinking buddies\\\" with Michael Hiscock from The Field Mice. The group recorded two demos of this song in their first studio session in January 1990, with Moira Lambert on lead vocals. Notably, they would go on to record with her what would become their first hit\",\n \"title\": \"Kiss and Make Up (Saint Etienne song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13572455\",\n \"text\": \"Break Up to Make Up \\\"Break Up to Make Up\\\" was a 1973 hit by the Philadelphia soul group The Stylistics. The song was written by Thom Bell, Linda Creed, and Kenneth Gamble. An R&B ballad, it was the seventh track from their 1972 album, \\\"Round 2\\\" and was released as a single and reached number 5 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. In addition, it also climbed to number 5 in the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart and reached number 34 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1973. The Stylistics' recording sold over one million copies in the US,\",\n \"title\": \"Break Up to Make Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19667047\",\n \"text\": \"Life's What You Make It (EP) Life's What You Make It is an EP by the English alternative rock band Placebo, released on 7 October 2016. It includes three cover songs (Talk Talk's \\\"Life's What You Make It\\\", Rowland S. Howard's \\\"Autoluminescent\\\" and Freak Power's \\\"Song #6\\\"), as well as the 2016 single \\\"Jesus' Son\\\" and two live recordings of \\\"Twenty Years\\\". Singer Brian Molko told \\\"The Independent\\\" that Placebo decided to cover \\\"Life's What You Make It\\\" because it's a 1980s song that the band still enjoys. Additionally, Molko said, \\\"we wondered if we could replicate Gwen Stefani's global\",\n \"title\": \"Life's What You Make It (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627684\",\n \"text\": \"Birds) replacing Gamboa. Before the formation of the Make-Up, Svenonius, Canty, and Gamboa were members of The Nation of Ulysses and the short-lived Cupid Car Club. Before joining the Make-Up, Mae played with the Northwest group The Frumpies. In a post-Nation of Ulysses interview, Svenonius explained the formation of the Make-Up from the ashes of his former band: \\\"Nation of Ulysses broke up because the epoch changed with the advent of digital music and the Nirvana explosion. We were faced with what's now known as indie rock, a sort of vacuous form. We had to determine our next move and\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10785964\",\n \"text\": \"by the fabrics I see, the colours that are in the collections and the girl's faces. It's always a challenge but that's the key – to make it different every time.\\\" Her inspiration started with her mother, particularly her love for fashion, film and costumes:\\\"Everything that she was obsessed with, I became obsessed with.\\\" McGrath's mother encouraged her stating \\\"It will be a problem for you if you don't love what you do. So make sure!\\\" Growing up in London, McGrath and her mother used to go makeup shopping when she was six years old. Fashion became a huge inspiration\",\n \"title\": \"Pat McGrath (make-up artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13850477\",\n \"text\": \"was last talking about. Alex Ross mentions playtex. Depending on the actor, this next bit could go two ways. If you have one guy, he will show you what latex is and will also show you what playtex is. Others will just skip showing playtex, or may show playtex if it's in the drawer. A clip of creation of the make-up design for the title character in Universal's \\\"The Wolfman\\\" is then shown on the two screens in the theater. After that, Alex Ross says, \\\"That's cool, tell us how you got to where you are.\\\" Mark James explains how\",\n \"title\": \"Universal's Horror Make-Up Show\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20013606\",\n \"text\": \"direct democracy, and more solidarity. Furthermore, Stand Up For Europe seeks to merge or cooperate with other similar organisations, such as Volt Europa, Pulse of Europe, Young European Federalists and the New Europeans. Stand Up For Europe Stand Up for Europe is a pan-European citizens' movement that campaigns for a more democratic and federal Europe. Stand Up For Europe was launched at the 6th European Federalist Convention in Brussels on 3 December 2016, through the integration of three eurofederalist movements: Stand up for the United States of Europe, the European Federalist Party, and United States of Europe Now. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Stand Up For Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397074\",\n \"text\": \"Paired with contouring, it can also work to give the illusion of definition. Baking directly underneath the contour on the cheekbones can create a more crisp and clean contour. Paired with a highlighter or a strobing cream or powder, baking can set a base for a highlight, as well as intensifying it. Baking is used by many performers as it increases the longevity of the make-up, meaning it will not easily melt or rub off during performances. This technique is utilised by many make-up artists for celebrities and models as \\\"a way to set your make-up when standing under hot\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397071\",\n \"text\": \"be seen throughout the episodes when the queens are in the 'work room' preparing for the runway. Baking isn't just used for drag performers, it has been adopted by many make-up artists and is now used throughout special effects make-up to set bruising and cuts so that the products applied to the face melt in seamlessly and look as realistic as possible. This tecnhnique was then popularised further by many bloggers and vloggers who have created videos and pages, teaching make-up enthusiasts and the general public how to bake or cook their face. This type of tutorial has taken over\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627695\",\n \"text\": \"into a parking lot. Similarly we use musical technology that we create, and it finds a use for itself\\\". Due to the Make-Up's consideration of the audience and the special techniques they applied to performing, their live shows exhibited a convergence of soul, surf, and punk – an example of which is their single \\\"I Want Some\\\" from their 1999 album of the same name. Citing the Make-Up's soul influences, one reviewer stated \\\"If you didn't know it, you'd swear that the four members of The Make Up had stolen the soul from James Brown himself\\\". The Make-Up were also\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6202680\",\n \"text\": \"countries during World War II; its reintroduction in the United States is often credited to Elizabeth Zimmermann. Since World War II, both continental and English knitting are used in the United States and England. Japanese knitters tend to favor the continental style and Chinese knitters for the most part use the English style. Many other countries generally use continental knitting, such as Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Bolivia, and Peru. Continental knitting Knitting with the yarn in the hand opposite the working needle (i.e. the left hand if the knitter is right-handed) is commonly referred to as Continental knitting, German knitting, European\",\n \"title\": \"Continental knitting\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3172942\",\n \"text\": \"continental crust. It makes up about 70% of the volume of Earth's crust. Because the surface of continental crust mainly lies above sea level, its existence allowed land life to evolve from marine life. Its existence also provides broad expanses of shallow water known as epeiric seas and continental shelves where complex metazoan life could become established during early Paleozoic time, in what is now called the Cambrian explosion. All continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many millions of years. This process has occurred, and continues to occur today, primarily as a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Continental crust\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13610676\",\n \"text\": \"Swedes, the Swedish rule was gradually established in the region. During the Middle Ages, increased trade meant that the Nordic countries became increasingly integrated into Europe and Nordic society became more Continental. The monarchies strengthened their positions in the 12th and 13th centuries through imposing taxes on peasants and a class of nobles also emerged. By the Late Middle Ages, the whole of the Nordic Region was politically united in the loose Kalmar Union. Diverging interests and especially Sweden's dissatisfaction over the Danish dominance gave rise to a conflict that hampered the union from the 1430s onward until its final\",\n \"title\": \"Nordic countries\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13746887\",\n \"text\": \"second season consisting of ten episodes began airing on March 7, 2010. What Would Brian Boitano Make? What Would Brian Boitano Make? is a cooking show on Food Network hosted by Brian Boitano. It first aired on August 23, 2009. The show features Boitano cooking several dishes and then entertaining his friends. Boitano is a self-taught cook, who started cooking in earnest at age 25. The show's name is based on \\\"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\\\", a song from the film \\\",\\\" and uses a shortened version of the song as its theme music. All episodes are shot in Boitano's\",\n \"title\": \"What Would Brian Boitano Make?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20013603\",\n \"text\": \"Stand Up For Europe Stand Up for Europe is a pan-European citizens' movement that campaigns for a more democratic and federal Europe. Stand Up For Europe was launched at the 6th European Federalist Convention in Brussels on 3 December 2016, through the integration of three eurofederalist movements: Stand up for the United States of Europe, the European Federalist Party, and United States of Europe Now. It was one of several new pro-European civil movements that sprang up in response to the anti-European outcome of the Brexit referendum and the election of Donald Trump as U.S. President. On 6 May 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Stand Up For Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8437262\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"disguise kits\\\" for CIA personnel stationed in other countries. Some of his work can be seen at the International Spy Museum in Washington D.C.. In 1980, Chambers was enlisted by CIA officer Tony Mendez to work on the Canadian Caper—the rescue of six American embassy personnel who hid at the residence of the Canadian ambassador during the Iran hostage crisis. Chambers set up a fake movie and production company as a cover story of a film crew planning to shoot a science fiction film, titled \\\"Argo\\\", in Iran. To make the cover believable, Chambers used actor Michael Douglas's former office\",\n \"title\": \"John Chambers (make-up artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3009335\",\n \"text\": \"ended up being the basis for the production 2017 Continental which went on sale in the fall of 2016. Lincoln Continental The Lincoln Continental is a series of mid-sized and full-sized luxury cars produced by Lincoln, a division of the American automaker Ford Motor Company. Introduced in 1939 as a personal vehicle of Edsel Ford, who commissioned a coachbuilt Lincoln-Zephyr convertible as a vacation vehicle to attract potential Lincoln buyers. In what would give the model line its name, the exterior was given European \\\"continental\\\" styling elements, including a rear-mounted spare tire. Produced for 55 years across nearly eight decades,\",\n \"title\": \"Lincoln Continental\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6466606\",\n \"text\": \"are pushed high and now make up much of these ranges. A submarine back-arc basin develops south of Italy, which is one of several Mediterranean mini-continental fragments caught between the two plates. This buckling of the Earth's crust forces up Italy's mountains and stimulates active faults and volcanoes such as Vesuvius. Iberia, another separate terrain unit, has been rotated and emplaced against the rest of Europe by the plate collision. Moving north from the Alps and other ranges, tectonic activity largely fades away in the stable Baltic craton. One exception to this trend is a hot spot, rising from the\",\n \"title\": \"Geology of Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12693395\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Twentieth Century Fool\\\" reached #57. Love Is What We Make It Love Is What We Make It is the eighteenth studio album by Kenny Rogers, released by Liberty Records. It is a collection of songs Rogers recorded between 1974 and 1983 that were rejected for his studio albums of that time. \\\"Love Is What We Make It\\\" was issued after he signed to RCA Nashville. \\\"Stranger in My Place\\\" is a 1974 recording with The First Edition, an alternate of which was released on their last single. The album is home to two singles, which were its first two\",\n \"title\": \"Love Is What We Make It\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12693394\",\n \"text\": \"Love Is What We Make It Love Is What We Make It is the eighteenth studio album by Kenny Rogers, released by Liberty Records. It is a collection of songs Rogers recorded between 1974 and 1983 that were rejected for his studio albums of that time. \\\"Love Is What We Make It\\\" was issued after he signed to RCA Nashville. \\\"Stranger in My Place\\\" is a 1974 recording with The First Edition, an alternate of which was released on their last single. The album is home to two singles, which were its first two tracks. The title track hit #37,\",\n \"title\": \"Love Is What We Make It\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10298528\",\n \"text\": \"Hilary Duff from a photo shoot in 2005. Also in the opening sequence, the film has the alternate title \\\"Safety Glass\\\"'. What Goes Up is the soundtrack for the movie \\\"What Goes Up\\\", released by independent record label Amherst Records. It was digitally released on iTunes on April 29, 2009 and later on the Nokia Music Store. It was released on May 5, 2009 at Amazon.com's MP3 store. The physical CD was released on July 14, 2009. What Goes Up What Goes Up is a 2009 American comedy-drama film distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment starring Hilary Duff, Steve Coogan, Josh\",\n \"title\": \"What Goes Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12590802\",\n \"text\": \"cover of \\\"Dō ni mo tomaranai\\\", a 1972 hit song originally performed by Linda Yamamoto. Ikko (make-up artist) Ikko (born on 20 January 1962 in Fukuoka Prefecture) is a Japanese trans woman make-up artist and TV personality. The name \\\"Ikko\\\" comes from an alternative reading of the Japanese name \\\"一幸\\\" (Ikkō). Born on 20 January 1962, Ikko graduated from a beauty college in Fukuoka Prefecture, and trained as a make-up artist for eight years before opening \\\"Atelier Ikko\\\", a make-up studio, in 1992. , Ikko regularly appears on the following TV programmes. Ikko has published the following books. In December\",\n \"title\": \"Ikko (make-up artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12590801\",\n \"text\": \"Ikko (make-up artist) Ikko (born on 20 January 1962 in Fukuoka Prefecture) is a Japanese trans woman make-up artist and TV personality. The name \\\"Ikko\\\" comes from an alternative reading of the Japanese name \\\"一幸\\\" (Ikkō). Born on 20 January 1962, Ikko graduated from a beauty college in Fukuoka Prefecture, and trained as a make-up artist for eight years before opening \\\"Atelier Ikko\\\", a make-up studio, in 1992. , Ikko regularly appears on the following TV programmes. Ikko has published the following books. In December 2007, Ikko released a CD single titled \\\"Dondake no Hōsoku\\\". The single also included a\",\n \"title\": \"Ikko (make-up artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6627690\",\n \"text\": \"the band released what would be their fifth and final studio album \\\"Save Yourself\\\". A posthumous live album, \\\"Untouchable Sound\\\", was released in 2006 by Drag City and Sea Note. The album included the addition of Alex Minoff on guitar. The same year, Dischord Records released \\\"In Film/On Video\\\", a DVD collection of live performances, music videos, and \\\"Blue is Beautiful\\\". As the Make-Up's frontman and mouthpiece, Ian Svenonius often contextualized the band's music in terms of larger socio-political themes. Svenonius typically described the band and its gospel attitude in Marxist and socialist terms, in opposition of what he saw\",\n \"title\": \"The Make-Up\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19397068\",\n \"text\": \"beliefs and positions within the community. Cosmetics were regarded as a symbol of high status and a sign of holiness and were often a major part of the burial ceremony along with jewellery. Although, Egyptians are renowned for heavy eye make-up, facial products were also used but were mainly focused on cheeks. Despite the fact that make-up developed over time it remained an ideological concept of wealth and a display of class. In the lead up and throughout the early Victorian era cosmetics took aspects from Ancient Egypt and began to be used by actresses and prostitutes to define the\",\n \"title\": \"Baking (make-up)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13652503\",\n \"text\": \"semi-acoustic \\\"spaced out ‘After the Concert’ winds things up wordlessly and beautifully.\\\" Make Up (album) Make Up is the fourth album by Japanese rock band Flower Travellin' Band, released in 1973. It is a double album, featuring both live and studio recordings. After returning from Canada, Flower Travellin' Band began a new album. The mix of live and studio recordings was planned from the beginning. Wanting a mix of sounds, they tried acoustic pieces and experimented with material that would be hard to reproduce live. Growing as a band and as individuals, more individual contributions were made. Tracks 1, 2,\",\n \"title\": \"Make Up (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"72502\",\n \"text\": \"Benelux states (historical Austrasia). This historical core of \\\"Carolingian Europe\\\" was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration (see also Multi-speed Europe). In both Great Britain and Ireland, \\\"the Continent\\\" is widely and generally used to refer to the mainland of Europe. An apocryphal British newspaper headline supposedly once read, \\\"Fog in Channel; Continent Cut Off\\\". It has also been claimed that this was a regular weather forecast in Britain in the 1930s. In addition, the word \\\"Europe\\\" itself is also regularly used to mean Europe excluding the islands of Great Britain,\",\n \"title\": \"Continental Europe\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20012948\",\n \"text\": \"make it diverting.\\\" In the same review, he concluded, \\\"...given the Spankers’ remarkably deft musicianship and bottomless pit of material — bad breaks and bad brakes are both likely to be part of the touring band vernacular for some time to come — the revue would seem to have legs.\\\" What? And Give Up Show Biz? What? And Give Up Show Biz? is a live double album by Austin, Texas-based band Asylum Street Spankers, which documents the band's performance of a revue of the same name at Barrow Street Theatre during a two-week period in January 2008. The album was\",\n \"title\": \"What? And Give Up Show Biz?\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["united kingdom","albania","finland","san marino","france","andorra","liechtenstein","georgia","germany","belgium"],"string":"[\n \"united kingdom\",\n \"albania\",\n \"finland\",\n \"san marino\",\n \"france\",\n \"andorra\",\n \"liechtenstein\",\n \"georgia\",\n \"germany\",\n \"belgium\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what do abrahamic religions have in common?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"7932511","text":"being.\" God in Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are sometimes called Abrahamic religions because they all accept the tradition of a god, Yahweh, that revealed himself to the prophet Abraham. The theological traditions of all Abrahamic religions are thus to some extent influenced by the depiction of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible, and the historical development of monotheism in the history of Judaism. The Abrahamic God in this sense is the conception of God that remains a common attribute of all three traditions. God is conceived of as eternal, omnipotent, omniscient and as the creator of","title":"God in Abrahamic religions"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932511\",\n \"text\": \"being.\\\" God in Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are sometimes called Abrahamic religions because they all accept the tradition of a god, Yahweh, that revealed himself to the prophet Abraham. The theological traditions of all Abrahamic religions are thus to some extent influenced by the depiction of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible, and the historical development of monotheism in the history of Judaism. The Abrahamic God in this sense is the conception of God that remains a common attribute of all three traditions. God is conceived of as eternal, omnipotent, omniscient and as the creator of\",\n \"title\": \"God in Abrahamic religions\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"11076505","text":"be a transcendent creator and the source of moral law. Their religious texts feature many of the same figures, histories, and places, although they often present them with different roles, perspectives, and meanings. Believers who agree on these similarities and the common Abrahamic origin tend to also be more positive towards other Abrahamic groups. In these four Abrahamic religions the individual, God, and the universe are highly separate from each other. The Abrahamic religions believe in a judging, paternal, fully external god to which the individual and nature are subordinate. One seeks salvation or transcendence not by contemplating the natural","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076572","text":"said that it is too early for \"trialogue\" talks among the three Abrahamic religions. Yet, Koch added, \"we hope that we can go in this [direction] in future.\" Omid Safi In 2016, a 26-minute interview with Professor Omid Safi, a Muslim and Director of the Duke Islamic Studies Center, was posted on YouTube.com. In it, Safi said that his life had been trying to combine \"love and tenderness\" which are the \"essence of being human\" with \"social justice.\" In most of their common history, the three Abrahamic religions have been \"ignorant about each other, or worse, especially in the case","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076472","text":"Today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). The major Abrahamic religions in chronological order of founding are Judaism in the 7th century BCE, Christianity in the 1st century CE, and Islam in the 7th century CE. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are the Abrahamic religions with the greatest numbers of adherents. Abrahamic religions with fewer adherents include the faiths descended from Yazdânism (the Yezidi, Yarsani faiths), Samaritanism, the Druze faith, Bábism, the Bahá'í Faith and Rastafari. , estimates classified 54% (3.6 billion people) of the world's population","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076477","text":"in 2012, Aaron W. Hughes published a book about the category Abrahamic religions as an example of \"abuses of history.\" He said that only recently the category \"Abrahamic religions\" has come into use and that it is a \"vague referent.\" It is \"largely a theological neologism\" and \"an artificial and imprecise\" term. Combining the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions into this one category might serve the purpose of encouraging \"interfaith trialogue\", but it is not true to the \"historical record\". Abrahamic religions is \"an ahistorical category\". There are \"certain family resemblances\" among these three religions, but the \"amorphous\" term Abrahamic","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076483","text":"to the category. However, some of the restriction of Abrahamic to these three is due only to tradition in historical classification. Therefore, restricting the category to these three religions has come under criticism. The religions listed below here claim Abrahamic classification, either by the religions themselves, or by scholars who study them. The Bahá'í Faith, which dates only to the late 19th century, has sometimes been listed as Abrahamic by scholarly sources in various fields. Though smaller and younger than the well-known Abrahamic religions, the Bahá'í Faith is significant because of its activities, distribution and numbers. The religion is almost","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076574","text":"(Muslim philosopher). Examples of violent conflict follow: Abrahamic religions The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the Judaism of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions: they worship only one god, the unique God. The term derives from patriarch Abraham, a major biblical figure from \"The Old Testament\", which is recognized by Christians, Muslims and others. Abrahamic religion spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and Islam by","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076471","text":"Abrahamic religions The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the Judaism of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions: they worship only one god, the unique God. The term derives from patriarch Abraham, a major biblical figure from \"The Old Testament\", which is recognized by Christians, Muslims and others. Abrahamic religion spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and Islam by the Islamic Empires from the 7th century.","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076474","text":"tradition claims that the Jews are descended from Abraham, and adherents of Judaism derive their spiritual identity from Abraham as the first of the three \"fathers\" or biblical Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. All the major Abrahamic religions claim a direct lineage to Abraham, although in Christianity this is understood in spiritual terms: Adam Dodds argues that the term \"Abrahamic faiths\", while helpful, can be considered misleading, as it conveys an unspecified historical and theological commonality that is problematic on closer examination. While there is commonality among the religions, in large measure their shared ancestry is peripheral to their respective","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076508","text":"Bahá'í Faith also see the incarnation of God into human form as a heresy. All the Abrahamic religions affirm one eternal God who created the universe, who rules history, who sends prophetic and angelic messengers and who reveals the divine will through inspired revelation. They also affirm that obedience to this creator deity is to be lived out historically and that one day God will unilaterally intervene in human history at the Last Judgment. All Abrahamic religions believe that God guides humanity through revelation to prophets, and each religion recognizes that God revealed teachings up to and including those in","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076473","text":"as adherents of an Abrahamic religion, about 32% as adherents of other religions, and 16% as adherents of no organized religion. Christianity claims 33% of the world's population, Islam has 21%, Judaism has 0.2% and the Bahá'í Faith represents around 0.1%. It was suggested by Louis Massignon that the phrase \"Abrahamic religion\" means that all these religions come from one spiritual source. Paul the Apostle referred to Abraham as the \"father of us all\". There is a Quranic term, \"millat Ibrahim\", 'religion of Ibrahim', indicating that Islam sees itself as standing in a tradition of religious practice from Abraham. Jewish","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076504","text":"Báb, or \"the Gate\". The Bab's ministry proclaimed the imminent advent of \"He whom God shall make manifest\", who Bahá'í's accept as Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'í's revere the Torah, Gospels and the Quran, and the writings of the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, and `Abdu’l-Bahá' are considered the central texts of the faith. A vast majority of adherents are unified under a single denomination. Lesser-known Abrahamic religions, originally offshoots of Shia Islam, include Bábism and the Druze faith. The unifying characteristic of Abrahamic religions is that all accept the tradition that God revealed himself to the patriarch Abraham. All are monotheistic, and conceive God to","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076569","text":"in dialogue: Pope Benedict XVI In 2010, Pope Benedict XVI spoke about \"Interreligious dialogue.\" He said that \"the Church's universal nature and vocation require that she engage in dialogue with the members of other religions.\" For the Abrahamic religions, this \"dialogue is based on the spiritual and historical bonds uniting Christians to Jews and Muslims.\" It is dialogue \"grounded in the sacred Scriptures\" and \"defined in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church \"Lumen Gentium\" and in the Declaration on the Church's Relation to Non-Christian Religions \"Nostra Aetate\". The Pope concluded with a prayer: \"May Jews, Christians and Muslims . .","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076486","text":"preparing the way for the next. There is no definitive list of Manifestations of God, but Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to several personages as Manifestations; they include individuals generally not recognized by other Abrahamic religions—Krishna, Zoroaster, and Buddha—and general statements go further to other cultures. Bábism (, \"Babiyye\"), also known as the Bayání Faith (Arabic: , \"Bayání\"), is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is one incorporeal, unknown, and incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of theophanies, called Manifestations of God (Arabic: ). It is an extremely small religion, with no more than a","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076500","text":"of Israel, each of which offers different interpretations of Rasta belief. There are an estimated 700,000 to 1 million Rastas across the world; the largest population is in Jamaica although communities can be found in most of the world's major population centres. Some small religions, such as Samaritanism, Druze, Rastafari movement, and the Bábí Faith, are Abrahamic. These religions are regional, with Samaritans largely in Israel and the West Bank, Druze largely in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, and Rastafari largely in Jamaica. The civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia influenced some religious texts, particularly the Hebrew Bible and the Book","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076506","text":"world or via philosophical speculation, but by seeking to please God (such as obedience with God's wishes or his law) and see divine revelation as outside of self, nature, and custom. All Abrahamic religions claim to be monotheistic, worshiping an exclusive God, although one known by different names. Each of these religions preaches that God creates, is one, rules, reveals, loves, judges, punishes, and forgives. However, although Christianity does not profess to believe in three gods—but rather in three persons, or hypostases, united in one essence—the Trinitarian doctrine, a fundamental of faith for the vast majority of Christian denominations, conflicts","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076573","text":"of Christians and Muslims, attacked each other.\" In the La Convivencia (The Coexistence) in the 14th and 15th centuries, Muslims, Christians and Jews co-existed in relative peace, but, otherwise, there has been \"very little genuine dialogue\" between believers in these Abrahamic religions. They have \"kept their distance from one another, or were in conflict. . . there has been very little genuine dialogue.\" An aspect La Convivencia is shown in a six-minute video Cities of Light that documents collaboration between Spanish Jewish, Muslim and Christian scientists in 12th century Spain. It features the works of Maimonides (Jewish philosopher) and Averroes","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076565","text":"them about Muhammad. Da‘wah produces converts to Islam, which in turn grows the size of the Muslim Ummah, or community of Muslims. This section reports on writings and talks which describe or advocate dialogue between the Abrahamic religions. Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi In 1997, Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi claims to have met Jesus in New Mexico. Since then he has exalted God's love above all religious differences. He describes the situation in this way: \"A Muslim says, 'I am superior to all.' A Jew declares, 'I am even better than the Muslim.' And a Christian says, 'I am greater than","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076568","text":"of the city.\" Thus, there is \"a history of Muslims, Jews, Christians, and other religious traditions living together in a pluralistic society.\" Turning to the present, Hussain says that one of the challenges faced by Muslims now is the conflicting passages in the Qur̀an some of which support interfaith \"bridge-building,\" but others can be used \"justify mutual exclusion.\" Trialogue The 2007 book \"Trialogue: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Dialogue\" puts the importance of interfaith dialogue starkly: \"We human beings today face a stark choice: dialogue or death!\" The \"Trialogue\" book gives four reasons why the three Abrahamic religions should engage","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076536","text":"In the major Abrahamic religions, there exists the expectation of an individual who will herald the time of the end or bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth; in other words, the Messianic prophecy. Judaism awaits the coming of the Jewish Messiah; the Jewish concept of Messiah differs from the Christian concept in several significant ways, despite the same term being applied to both. The Jewish Messiah is not seen as a \"god\", but as a mortal man who by his holiness is worthy of that description. His appearance is not the end of history, rather it signals the","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076484","text":"entirely contained in a single, organized community with international, national, regional, and local administration, without sects or subdivisions, and is recognized as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity. The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated some 7.3 million Bahá'ís in 2005 and the only religion to consistently surpass population growth in each major region of the planet over the last century, often growing at twice the rate of the population. Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), the founder, affirms the highest religious station for Abraham and generally for prophets mentioned among the other Abrahamic religions, and has claimed a lineage of descent from","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076537","text":"coming of the world to come. Christianity awaits the Second Coming of Christ, though Full Preterists believe this has already happened. Islam awaits both the second coming of Jesus (to complete his life and die) and the coming of Mahdi (Sunnis in his first incarnation, Shia as the return of Muhammad al-Mahdi). Most Abrahamic religions agree that a human being comprises the body, which dies, and the soul, which is capable of remaining alive beyond human death and carries the person's essence, and that God will judge each person's life accordingly after death. The importance of this and the focus","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076541","text":"may be punished for a time, and then eventually released into Paradise. If anyone dies in a state of Shirk (i.e. associating God in any way, such as claiming that He is equal with anything or denying Him), this is not pardonable—he or she will stay forever in Hell. Once a person is admitted to Paradise, this person will abide there for eternity. Worship, ceremonies and religion-related customs differ substantially among the Abrahamic religions. Among the few similarities are a seven-day cycle in which one day is nominally reserved for worship, prayer or other religious activities—\"Shabbat\", Sabbath, or \"jumu'ah\"; this","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"4889732","text":"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools the idea of the universal God has been expressed in a variety of names and representations, most notably as 天 \"Tiān\" (\"Heaven\") and 上帝 \"Shàngdì\" (\"Highest Deity\" or \"Highest Emperor\"). These two and other concepts have been variously combined, in diverse contexts, to form titles such as: \"Huáng Tiān Shàngdì\"=\"Huáng\" \"Emperor\"+\"Tiān+Shàngdì\" (皇天上帝) or \"Xuán Tiān Shàngdì\"=\"Xuán\" \"Deep\"+\"Tiān+Shàngdì\" (玄天上帝), \"Shàngtiān=Shàng+Tiān\" \"Highest Heaven\" and \"Tiāntáng=Tiān+Táng\" \"Vault of Heaven\". The compounds \"tiānshén=tiān+shén\" \"heavenly god\" and \"tiānxiān=tiān+xiān\" \"heavenly immortal\" have been used for a deity, in a polytheistic","title":"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076520","text":"Monotheist\". Also, the same as Judaism, Islam believes that Abraham rejected idolatry through logical reasoning. Abraham is also recalled in certain details of the annual Hajj pilgrimage. The Abrahamic God is conceived of as eternal, omnipotent, omniscient and as the creator of the universe. God is further held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omnibenevolence and omnipresence. Proponents of Abrahamic faiths believe that God is also transcendent, but at the same time personal and involved, listening to prayer and reacting to the actions of his creatures. In Jewish theology, God is strictly monotheistic. God is an absolute one, indivisible","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"6988633","text":"Amazon.co.uk, \"Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for \"What Do I Have to Do?\", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig).\" These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"What Do I Have to Do\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do \"What Do I Have to Do\"","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"4889739","text":"English \"Jehovah\"). A modern Protestant usage is \"Yēhéhuá\" (耶和華, phonetic). Some versions translate this term as Shàngzhǔ (上主, literally \"Lord Above\"), similar to the translation decision that uses a capitalized \"LORD\" by both Catholics and traditional Protestants. Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans particularly use Shàngzhǔ in prayers of the Eucharist. The term \"Zhǔ\" (主,literally \"Lord\") is used by both Catholics and traditional Protestants in less formal prayers, and usually by contemporary Protestants. Other less formal terms are used, for example, \"Tīanfù\" (天父, literally \"Heavenly Father\"). Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools","title":"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076476","text":"\"Abrahamic traditions\" has been challenged. In 2012, Alan L. Berger, Professor of Judaic Studies at Florida Atlantic University, in his Preface to \"Trialogue and Terror: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam after 9/11\" wrote that there are \"commonalities\", but \"there are essential differences between the Abrahamic traditions\" both \"historical and theological\". Although \"Judaism birthed both Christianity and Islam\", the \"three monotheistic faiths went their separate ways\". The three faiths \"understand the role of Abraham\" in \"differing ways\", and the relationships between Judaism and Christianity and between Judaism and Islam are \"uneven\". Also, the three traditions are \"demographically unbalanced and ideologically diverse\". Also","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"4889733","text":"sense. The word \"Dì\" by itself has likewise been used for God. When Abrahamic religions penetrated China, they appropriated some of the traditional titles, or created new compound titles, to express their theology. Outside of direct translations in religious books, the following are often-encountered translations of the Abrahamic God in general usage. The earliest introduction of documented Judeo-Christian religion appears to be \"Jǐng jiào\" (景教, literally, \"bright teaching\") around 635 AD, whose proponents were Nestorian Christians from Persia. Their term for God was \"Zhēnzhǔ\" (真主, literally \"Veritable Majesty,\" \"True Lord,\" or \"Lord of Truth.\"). In a hymn supposed to be","title":"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076478","text":"religions prevents an understanding of the \"complex nature\" of the interactions among them. Furthermore, the three religions do not share the same story of Abraham. For these and other reasons, Hughes argued that the term should not be used, at least in academic circles. One of Judaism's primary texts is the Tanakh, an account of the Israelites' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple (c. 535 BCE). Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people. One of his great-grandsons was Judah, from whom the religion ultimately gets","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076514","text":"qibla was switched to Kaaba later on to fulfill the order of Allah of praying in the direction of Kaaba (Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:144–150). Another reason for its significance is its connection with the Miʿrāj, where, according to traditional Muslim, Muhammad ascended through the Seven heavens on a winged mule named Buraq, guided by the Archangel Gabriel, beginning from the Foundation Stone on the Temple Mount, in modern times under the Dome of the Rock. Even though members of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not all claim Abraham as an ancestor, some members of these religions have tried to claim him","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076538","text":"on it, as well as the precise criteria and end result, differ between religions. Judaism's views on the afterlife (\"the Next World\") are quite diverse. This can be attributed to the fact that although there clearly are traditions in the Hebrew Bible of an afterlife (see Naboth and the Witch of Endor), Judaism focuses on this life and how to lead a holy life to please God, rather than future reward. Christians have more diverse and definite teachings on the end times and what constitutes afterlife. Most Christian approaches either include different abodes for the dead (Heaven, Hell, Limbo, Purgatory)","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"7932499","text":"universe. God is further held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omni-benevolence and omnipresence. Proponents of Abrahamic faiths believe that God is also transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside time and therefore not subject to anything within his creation, but at the same time a personal God, involved, listening to prayer and reacting to the actions of his creatures. The Bahá'í writings describe a monotheistic, personal, inaccessible, omniscient, omnipresent, imperishable, and almighty God who is the creator of all things in the universe. The existence of God and the universe is thought to be eternal, without","title":"God in Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076517","text":"to be defined by faith in Christ rather than biological descent\" or both by faith as well as a direct ancestor; in any case, the emphasis is placed on faith being the only requirement for the Abrahamic Covenant to apply (see also New Covenant and supersessionism). In Christian belief, Abraham is a role model of faith, and his obedience to God by offering Isaac is seen as a foreshadowing of God's offering of his son Jesus. Christian commentators have a tendency to interpret God's promises to Abraham as applying to Christianity subsequent to, and sometimes rather than (as in supersessionism),","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076559","text":"differently in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and informs a similar occasion in several other Abrahamic faiths. Though many viewpoints and definitions have arisen over the millennia, most originate in the same textual tradition. Judaism accepts converts, but has had no explicit missionaries since the end of the Second Temple era. Judaism states that non-Jews can achieve righteousness by following Noahide Laws, a set of moral imperatives that, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a binding set of laws for the \"children of Noah\"—that is, all of humanity. It is believed that as much as ten percent of","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"6988625","text":"What Do I Have to Do \"What Do I Have to Do\" is a song performed by Australian singer and songwriter Kylie Minogue taken from her third studio album \"Rhythm of Love\" (1990). The song was written and produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Originally, the song was planned to be released after the single \"Better the Devil You Know\", but instead \"Step Back in Time\" was released and this was released as the third single on 21 January 1991. The song received positive reviews from most music critics, who thought the song was an instant rave classic. The song","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"11076516","text":"our father\") to whom God made several promises: chiefly, that he would have numberless descendants, who would receive the land of Canaan (the \"Promised Land\"). According to Jewish tradition, Abraham was the first post-Flood prophet to reject idolatry through rational analysis, although Shem and Eber carried on the tradition from Noah. Christians view Abraham as an important exemplar of faith, and a spiritual, as well as physical, ancestor of Jesus. For Christians, Abraham is a spiritual forebear as well as/rather than a direct ancestor depending on the individual's interpretation of Paul the Apostle, with the Abrahamic covenant \"reinterpreted so as","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"7531236","text":"African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. The two Abrahamic religions are widespread across Africa, though mostly concentrated in different areas. They have replaced indigenous African religions, but are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by \"force\" (or \"ashe\", \"nyama\", etc.), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or driving drumming or singing. One religious ceremony practiced in Gabon","title":"Traditional African religions"},{"psg_id":"4221944","text":"Religions Paradigm\" as \"a particular way of thinking about religions which organizes them into a set of discrete traditions with a supposedly 'global' import.\" It typically consists of the \"Big Five\" religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. As noted by Cotter and Robertson, the \"Big Five\" religions are often listed in an \"Abrahamocentric order\" which places the largest three Abrahamic religions—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—before the non-Abrahamic religions Hinduism and Buddhism. The category is sometimes also extended to include other religious groups, namely Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith. The inclusion of Judaism in the Big Five raises some issues;","title":"World religions"},{"psg_id":"2955617","text":"and medieval times. Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion in which the supreme deity is Allah ( : see God in Islam), the last Islamic prophet being Muhammad ibn Abdullah, whom Muslims believe delivered the Islamic scripture, the Qur'an. Hinduism mostly shares common terms with the other Indian religions, including Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Islam shares common characteristics with Abrahamic religions–those religions claiming descent from the prophet Abraham–being, from oldest to youngest, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. The Qur'an is the primary Islamic scripture. Muslims believe it to be the verbatim, uncreated word of Allah. Second to this in religious authority, and","title":"Hinduism and other religions"},{"psg_id":"11076554","text":"permitted food known as kosher in Judaism, and halal in Islam. These two religions prohibit the consumption of pork; Islam prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages of any kind. Halal restrictions can be seen as a modification of the kashrut dietary laws, so many kosher foods are considered halal; especially in the case of meat, which Islam prescribes must be slaughtered in the name of God. Hence, in many places, Muslims used to consume kosher food. However, some foods not considered kosher are considered halal in Islam. With rare exceptions, Christians do not consider the Old Testament's strict food laws","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"7932509","text":"to the Abrahamic God, Yahweh. The idea of God as a duality or trinity is heretical in Judaism - it is considered akin to polytheism. \"[God], the Cause of all, is one. This does not mean one as in one of series, nor one like a species (which encompasses many individuals), nor one as in an object that is made up of many elements, nor as a single simple object that is infinitely divisible. Rather, God is a unity unlike any other possible unity\". This is referred to in the Torah: \"Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord","title":"God in Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"7932500","text":"a beginning or end. Though transcendent and inaccessible directly, God is nevertheless seen as conscious of creation, with a will and purpose that is expressed through messengers termed Manifestations of God. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator, through such methods as prayer, reflection, and being of service to humankind. God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God, who are the prophets and messengers who have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day. The Manifestations of God reflect divine","title":"God in Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076495","text":"and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness. The Druze follow theophany, and believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul. At the end of the cycle of rebirth, which is achieved through successive reincarnations, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind (\"Al Aaqal Al Kulli\"). The Druze Faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili Shia Islam. Rastafari, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion. Classified as both a new religious movement and social movement, it developed","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076494","text":"Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( \"\") is a gnostic religion with a strongly dualistic worldview. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Abraham, however, is considered a false prophet in Mandeanism. The Druze faith is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the teachings of high Islamic figures like Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad and Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of the Druze faith. The Druze faith incorporates elements of Islam's Ismailism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, Hinduism (according to some),","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"14377020","text":"Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions There are many references to ghosts in ancient Mesopotamian religion – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria and other early states in Mesopotamia. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later Abrahamic religions that came to dominate the region. The concept of ghosts or spirits in Mesopotamia is comparable to the shades of the deceased in the Underworld in the mythology of classical antiquity. The shades or spirits of the deceased were known as ' ( ) in Sumerian, which was borrowed as ' in Akkadian. The Sumerian word is analyzed as a compound of either","title":"Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions"},{"psg_id":"18598193","text":"At the end of the chorus, a car drives off. During the second verse, the video cuts between shots of the band performing and the car driving. At the video's end, the camera pulls around and reveals that Hall and the woman have both died. What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song) \"What Do I Have to Do?\" is a song by American industrial rock band Stabbing Westward. The song was released as the first single from the band's 1996 album \"Wither Blister Burn & Peel\". The song is considered the group's first hit and breakout single. The","title":"What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song)"},{"psg_id":"6988627","text":"is synth orienated and has multilayered vocals. Much of the synth was omitted and the drums, bass and vocals were toned down for the second album version. The third version, the 7\" Mix, contains a newer drum track, multilayered vocals in the chorus and relies much less on the synthesizers on the album version. This version of the song also contains samples from American comedian Sam Kinison, and was used for the music video. Originally, \"What Do I Have To Do\" was planned to be released as the follow-up single to \"Better the Devil You Know\", but was later released","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"6988629","text":"great songs and suddenly Kylie was a little bit cool.\" Jason Shawahn from About.com said along with \"Better The Devil You Know\" and \"Wouldn't Change a Thing\"; \"are nothing if not pop masterpieces.\" He also labelled the song as a \"pop classic\". NME voted the song as the thirtieth best track of 1991. \"What Do I Have to Do\" debuted at number twenty-seven on the Australian Singles Chart, until rising and peaking at number eleven, staying there for two consecutive weeks. The song then debuted at number ninety-nine on the Dutch Top 40, until peaking at number eighty-one for one","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"6988628","text":"as the third single off the album instead, and the track was specially remixed for single release. The 1999 biographical book \"Girl Next Door\" identified this track as Kylie's favourite to perform live. The single artwork was photographed by Robert Erdmann. \"What Do I Have To Do?\" received very positive reviews from many music critics. While reviewing the album \"Rhythm of Love\" (1990), Chris True from Allmusic highlighted the song as an album standout. While reviewing \"Ultimate Kylie\", Mark Edwards from Stylus Magazine gave it a positive remark, saying along with \"Shocked\", \"Give Me Just a Little More Time\"; \"were","title":"What Do I Have to Do"},{"psg_id":"15943157","text":"religions and other Islamic sects and denominations. This resulted in the establishment of a research institute which eventually became the University of Religions and Denominations. The institute began its activities with a group of students from Qom Seminary in a small building, with meager resources and facilities. At first, there was a special four-year academic course in three fields: Abrahamic Religions, Non- Abrahamic Religions and Islamic Sects. During their studies, the students also learned English, Sanskrit and Hebrew languages. After about ten years of hard work and endeavor, training of elite students, and meeting the legal requirements governing the universities,","title":"University of Religions and Denominations"},{"psg_id":"18598192","text":"What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song) \"What Do I Have to Do?\" is a song by American industrial rock band Stabbing Westward. The song was released as the first single from the band's 1996 album \"Wither Blister Burn & Peel\". The song is considered the group's first hit and breakout single. The song's music video begins with a shot of vocalist Christopher Hall standing in a desert, before falling backwards. The song begins with a woman singing the first verse. When the chorus starts, the video cuts to a shot of the band performing in the desert.","title":"What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song)"},{"psg_id":"15943158","text":"this institute became legally a university. This university is a private centre of learning and research. It has the following ideals and goals: The university currently has three departments: There are nine courses of study with about 500 male and female students currently pursuing their master’s degrees. Each department has three courses of study. The courses available at the Department of Religions are Abrahamic Religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism); Non-Abrahamic Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) and religions of ancient Persia. The courses available at the Department of Islamic Sects are: Sufism and Islamic spirituality, Theological Sects and Jurisprudential Sects and the courses","title":"University of Religions and Denominations"},{"psg_id":"15465351","text":"religiously differing couples who are from the Abrahamic faith. Because the Abrahamic faiths are sister religions, and because the Qu'ran says that Abrahamic believers can interact with other Abrahamic believers, Abdullah believes that it is plausible to marry between Abrahamic religions. He was the business manager at Georgetown Fitness Center from 2007 to 2009. Abdullah, under his legal name Sidney Thompson, is the CEO of Asiad & Associates, a software company in Washington, D.C. Abdullah attempted to create an LGBT-friendly masjid in Washington D.C., but it failed because there was much fear over what the community would do to those","title":"Daayiee Abdullah"},{"psg_id":"5339665","text":"the Western world paganism is becoming increasingly popular. There remains a minority of the order of 5% of the population in the Western world which adheres to non-Western religions, mostly due to recent immigration, but to some extent also due to proselytization, notably conversion to various sects of Buddhism and Hinduism in the context of the New Age movement in the later part of the 20th century. Western religions Western religions refers to religions that originated within Western culture, and are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from the Eastern religions. The term Abrahamic religions (Islam, Eastern Christianity and Judaism)","title":"Western religions"},{"psg_id":"5339657","text":"Western religions Western religions refers to religions that originated within Western culture, and are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from the Eastern religions. The term Abrahamic religions (Islam, Eastern Christianity and Judaism) is often used in lieu of using the East and West terminology. Western culture itself was significantly influenced by the emergence of Christianity and its adoption as the state church of the Roman Empire in the late 4th century and the term \"Christendom\" largely indicates this intertwined history. Western Christianity was significantly influenced by Hellenistic religion (notably Platonism and Gnosticism) as well as the Roman imperial cult.","title":"Western religions"},{"psg_id":"11076543","text":"purity and others. Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism and the Reconstructionist movement all move away, in different degrees, from the strict tradition of the law. Jewish women's prayer obligations vary by denomination; in contemporary Orthodox practice, women do not read from the Torah and are only required to say certain parts of these daily services. All versions of Judaism share a common, specialized calendar, containing many festivals. The calendar is lunisolar, with lunar months and a solar year (an extra month is added every second or third year to allow the shorter lunar year to \"catch up\" to the solar year).","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"16732362","text":"who identified with the common group of Abrahamic religions were more favorable towards the respective out-group. Yet, as the results showed, particularly religious fundamentalists were less inclined to agree with this common origin. Common ingroup identity The common ingroup identity model is a theoretical model proposed by Samuel L. Gaertner and John F. Dovidio that outlines the processes through which intergroup bias may be reduced. Intergroup bias is a preference for one's in-group over the out-group. Derived from the social identity approach to intergroup behaviour, the common ingroup identity model is rooted in the process of social categorization, or how","title":"Common ingroup identity"},{"psg_id":"11076526","text":"things.\" God, as referenced in the Quran, is the only God. Islamic tradition also describes the 99 names of God. These 99 names describe attributes of God, including Most Merciful, The Just, The Peace and Blessing, and the Guardian. Islamic belief in God is distinct from Christianity in that God has no progeny. This belief is summed up in chapter 112 of the Quran titled Al-Ikhlas, which states \"Say, he is Allah (who is) one, Allah is the Eternal, the Absolute. He does not beget nor was he begotten. Nor is there to Him any equivalent\". All these religions rely","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076566","text":"both the Muslim and the Jew, and the rest of the religions, because I am the nation of God's Son.'\" However, Gohar Shahi himself \"declares that superior and best of all is the one who possesses God's love in his heart, in spite of his indifference to any religion\". Amir Hussain In 2003, a book called \"Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism\" contains a chapter by Amir Hussain on \"Muslims, Pluralism, and Interfaith Dialogue\" which he shows how interfaith dialogue has been an integral part of Islam from its beginning. From his \"first revelation\" for the rest of his","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076490","text":"under the term Yazdânism are primarily practiced in relatively isolated communities, from Khurasan to Anatolia and parts of western Iran. The concept of Yazdânism has found a wide perception both within and beyond Kurdish nationalist discourses, but has been disputed by other recognized scholars of Iranian religions. Well established, however, are the \"striking\" and \"unmistakable\" similarities between the Yazidis and the Yaresan or \"Ahl-e Haqq\", some of which can be traced back to elements of an ancient faith that was probably dominant among Western Iranians and likened to practices of pre-Zoroastrian Mithraic religion. Mehrdad Izady defines the Yazdanism as an","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"11076509","text":"their own scripture. An ethical orientation: all these religions speak of a choice between good and evil, which is associated with obedience or disobedience to a single God and to Divine Law. An eschatological world view of history and destiny, beginning with the creation of the world and the concept that God works through history, and ending with a resurrection of the dead and final judgment and world to come. Jerusalem is considered Judaism's holiest city. Its origins can be dated to 1004 BCE when according to Biblical tradition David established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"2302857","text":"in China follow their own traditional ethnic religions: Benzhuism of the Bai, Bimoism of the Yi, Bön of the Tibetans, Dongbaism of the Nakhi, Miao folk religion, Qiang folk religion, Yao folk religion, Zhuang folk religion, Mongolian shamanism or Tengerism, and Manchu shamanism among Manchus. Han Chinese culture embodies a concept of religion that differs from the one that is common in the Abrahamic traditions, which are based on the belief in an omnipotent God who exists outside the world and human race and has complete power over them. Chinese religions, in general, do not place as much emphasis as","title":"Religion in China"},{"psg_id":"3848898","text":"The consequences under this definition, according to missiologist Keith Ferdinando, are a fatal compromise of the religion's integrity. However, communities in Africa (e.g. Afro-Asiatic) have many common practices which are also found in Abrahamic faiths, and thus these traditions do not fall under the category of some definitions of syncretism. Religion in Africa Religion in Africa is multifaceted and has been a major influence on art, culture and philosophy. Today, the continent's various populations and individuals are mostly adherents of Christianity, Islam, and to a lesser extent several Traditional African religions. In Christian or Islamic communities, religious beliefs are also","title":"Religion in Africa"},{"psg_id":"11076560","text":"the Roman Empire followed the Judaism either as fully ritually obligated Jews or the simpler rituals required of non-Jewish members of that faith. Moses Maimonides, one of the major Jewish teachers, commented: \"Quoting from our sages, the righteous people from other nations have a place in the world to come if they have acquired what they should learn about the Creator\". Because the commandments applicable to the Jews are much more detailed and onerous than Noahide laws, Jewish scholars have traditionally maintained that it is better to be a good non-Jew than a bad Jew, thus discouraging conversion. In the","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"19334529","text":"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \"New Eyes\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The","title":"What We Do in Secret"},{"psg_id":"19334526","text":"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \"New Eyes\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The","title":"What We Do in Secret"},{"psg_id":"10913717","text":"people to condemn the act. Religious views on smoking Religious views on smoking vary widely. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have traditionally used tobacco for religious purposes, while Abrahamic and other religions have only been introduced to the practice in recent times due to the European colonization of the Americas in the 16th century. With the exception of a few Christian denominations, the Abrahamic religions originated before tobacco smoking was introduced to Europe from the New World. Therefore, these religions do not address it in their foundational teachings; however, modern practitioners have offered interpretations of their faith with regard to","title":"Religious views on smoking"},{"psg_id":"10913695","text":"Religious views on smoking Religious views on smoking vary widely. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have traditionally used tobacco for religious purposes, while Abrahamic and other religions have only been introduced to the practice in recent times due to the European colonization of the Americas in the 16th century. With the exception of a few Christian denominations, the Abrahamic religions originated before tobacco smoking was introduced to Europe from the New World. Therefore, these religions do not address it in their foundational teachings; however, modern practitioners have offered interpretations of their faith with regard to smoking. Johann Sebastian Bach was","title":"Religious views on smoking"},{"psg_id":"11076489","text":"Samaritans appear to have a text of the Torah as old as the Masoretic Text; scholars have various theories concerning the actual relationships between these three texts. Yazdânism, or the Cult of Angels, is a proposed pre-Islamic, native religion of the Kurds. The term was introduced by Kurdish scholar Mehrdad Izady to represent what he considers the \"original\" religion of the Kurds as the primary inhabitants of the Zagros Mountains, until their increasing Islamization in the course of the 10th century. According to Izady, Yazdânism is now continued in the denominations of Yazidism, Yarsanism, and Alevism. The three traditions subsumed","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"17579986","text":"\"Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Write what you want, say what you want about me/ If you want you know that I'm not sorry\". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, \"Do What U Want\" is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A major with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of E to F. The song follows a basic sequence of D–E–Fm–E–D–E as its chord","title":"Do What U Want"},{"psg_id":"11076552","text":"Catholic Church currently maintains a neutral position on the practice of non-religious circumcision, and in 1442 it banned the practice of religious circumcision in the 11th Council of Florence. Coptic Christians practice circumcision as a rite of passage. The Eritrean Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church calls for circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia. Many countries with majorities of Christian adherents have low circumcision rates, while both religious and non-religious circumcision is common in many predominantly Christian countries such as the United States, and the Philippines, Australia, and Canada, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia,","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"6920971","text":"is believed to have its own powers, to grant wishes or otherwise affect the world. In cultures where idolatry is not viewed negatively, the word \"idol\" is not generally seen as pejorative, such as in Indian English. A cult of images is the practice of worshipping or venerating religious or cult images representing divine figures. Common in a number of ancient religions, the practice continues most prominently today in Hinduism. The Abrahamic religions all specifically ban idols and idolatry; all have had internal divisions and disputes as to what constitutes the proper or improper use of images in religion, and","title":"Cult image"},{"psg_id":"11076556","text":"a penitential, or even a charitable, practice of their own choosing. Eastern Rite Catholics have their own penitential practices as specified by the Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) embraces numerous Old Testament rules and regulations such as tithing, Sabbath observance, and Jewish food laws. Therefore, they do not eat pork, shellfish, or other foods considered unclean under the Old Covenant. The \"Fundamental Beliefs\" of the SDA state that their members \"are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures\". In the Christian Bible, the","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"3749211","text":"talking about subatomic particles are alluding to alternate universes and cosmic forces, all of which can be harnessed in the interest of making Ms. Matlin's character feel better about her thighs.\" \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\" has been described as \"a kind of New Age answer to \"The Passion of the Christ\" and other films that adhere to traditional religious teachings.\" It offers alternative spirituality views characteristic of New Age philosophy, including critiques of the competing claims of stewardship among traditional religions [viz., institutional Judaism, Christianity, and Islam] of universally recognized and accepted moral values. Scientists who have reviewed","title":"What the Bleep Do We Know!?"},{"psg_id":"3848885","text":"Haitian Vodou, Cuban Vodú, Dominican Vudú and Brazilian Vodum The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are widespread throughout Africa. They have both spread and replaced indigenous African religions, but are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. The World Book Encyclopedia has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 40% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 45%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 40.6%. Christianity is","title":"Religion in Africa"},{"psg_id":"1556426","text":"called Azalis. The Bahá'í division eventually became a full-fledged religion of its own, the Bahá'í Faith. In comparison to the other Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the number of adherents for Bahai faith and other minor Abrahamic religions are not very significant. Out of the three major Abrahamic faiths, Christianity and Judaism are the two religions that diverge the most in theology and practice. The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam. There are many common aspects between Islam and Judaism, and as Islam developed, it gradually","title":"Comparative religion"},{"psg_id":"9983363","text":"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now \"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, featuring American rapper Common. Written by Stone, Alonzo \"Novel\" Stevenson, Tony Reyes, Mark Batson and Common and produced by Raphael Saadiq, the song was released as the second single from Stone's third album \"Introducing Joss Stone\" in July 2007. It was later included on the 2011 compilation album \"The Best of Joss Stone 2003–2009\". \"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\" had a lacklustre performance in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number eighty-four on","title":"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now"},{"psg_id":"1605978","text":"view among historians is that Islam originated in Arabia in the 7th century AD, in Islam's view, Adam was the first Muslim (in the sense of believing in Allah and surrendering to Allah's commands). Islam also shares many traits with Judaism (as well as with Christianity), like the belief in and reverence for common prophets, such as Moses and Abraham, who are recognized in all three Abrahamic religions. Judaism and Islam are known as \"Abrahamic religions\". The first Abrahamic religion was Judaism as practiced in the wilderness of the Sinai peninsula subsequent to the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt","title":"Islamic–Jewish relations"},{"psg_id":"7932510","text":"is One\". God is conceived of as eternal, the creator of the universe, and the source of morality. God has the power to intervene in the world. The term God thus corresponds to an actual ontological reality, and is not merely a projection of the human psyche. Maimonides describes God in this fashion: \"The foundation of all foundations and the pillar of wisdom is to know that there is a Primary Being who brought into being all existence. All the beings of the heavens, the earth, and what is between them came into existence only from the truth of His","title":"God in Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"14121335","text":"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\" The music video for the single \"What Faith Can Do\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \"What Faith Can Do\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from","title":"What Faith Can Do"},{"psg_id":"11076571","text":"Jews and Muslims\" argues that \"the paramount need is for barriers against non-defensive dialogue conversations between Christians, Jews, and Muslims to be dismantled to facilitate the development of common understandings on matters that are deeply divisive.\" As of 2012, the thesis says that this has not been done. Cardinal Koch In 2015, Cardinal Kurt Koch, the President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and who is \"responsible for the Church's dialogue with the Jewish people,\" was interviewed in 2015. He noted that the Church is already engaged in \"bilateral talks with Jewish and Muslim religious leaders.\" However, he","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"8463369","text":"thought, at least for the Abrahamic religions, for which the belief that animals do not have souls but humans do is a core teaching. Scientific accounts of the origin of the universe, origin of life and subsequent evolution of pre-human life forms may not cause any difficulty (helped by the reluctance of science itself to say anything about what preceded the Big Bang) but the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization and account for the addition of a soul to humans remains a problem. Several 19th-century theologians attempted specific solutions, including the Catholics John Augustine Zahm and","title":"Hominization"},{"psg_id":"11076548","text":"for any reason must be made up, unless there be a permanent illness, such as diabetes, that prevents a person from ever fasting. In such a case, restitution must be made by feeding one poor person for each day missed. Finally, Muslims are also required, if physically able, to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's life: it is strongly recommended to do it as often as possible, preferably once a year. Only individuals whose financial position and health are severely insufficient are exempt from making Hajj (e.g. if making Hajj would put stress on one's financial","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"4221954","text":"critique would be too complex for many of them to understand. Its continued use has also been defended by the claim that it is what undergraduate students expect and that it mirrors what they will have been taught at school. Some scholars have argued for the rejection of the world religions paradigm altogether; Cotter and Robertson presented the argument that \"the continued uncritical use of the WRP fosters a breeding ground for relativistic navel-gazing which has no place in the contemporary research university\". Owen was of the view that \"as long as it continues to employ the World Religions paradigm","title":"World religions"},{"psg_id":"4221943","text":"abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered \"major\". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially constructed category. The scholars of religion Christopher R. Cotter and David G. Robertson described the \"World","title":"World religions"},{"psg_id":"17742879","text":"the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.\" \"What We Do in the Shadows\" grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. \"What We Do in the Shadows\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih. A sequel to the film, which focused on the werewolves depicted in \"What We Do in the Shadows\", was in development but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled \"What We Do in the Moonlight\", the working","title":"What We Do in the Shadows"},{"psg_id":"11076498","text":"sacrament with beneficial properties. Rastas place emphasis on what they regard as living 'naturally', adhering to ital dietary requirements, allowing their hair to form into dreadlocks, and following patriarchal gender roles. Rastafari originated among impoverished and socially disenfranchised Afro-Jamaican communities in 1930s Jamaica. Its Afrocentric ideology was largely a reaction against Jamaica's then-dominant British colonial culture. It was influenced by both Ethiopianism and the Back-to-Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures like Marcus Garvey. The movement developed after several Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, proclaimed that the crowning of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a","title":"Abrahamic religions"},{"psg_id":"9709295","text":"is often associated with a \"virtue\" of being, the \"de\" or \"te\". This is considered the active expression of Tao. Generally, those religions closer to Taoism explain \"de\" as \"integrity\" or \"wholeness\", while those faiths closer to Confucianism express this concept as \"morality\" or \"sound character\". Taoism consists of a wide variety of religious, philosophical and ritual orders. There are hermeneutic (interpretive) difficulties in the categorisation of Taoist schools, sects and movements. Taoism does not fall strictly under an umbrella or a definition of an organised religion like the Abrahamic traditions, nor can it purely be studied as a variant","title":"East Asian religions"},{"psg_id":"12192","text":"the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of Kabbalah, the Cathars, Alawites, the Druze, and the Rosicrucians. The historical relations between these sects and the beliefs about reincarnation that were characteristic of Neoplatonism, Orphism, Hermeticism, Manicheanism, and Gnosticism of the Roman era as well as the Indian religions have been the subject of recent scholarly research. Unity Church and its founder Charles Fillmore teach reincarnation. Rosicrucians speak of a life review period occurring immediately after","title":"Afterlife"},{"psg_id":"20703078","text":"What We Do in the Shadows (TV series) What We Do in the Shadows is an upcoming American comedy television series based on the 2014 film of the same name that is set to premiere in 2019 on FX. \"What We Do in the Shadows\" is set in New York City and follows \"three vampires who have been roommates for hundreds and hundreds of years.\" On January 22, 2018, it was announced that FX had given the production a pilot order. The series is set to be written by Jemaine Clement and directed by Taika Waititi both of whom are","title":"What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)"},{"psg_id":"9983368","text":"camera as if she had kissed the man. Intercut shots of Stone wearing a skin-coloured suit and purple high heels while lying on a flower-covered floor are included from the scene in which Stone and the cameraman are sitting on the bench. Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now \"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, featuring American rapper Common. Written by Stone, Alonzo \"Novel\" Stevenson, Tony Reyes, Mark Batson and Common and produced by Raphael Saadiq, the song was released as the second single from Stone's third album \"Introducing","title":"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now"},{"psg_id":"1793157","text":"expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, \"What Would Jesus Buy?\", \"What Would Lincoln Do?\", \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\", \"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\", \"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\", and \"What would Tintin do?\". The term \"What Would Jesus Do?\" or \"WWJD\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase \"What would Jesus do?\"","title":"What would Jesus do?"},{"psg_id":"7932504","text":"that God the Son has two wills, divine and human, though these are never in conflict but joined in the hypostatic union. A small minority of Christians, largely coming under the heading of Unitarianism, hold non-trinitarian views. In the Mormonism represented by most of Mormon communities (including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), \"God\" means Elohim (the Father), whereas \"Godhead\" means a council of three distinct gods; Elohim, Jehovah (the Son, or Jesus), and the Holy Spirit. The Father and Son have perfected, material bodies, while the Holy Spirit is a spirit and does not have a body.","title":"God in Abrahamic religions"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076505\",\n \"text\": \"be a transcendent creator and the source of moral law. Their religious texts feature many of the same figures, histories, and places, although they often present them with different roles, perspectives, and meanings. Believers who agree on these similarities and the common Abrahamic origin tend to also be more positive towards other Abrahamic groups. In these four Abrahamic religions the individual, God, and the universe are highly separate from each other. The Abrahamic religions believe in a judging, paternal, fully external god to which the individual and nature are subordinate. One seeks salvation or transcendence not by contemplating the natural\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076572\",\n \"text\": \"said that it is too early for \\\"trialogue\\\" talks among the three Abrahamic religions. Yet, Koch added, \\\"we hope that we can go in this [direction] in future.\\\" Omid Safi In 2016, a 26-minute interview with Professor Omid Safi, a Muslim and Director of the Duke Islamic Studies Center, was posted on YouTube.com. In it, Safi said that his life had been trying to combine \\\"love and tenderness\\\" which are the \\\"essence of being human\\\" with \\\"social justice.\\\" In most of their common history, the three Abrahamic religions have been \\\"ignorant about each other, or worse, especially in the case\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076472\",\n \"text\": \"Today the Abrahamic religions are one of the major divisions in comparative religion (along with Indian, Iranian, and East Asian religions). The major Abrahamic religions in chronological order of founding are Judaism in the 7th century BCE, Christianity in the 1st century CE, and Islam in the 7th century CE. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are the Abrahamic religions with the greatest numbers of adherents. Abrahamic religions with fewer adherents include the faiths descended from Yazdânism (the Yezidi, Yarsani faiths), Samaritanism, the Druze faith, Bábism, the Bahá'í Faith and Rastafari. , estimates classified 54% (3.6 billion people) of the world's population\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076477\",\n \"text\": \"in 2012, Aaron W. Hughes published a book about the category Abrahamic religions as an example of \\\"abuses of history.\\\" He said that only recently the category \\\"Abrahamic religions\\\" has come into use and that it is a \\\"vague referent.\\\" It is \\\"largely a theological neologism\\\" and \\\"an artificial and imprecise\\\" term. Combining the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions into this one category might serve the purpose of encouraging \\\"interfaith trialogue\\\", but it is not true to the \\\"historical record\\\". Abrahamic religions is \\\"an ahistorical category\\\". There are \\\"certain family resemblances\\\" among these three religions, but the \\\"amorphous\\\" term Abrahamic\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076483\",\n \"text\": \"to the category. However, some of the restriction of Abrahamic to these three is due only to tradition in historical classification. Therefore, restricting the category to these three religions has come under criticism. The religions listed below here claim Abrahamic classification, either by the religions themselves, or by scholars who study them. The Bahá'í Faith, which dates only to the late 19th century, has sometimes been listed as Abrahamic by scholarly sources in various fields. Though smaller and younger than the well-known Abrahamic religions, the Bahá'í Faith is significant because of its activities, distribution and numbers. The religion is almost\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076574\",\n \"text\": \"(Muslim philosopher). Examples of violent conflict follow: Abrahamic religions The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the Judaism of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions: they worship only one god, the unique God. The term derives from patriarch Abraham, a major biblical figure from \\\"The Old Testament\\\", which is recognized by Christians, Muslims and others. Abrahamic religion spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and Islam by\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076471\",\n \"text\": \"Abrahamic religions The Abrahamic religions, also referred to collectively as Abrahamism, are a group of Semitic-originated religious communities of faith that claim descent from the Judaism of the ancient Israelites and the worship of the God of Abraham. The Abrahamic religions are monotheistic religions: they worship only one god, the unique God. The term derives from patriarch Abraham, a major biblical figure from \\\"The Old Testament\\\", which is recognized by Christians, Muslims and others. Abrahamic religion spread globally through Christianity being adopted by the Roman Empire in the 4th century and Islam by the Islamic Empires from the 7th century.\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076474\",\n \"text\": \"tradition claims that the Jews are descended from Abraham, and adherents of Judaism derive their spiritual identity from Abraham as the first of the three \\\"fathers\\\" or biblical Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. All the major Abrahamic religions claim a direct lineage to Abraham, although in Christianity this is understood in spiritual terms: Adam Dodds argues that the term \\\"Abrahamic faiths\\\", while helpful, can be considered misleading, as it conveys an unspecified historical and theological commonality that is problematic on closer examination. While there is commonality among the religions, in large measure their shared ancestry is peripheral to their respective\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076508\",\n \"text\": \"Bahá'í Faith also see the incarnation of God into human form as a heresy. All the Abrahamic religions affirm one eternal God who created the universe, who rules history, who sends prophetic and angelic messengers and who reveals the divine will through inspired revelation. They also affirm that obedience to this creator deity is to be lived out historically and that one day God will unilaterally intervene in human history at the Last Judgment. All Abrahamic religions believe that God guides humanity through revelation to prophets, and each religion recognizes that God revealed teachings up to and including those in\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076473\",\n \"text\": \"as adherents of an Abrahamic religion, about 32% as adherents of other religions, and 16% as adherents of no organized religion. Christianity claims 33% of the world's population, Islam has 21%, Judaism has 0.2% and the Bahá'í Faith represents around 0.1%. It was suggested by Louis Massignon that the phrase \\\"Abrahamic religion\\\" means that all these religions come from one spiritual source. Paul the Apostle referred to Abraham as the \\\"father of us all\\\". There is a Quranic term, \\\"millat Ibrahim\\\", 'religion of Ibrahim', indicating that Islam sees itself as standing in a tradition of religious practice from Abraham. Jewish\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076504\",\n \"text\": \"Báb, or \\\"the Gate\\\". The Bab's ministry proclaimed the imminent advent of \\\"He whom God shall make manifest\\\", who Bahá'í's accept as Bahá'u'lláh. Bahá'í's revere the Torah, Gospels and the Quran, and the writings of the Báb, Bahá'u'lláh, and `Abdu’l-Bahá' are considered the central texts of the faith. A vast majority of adherents are unified under a single denomination. Lesser-known Abrahamic religions, originally offshoots of Shia Islam, include Bábism and the Druze faith. The unifying characteristic of Abrahamic religions is that all accept the tradition that God revealed himself to the patriarch Abraham. All are monotheistic, and conceive God to\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076569\",\n \"text\": \"in dialogue: Pope Benedict XVI In 2010, Pope Benedict XVI spoke about \\\"Interreligious dialogue.\\\" He said that \\\"the Church's universal nature and vocation require that she engage in dialogue with the members of other religions.\\\" For the Abrahamic religions, this \\\"dialogue is based on the spiritual and historical bonds uniting Christians to Jews and Muslims.\\\" It is dialogue \\\"grounded in the sacred Scriptures\\\" and \\\"defined in the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church \\\"Lumen Gentium\\\" and in the Declaration on the Church's Relation to Non-Christian Religions \\\"Nostra Aetate\\\". The Pope concluded with a prayer: \\\"May Jews, Christians and Muslims . .\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076486\",\n \"text\": \"preparing the way for the next. There is no definitive list of Manifestations of God, but Bahá'u'lláh and `Abdu'l-Bahá referred to several personages as Manifestations; they include individuals generally not recognized by other Abrahamic religions—Krishna, Zoroaster, and Buddha—and general statements go further to other cultures. Bábism (, \\\"Babiyye\\\"), also known as the Bayání Faith (Arabic: , \\\"Bayání\\\"), is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion which professes that there is one incorporeal, unknown, and incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of theophanies, called Manifestations of God (Arabic: ). It is an extremely small religion, with no more than a\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076500\",\n \"text\": \"of Israel, each of which offers different interpretations of Rasta belief. There are an estimated 700,000 to 1 million Rastas across the world; the largest population is in Jamaica although communities can be found in most of the world's major population centres. Some small religions, such as Samaritanism, Druze, Rastafari movement, and the Bábí Faith, are Abrahamic. These religions are regional, with Samaritans largely in Israel and the West Bank, Druze largely in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, and Rastafari largely in Jamaica. The civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia influenced some religious texts, particularly the Hebrew Bible and the Book\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076506\",\n \"text\": \"world or via philosophical speculation, but by seeking to please God (such as obedience with God's wishes or his law) and see divine revelation as outside of self, nature, and custom. All Abrahamic religions claim to be monotheistic, worshiping an exclusive God, although one known by different names. Each of these religions preaches that God creates, is one, rules, reveals, loves, judges, punishes, and forgives. However, although Christianity does not profess to believe in three gods—but rather in three persons, or hypostases, united in one essence—the Trinitarian doctrine, a fundamental of faith for the vast majority of Christian denominations, conflicts\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076573\",\n \"text\": \"of Christians and Muslims, attacked each other.\\\" In the La Convivencia (The Coexistence) in the 14th and 15th centuries, Muslims, Christians and Jews co-existed in relative peace, but, otherwise, there has been \\\"very little genuine dialogue\\\" between believers in these Abrahamic religions. They have \\\"kept their distance from one another, or were in conflict. . . there has been very little genuine dialogue.\\\" An aspect La Convivencia is shown in a six-minute video Cities of Light that documents collaboration between Spanish Jewish, Muslim and Christian scientists in 12th century Spain. It features the works of Maimonides (Jewish philosopher) and Averroes\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076565\",\n \"text\": \"them about Muhammad. Da‘wah produces converts to Islam, which in turn grows the size of the Muslim Ummah, or community of Muslims. This section reports on writings and talks which describe or advocate dialogue between the Abrahamic religions. Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi In 1997, Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi claims to have met Jesus in New Mexico. Since then he has exalted God's love above all religious differences. He describes the situation in this way: \\\"A Muslim says, 'I am superior to all.' A Jew declares, 'I am even better than the Muslim.' And a Christian says, 'I am greater than\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076568\",\n \"text\": \"of the city.\\\" Thus, there is \\\"a history of Muslims, Jews, Christians, and other religious traditions living together in a pluralistic society.\\\" Turning to the present, Hussain says that one of the challenges faced by Muslims now is the conflicting passages in the Qur̀an some of which support interfaith \\\"bridge-building,\\\" but others can be used \\\"justify mutual exclusion.\\\" Trialogue The 2007 book \\\"Trialogue: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Dialogue\\\" puts the importance of interfaith dialogue starkly: \\\"We human beings today face a stark choice: dialogue or death!\\\" The \\\"Trialogue\\\" book gives four reasons why the three Abrahamic religions should engage\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076536\",\n \"text\": \"In the major Abrahamic religions, there exists the expectation of an individual who will herald the time of the end or bring about the Kingdom of God on Earth; in other words, the Messianic prophecy. Judaism awaits the coming of the Jewish Messiah; the Jewish concept of Messiah differs from the Christian concept in several significant ways, despite the same term being applied to both. The Jewish Messiah is not seen as a \\\"god\\\", but as a mortal man who by his holiness is worthy of that description. His appearance is not the end of history, rather it signals the\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076484\",\n \"text\": \"entirely contained in a single, organized community with international, national, regional, and local administration, without sects or subdivisions, and is recognized as the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity. The Association of Religion Data Archives estimated some 7.3 million Bahá'ís in 2005 and the only religion to consistently surpass population growth in each major region of the planet over the last century, often growing at twice the rate of the population. Bahá'u'lláh (1817–1892), the founder, affirms the highest religious station for Abraham and generally for prophets mentioned among the other Abrahamic religions, and has claimed a lineage of descent from\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076537\",\n \"text\": \"coming of the world to come. Christianity awaits the Second Coming of Christ, though Full Preterists believe this has already happened. Islam awaits both the second coming of Jesus (to complete his life and die) and the coming of Mahdi (Sunnis in his first incarnation, Shia as the return of Muhammad al-Mahdi). Most Abrahamic religions agree that a human being comprises the body, which dies, and the soul, which is capable of remaining alive beyond human death and carries the person's essence, and that God will judge each person's life accordingly after death. The importance of this and the focus\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076541\",\n \"text\": \"may be punished for a time, and then eventually released into Paradise. If anyone dies in a state of Shirk (i.e. associating God in any way, such as claiming that He is equal with anything or denying Him), this is not pardonable—he or she will stay forever in Hell. Once a person is admitted to Paradise, this person will abide there for eternity. Worship, ceremonies and religion-related customs differ substantially among the Abrahamic religions. Among the few similarities are a seven-day cycle in which one day is nominally reserved for worship, prayer or other religious activities—\\\"Shabbat\\\", Sabbath, or \\\"jumu'ah\\\"; this\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4889732\",\n \"text\": \"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools the idea of the universal God has been expressed in a variety of names and representations, most notably as 天 \\\"Tiān\\\" (\\\"Heaven\\\") and 上帝 \\\"Shàngdì\\\" (\\\"Highest Deity\\\" or \\\"Highest Emperor\\\"). These two and other concepts have been variously combined, in diverse contexts, to form titles such as: \\\"Huáng Tiān Shàngdì\\\"=\\\"Huáng\\\" \\\"Emperor\\\"+\\\"Tiān+Shàngdì\\\" (皇天上帝) or \\\"Xuán Tiān Shàngdì\\\"=\\\"Xuán\\\" \\\"Deep\\\"+\\\"Tiān+Shàngdì\\\" (玄天上帝), \\\"Shàngtiān=Shàng+Tiān\\\" \\\"Highest Heaven\\\" and \\\"Tiāntáng=Tiān+Táng\\\" \\\"Vault of Heaven\\\". The compounds \\\"tiānshén=tiān+shén\\\" \\\"heavenly god\\\" and \\\"tiānxiān=tiān+xiān\\\" \\\"heavenly immortal\\\" have been used for a deity, in a polytheistic\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076520\",\n \"text\": \"Monotheist\\\". Also, the same as Judaism, Islam believes that Abraham rejected idolatry through logical reasoning. Abraham is also recalled in certain details of the annual Hajj pilgrimage. The Abrahamic God is conceived of as eternal, omnipotent, omniscient and as the creator of the universe. God is further held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omnibenevolence and omnipresence. Proponents of Abrahamic faiths believe that God is also transcendent, but at the same time personal and involved, listening to prayer and reacting to the actions of his creatures. In Jewish theology, God is strictly monotheistic. God is an absolute one, indivisible\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988633\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon.co.uk, \\\"Her most outrageous but greatest video moment is where she parodies certain movie stars in the chic video for \\\"What Do I Have to Do?\\\", and because of her heavy eye make-up almost earns herself the title drag-queen Kylie (watch out for sister Dannii who briefly stars in the video, wearing a blonde wig).\\\" These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\". Minogue performed the song on the following concert tours: The song was also performed on: What Do I Have to Do \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4889739\",\n \"text\": \"English \\\"Jehovah\\\"). A modern Protestant usage is \\\"Yēhéhuá\\\" (耶和華, phonetic). Some versions translate this term as Shàngzhǔ (上主, literally \\\"Lord Above\\\"), similar to the translation decision that uses a capitalized \\\"LORD\\\" by both Catholics and traditional Protestants. Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans particularly use Shàngzhǔ in prayers of the Eucharist. The term \\\"Zhǔ\\\" (主,literally \\\"Lord\\\") is used by both Catholics and traditional Protestants in less formal prayers, and usually by contemporary Protestants. Other less formal terms are used, for example, \\\"Tīanfù\\\" (天父, literally \\\"Heavenly Father\\\"). Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076476\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Abrahamic traditions\\\" has been challenged. In 2012, Alan L. Berger, Professor of Judaic Studies at Florida Atlantic University, in his Preface to \\\"Trialogue and Terror: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam after 9/11\\\" wrote that there are \\\"commonalities\\\", but \\\"there are essential differences between the Abrahamic traditions\\\" both \\\"historical and theological\\\". Although \\\"Judaism birthed both Christianity and Islam\\\", the \\\"three monotheistic faiths went their separate ways\\\". The three faiths \\\"understand the role of Abraham\\\" in \\\"differing ways\\\", and the relationships between Judaism and Christianity and between Judaism and Islam are \\\"uneven\\\". Also, the three traditions are \\\"demographically unbalanced and ideologically diverse\\\". Also\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4889733\",\n \"text\": \"sense. The word \\\"Dì\\\" by itself has likewise been used for God. When Abrahamic religions penetrated China, they appropriated some of the traditional titles, or created new compound titles, to express their theology. Outside of direct translations in religious books, the following are often-encountered translations of the Abrahamic God in general usage. The earliest introduction of documented Judeo-Christian religion appears to be \\\"Jǐng jiào\\\" (景教, literally, \\\"bright teaching\\\") around 635 AD, whose proponents were Nestorian Christians from Persia. Their term for God was \\\"Zhēnzhǔ\\\" (真主, literally \\\"Veritable Majesty,\\\" \\\"True Lord,\\\" or \\\"Lord of Truth.\\\"). In a hymn supposed to be\",\n \"title\": \"Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076478\",\n \"text\": \"religions prevents an understanding of the \\\"complex nature\\\" of the interactions among them. Furthermore, the three religions do not share the same story of Abraham. For these and other reasons, Hughes argued that the term should not be used, at least in academic circles. One of Judaism's primary texts is the Tanakh, an account of the Israelites' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple (c. 535 BCE). Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people. One of his great-grandsons was Judah, from whom the religion ultimately gets\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076514\",\n \"text\": \"qibla was switched to Kaaba later on to fulfill the order of Allah of praying in the direction of Kaaba (Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:144–150). Another reason for its significance is its connection with the Miʿrāj, where, according to traditional Muslim, Muhammad ascended through the Seven heavens on a winged mule named Buraq, guided by the Archangel Gabriel, beginning from the Foundation Stone on the Temple Mount, in modern times under the Dome of the Rock. Even though members of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not all claim Abraham as an ancestor, some members of these religions have tried to claim him\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076538\",\n \"text\": \"on it, as well as the precise criteria and end result, differ between religions. Judaism's views on the afterlife (\\\"the Next World\\\") are quite diverse. This can be attributed to the fact that although there clearly are traditions in the Hebrew Bible of an afterlife (see Naboth and the Witch of Endor), Judaism focuses on this life and how to lead a holy life to please God, rather than future reward. Christians have more diverse and definite teachings on the end times and what constitutes afterlife. Most Christian approaches either include different abodes for the dead (Heaven, Hell, Limbo, Purgatory)\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932499\",\n \"text\": \"universe. God is further held to have the properties of holiness, justice, omni-benevolence and omnipresence. Proponents of Abrahamic faiths believe that God is also transcendent, meaning that he is outside space and outside time and therefore not subject to anything within his creation, but at the same time a personal God, involved, listening to prayer and reacting to the actions of his creatures. The Bahá'í writings describe a monotheistic, personal, inaccessible, omniscient, omnipresent, imperishable, and almighty God who is the creator of all things in the universe. The existence of God and the universe is thought to be eternal, without\",\n \"title\": \"God in Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076517\",\n \"text\": \"to be defined by faith in Christ rather than biological descent\\\" or both by faith as well as a direct ancestor; in any case, the emphasis is placed on faith being the only requirement for the Abrahamic Covenant to apply (see also New Covenant and supersessionism). In Christian belief, Abraham is a role model of faith, and his obedience to God by offering Isaac is seen as a foreshadowing of God's offering of his son Jesus. Christian commentators have a tendency to interpret God's promises to Abraham as applying to Christianity subsequent to, and sometimes rather than (as in supersessionism),\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076559\",\n \"text\": \"differently in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam and informs a similar occasion in several other Abrahamic faiths. Though many viewpoints and definitions have arisen over the millennia, most originate in the same textual tradition. Judaism accepts converts, but has had no explicit missionaries since the end of the Second Temple era. Judaism states that non-Jews can achieve righteousness by following Noahide Laws, a set of moral imperatives that, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a binding set of laws for the \\\"children of Noah\\\"—that is, all of humanity. It is believed that as much as ten percent of\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988625\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Have to Do \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\" is a song performed by Australian singer and songwriter Kylie Minogue taken from her third studio album \\\"Rhythm of Love\\\" (1990). The song was written and produced by Stock, Aitken & Waterman. Originally, the song was planned to be released after the single \\\"Better the Devil You Know\\\", but instead \\\"Step Back in Time\\\" was released and this was released as the third single on 21 January 1991. The song received positive reviews from most music critics, who thought the song was an instant rave classic. The song\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076516\",\n \"text\": \"our father\\\") to whom God made several promises: chiefly, that he would have numberless descendants, who would receive the land of Canaan (the \\\"Promised Land\\\"). According to Jewish tradition, Abraham was the first post-Flood prophet to reject idolatry through rational analysis, although Shem and Eber carried on the tradition from Noah. Christians view Abraham as an important exemplar of faith, and a spiritual, as well as physical, ancestor of Jesus. For Christians, Abraham is a spiritual forebear as well as/rather than a direct ancestor depending on the individual's interpretation of Paul the Apostle, with the Abrahamic covenant \\\"reinterpreted so as\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7531236\",\n \"text\": \"African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. The two Abrahamic religions are widespread across Africa, though mostly concentrated in different areas. They have replaced indigenous African religions, but are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by \\\"force\\\" (or \\\"ashe\\\", \\\"nyama\\\", etc.), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or driving drumming or singing. One religious ceremony practiced in Gabon\",\n \"title\": \"Traditional African religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4221944\",\n \"text\": \"Religions Paradigm\\\" as \\\"a particular way of thinking about religions which organizes them into a set of discrete traditions with a supposedly 'global' import.\\\" It typically consists of the \\\"Big Five\\\" religions: Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. As noted by Cotter and Robertson, the \\\"Big Five\\\" religions are often listed in an \\\"Abrahamocentric order\\\" which places the largest three Abrahamic religions—Christianity, Judaism, and Islam—before the non-Abrahamic religions Hinduism and Buddhism. The category is sometimes also extended to include other religious groups, namely Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith. The inclusion of Judaism in the Big Five raises some issues;\",\n \"title\": \"World religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2955617\",\n \"text\": \"and medieval times. Islam is a strictly monotheistic religion in which the supreme deity is Allah ( : see God in Islam), the last Islamic prophet being Muhammad ibn Abdullah, whom Muslims believe delivered the Islamic scripture, the Qur'an. Hinduism mostly shares common terms with the other Indian religions, including Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. Islam shares common characteristics with Abrahamic religions–those religions claiming descent from the prophet Abraham–being, from oldest to youngest, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. The Qur'an is the primary Islamic scripture. Muslims believe it to be the verbatim, uncreated word of Allah. Second to this in religious authority, and\",\n \"title\": \"Hinduism and other religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076554\",\n \"text\": \"permitted food known as kosher in Judaism, and halal in Islam. These two religions prohibit the consumption of pork; Islam prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages of any kind. Halal restrictions can be seen as a modification of the kashrut dietary laws, so many kosher foods are considered halal; especially in the case of meat, which Islam prescribes must be slaughtered in the name of God. Hence, in many places, Muslims used to consume kosher food. However, some foods not considered kosher are considered halal in Islam. With rare exceptions, Christians do not consider the Old Testament's strict food laws\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932509\",\n \"text\": \"to the Abrahamic God, Yahweh. The idea of God as a duality or trinity is heretical in Judaism - it is considered akin to polytheism. \\\"[God], the Cause of all, is one. This does not mean one as in one of series, nor one like a species (which encompasses many individuals), nor one as in an object that is made up of many elements, nor as a single simple object that is infinitely divisible. Rather, God is a unity unlike any other possible unity\\\". This is referred to in the Torah: \\\"Hear Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord\",\n \"title\": \"God in Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932500\",\n \"text\": \"a beginning or end. Though transcendent and inaccessible directly, God is nevertheless seen as conscious of creation, with a will and purpose that is expressed through messengers termed Manifestations of God. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator, through such methods as prayer, reflection, and being of service to humankind. God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God, who are the prophets and messengers who have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day. The Manifestations of God reflect divine\",\n \"title\": \"God in Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076495\",\n \"text\": \"and other philosophies and beliefs, creating a distinct and secretive theology known to interpret esoterically religious scriptures, and to highlight the role of the mind and truthfulness. The Druze follow theophany, and believe in reincarnation or the transmigration of the soul. At the end of the cycle of rebirth, which is achieved through successive reincarnations, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind (\\\"Al Aaqal Al Kulli\\\"). The Druze Faith is often classified as a branch of Isma'ili Shia Islam. Rastafari, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion. Classified as both a new religious movement and social movement, it developed\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076494\",\n \"text\": \"Mandaeism or Mandaeanism ( \\\"\\\") is a gnostic religion with a strongly dualistic worldview. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Abraham, however, is considered a false prophet in Mandeanism. The Druze faith is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the teachings of high Islamic figures like Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad and Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. The Epistles of Wisdom is the foundational text of the Druze faith. The Druze faith incorporates elements of Islam's Ismailism, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, Pythagoreanism, Hinduism (according to some),\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14377020\",\n \"text\": \"Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions There are many references to ghosts in ancient Mesopotamian religion – the religions of Sumer, Babylon, Assyria and other early states in Mesopotamia. Traces of these beliefs survive in the later Abrahamic religions that came to dominate the region. The concept of ghosts or spirits in Mesopotamia is comparable to the shades of the deceased in the Underworld in the mythology of classical antiquity. The shades or spirits of the deceased were known as ' ( ) in Sumerian, which was borrowed as ' in Akkadian. The Sumerian word is analyzed as a compound of either\",\n \"title\": \"Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18598193\",\n \"text\": \"At the end of the chorus, a car drives off. During the second verse, the video cuts between shots of the band performing and the car driving. At the video's end, the camera pulls around and reveals that Hall and the woman have both died. What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song) \\\"What Do I Have to Do?\\\" is a song by American industrial rock band Stabbing Westward. The song was released as the first single from the band's 1996 album \\\"Wither Blister Burn & Peel\\\". The song is considered the group's first hit and breakout single. The\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988627\",\n \"text\": \"is synth orienated and has multilayered vocals. Much of the synth was omitted and the drums, bass and vocals were toned down for the second album version. The third version, the 7\\\" Mix, contains a newer drum track, multilayered vocals in the chorus and relies much less on the synthesizers on the album version. This version of the song also contains samples from American comedian Sam Kinison, and was used for the music video. Originally, \\\"What Do I Have To Do\\\" was planned to be released as the follow-up single to \\\"Better the Devil You Know\\\", but was later released\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988629\",\n \"text\": \"great songs and suddenly Kylie was a little bit cool.\\\" Jason Shawahn from About.com said along with \\\"Better The Devil You Know\\\" and \\\"Wouldn't Change a Thing\\\"; \\\"are nothing if not pop masterpieces.\\\" He also labelled the song as a \\\"pop classic\\\". NME voted the song as the thirtieth best track of 1991. \\\"What Do I Have to Do\\\" debuted at number twenty-seven on the Australian Singles Chart, until rising and peaking at number eleven, staying there for two consecutive weeks. The song then debuted at number ninety-nine on the Dutch Top 40, until peaking at number eighty-one for one\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6988628\",\n \"text\": \"as the third single off the album instead, and the track was specially remixed for single release. The 1999 biographical book \\\"Girl Next Door\\\" identified this track as Kylie's favourite to perform live. The single artwork was photographed by Robert Erdmann. \\\"What Do I Have To Do?\\\" received very positive reviews from many music critics. While reviewing the album \\\"Rhythm of Love\\\" (1990), Chris True from Allmusic highlighted the song as an album standout. While reviewing \\\"Ultimate Kylie\\\", Mark Edwards from Stylus Magazine gave it a positive remark, saying along with \\\"Shocked\\\", \\\"Give Me Just a Little More Time\\\"; \\\"were\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15943157\",\n \"text\": \"religions and other Islamic sects and denominations. This resulted in the establishment of a research institute which eventually became the University of Religions and Denominations. The institute began its activities with a group of students from Qom Seminary in a small building, with meager resources and facilities. At first, there was a special four-year academic course in three fields: Abrahamic Religions, Non- Abrahamic Religions and Islamic Sects. During their studies, the students also learned English, Sanskrit and Hebrew languages. After about ten years of hard work and endeavor, training of elite students, and meeting the legal requirements governing the universities,\",\n \"title\": \"University of Religions and Denominations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18598192\",\n \"text\": \"What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song) \\\"What Do I Have to Do?\\\" is a song by American industrial rock band Stabbing Westward. The song was released as the first single from the band's 1996 album \\\"Wither Blister Burn & Peel\\\". The song is considered the group's first hit and breakout single. The song's music video begins with a shot of vocalist Christopher Hall standing in a desert, before falling backwards. The song begins with a woman singing the first verse. When the chorus starts, the video cuts to a shot of the band performing in the desert.\",\n \"title\": \"What Do I Have to Do? (Stabbing Westward song)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15943158\",\n \"text\": \"this institute became legally a university. This university is a private centre of learning and research. It has the following ideals and goals: The university currently has three departments: There are nine courses of study with about 500 male and female students currently pursuing their master’s degrees. Each department has three courses of study. The courses available at the Department of Religions are Abrahamic Religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism); Non-Abrahamic Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) and religions of ancient Persia. The courses available at the Department of Islamic Sects are: Sufism and Islamic spirituality, Theological Sects and Jurisprudential Sects and the courses\",\n \"title\": \"University of Religions and Denominations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15465351\",\n \"text\": \"religiously differing couples who are from the Abrahamic faith. Because the Abrahamic faiths are sister religions, and because the Qu'ran says that Abrahamic believers can interact with other Abrahamic believers, Abdullah believes that it is plausible to marry between Abrahamic religions. He was the business manager at Georgetown Fitness Center from 2007 to 2009. Abdullah, under his legal name Sidney Thompson, is the CEO of Asiad & Associates, a software company in Washington, D.C. Abdullah attempted to create an LGBT-friendly masjid in Washington D.C., but it failed because there was much fear over what the community would do to those\",\n \"title\": \"Daayiee Abdullah\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5339665\",\n \"text\": \"the Western world paganism is becoming increasingly popular. There remains a minority of the order of 5% of the population in the Western world which adheres to non-Western religions, mostly due to recent immigration, but to some extent also due to proselytization, notably conversion to various sects of Buddhism and Hinduism in the context of the New Age movement in the later part of the 20th century. Western religions Western religions refers to religions that originated within Western culture, and are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from the Eastern religions. The term Abrahamic religions (Islam, Eastern Christianity and Judaism)\",\n \"title\": \"Western religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5339657\",\n \"text\": \"Western religions Western religions refers to religions that originated within Western culture, and are thus historically, culturally, and theologically distinct from the Eastern religions. The term Abrahamic religions (Islam, Eastern Christianity and Judaism) is often used in lieu of using the East and West terminology. Western culture itself was significantly influenced by the emergence of Christianity and its adoption as the state church of the Roman Empire in the late 4th century and the term \\\"Christendom\\\" largely indicates this intertwined history. Western Christianity was significantly influenced by Hellenistic religion (notably Platonism and Gnosticism) as well as the Roman imperial cult.\",\n \"title\": \"Western religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076543\",\n \"text\": \"purity and others. Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism and the Reconstructionist movement all move away, in different degrees, from the strict tradition of the law. Jewish women's prayer obligations vary by denomination; in contemporary Orthodox practice, women do not read from the Torah and are only required to say certain parts of these daily services. All versions of Judaism share a common, specialized calendar, containing many festivals. The calendar is lunisolar, with lunar months and a solar year (an extra month is added every second or third year to allow the shorter lunar year to \\\"catch up\\\" to the solar year).\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16732362\",\n \"text\": \"who identified with the common group of Abrahamic religions were more favorable towards the respective out-group. Yet, as the results showed, particularly religious fundamentalists were less inclined to agree with this common origin. Common ingroup identity The common ingroup identity model is a theoretical model proposed by Samuel L. Gaertner and John F. Dovidio that outlines the processes through which intergroup bias may be reduced. Intergroup bias is a preference for one's in-group over the out-group. Derived from the social identity approach to intergroup behaviour, the common ingroup identity model is rooted in the process of social categorization, or how\",\n \"title\": \"Common ingroup identity\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076526\",\n \"text\": \"things.\\\" God, as referenced in the Quran, is the only God. Islamic tradition also describes the 99 names of God. These 99 names describe attributes of God, including Most Merciful, The Just, The Peace and Blessing, and the Guardian. Islamic belief in God is distinct from Christianity in that God has no progeny. This belief is summed up in chapter 112 of the Quran titled Al-Ikhlas, which states \\\"Say, he is Allah (who is) one, Allah is the Eternal, the Absolute. He does not beget nor was he begotten. Nor is there to Him any equivalent\\\". All these religions rely\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076566\",\n \"text\": \"both the Muslim and the Jew, and the rest of the religions, because I am the nation of God's Son.'\\\" However, Gohar Shahi himself \\\"declares that superior and best of all is the one who possesses God's love in his heart, in spite of his indifference to any religion\\\". Amir Hussain In 2003, a book called \\\"Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism\\\" contains a chapter by Amir Hussain on \\\"Muslims, Pluralism, and Interfaith Dialogue\\\" which he shows how interfaith dialogue has been an integral part of Islam from its beginning. From his \\\"first revelation\\\" for the rest of his\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076490\",\n \"text\": \"under the term Yazdânism are primarily practiced in relatively isolated communities, from Khurasan to Anatolia and parts of western Iran. The concept of Yazdânism has found a wide perception both within and beyond Kurdish nationalist discourses, but has been disputed by other recognized scholars of Iranian religions. Well established, however, are the \\\"striking\\\" and \\\"unmistakable\\\" similarities between the Yazidis and the Yaresan or \\\"Ahl-e Haqq\\\", some of which can be traced back to elements of an ancient faith that was probably dominant among Western Iranians and likened to practices of pre-Zoroastrian Mithraic religion. Mehrdad Izady defines the Yazdanism as an\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076509\",\n \"text\": \"their own scripture. An ethical orientation: all these religions speak of a choice between good and evil, which is associated with obedience or disobedience to a single God and to Divine Law. An eschatological world view of history and destiny, beginning with the creation of the world and the concept that God works through history, and ending with a resurrection of the dead and final judgment and world to come. Jerusalem is considered Judaism's holiest city. Its origins can be dated to 1004 BCE when according to Biblical tradition David established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2302857\",\n \"text\": \"in China follow their own traditional ethnic religions: Benzhuism of the Bai, Bimoism of the Yi, Bön of the Tibetans, Dongbaism of the Nakhi, Miao folk religion, Qiang folk religion, Yao folk religion, Zhuang folk religion, Mongolian shamanism or Tengerism, and Manchu shamanism among Manchus. Han Chinese culture embodies a concept of religion that differs from the one that is common in the Abrahamic traditions, which are based on the belief in an omnipotent God who exists outside the world and human race and has complete power over them. Chinese religions, in general, do not place as much emphasis as\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in China\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3848898\",\n \"text\": \"The consequences under this definition, according to missiologist Keith Ferdinando, are a fatal compromise of the religion's integrity. However, communities in Africa (e.g. Afro-Asiatic) have many common practices which are also found in Abrahamic faiths, and thus these traditions do not fall under the category of some definitions of syncretism. Religion in Africa Religion in Africa is multifaceted and has been a major influence on art, culture and philosophy. Today, the continent's various populations and individuals are mostly adherents of Christianity, Islam, and to a lesser extent several Traditional African religions. In Christian or Islamic communities, religious beliefs are also\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076560\",\n \"text\": \"the Roman Empire followed the Judaism either as fully ritually obligated Jews or the simpler rituals required of non-Jewish members of that faith. Moses Maimonides, one of the major Jewish teachers, commented: \\\"Quoting from our sages, the righteous people from other nations have a place in the world to come if they have acquired what they should learn about the Creator\\\". Because the commandments applicable to the Jews are much more detailed and onerous than Noahide laws, Jewish scholars have traditionally maintained that it is better to be a good non-Jew than a bad Jew, thus discouraging conversion. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19334529\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \\\"New Eyes\\\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in Secret\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19334526\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in Secret What We Do In Secret is an American Christian hardcore band from Memphis, Tennessee. They have toured with bands such as War of Ages, Phinehas, Silent Planet, Sleepwave, We Came As Romans, '68, For Today and Norma Jean. They have released two EPs. What We Do In Secret was formed in Memphis in March 2012 by Josh Adams, Drew Nance, Devin Harris and Nathan Moody. They recorded their first EP, \\\"New Eyes\\\", and released it on August 31, 2013. Moody left the band after this and was replaced by Clay Crenshaw and Austin Barnes. The\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in Secret\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10913717\",\n \"text\": \"people to condemn the act. Religious views on smoking Religious views on smoking vary widely. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have traditionally used tobacco for religious purposes, while Abrahamic and other religions have only been introduced to the practice in recent times due to the European colonization of the Americas in the 16th century. With the exception of a few Christian denominations, the Abrahamic religions originated before tobacco smoking was introduced to Europe from the New World. Therefore, these religions do not address it in their foundational teachings; however, modern practitioners have offered interpretations of their faith with regard to\",\n \"title\": \"Religious views on smoking\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10913695\",\n \"text\": \"Religious views on smoking Religious views on smoking vary widely. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have traditionally used tobacco for religious purposes, while Abrahamic and other religions have only been introduced to the practice in recent times due to the European colonization of the Americas in the 16th century. With the exception of a few Christian denominations, the Abrahamic religions originated before tobacco smoking was introduced to Europe from the New World. Therefore, these religions do not address it in their foundational teachings; however, modern practitioners have offered interpretations of their faith with regard to smoking. Johann Sebastian Bach was\",\n \"title\": \"Religious views on smoking\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076489\",\n \"text\": \"Samaritans appear to have a text of the Torah as old as the Masoretic Text; scholars have various theories concerning the actual relationships between these three texts. Yazdânism, or the Cult of Angels, is a proposed pre-Islamic, native religion of the Kurds. The term was introduced by Kurdish scholar Mehrdad Izady to represent what he considers the \\\"original\\\" religion of the Kurds as the primary inhabitants of the Zagros Mountains, until their increasing Islamization in the course of the 10th century. According to Izady, Yazdânism is now continued in the denominations of Yazidism, Yarsanism, and Alevism. The three traditions subsumed\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17579986\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Do what u want/ What u want with my body/ Write what you want, say what you want about me/ If you want you know that I'm not sorry\\\". According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, \\\"Do What U Want\\\" is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A major with Gaga's vocals spanning the tonal nodes of E to F. The song follows a basic sequence of D–E–Fm–E–D–E as its chord\",\n \"title\": \"Do What U Want\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076552\",\n \"text\": \"Catholic Church currently maintains a neutral position on the practice of non-religious circumcision, and in 1442 it banned the practice of religious circumcision in the 11th Council of Florence. Coptic Christians practice circumcision as a rite of passage. The Eritrean Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church calls for circumcision, with near-universal prevalence among Orthodox men in Ethiopia. Many countries with majorities of Christian adherents have low circumcision rates, while both religious and non-religious circumcision is common in many predominantly Christian countries such as the United States, and the Philippines, Australia, and Canada, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia,\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6920971\",\n \"text\": \"is believed to have its own powers, to grant wishes or otherwise affect the world. In cultures where idolatry is not viewed negatively, the word \\\"idol\\\" is not generally seen as pejorative, such as in Indian English. A cult of images is the practice of worshipping or venerating religious or cult images representing divine figures. Common in a number of ancient religions, the practice continues most prominently today in Hinduism. The Abrahamic religions all specifically ban idols and idolatry; all have had internal divisions and disputes as to what constitutes the proper or improper use of images in religion, and\",\n \"title\": \"Cult image\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076556\",\n \"text\": \"a penitential, or even a charitable, practice of their own choosing. Eastern Rite Catholics have their own penitential practices as specified by the Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. The Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA) embraces numerous Old Testament rules and regulations such as tithing, Sabbath observance, and Jewish food laws. Therefore, they do not eat pork, shellfish, or other foods considered unclean under the Old Covenant. The \\\"Fundamental Beliefs\\\" of the SDA state that their members \\\"are to adopt the most healthful diet possible and abstain from the unclean foods identified in the Scriptures\\\". In the Christian Bible, the\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3749211\",\n \"text\": \"talking about subatomic particles are alluding to alternate universes and cosmic forces, all of which can be harnessed in the interest of making Ms. Matlin's character feel better about her thighs.\\\" \\\"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\\\" has been described as \\\"a kind of New Age answer to \\\"The Passion of the Christ\\\" and other films that adhere to traditional religious teachings.\\\" It offers alternative spirituality views characteristic of New Age philosophy, including critiques of the competing claims of stewardship among traditional religions [viz., institutional Judaism, Christianity, and Islam] of universally recognized and accepted moral values. Scientists who have reviewed\",\n \"title\": \"What the Bleep Do We Know!?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"3848885\",\n \"text\": \"Haitian Vodou, Cuban Vodú, Dominican Vudú and Brazilian Vodum The majority of Africans are adherents of Christianity or Islam. African people often combine the practice of their traditional belief with the practice of Abrahamic religions. Abrahamic religions are widespread throughout Africa. They have both spread and replaced indigenous African religions, but are often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems. The World Book Encyclopedia has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 40% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 45%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 40.6%. Christianity is\",\n \"title\": \"Religion in Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1556426\",\n \"text\": \"called Azalis. The Bahá'í division eventually became a full-fledged religion of its own, the Bahá'í Faith. In comparison to the other Abrahamic religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the number of adherents for Bahai faith and other minor Abrahamic religions are not very significant. Out of the three major Abrahamic faiths, Christianity and Judaism are the two religions that diverge the most in theology and practice. The historical interaction of Islam and Judaism started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam. There are many common aspects between Islam and Judaism, and as Islam developed, it gradually\",\n \"title\": \"Comparative religion\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9983363\",\n \"text\": \"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now \\\"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\\\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, featuring American rapper Common. Written by Stone, Alonzo \\\"Novel\\\" Stevenson, Tony Reyes, Mark Batson and Common and produced by Raphael Saadiq, the song was released as the second single from Stone's third album \\\"Introducing Joss Stone\\\" in July 2007. It was later included on the 2011 compilation album \\\"The Best of Joss Stone 2003–2009\\\". \\\"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\\\" had a lacklustre performance in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number eighty-four on\",\n \"title\": \"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1605978\",\n \"text\": \"view among historians is that Islam originated in Arabia in the 7th century AD, in Islam's view, Adam was the first Muslim (in the sense of believing in Allah and surrendering to Allah's commands). Islam also shares many traits with Judaism (as well as with Christianity), like the belief in and reverence for common prophets, such as Moses and Abraham, who are recognized in all three Abrahamic religions. Judaism and Islam are known as \\\"Abrahamic religions\\\". The first Abrahamic religion was Judaism as practiced in the wilderness of the Sinai peninsula subsequent to the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt\",\n \"title\": \"Islamic–Jewish relations\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932510\",\n \"text\": \"is One\\\". God is conceived of as eternal, the creator of the universe, and the source of morality. God has the power to intervene in the world. The term God thus corresponds to an actual ontological reality, and is not merely a projection of the human psyche. Maimonides describes God in this fashion: \\\"The foundation of all foundations and the pillar of wisdom is to know that there is a Primary Being who brought into being all existence. All the beings of the heavens, the earth, and what is between them came into existence only from the truth of His\",\n \"title\": \"God in Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14121335\",\n \"text\": \"and believe that nothing is impossible with God. That's what faith can do. The take-away message is to know that God cares for you personally and that He wants a personal relationship with each and every one of us. For believers, the song is a reminder about making a faithful commitment to live with the kind of faith that God calls each of us to have.\\\" The music video for the single \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" was released on February 12, 2010. What Faith Can Do \\\"What Faith Can Do\\\" is a song by American Christian rock band Kutless from\",\n \"title\": \"What Faith Can Do\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076571\",\n \"text\": \"Jews and Muslims\\\" argues that \\\"the paramount need is for barriers against non-defensive dialogue conversations between Christians, Jews, and Muslims to be dismantled to facilitate the development of common understandings on matters that are deeply divisive.\\\" As of 2012, the thesis says that this has not been done. Cardinal Koch In 2015, Cardinal Kurt Koch, the President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and who is \\\"responsible for the Church's dialogue with the Jewish people,\\\" was interviewed in 2015. He noted that the Church is already engaged in \\\"bilateral talks with Jewish and Muslim religious leaders.\\\" However, he\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8463369\",\n \"text\": \"thought, at least for the Abrahamic religions, for which the belief that animals do not have souls but humans do is a core teaching. Scientific accounts of the origin of the universe, origin of life and subsequent evolution of pre-human life forms may not cause any difficulty (helped by the reluctance of science itself to say anything about what preceded the Big Bang) but the need to reconcile religious and scientific views of hominization and account for the addition of a soul to humans remains a problem. Several 19th-century theologians attempted specific solutions, including the Catholics John Augustine Zahm and\",\n \"title\": \"Hominization\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076548\",\n \"text\": \"for any reason must be made up, unless there be a permanent illness, such as diabetes, that prevents a person from ever fasting. In such a case, restitution must be made by feeding one poor person for each day missed. Finally, Muslims are also required, if physically able, to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one's life: it is strongly recommended to do it as often as possible, preferably once a year. Only individuals whose financial position and health are severely insufficient are exempt from making Hajj (e.g. if making Hajj would put stress on one's financial\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4221954\",\n \"text\": \"critique would be too complex for many of them to understand. Its continued use has also been defended by the claim that it is what undergraduate students expect and that it mirrors what they will have been taught at school. Some scholars have argued for the rejection of the world religions paradigm altogether; Cotter and Robertson presented the argument that \\\"the continued uncritical use of the WRP fosters a breeding ground for relativistic navel-gazing which has no place in the contemporary research university\\\". Owen was of the view that \\\"as long as it continues to employ the World Religions paradigm\",\n \"title\": \"World religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4221943\",\n \"text\": \"abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered \\\"major\\\". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially constructed category. The scholars of religion Christopher R. Cotter and David G. Robertson described the \\\"World\",\n \"title\": \"World religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17742879\",\n \"text\": \"the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.\\\" \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" grossed US $2 million in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih. A sequel to the film, which focused on the werewolves depicted in \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\", was in development but stopped due to some unresolved production issues. Originally rumoured to be titled \\\"What We Do in the Moonlight\\\", the working\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11076498\",\n \"text\": \"sacrament with beneficial properties. Rastas place emphasis on what they regard as living 'naturally', adhering to ital dietary requirements, allowing their hair to form into dreadlocks, and following patriarchal gender roles. Rastafari originated among impoverished and socially disenfranchised Afro-Jamaican communities in 1930s Jamaica. Its Afrocentric ideology was largely a reaction against Jamaica's then-dominant British colonial culture. It was influenced by both Ethiopianism and the Back-to-Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures like Marcus Garvey. The movement developed after several Christian clergymen, most notably Leonard Howell, proclaimed that the crowning of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 fulfilled a\",\n \"title\": \"Abrahamic religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9709295\",\n \"text\": \"is often associated with a \\\"virtue\\\" of being, the \\\"de\\\" or \\\"te\\\". This is considered the active expression of Tao. Generally, those religions closer to Taoism explain \\\"de\\\" as \\\"integrity\\\" or \\\"wholeness\\\", while those faiths closer to Confucianism express this concept as \\\"morality\\\" or \\\"sound character\\\". Taoism consists of a wide variety of religious, philosophical and ritual orders. There are hermeneutic (interpretive) difficulties in the categorisation of Taoist schools, sects and movements. Taoism does not fall strictly under an umbrella or a definition of an organised religion like the Abrahamic traditions, nor can it purely be studied as a variant\",\n \"title\": \"East Asian religions\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12192\",\n \"text\": \"the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam do not believe that individuals reincarnate, particular groups within these religions do refer to reincarnation; these groups include the mainstream historical and contemporary followers of Kabbalah, the Cathars, Alawites, the Druze, and the Rosicrucians. The historical relations between these sects and the beliefs about reincarnation that were characteristic of Neoplatonism, Orphism, Hermeticism, Manicheanism, and Gnosticism of the Roman era as well as the Indian religions have been the subject of recent scholarly research. Unity Church and its founder Charles Fillmore teach reincarnation. Rosicrucians speak of a life review period occurring immediately after\",\n \"title\": \"Afterlife\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"20703078\",\n \"text\": \"What We Do in the Shadows (TV series) What We Do in the Shadows is an upcoming American comedy television series based on the 2014 film of the same name that is set to premiere in 2019 on FX. \\\"What We Do in the Shadows\\\" is set in New York City and follows \\\"three vampires who have been roommates for hundreds and hundreds of years.\\\" On January 22, 2018, it was announced that FX had given the production a pilot order. The series is set to be written by Jemaine Clement and directed by Taika Waititi both of whom are\",\n \"title\": \"What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9983368\",\n \"text\": \"camera as if she had kissed the man. Intercut shots of Stone wearing a skin-coloured suit and purple high heels while lying on a flower-covered floor are included from the scene in which Stone and the cameraman are sitting on the bench. Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now \\\"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\\\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone, featuring American rapper Common. Written by Stone, Alonzo \\\"Novel\\\" Stevenson, Tony Reyes, Mark Batson and Common and produced by Raphael Saadiq, the song was released as the second single from Stone's third album \\\"Introducing\",\n \"title\": \"Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1793157\",\n \"text\": \"expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, \\\"What Would Jesus Buy?\\\", \\\"What Would Lincoln Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\\\", \\\"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\\\", and \\\"What would Tintin do?\\\". The term \\\"What Would Jesus Do?\\\" or \\\"WWJD\\\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around. What would Jesus do? The phrase \\\"What would Jesus do?\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What would Jesus do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7932504\",\n \"text\": \"that God the Son has two wills, divine and human, though these are never in conflict but joined in the hypostatic union. A small minority of Christians, largely coming under the heading of Unitarianism, hold non-trinitarian views. In the Mormonism represented by most of Mormon communities (including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), \\\"God\\\" means Elohim (the Father), whereas \\\"Godhead\\\" means a council of three distinct gods; Elohim, Jehovah (the Son, or Jesus), and the Holy Spirit. The Father and Son have perfected, material bodies, while the Holy Spirit is a spirit and does not have a body.\",\n \"title\": \"God in Abrahamic religions\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["monotheism"],"string":"[\n \"monotheism\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":199,"cells":{"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what did abraham lincoln do before he was president?"},"positive_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"15423","text":"Other Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 16th President of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in a poor family. Self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois. As a Whig Party leader, he served","title":"Abraham Lincoln"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15423\",\n \"text\": \"Other Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 16th President of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the Civil War, its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the western frontier in a poor family. Self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois. As a Whig Party leader, he served\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[],"string":"[]","isConversational":false},"hard_negative_ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"psg_id":"18189111","text":"legacy, specifically in the line: \"Abraham Lincoln, we owe it to you, to protect this great country today\". This idea of indebtedness is also reflected in the illustration on the cover of the sheet music; Schwartz comments that the United States is portrayed as Columbia, a woman draped in the American Flag with open arms looking up to Lincoln's statue and seeking to follow his example. Abraham Lincoln, what would you do? \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\" is an American patriotic musical composition released in 1918. Its lyrics were written by Carol Hirsch and its music composed by Baker","title":"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?"},{"psg_id":"18189110","text":"is upbeat and set to an \"allegro moderato\" tempo. Thematically, the song is considered part of American patriotic music. Although Abraham Lincoln's death was well before the beginning of the twentieth century, he was often used symbolically, particularly during World War I. \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\" was a popular composition upon its release, and Lincoln's image was used in the composition's lyrics to promote and build support for American involvement during wartime. Sociologist Barry Schwartz suggests that the lyrics represented American involvement in the war in terms of a collective debt to be paid to Lincoln's contributions and","title":"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?"},{"psg_id":"18189109","text":"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do? \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\" is an American patriotic musical composition released in 1918. Its lyrics were written by Carol Hirsch and its music composed by Baker and Blink. The song is considered to be part of a larger effort to create support for American efforts during World War I. The composition was published in 1918 by the Metropolitan Music Company, with Carol Hirsch as the lyricist, and Baker and Blink (of the Metropolitan Music Company) composing the score. The piece was arranged for piano and includes a single voice part. The song","title":"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?"},{"psg_id":"13500874","text":"\"The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln\" is now available online to the public at the association's website. The association has made many their publications available to the public on this website. On February 12, 2009, the Abraham Lincoln Association led the national celebration of Lincoln's 200th birthday. President Barack Obama was the guest of honor at the Association's birthday banquet on the evening of February 12 in Springfield. He gave a speech titled \"What the People Need Done\". Lincoln scholar Michael Burlingame also spoke at the banquet. The banquet was co-hosted by the Illinois Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission. The association","title":"Abraham Lincoln Association"},{"psg_id":"18388565","text":"I Am Abraham Lincoln I Am Abraham Lincoln is the first children's book written by Brad Meltzer in the \"Ordinary People Change the World\" series. It follows the adventures of a young Abraham Lincoln learning important lessons. The book features a young Abraham Lincoln - before he becomes President - as well as a Lincoln facing the American Civil War and delivering the Gettysburg Address. As a child, young Abraham Lincoln stood up to bullies who were torturing a small turtle. The idea for the \"Ordinary People Change the World\" series came to Meltzer as he was shopping for his","title":"I Am Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"12942766","text":"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States took place on Saturday, March 4, 1865. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of Abraham Lincoln as President and only term of Andrew Johnson as Vice President. Lincoln died days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office. Before the president was sworn in, Vice President-elect Andrew Johnson took his oath. At the ceremony Johnson, who had been drinking to offset the pain of typhoid fever (as he explained","title":"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"14494967","text":"committee. The ALI Board of Directors present two awards annually. The Hay-Nicolay Dissertation Prize is given in conjunction with the Abraham Lincoln Association for what these two organizations consider to be the previous year’s most noteworthy dissertation on the subject of Abraham Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Institute book award is given for the previous year’s most noteworthy book on the subject of Abraham Lincoln. Book award winners in the past include Allen Guelzo for \"Redeemer President\" (2000) and Cullom Davis on behalf of the landmark \"Lincoln Legal Papers\" (2001). Beginning in 1998, the institute has held a day-long symposium entitled","title":"Abraham Lincoln Institute"},{"psg_id":"14721151","text":"Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue) Abraham Lincoln – also known as The Gettysburg Lincoln – is a bronze statue of President Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French, located on the grounds of the Nebraska State Capitol. The monument was commissioned by the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Association of Lincoln, Nebraska, and produced between 1909 and its unveiling in 1912. The statue was cast in bronze by Jno. Williams, Inc. of New York. Its architectural setting was created by French's longtime collaborator Henry Bacon. The 8.67 ft (2.64 m) statue stands upon a 6 ft (1.83 m) granite base and before a 20","title":"Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue)"},{"psg_id":"12942768","text":"the finest speeches in American history. Historian Mark Noll has deemed it \"among the handful of semisacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world.\" Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States took place on Saturday, March 4, 1865. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of Abraham Lincoln as President and only term of Andrew Johnson as Vice President. Lincoln died days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office. Before the president was","title":"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"12938949","text":"a glimpse of the President-elect. There he met Mayor Alexander Henry, and delivered some remarks to the crowd outside from a hotel balcony. Lincoln continued on to Harrisburg. Then, because of an alleged assassination conspiracy, Lincoln traveled through Baltimore, Maryland on a special train in the middle of the night transferring from the President Street Station to the Camden Station at 3:30 a.m., before finally completing his journey in Washington. First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States was held on Monday, March 4, 1861, on the East Portico","title":"First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"7167155","text":"his death by the Indians,\" the president later wrote, \"and of Uncle Mordecai, then fourteen years old, killing one of the Indians, is the legend more strongly than all others imprinted on my mind and memory.\" Abraham Lincoln (captain) Abraham Lincoln (May 13, 1744 – May 1786) was the grandfather of the 16th U.S. president, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a military captain during the American Revolution, and a pioneer settler of Kentucky. Captain Abraham Lincoln was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln (1622–1690), who was born in Hingham, Norfolk, England, and who, as a weaver's apprentice, emigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony","title":"Abraham Lincoln (captain)"},{"psg_id":"8334567","text":"– 0:31 16. \"A Little Buzz\" – 2:46 17. \"Kids Didn't Change\" – 0:54 18. \"Heaven Is Where the Heart Is\" – 5:03 What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \"Yo Victa\" – 0:07 2. \"What Did He Say?\" – 3:20 3. \"What You Won't Do for Love\" – 4:43 4. \"Cherokee\" – 1:49 5. \"Don't Wanna Cry\" – 5:07 6. \"The Lonliest Monk\" – 4:36 7. \"A Chance\" – 2:54 8. \"Radio W-OO-10\" – 1:06 9. \"Norwegian Wood\" – 4:52 10. \"Bro John\" – 4:18 11. \"Naima\"","title":"What Did He Say?"},{"psg_id":"8334566","text":"What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \"Yo Victa\" – 0:07 2. \"What Did He Say?\" – 3:20 3. \"What You Won't Do for Love\" – 4:43 4. \"Cherokee\" – 1:49 5. \"Don't Wanna Cry\" – 5:07 6. \"The Lonliest Monk\" – 4:36 7. \"A Chance\" – 2:54 8. \"Radio W-OO-10\" – 1:06 9. \"Norwegian Wood\" – 4:52 10. \"Bro John\" – 4:18 11. \"Naima\" – 5:57 12. \"Sometimes I Laugh\" – 3:20 13. \"My Life\" – 4:45 14. \"The Sojourn of Arjuna\" – 6:29 15. \"Buzz Ntro\"","title":"What Did He Say?"},{"psg_id":"9210341","text":"earlier. Jack's name was not added to his father's memorial until 1976, or 1984 according to \"The Washington Post\". Abraham Lincoln II Abraham \"Jack\" Lincoln II (August 14, 1873 – March 5, 1890), was the middle of three children of Robert Todd Lincoln and Mary Eunice Harlan, and the only grandson of Abraham Lincoln. He died in Europe at the age of 16, after an infection from a wound. After President Lincoln's assassination, the former first family relocated to Chicago, Illinois, where Robert Todd Lincoln settled and married a U.S. senator's daughter, Mary Eunice Harlan. Abraham II was born in","title":"Abraham Lincoln II"},{"psg_id":"9210336","text":"Abraham Lincoln II Abraham \"Jack\" Lincoln II (August 14, 1873 – March 5, 1890), was the middle of three children of Robert Todd Lincoln and Mary Eunice Harlan, and the only grandson of Abraham Lincoln. He died in Europe at the age of 16, after an infection from a wound. After President Lincoln's assassination, the former first family relocated to Chicago, Illinois, where Robert Todd Lincoln settled and married a U.S. senator's daughter, Mary Eunice Harlan. Abraham II was born in 1873, the second of three children, and was nicknamed \"Jack\". Jack and his sisters were described as \"bright, natural,","title":"Abraham Lincoln II"},{"psg_id":"11034163","text":"poems include the short piece dedicated to Linnie Haggard, daughter of the owner of a hotel where Lincoln stayed in Winchester, Illinois, dated September 30, 1858. <poem>To Linnie— A sweet plaintive song did I hear, And I fancied that she was the singer— May emotions as pure, as that song set a-stir Be the worst that the future shall bring her.</poem> Poetry of Abraham Lincoln The poetry of Abraham Lincoln has been an interesting source into the psyche of this President. In addition to two complete, narrative poems, Abraham Lincoln wrote several small verses throughout his life and possibly a","title":"Poetry of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"15216835","text":"schoolchildren, the business community, and members of the E.B Wolcott Post of the G.A.R. Unfortunately, the sculpture was not able to be built right away as the United States became involved in World War I. In 1932 the Lincoln Memorial Association hosted a national competition for the \"Abraham Lincoln\" sculpture's design. Gaetano Cecere, a sculptor from New York City, won. He designed a sculpture that showed a young beardless Lincoln, standing up with his hands at his sides. The sculptor decided to portray the President without his famous beard because Lincoln did not grow a beard until he was 52.","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Cecere)"},{"psg_id":"19719826","text":"seven days a week. President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument, sometimes shortened to President Lincoln's Cottage, is a national monument on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home, known today as the Armed Forces Retirement Home. It is located near the Petworth and Park View neighborhoods of Washington, D.C.. President Lincoln's Cottage was formerly known as Anderson Cottage. President Abraham Lincoln and family resided seasonally on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home to escape the heat and political pressure of downtown Washington, as did President James Buchanan (1857–1861) before him. President Lincoln's Cottage","title":"President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument"},{"psg_id":"19719820","text":"President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument, sometimes shortened to President Lincoln's Cottage, is a national monument on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home, known today as the Armed Forces Retirement Home. It is located near the Petworth and Park View neighborhoods of Washington, D.C.. President Lincoln's Cottage was formerly known as Anderson Cottage. President Abraham Lincoln and family resided seasonally on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home to escape the heat and political pressure of downtown Washington, as did President James Buchanan (1857–1861) before him. President Lincoln's Cottage also served as the","title":"President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument"},{"psg_id":"16392193","text":"Abraham Lincoln (play) Abraham Lincoln is a 1918 play by John Drinkwater about the 16th President of the United States. Drinkwater's first great success, it premiered in England in 1918. The 1919 Broadway production starred Frank McGlynn. A rare depiction of events in the life of a U.S. President by a British playwright, \"Abraham Lincoln\" was a great success in its day. The play covers events in Lincoln's Presidency from his election in 1860 to his assassination, but omits most of the events in his private life. \"Abraham Lincoln\" was first produced in October 1918 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre,","title":"Abraham Lincoln (play)"},{"psg_id":"7167146","text":"Abraham Lincoln (captain) Abraham Lincoln (May 13, 1744 – May 1786) was the grandfather of the 16th U.S. president, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a military captain during the American Revolution, and a pioneer settler of Kentucky. Captain Abraham Lincoln was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln (1622–1690), who was born in Hingham, Norfolk, England, and who, as a weaver's apprentice, emigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637. Abraham's father John Lincoln (1716–1788) was born in Monmouth County in the province of New Jersey, and grew up in the Schuylkill river valley in the province of Pennsylvania. Typical of his class, John","title":"Abraham Lincoln (captain)"},{"psg_id":"12938946","text":"First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States was held on Monday, March 4, 1861, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Abraham Lincoln as President and the only term of Hannibal Hamlin as Vice President. The presidential oath of office was administered to Lincoln by Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States. This was the first time Lincoln appeared in public with a beard, which he had begun growing after being","title":"First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"13500876","text":"Past symposium topics include: 2009: The Age of Lincoln 2008: Celebrating a Century of Lincoln Scholarship 2007: Lincoln and the Politics of the 1850s 2006: The Lincoln Family Abraham Lincoln Association The Abraham Lincoln Association is an American association that observes each anniversary of the birth of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, preserves and makes more accessible landmarks associated with his life, and encourages, promotes, and aids the collection and dissemination of authentic information regarding all phases of his life and career. The Abraham Lincoln Association was organized in 1908 as the Lincoln Centennial Association. Among the founders of the Association","title":"Abraham Lincoln Association"},{"psg_id":"10124974","text":"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, when he was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States, and ended upon his assassination and death on April 15, 1865, days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently-established Republican Party elected to the presidency. He was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency. Lincoln took office following the 1860 presidential election, in which he won a plurality of the popular vote in a four-candidate","title":"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"10125103","text":"argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated. Presidency of Abraham Lincoln The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, when he was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States, and ended upon his assassination and death on April 15, 1865, days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently-established Republican Party elected to the presidency. He was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency. Lincoln took office following the 1860 presidential","title":"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"17817049","text":"Abraham Lincoln (Flannery) Abraham Lincoln is a marble sculpture of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln by Irish artist Lot Flannery, located in front of the old District of Columbia City Hall in Washington, D.C., United States. It was installed several blocks from Ford's Theatre, where Lincoln was assassinated. Dedicated in 1868 on the third anniversary of Lincoln's death, dignitaries at the unveiling ceremony included President Andrew Johnson and Generals Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman and Winfield Scott Hancock. The statue has been removed and rededicated twice. The first rededication was in 1923 following an outpouring of support from citizens and","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Flannery)"},{"psg_id":"4329972","text":"were based on the same report from a single source. David Donald and Johnson both dispute Tripp's interpretation of Fox's comment, saying that the exclamation of \"What stuff!\" was, in that day, an exclamation over the absurdity of the suggestion rather than the gossip value of it (as in the phrase \"stuff and nonsense\"). Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln The sexuality of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th President of the United States, has been a topic of debate among some scholars. Lincoln was married to Mary Todd from November 4, 1842, until his death on April 15, 1865, and fathered four","title":"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"12995450","text":"Abraham Lincoln Statue (Kentucky) The Abraham Lincoln Statue is a historic statue in the Hodgenville Commercial Historic District's public square in Hodgenville, Kentucky. Adolph Alexander Weinman sculpted the statue, as he also did the Lincoln statue at the capitol rotunda at Frankfort, Kentucky. The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park is nearby. The statue was the result of the Lincoln Monument Commission under the direction of Otis M. Mather, chairman. The Kentucky General Assembly commissioned the Commission in 1904. It was built to commemorate the centennial of Abraham Lincoln's birth, which occurred a few miles south of Hodgenville on February","title":"Abraham Lincoln Statue (Kentucky)"},{"psg_id":"15211981","text":"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation is the successor organization of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC), which was created by Congress and the President of the United States to plan the commemoration of Abraham Lincoln’s 200th birthday in 2009. The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission sunset on April 30, 2010 The foundation is committed to initiating and supporting innovative and historically meaningful national, state, and local programs that commemorate the memory and sustain the ideals and historic impact of America’s sixteenth president, particularly during the current, five-year observances of the American Civil War sesquicentennial. Building on","title":"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation"},{"psg_id":"13500872","text":"Abraham Lincoln Association The Abraham Lincoln Association is an American association that observes each anniversary of the birth of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, preserves and makes more accessible landmarks associated with his life, and encourages, promotes, and aids the collection and dissemination of authentic information regarding all phases of his life and career. The Abraham Lincoln Association was organized in 1908 as the Lincoln Centennial Association. Among the founders of the Association were United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller, and financier John Whitfield Bunn. It led the national celebration of Lincoln's one-hundredth birthday. In 1925, under the","title":"Abraham Lincoln Association"},{"psg_id":"9599827","text":"sensibilities to race and culture. The 2015 reprint was featured in \"Publishers Weekly\" on December 1, 2015. Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book) Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln. Originally published by Doubleday, it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1940. \"Abraham Lincoln\" story is based on the life of the 16th President of the United States, focusing on his early years and the road he took to manhood. Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire often explored the environment of their historical subjects and, for \"Abraham Lincoln\", they spent time","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book)"},{"psg_id":"16989913","text":"states. In 1971, Presidents Day became a national holiday, combining Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays and replacing most states' celebration of his birthday. The Abraham Lincoln Association was formed in 1908 to commemorate the centennial of Lincoln's birth. In 2000, Congress established the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission to commemorate his 200th birthday in February 2009. Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president 1861–65, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and nationalism. Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, states that in","title":"Memorials to Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"4329949","text":"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln The sexuality of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th President of the United States, has been a topic of debate among some scholars. Lincoln was married to Mary Todd from November 4, 1842, until his death on April 15, 1865, and fathered four children with her. Psychologist C. A. Tripp's book, \"The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln\" (2005,) described Lincoln as having a detached relationship with women, in contrast to a close male friend with whom he allegedly shared a bed (this was not an unusual practice at the time). Dale Carnegie, better known for books on","title":"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"13838885","text":"journals, and recommended readings compiled by scholars. Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincoln's letters and writings, scholars rely on \"The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln\", edited by Roy Basler, and others. It only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered. Previously, a project was underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln","title":"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"13838883","text":"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincoln's letters and writings, scholars rely on \"The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln\", edited by Roy Basler, and others. It only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered. Previously, a project was underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln to provide \"a freely accessible comprehensive electronic","title":"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"9599825","text":"Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book) Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln. Originally published by Doubleday, it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1940. \"Abraham Lincoln\" story is based on the life of the 16th President of the United States, focusing on his early years and the road he took to manhood. Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire often explored the environment of their historical subjects and, for \"Abraham Lincoln\", they spent time camping and sketching in Kentucky and Illinois to capture the feel of Lincoln's roots. The original celebrated","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book)"},{"psg_id":"8441170","text":"Abraham Lincoln Keister Abraham Lincoln Keister (September 10, 1852 – May 26, 1917) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Abraham L. Keister was born in Upper Tyrone Township, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio, in 1874. He studied law, was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Ohio in 1878 and commenced practice in Columbus, Ohio. He moved to Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in 1882, and engaged in the manufacture of coke. He organized the First National Bank of Scottdale, Pennsylvania, in 1889 and served continuously as its president for","title":"Abraham Lincoln Keister"},{"psg_id":"16989901","text":"Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president 1861–65, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and nationalism. Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, states that in the 1930s and 1940s, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life.\" During the Great Depression, he says, Lincoln served \"as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful.\" Franklin D. Roosevelt,","title":"Memorials to Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"15216833","text":"Abraham Lincoln (Cecere) Abraham Lincoln is a public artwork by American artist Gaetano Cecere located on Lincoln Memorial Drive in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The 10'6\" bronze sculpture depicts a young beardless Abraham Lincoln. The former president stands looking down with both hands at his sides. Gaetano Cecere's \"Abraham Lincoln\" stands tall at 10'6\". The full-length portrait shows a young beardless Lincoln looking down. The cast bronze sculpture sits on a Wausau red granite pedestal. There are various inscriptions on the sculpture. The lower left corner of the back of the bronze base reads: The lower right corner of the","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Cecere)"},{"psg_id":"2431881","text":"USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) USS \"Abraham Lincoln\" (SSBN-602), a fleet ballistic missile submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865). Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of Kittery, Maine, on 1 November 1958. She was launched on 14 May 1960 sponsored by Mrs. Mary L. Beckwith (great-granddaughter of President Abraham Lincoln), and commissioned on 8 March 1961 with Commander Leonard Erb commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Donald M. Miller commanding the Gold Crew. \"Abraham Lincoln\" got underway on","title":"USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)"},{"psg_id":"19183615","text":"2014. Abraham Lincoln Bridge The Abraham Lincoln Bridge is a six-lane, single-deck cable-stayed bridge carrying northbound Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Louisville, Kentucky, and Jeffersonville, Indiana. The main span is (two spans) and the bridge has a total length of . It is named after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who was born in Kentucky and grew up in Southern Indiana. The Abraham Lincoln Bridge opened on December 6, 2015, and is parallel to the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge upstream and carries six lanes of northbound I-65 traffic. Pedestrian and bicycle lanes were in the original plans, but","title":"Abraham Lincoln Bridge"},{"psg_id":"19183611","text":"Abraham Lincoln Bridge The Abraham Lincoln Bridge is a six-lane, single-deck cable-stayed bridge carrying northbound Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Louisville, Kentucky, and Jeffersonville, Indiana. The main span is (two spans) and the bridge has a total length of . It is named after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who was born in Kentucky and grew up in Southern Indiana. The Abraham Lincoln Bridge opened on December 6, 2015, and is parallel to the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge upstream and carries six lanes of northbound I-65 traffic. Pedestrian and bicycle lanes were in the original plans, but have","title":"Abraham Lincoln Bridge"},{"psg_id":"7683873","text":"jury could not reach a verdict and John Surratt was released. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of","title":"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"7683827","text":"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \"Our American Cousin\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of the American Civil War, the assassination was part of a larger","title":"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"7167147","text":"Lincoln learned a trade, in his case weaving, to practice alongside the subsistence farming necessary on the colonial frontier. The Lincoln home farm on Hiester's Creek, in what is now Exeter Township, Berks County, was left to John's half-brothers, the children of his father's second marriage. In 1743, John Lincoln married Rebecca Morris (1720–1806), daughter of Enoch Flowers of Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Rebecca was the widow of James Morris and the mother of a young son, Jonathan Morris. Abraham Lincoln was born 13 May 1744 in what is now Berks County, Pennsylvania. Abraham was the first child born","title":"Abraham Lincoln (captain)"},{"psg_id":"14721152","text":"ft (6.1 m) granite stele, on which is inscribed the text of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. French later used much of his research for this statue – consisting largely of studying Mathew Brady's photographs of Lincoln and obtaining a copy of Leonard Volk's plaster life cast of the president – in the creation of his most famous work: the \"Seated Lincoln\" statue (1920) at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue) Abraham Lincoln – also known as The Gettysburg Lincoln – is a bronze statue of President Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French, located on the grounds of","title":"Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue)"},{"psg_id":"10756692","text":"Abraham Lincoln: The Man Abraham Lincoln: The Man (also called Standing Lincoln) is a larger-than-life size () bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. The original statue is in Lincoln Park in Chicago, and several replicas have been installed in other places around the world. Completed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens in 1887, it has been described as the most important sculpture of Lincoln from the 19th century. At the time, the \"New York Evening Post\" called it \"the most important achievement American sculpture has yet produced.\" Abraham Lincoln II, Lincoln's only grandson, was present, among a","title":"Abraham Lincoln: The Man"},{"psg_id":"6841708","text":"built 101 years after President Lincoln was born. The extensive restoration of the \"Abraham Lincoln\" has returned it to the simple elegance of the 1920s. In July 1988, the \"Abraham Lincoln\" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which records the tangible reminders of the history of the United States and is the official list of the nation's cultural resources worthy of preservation. Abraham Lincoln (Pullman car) The Abraham Lincoln, also known as Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Business Car No. 101, is the oldest operable passenger car in the United States. It is listed on the","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Pullman car)"},{"psg_id":"16246716","text":"Abraham Lincoln (Healy) Abraham Lincoln is an 1869 oil-on-canvas painting by George Peter Alexander Healy of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. In the painting, Lincoln is observed alone, leaning forward, with his elbow on his knee and his head resting on his hand. The pose is taken from Healy's 1868 painting, \"The Peacemakers\", which depicts the historic March 28, 1865, strategy session by the Union high command, composed of William Tecumseh Sherman, Ulysses S. Grant, David Dixon Porter, and Lincoln, aboard the steamboat the \"River Queen\" during the final days of the American Civil War. Lincoln","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Healy)"},{"psg_id":"9001337","text":"\"the writer of this\". The first motion picture based on Lincoln was 1908 film \"\". Directed by Van Dyke Brooke, the film shows Lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty, a theme that would be depicted repeatedly in other silent era shorts. This era is also when the first Abraham Lincoln impersonators originated, and the modern idea of what he sounded like is derived from these. Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost","title":"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"5395965","text":"to their particular reservations. Custer along with about half of his troops did not return to Fort Lincoln. The Fort was abandoned in 1891 after the completion of the railroad to Montana in 1883. A year after the fort was abandoned; local residents disassembled the fort for its nails and wood. In 1895, a new Fort Lincoln was built across the river near Bismarck. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the deed to the original fort's land over to the state as Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park. In 1934, the Civilian Conservation Corps built a visitor center, shelters, and roads.","title":"Fort Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"12837282","text":"terms from 1921 and 1932. He was also a vice-president of the Baptist World Alliance. He died in 1935. Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon (1865 – April 16, 1935) was a Canadian academic and Chancellor of McMaster University. Born on a farm near Delhi in Norfolk County, Ontario, McCrimmon graduated from the University of Toronto in 1890. In 1892, he started teaching at Woodstock College and five years later became its principal. From 1903 to 1904, he studied at the University of Chicago. In 1906, he was appointed a professor at McMaster University. From 1911 to 1922, he was","title":"Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon"},{"psg_id":"12837281","text":"Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon (1865 – April 16, 1935) was a Canadian academic and Chancellor of McMaster University. Born on a farm near Delhi in Norfolk County, Ontario, McCrimmon graduated from the University of Toronto in 1890. In 1892, he started teaching at Woodstock College and five years later became its principal. From 1903 to 1904, he studied at the University of Chicago. In 1906, he was appointed a professor at McMaster University. From 1911 to 1922, he was the Chancellor of McMaster. A Baptist, he was president of the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec for three","title":"Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon"},{"psg_id":"16049221","text":"Australian iTunes Store. On Boxing Day 2011, a remix by Sander van Doorn was released to Beatport, released on Doorn Records. The single is billed to Kele vs. Sander van Doorn featuring Lucy Taylor. A music video (simply a re-edited version of the original video) was released. The songs music video was released on 13 September 2011 to Kele's official YouTube channel. As of 23 November 2011, the video has 295939 views. The music video was directed by Nova Dando, with the dancers styled by Nadine Artois. What Did I Do? \"What Did I Do?\" is a song by Kele","title":"What Did I Do?"},{"psg_id":"13500873","text":"leadership of Association President Logan Hay, Paul M. Angle became the Association's first executive secretary. Paul Angle, Benjamin Thomas, Harry Pratt established the association's programs of research and publication. Its semi-annual \"Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association\" is the only journal devoted exclusively to the history and legacies of Abraham Lincoln. The association also publishes a quarterly newsletter, \"For the People\". Historian David Herbert Donald said \"The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association is the most important periodical in the field of Lincoln studies. As a Lincoln biographer, I rely on it heavily for both ideas and information.\" The eight-volume","title":"Abraham Lincoln Association"},{"psg_id":"6259408","text":"Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery The Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery covers in Elwood, Illinois. It is located approximately southwest of Chicago, Illinois. When fully completed, it will provide 400,000 burial spaces. The cemetery was dedicated in 1999 by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration. It was the 117th national cemetery dedicated under the administration. The cemetery is on the grounds of the former Joliet Army Ammunition Plant site, which was formerly known as the Joliet Arsenal. The cemetery is named after President Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States and founder of the National Cemetery","title":"Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery"},{"psg_id":"10033474","text":"in 1907 issued in pamphlet form by John E. Burton. Following Lincoln's assassination, there were competing biographies, some claiming Lincoln had been a Christian and others that he had been a non-believer. In 1872, Colonel Ward Hill Lamon published his \"Life of Abraham Lincoln; From his Birth to his Inauguration as President\" using interviews and correspondences collected by William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner in Springfield. Lamon had also been a law partner with Lincoln in Illinois, from 1852 until 1857, and later was Lincoln's personal bodyguard in Washington. Lamon's biography stated that Lincoln did not himself believe in the divinity","title":"Religious views of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"17338140","text":"What Did I Do to You? \"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, \"Affection\". It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song received positive reviews from music critics. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and","title":"What Did I Do to You?"},{"psg_id":"15883483","text":"Abraham Lincoln (Rogers) Abraham Lincoln is a bronze statue by Randolph Rogers. It is located in Fairmount Park, Kelly Drive at Sedgely Drive, Philadelphia. In 1866, $22,000 was raised for a statue, and Randolph Rogers was commissioned. The work was dedicated on September 22, 1871. In 2001, the monument was relocated from a traffic island to the east side of Kelly Drive. The inscription on the pedestal reads:<br> (On plaque, front:)<br> TO<br> ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br> FROM A GRATEFUL PEOPLE<br> (On plaque, left side:)<br> I DO ORDER AND DECLARE<br> THAT ALL PERSONS HELD<br> AS SLAVES WITHIN THE STATES<br> IN REBELLION ARE AND","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Rogers)"},{"psg_id":"11074620","text":"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC) was the Congressionally created 14-member federal commission focused on planning and commemorating the 200th birthday of the United States' 16th president on February 12, 2009. The commission served for ten years, from 2000 to 2010. Its official successor organization, announced in 2011 with an expanded board and broadened mission, is The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation. The ALBC was established by the passage of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Act in 2000 (Public Law No: 106-173). The commission's 14 members were a diverse group of political leaders, jurists, scholars and collectors,","title":"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission"},{"psg_id":"16049220","text":"What Did I Do? \"What Did I Do?\" is a song by Kele Okereke, released as the first single from his EP \"The Hunter\". The song's music video was released on 13 September 2011, with the song being released as a digital single in Japan 10 days later. The song features vocals from singer Lucy Taylor. The single was produced by constant collaborator XXXChange and mixed by Sub Focus. The single's cover is the same as the cover for \"The Hunter\" EP. On 16 November 2011, Liberator Music released a remix of the single by All The Lights to the","title":"What Did I Do?"},{"psg_id":"16388110","text":"falls victim to an illness that requires her to be tied to her bed, vicious and cannibalistic, 10-year-old Abe Lincoln (Brennen Harper) sees his father Thomas Lincoln (Kent Igleheart) commit suicide at her bedside. Taking up a scythe, the distraught young Abe tells his mother that he loves her before beheading her. He then joins others in his community in containing a local zombie outbreak. When an adult Abraham Lincoln (Bill Oberst Jr.) has become President of a fracturing United States, he is apprised of rumors concerning a prominent Confederate stronghold. He is told that a regiment of 30 men","title":"Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies"},{"psg_id":"18374310","text":"joins forces with Lincoln in an effort to take the criminals down. The song has been taken from a Malayalam film \"Abraham & Lincoln.\" Abraham & Lincoln Abraham & Lincoln is a 2007 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Pramod Pappan with Kalabhavan Mani and Rahman starring in the lead roles. Abraham investigates the death of his sister. Along the way, he discovers some shocking information that strengthens his determination to find his sister's killer. He becomes a goonda (hired thug) and infiltrates the mafia. At the same time, a young police officer called Lincoln begins investigating the same mafia that","title":"Abraham & Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"18374309","text":"Abraham & Lincoln Abraham & Lincoln is a 2007 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Pramod Pappan with Kalabhavan Mani and Rahman starring in the lead roles. Abraham investigates the death of his sister. Along the way, he discovers some shocking information that strengthens his determination to find his sister's killer. He becomes a goonda (hired thug) and infiltrates the mafia. At the same time, a young police officer called Lincoln begins investigating the same mafia that Abraham has just joined. Lincoln suspects that they are to blame for ruining his sister's life. Abraham's life takes an unexpected turn as he","title":"Abraham & Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"4364069","text":"from his official position, that because the Constitution recognized slavery in the states the only constitutional justification for freeing slaves was the restoration of the Union. On August 22, 1862 Lincoln published a letter in response to an editorial by Horace Greeley of the \"New York Tribune\" in which the editor asked why Lincoln had not yet issued an emancipation proclamation, as he was authorized to do by the Second Confiscation Act. In his reply Lincoln differentiated between \"my view of official duty\"—that is, what he can do in his official capacity as President—and his personal views. Officially he must","title":"Abraham Lincoln and slavery"},{"psg_id":"14204414","text":"Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel) Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter is a biographical action horror mash-up novel by Seth Grahame-Smith, released on March 2, 2010, through New York–based publishing company Grand Central Publishing. The journal-style book is written as a partial \"secret\" diary of Abraham Lincoln, kept by the 16th President of the United States and given to the author by a vampire named Henry Sturges. Years later, the manuscript is found in a five-and-dime store in the town of Rhinebeck, New York (a reference to Smith's wife's hometown). When Abraham Lincoln is only eleven years old, he learns from his","title":"Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel)"},{"psg_id":"13415373","text":"Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue) Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA, and was unveiled in 1922. Stylistically, the work follows in the Beaux Arts and American Renaissance traditions. The 170-ton statue is composed of 28 blocks of white Georgia marble (Georgia Marble Company) and rises from the floor, including the seated figure (with armchair and footrest) upon an high pedestal. The figure of Lincoln gazes","title":"Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)"},{"psg_id":"5702147","text":"Abraham Lincoln High School (Des Moines, Iowa) Abraham Lincoln High School, usually referred to simply as Lincoln High School or Lincoln, is a secondary school located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It is one of five secondary schools under the district of the Des Moines Public Schools, and was named after the 16th United States president Abraham Lincoln. The school sports team is named after one of President Lincoln's nicknames, the \"Rail Splitter\" (the \"Lincoln Railsplitters\" or \"Rails\"). Their mascot is typically a senior at the school or a recent alumni dressed up as Abraham Lincoln. The school is","title":"Abraham Lincoln High School (Des Moines, Iowa)"},{"psg_id":"15093231","text":"Abraham Lincoln Neiman Abraham Lincoln \"Al\" Neiman (July 4, 1875 — October 21, 1970) was raised in a Jewish orphanage in Cleveland, Ohio. He met his first wife Carrie Marcus Neiman in Dallas, Texas, while they were working at A. Harris & Company. They married in 1905 and then moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with Carrie's brother Herbert Marcus and sister in law Minnie Lichtenstein Marcus to do sales promotion work. The Coca-Cola Company is known as their most notable client although at the time they weren't too enthusiastic about its future. Therefore, they relinquished rights to sales territories in the","title":"Abraham Lincoln Neiman"},{"psg_id":"13415381","text":"the sculptor was familiar with sign language. Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French carved Lincoln's hands to represent the letters \"A\" and \"L\" in American Sign Language, \"I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands.\" Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue) Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA,","title":"Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)"},{"psg_id":"6951542","text":"family history and her efforts to preserve American Beach. Dr. Johnnetta B. Cole became the first woman to serve as president of two major universities, Spelman College and Bennett College. John Betsch is an internationally acclaimed jazz drummer. His Great-Great Granddaughter Renee Lewis Glover is Executive Director of the Atlanta Housing Authority Abraham Lincoln Lewis Abraham Lincoln Lewis (1865–1947) was an American businessman. He founded the Afro-American Life Insurance Company in Jacksonville, Florida, and became the state's first African-American millionaire. He also founded the National Register-listed community of American Beach, founded as a prestigious vacation spot for blacks during the","title":"Abraham Lincoln Lewis"},{"psg_id":"13103717","text":"States Senate on September 14, 1961, and received his commission on September 22, 1961. His service terminated on July 6, 1964, due to elevation to the Third Circuit. Freedman was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 15, 1964, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated by Judge Herbert Funk Goodrich. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 2, 1964, and received his commission on July 2, 1964. His service terminated on March 13, 1971, due to his death. Abraham Lincoln Freedman Abraham Lincoln Freedman (November 19, 1904 – March","title":"Abraham Lincoln Freedman"},{"psg_id":"9001335","text":"is a bust of Abraham Lincoln in the Museum of the Revolution, a small statue of him in front of the Abraham Lincoln School, and a bust of him near the Capitolio. In Quito, Ecuador, a statue of Lincoln can be found in the Plaza Abraham Lincoln. Avenida Abraham Lincoln, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic is one of the capital city's most important and trafficked streets. Walt Whitman was especially fascinated by Lincoln during the Civil War and wrote several famous poems about him. Lincoln was fond of Whitman's poetry even before the war. by David S. Reynolds Over 1000","title":"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"1621362","text":"the largest aerial refueling undertakings by a carrier aviation squadron in history. The carrier returned home in May 2003, in the process receiving a visit from President George W. Bush before officially ending \"Abraham Lincoln\"s deployment by docking at San Diego before returning to homeport in Everett, WA. Bush stated at the time that this was the end to major combat operations in Iraq. While this statement did coincide with an end to the conventional phase of the war, Bush's assertion—and the sign itself—became controversial after guerrilla warfare in Iraq increased during the Iraqi insurgency. The vast majority of casualties,","title":"USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)"},{"psg_id":"17817059","text":"an 18-foot (5.5 m) high marble column atop a 6-foot (1.8 m) high octagonal base. A reporter asked Lot Flannery why the statue was set on such a high pedestal. He responded: \"I lived through the days and nights of gloom following the assassination. As to every one else, it was a personal lamentation. And when it fell to me to carve and erect this statue I resolved and did place it so high that no assassin's hand could ever again strike him down.\" Inscriptions on the monument include the following: Abraham Lincoln (Flannery) Abraham Lincoln is a marble sculpture","title":"Abraham Lincoln (Flannery)"},{"psg_id":"15389","text":"his Louisiana plan did not apply to all states under Reconstruction. Shortly before his assassination, Lincoln announced he had a new plan for southern Reconstruction. Discussions with his cabinet revealed Lincoln planned short-term military control over southern states, until readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly what Lincoln would have done about Reconstruction if he had lived, but they make projections based on his known policy positions and political acumen. Lincoln biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that: Eric Foner argues that: The successful reunification","title":"Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"13897393","text":"both concluded they would get no more medicine there, as the attendant evidently did not understand making up prescriptions.\" Health of Abraham Lincoln The physical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln has been the subject of both contemporaneous commentary and subsequent hypotheses by historians and scholars. Despite the following occurrences, Lincoln's health up until middle age was fairly good for his day. There were fears for young Lincoln's life during a 24-hour period of unconsciousness that followed a horse kicking him in the head. He was nine years old when this occurred. Lincoln died from a bullet wound to the","title":"Health of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"16392196","text":"Robert Pastene and Judith Evelyn, the TV adaptation was notable for featuring actor James Dean in the small but significant role of William Scott, a Union soldier court-martialed and condemned to death for falling asleep on watch. The live production survived on kinescope and is available at the Internet Archive. Abraham Lincoln (play) Abraham Lincoln is a 1918 play by John Drinkwater about the 16th President of the United States. Drinkwater's first great success, it premiered in England in 1918. The 1919 Broadway production starred Frank McGlynn. A rare depiction of events in the life of a U.S. President by","title":"Abraham Lincoln (play)"},{"psg_id":"17338142","text":"1989–2003\" box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales. European/UK 7\" single European/UK/Japanese CD single UK 10\" single European/UK 12\" single UK 12\" promotional single Other remixes What Did I Do to You? \"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, \"Affection\". It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song received positive reviews from music critics. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included","title":"What Did I Do to You?"},{"psg_id":"10078310","text":"was first unveiled. A scene for \"Rocky II\" was filmed in the Lincoln High School auditorium, but the scene was not used in the film. In the cut scene, Rocky Balboa was awarded an honorary high school diploma. Like his fictional character, Sylvester Stallone attended Lincoln but did not graduate, due to his boxing career, though his brother Frank did. Feeder middle schools and K-8 schools into Lincoln: Feeder elementary schools: Abraham Lincoln High School (Philadelphia) Abraham Lincoln High School, a public school located in the Mayfair section of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Its main entrance is located at","title":"Abraham Lincoln High School (Philadelphia)"},{"psg_id":"18077249","text":"cut the electric and telephone wires for each block as they went through.\" The Wyoming Parks Commission dedicated the \"Lincoln Monument\" in 1959 to commemorate Lincoln’s 150th birthday. Originally the bust was located at the highest point on the Lincoln highway from New York to San Francisco. “The grandeur of the landscape recalls the nobility of his soul,” Russin wrote referencing President Abraham Lincoln. The bust was transferred to its present beside of interstate 80, after that highway was finished in 1969. An estimated 200,000 travelers view the monumental sculpture annually. Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument The Lincoln Monument is a","title":"Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument"},{"psg_id":"15372824","text":"of soundtrack in Japan. Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter is a 2012 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Timur Bekmambetov, based on the 2010 mashup novel of the same name. The novel's author, Seth Grahame-Smith, wrote the screenplay. Benjamin Walker stars as the title character with supporting roles by Dominic Cooper, Anthony Mackie, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rufus Sewell, and Marton Csokas. The real-life figure Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865), is portrayed in the novel and the film as having a secret identity as a vampire hunter. The film was produced","title":"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter"},{"psg_id":"15372806","text":"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter is a 2012 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Timur Bekmambetov, based on the 2010 mashup novel of the same name. The novel's author, Seth Grahame-Smith, wrote the screenplay. Benjamin Walker stars as the title character with supporting roles by Dominic Cooper, Anthony Mackie, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rufus Sewell, and Marton Csokas. The real-life figure Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865), is portrayed in the novel and the film as having a secret identity as a vampire hunter. The film was produced by Tim Burton, Bekmambetov,","title":"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter"},{"psg_id":"4386552","text":"Lincoln Tomb. While President Lincoln was finally at rest, the remainder of the Lincoln family was moved two more times. The coffins containing the bodies of Mary, Eddie, Willie, and Tad Lincoln were removed during the second tomb reconstruction (1930–1931) from their crypts and transported to the Oak Ridge mausoleum, located near the south gate of the cemetery. After the second reconstruction was completed, the bodies were returned to their crypts in June, 1931. Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln After the April 14, 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States, a three-week series of events","title":"Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"15398","text":"in New England since the 17th century, had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on irregular dates. The last such proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years before. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. Lincoln's declared philosophy on court nominations was that \"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should","title":"Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"15421","text":"The most famous and most visited memorials are Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore; Lincoln Memorial, Ford's Theatre, and Petersen House (where he died) in Washington, D.C.; and the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, Illinois, not far from Lincoln's home, as well as his tomb. Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, argues that in the 1930s and 1940s, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life\". During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served \"as a means for seeing the world's","title":"Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"15422","text":"disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful\". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, \"What would Lincoln do?\" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II, Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this \"fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness\". He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept. The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name. Official Organizations Media coverage","title":"Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"15093234","text":"a fashion model, in 1938 and they adopted World War II refugees Diana and Ursula Woolf after discovering they were unable to have their own children. As he aged he became ever more well known for extravagant spending habits while at the same time he developed a reputation for sloppy business practices. Dorothy died of cancer suddenly in 1962 and Al, now penniless, returned to Dallas. His ex-nephew Stanley visited him out of fears that few others would before Al's death at a Masonic home in Arlington, Texas, in 1970. Abraham Lincoln Neiman Abraham Lincoln \"Al\" Neiman (July 4, 1875","title":"Abraham Lincoln Neiman"},{"psg_id":"15372821","text":"of a feature-length film\". Tony Kushner, the script writer of the actual Abraham Lincoln biopic released that same year, has stated that he thought the film was a \"godforsaken mess\", although this opinion had nothing to do with a historical perspective. Positive response, meanwhile, came from Marc Savlov of the \"Austin Chronicle\", \"\"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter\" has heart to spare, and the occasional silvered bayonet to run it through.\" \"USA Today\" reviewer Scott Bowles remarks, \"A stylish slasher of a movie, a monster flick that does its vampires right, if not their real-life counterparts,\" giving the film 2.5 out of","title":"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter"},{"psg_id":"15135204","text":"15, 1865 The Indiana Statehouse' plaster bust of Lincoln was patented June 3, 1862. Thomas Dow Jones' original bronze sculpture was cast in 1861 and is believed to be one of the earliest depictions of a bearded Abraham Lincoln. Thomas Dow Jones was commissioned by the leading Republicans of Cincinnati to sculpt a portrait bust of president-elect Lincoln before his inauguration in March 1861. Jones arrived in Springfield on Christmas Day with letters of recommendation from two of his most recent clients, Ohio Governor Salmon P. Chase and Thomas Ewing (General William T. Sherman's father-in-law). Lincoln consented to sit for","title":"Abraham Lincoln (bust by Jones)"},{"psg_id":"4329960","text":"contrast, historian and Lincoln biographer Michael Burlingame has said that it is \"possible but highly unlikely that Abraham Lincoln was \"predominantly homosexual.\"\" In 2009 Charles Morris critically analyzed the academic and popular responses to Tripp's book, arguing that much of the negative response by the \"Lincoln Establishment\" reveals as much rhetorical and political partisanship as that of Tripp's defenders. In an earlier 2007 essay, Morris argues that in the wake of playwright Larry Kramer's \"outing\" of Lincoln, the Lincoln Establishment engaged in \"mnemonicide\", or the assassination of a threatening counter-memory. He put in this category what he called the methodologically","title":"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"9001333","text":"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Statues of Abraham Lincoln can be found in other countries. In Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, is a 13-foot (4 m) high bronze statue, a gift from the United States, dedicated in 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The U.S. received a statue of Benito Juárez in exchange, which is in Washington, D.C. Juárez and Lincoln exchanged friendly letters during the American Civil War,","title":"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"9437789","text":"Abraham Lincoln University Abraham Lincoln University (ALU) and Abraham Lincoln University School of Law is an online university based in Los Angeles, California. Students may attend class in person or online. ALU was founded by Hyung J. Park, a tax attorney and graduate of Loyola Law School, in 1996. Classes initially were held in a conference room in his office. Park named his school after Abraham Lincoln partly because Lincoln had taught himself law. Abraham Lincoln University offers online Associate, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctorate degrees, plus diplomas and certificates, in Law, Criminal Justice, Paralegal Studies, Business Administration, General Studies, and","title":"Abraham Lincoln University"},{"psg_id":"13047753","text":"Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln This is the electoral history of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln served one term in the United States House of Representatives from Illinois (1847–1849). He later served as the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865). 1844 - Lost Whig Party nomination to Edward Dickinson Baker 1854 - Wins seat in Illinois House of Representatives, declines seat to focus on future candidacy for United States Senate February 8, 1855 \"51 votes needed for election\" \"Note: Five \"anti-Nebraska\" Democrats (i.e. opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act) voted for Trumbull rather than vote for Lincoln, a Whig. When pro-Nebraska Democrats","title":"Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln"},{"psg_id":"7167154","text":"settled and there was less danger of a Native American attack. Under the law then operating, Mordecai Lincoln, as the eldest son, inherited two-thirds of his father's estate when he reached the age of twenty-one, with Bathsheba receiving one-third. The other children inherited nothing. Life was hard, particularly for Thomas, the youngest, who got little schooling and was forced to go to work at a young age. In later years Thomas Lincoln would recount the story of the day his father died, to his son, Abraham Lincoln, the future sixteenth president of the United States of America. \"The story of","title":"Abraham Lincoln (captain)"},{"psg_id":"10319581","text":"Consolidation Coal Company as a company town, Buxton was the largest unincorporated coal-mining community in Iowa. What made Buxton unique was that the majority of its five thousand residents were African Americans, a highly unusual racial composition for a state that was over 90 percent white. At a time when both southern and northern blacks were disadvantaged in different ways, blacks in Buxton enjoyed steady employment, above-average wages, decent housing, and minimal discrimination. For such reasons, Buxton was commonly known as \"the black man's utopia in Iowa.\" Abraham Lincoln DeMond Abraham Lincoln DeMond (born 1867, Seneca, New York) was a","title":"Abraham Lincoln DeMond"},{"psg_id":"5171338","text":"encourage the study and appreciation of Abraham Lincoln\". Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum documents the life of the 16th U.S. President, Abraham Lincoln, and the course of the American Civil War. Combining traditional scholarship with 21st-century showmanship techniques, the museum ranks as one of the most visited presidential libraries. Its library, in addition to housing an extensive collection on Lincoln, also houses the collection of the Illinois State Historical Library, founded by the state in 1889. The library and museum is located in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, and is overseen","title":"Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18189111\",\n \"text\": \"legacy, specifically in the line: \\\"Abraham Lincoln, we owe it to you, to protect this great country today\\\". This idea of indebtedness is also reflected in the illustration on the cover of the sheet music; Schwartz comments that the United States is portrayed as Columbia, a woman draped in the American Flag with open arms looking up to Lincoln's statue and seeking to follow his example. Abraham Lincoln, what would you do? \\\"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\\\" is an American patriotic musical composition released in 1918. Its lyrics were written by Carol Hirsch and its music composed by Baker\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18189110\",\n \"text\": \"is upbeat and set to an \\\"allegro moderato\\\" tempo. Thematically, the song is considered part of American patriotic music. Although Abraham Lincoln's death was well before the beginning of the twentieth century, he was often used symbolically, particularly during World War I. \\\"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\\\" was a popular composition upon its release, and Lincoln's image was used in the composition's lyrics to promote and build support for American involvement during wartime. Sociologist Barry Schwartz suggests that the lyrics represented American involvement in the war in terms of a collective debt to be paid to Lincoln's contributions and\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18189109\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do? \\\"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\\\" is an American patriotic musical composition released in 1918. Its lyrics were written by Carol Hirsch and its music composed by Baker and Blink. The song is considered to be part of a larger effort to create support for American efforts during World War I. The composition was published in 1918 by the Metropolitan Music Company, with Carol Hirsch as the lyricist, and Baker and Blink (of the Metropolitan Music Company) composing the score. The piece was arranged for piano and includes a single voice part. The song\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13500874\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln\\\" is now available online to the public at the association's website. The association has made many their publications available to the public on this website. On February 12, 2009, the Abraham Lincoln Association led the national celebration of Lincoln's 200th birthday. President Barack Obama was the guest of honor at the Association's birthday banquet on the evening of February 12 in Springfield. He gave a speech titled \\\"What the People Need Done\\\". Lincoln scholar Michael Burlingame also spoke at the banquet. The banquet was co-hosted by the Illinois Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission. The association\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Association\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18388565\",\n \"text\": \"I Am Abraham Lincoln I Am Abraham Lincoln is the first children's book written by Brad Meltzer in the \\\"Ordinary People Change the World\\\" series. It follows the adventures of a young Abraham Lincoln learning important lessons. The book features a young Abraham Lincoln - before he becomes President - as well as a Lincoln facing the American Civil War and delivering the Gettysburg Address. As a child, young Abraham Lincoln stood up to bullies who were torturing a small turtle. The idea for the \\\"Ordinary People Change the World\\\" series came to Meltzer as he was shopping for his\",\n \"title\": \"I Am Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12942766\",\n \"text\": \"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States took place on Saturday, March 4, 1865. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of Abraham Lincoln as President and only term of Andrew Johnson as Vice President. Lincoln died days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office. Before the president was sworn in, Vice President-elect Andrew Johnson took his oath. At the ceremony Johnson, who had been drinking to offset the pain of typhoid fever (as he explained\",\n \"title\": \"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14494967\",\n \"text\": \"committee. The ALI Board of Directors present two awards annually. The Hay-Nicolay Dissertation Prize is given in conjunction with the Abraham Lincoln Association for what these two organizations consider to be the previous year’s most noteworthy dissertation on the subject of Abraham Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Institute book award is given for the previous year’s most noteworthy book on the subject of Abraham Lincoln. Book award winners in the past include Allen Guelzo for \\\"Redeemer President\\\" (2000) and Cullom Davis on behalf of the landmark \\\"Lincoln Legal Papers\\\" (2001). Beginning in 1998, the institute has held a day-long symposium entitled\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Institute\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14721151\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue) Abraham Lincoln – also known as The Gettysburg Lincoln – is a bronze statue of President Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French, located on the grounds of the Nebraska State Capitol. The monument was commissioned by the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Association of Lincoln, Nebraska, and produced between 1909 and its unveiling in 1912. The statue was cast in bronze by Jno. Williams, Inc. of New York. Its architectural setting was created by French's longtime collaborator Henry Bacon. The 8.67 ft (2.64 m) statue stands upon a 6 ft (1.83 m) granite base and before a 20\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12942768\",\n \"text\": \"the finest speeches in American history. Historian Mark Noll has deemed it \\\"among the handful of semisacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world.\\\" Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States took place on Saturday, March 4, 1865. The inauguration marked the commencement of the second term of Abraham Lincoln as President and only term of Andrew Johnson as Vice President. Lincoln died days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office. Before the president was\",\n \"title\": \"Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12938949\",\n \"text\": \"a glimpse of the President-elect. There he met Mayor Alexander Henry, and delivered some remarks to the crowd outside from a hotel balcony. Lincoln continued on to Harrisburg. Then, because of an alleged assassination conspiracy, Lincoln traveled through Baltimore, Maryland on a special train in the middle of the night transferring from the President Street Station to the Camden Station at 3:30 a.m., before finally completing his journey in Washington. First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States was held on Monday, March 4, 1861, on the East Portico\",\n \"title\": \"First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7167155\",\n \"text\": \"his death by the Indians,\\\" the president later wrote, \\\"and of Uncle Mordecai, then fourteen years old, killing one of the Indians, is the legend more strongly than all others imprinted on my mind and memory.\\\" Abraham Lincoln (captain) Abraham Lincoln (May 13, 1744 – May 1786) was the grandfather of the 16th U.S. president, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a military captain during the American Revolution, and a pioneer settler of Kentucky. Captain Abraham Lincoln was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln (1622–1690), who was born in Hingham, Norfolk, England, and who, as a weaver's apprentice, emigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (captain)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8334567\",\n \"text\": \"– 0:31 16. \\\"A Little Buzz\\\" – 2:46 17. \\\"Kids Didn't Change\\\" – 0:54 18. \\\"Heaven Is Where the Heart Is\\\" – 5:03 What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \\\"Yo Victa\\\" – 0:07 2. \\\"What Did He Say?\\\" – 3:20 3. \\\"What You Won't Do for Love\\\" – 4:43 4. \\\"Cherokee\\\" – 1:49 5. \\\"Don't Wanna Cry\\\" – 5:07 6. \\\"The Lonliest Monk\\\" – 4:36 7. \\\"A Chance\\\" – 2:54 8. \\\"Radio W-OO-10\\\" – 1:06 9. \\\"Norwegian Wood\\\" – 4:52 10. \\\"Bro John\\\" – 4:18 11. \\\"Naima\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Did He Say?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8334566\",\n \"text\": \"What Did He Say? What Did He Say? is the second solo album released by bassist Victor Wooten. 1. \\\"Yo Victa\\\" – 0:07 2. \\\"What Did He Say?\\\" – 3:20 3. \\\"What You Won't Do for Love\\\" – 4:43 4. \\\"Cherokee\\\" – 1:49 5. \\\"Don't Wanna Cry\\\" – 5:07 6. \\\"The Lonliest Monk\\\" – 4:36 7. \\\"A Chance\\\" – 2:54 8. \\\"Radio W-OO-10\\\" – 1:06 9. \\\"Norwegian Wood\\\" – 4:52 10. \\\"Bro John\\\" – 4:18 11. \\\"Naima\\\" – 5:57 12. \\\"Sometimes I Laugh\\\" – 3:20 13. \\\"My Life\\\" – 4:45 14. \\\"The Sojourn of Arjuna\\\" – 6:29 15. \\\"Buzz Ntro\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"What Did He Say?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9210341\",\n \"text\": \"earlier. Jack's name was not added to his father's memorial until 1976, or 1984 according to \\\"The Washington Post\\\". Abraham Lincoln II Abraham \\\"Jack\\\" Lincoln II (August 14, 1873 – March 5, 1890), was the middle of three children of Robert Todd Lincoln and Mary Eunice Harlan, and the only grandson of Abraham Lincoln. He died in Europe at the age of 16, after an infection from a wound. After President Lincoln's assassination, the former first family relocated to Chicago, Illinois, where Robert Todd Lincoln settled and married a U.S. senator's daughter, Mary Eunice Harlan. Abraham II was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9210336\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln II Abraham \\\"Jack\\\" Lincoln II (August 14, 1873 – March 5, 1890), was the middle of three children of Robert Todd Lincoln and Mary Eunice Harlan, and the only grandson of Abraham Lincoln. He died in Europe at the age of 16, after an infection from a wound. After President Lincoln's assassination, the former first family relocated to Chicago, Illinois, where Robert Todd Lincoln settled and married a U.S. senator's daughter, Mary Eunice Harlan. Abraham II was born in 1873, the second of three children, and was nicknamed \\\"Jack\\\". Jack and his sisters were described as \\\"bright, natural,\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln II\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11034163\",\n \"text\": \"poems include the short piece dedicated to Linnie Haggard, daughter of the owner of a hotel where Lincoln stayed in Winchester, Illinois, dated September 30, 1858. <poem>To Linnie— A sweet plaintive song did I hear, And I fancied that she was the singer— May emotions as pure, as that song set a-stir Be the worst that the future shall bring her.</poem> Poetry of Abraham Lincoln The poetry of Abraham Lincoln has been an interesting source into the psyche of this President. In addition to two complete, narrative poems, Abraham Lincoln wrote several small verses throughout his life and possibly a\",\n \"title\": \"Poetry of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15216835\",\n \"text\": \"schoolchildren, the business community, and members of the E.B Wolcott Post of the G.A.R. Unfortunately, the sculpture was not able to be built right away as the United States became involved in World War I. In 1932 the Lincoln Memorial Association hosted a national competition for the \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" sculpture's design. Gaetano Cecere, a sculptor from New York City, won. He designed a sculpture that showed a young beardless Lincoln, standing up with his hands at his sides. The sculptor decided to portray the President without his famous beard because Lincoln did not grow a beard until he was 52.\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Cecere)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19719826\",\n \"text\": \"seven days a week. President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument, sometimes shortened to President Lincoln's Cottage, is a national monument on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home, known today as the Armed Forces Retirement Home. It is located near the Petworth and Park View neighborhoods of Washington, D.C.. President Lincoln's Cottage was formerly known as Anderson Cottage. President Abraham Lincoln and family resided seasonally on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home to escape the heat and political pressure of downtown Washington, as did President James Buchanan (1857–1861) before him. President Lincoln's Cottage\",\n \"title\": \"President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19719820\",\n \"text\": \"President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument, sometimes shortened to President Lincoln's Cottage, is a national monument on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home, known today as the Armed Forces Retirement Home. It is located near the Petworth and Park View neighborhoods of Washington, D.C.. President Lincoln's Cottage was formerly known as Anderson Cottage. President Abraham Lincoln and family resided seasonally on the grounds of the Soldiers' Home to escape the heat and political pressure of downtown Washington, as did President James Buchanan (1857–1861) before him. President Lincoln's Cottage also served as the\",\n \"title\": \"President Lincoln and Soldiers’ Home National Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16392193\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (play) Abraham Lincoln is a 1918 play by John Drinkwater about the 16th President of the United States. Drinkwater's first great success, it premiered in England in 1918. The 1919 Broadway production starred Frank McGlynn. A rare depiction of events in the life of a U.S. President by a British playwright, \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" was a great success in its day. The play covers events in Lincoln's Presidency from his election in 1860 to his assassination, but omits most of the events in his private life. \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" was first produced in October 1918 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre,\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7167146\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (captain) Abraham Lincoln (May 13, 1744 – May 1786) was the grandfather of the 16th U.S. president, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a military captain during the American Revolution, and a pioneer settler of Kentucky. Captain Abraham Lincoln was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln (1622–1690), who was born in Hingham, Norfolk, England, and who, as a weaver's apprentice, emigrated to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637. Abraham's father John Lincoln (1716–1788) was born in Monmouth County in the province of New Jersey, and grew up in the Schuylkill river valley in the province of Pennsylvania. Typical of his class, John\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (captain)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12938946\",\n \"text\": \"First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States was held on Monday, March 4, 1861, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Abraham Lincoln as President and the only term of Hannibal Hamlin as Vice President. The presidential oath of office was administered to Lincoln by Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States. This was the first time Lincoln appeared in public with a beard, which he had begun growing after being\",\n \"title\": \"First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13500876\",\n \"text\": \"Past symposium topics include: 2009: The Age of Lincoln 2008: Celebrating a Century of Lincoln Scholarship 2007: Lincoln and the Politics of the 1850s 2006: The Lincoln Family Abraham Lincoln Association The Abraham Lincoln Association is an American association that observes each anniversary of the birth of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, preserves and makes more accessible landmarks associated with his life, and encourages, promotes, and aids the collection and dissemination of authentic information regarding all phases of his life and career. The Abraham Lincoln Association was organized in 1908 as the Lincoln Centennial Association. Among the founders of the Association\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Association\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10124974\",\n \"text\": \"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, when he was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States, and ended upon his assassination and death on April 15, 1865, days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently-established Republican Party elected to the presidency. He was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency. Lincoln took office following the 1860 presidential election, in which he won a plurality of the popular vote in a four-candidate\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10125103\",\n \"text\": \"argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated. Presidency of Abraham Lincoln The presidency of Abraham Lincoln began on March 4, 1861, when he was inaugurated as the 16th President of the United States, and ended upon his assassination and death on April 15, 1865, days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently-established Republican Party elected to the presidency. He was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lincoln presided over the Union victory in the American Civil War, which dominated his presidency. Lincoln took office following the 1860 presidential\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17817049\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Flannery) Abraham Lincoln is a marble sculpture of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln by Irish artist Lot Flannery, located in front of the old District of Columbia City Hall in Washington, D.C., United States. It was installed several blocks from Ford's Theatre, where Lincoln was assassinated. Dedicated in 1868 on the third anniversary of Lincoln's death, dignitaries at the unveiling ceremony included President Andrew Johnson and Generals Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman and Winfield Scott Hancock. The statue has been removed and rededicated twice. The first rededication was in 1923 following an outpouring of support from citizens and\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Flannery)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4329972\",\n \"text\": \"were based on the same report from a single source. David Donald and Johnson both dispute Tripp's interpretation of Fox's comment, saying that the exclamation of \\\"What stuff!\\\" was, in that day, an exclamation over the absurdity of the suggestion rather than the gossip value of it (as in the phrase \\\"stuff and nonsense\\\"). Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln The sexuality of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th President of the United States, has been a topic of debate among some scholars. Lincoln was married to Mary Todd from November 4, 1842, until his death on April 15, 1865, and fathered four\",\n \"title\": \"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12995450\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Statue (Kentucky) The Abraham Lincoln Statue is a historic statue in the Hodgenville Commercial Historic District's public square in Hodgenville, Kentucky. Adolph Alexander Weinman sculpted the statue, as he also did the Lincoln statue at the capitol rotunda at Frankfort, Kentucky. The Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park is nearby. The statue was the result of the Lincoln Monument Commission under the direction of Otis M. Mather, chairman. The Kentucky General Assembly commissioned the Commission in 1904. It was built to commemorate the centennial of Abraham Lincoln's birth, which occurred a few miles south of Hodgenville on February\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Statue (Kentucky)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15211981\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation is the successor organization of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC), which was created by Congress and the President of the United States to plan the commemoration of Abraham Lincoln’s 200th birthday in 2009. The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission sunset on April 30, 2010 The foundation is committed to initiating and supporting innovative and historically meaningful national, state, and local programs that commemorate the memory and sustain the ideals and historic impact of America’s sixteenth president, particularly during the current, five-year observances of the American Civil War sesquicentennial. Building on\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13500872\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Association The Abraham Lincoln Association is an American association that observes each anniversary of the birth of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, preserves and makes more accessible landmarks associated with his life, and encourages, promotes, and aids the collection and dissemination of authentic information regarding all phases of his life and career. The Abraham Lincoln Association was organized in 1908 as the Lincoln Centennial Association. Among the founders of the Association were United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller, and financier John Whitfield Bunn. It led the national celebration of Lincoln's one-hundredth birthday. In 1925, under the\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Association\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9599827\",\n \"text\": \"sensibilities to race and culture. The 2015 reprint was featured in \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\" on December 1, 2015. Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book) Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln. Originally published by Doubleday, it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1940. \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" story is based on the life of the 16th President of the United States, focusing on his early years and the road he took to manhood. Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire often explored the environment of their historical subjects and, for \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\", they spent time\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16989913\",\n \"text\": \"states. In 1971, Presidents Day became a national holiday, combining Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays and replacing most states' celebration of his birthday. The Abraham Lincoln Association was formed in 1908 to commemorate the centennial of Lincoln's birth. In 2000, Congress established the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission to commemorate his 200th birthday in February 2009. Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president 1861–65, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and nationalism. Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, states that in\",\n \"title\": \"Memorials to Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4329949\",\n \"text\": \"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln The sexuality of Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th President of the United States, has been a topic of debate among some scholars. Lincoln was married to Mary Todd from November 4, 1842, until his death on April 15, 1865, and fathered four children with her. Psychologist C. A. Tripp's book, \\\"The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln\\\" (2005,) described Lincoln as having a detached relationship with women, in contrast to a close male friend with whom he allegedly shared a bed (this was not an unusual practice at the time). Dale Carnegie, better known for books on\",\n \"title\": \"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13838885\",\n \"text\": \"journals, and recommended readings compiled by scholars. Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincoln's letters and writings, scholars rely on \\\"The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln\\\", edited by Roy Basler, and others. It only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered. Previously, a project was underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln\",\n \"title\": \"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13838883\",\n \"text\": \"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincoln's letters and writings, scholars rely on \\\"The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln\\\", edited by Roy Basler, and others. It only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered. Previously, a project was underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln to provide \\\"a freely accessible comprehensive electronic\",\n \"title\": \"Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9599825\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book) Abraham Lincoln is a book by Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire about Abraham Lincoln. Originally published by Doubleday, it was the recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1940. \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" story is based on the life of the 16th President of the United States, focusing on his early years and the road he took to manhood. Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire often explored the environment of their historical subjects and, for \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\", they spent time camping and sketching in Kentucky and Illinois to capture the feel of Lincoln's roots. The original celebrated\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Parin d'Aulaire book)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"8441170\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Keister Abraham Lincoln Keister (September 10, 1852 – May 26, 1917) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Abraham L. Keister was born in Upper Tyrone Township, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio, in 1874. He studied law, was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Ohio in 1878 and commenced practice in Columbus, Ohio. He moved to Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in 1882, and engaged in the manufacture of coke. He organized the First National Bank of Scottdale, Pennsylvania, in 1889 and served continuously as its president for\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Keister\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16989901\",\n \"text\": \"Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president 1861–65, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and nationalism. Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, states that in the 1930s and 1940s, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \\\"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life.\\\" During the Great Depression, he says, Lincoln served \\\"as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful.\\\" Franklin D. Roosevelt,\",\n \"title\": \"Memorials to Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15216833\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Cecere) Abraham Lincoln is a public artwork by American artist Gaetano Cecere located on Lincoln Memorial Drive in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The 10'6\\\" bronze sculpture depicts a young beardless Abraham Lincoln. The former president stands looking down with both hands at his sides. Gaetano Cecere's \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" stands tall at 10'6\\\". The full-length portrait shows a young beardless Lincoln looking down. The cast bronze sculpture sits on a Wausau red granite pedestal. There are various inscriptions on the sculpture. The lower left corner of the back of the bronze base reads: The lower right corner of the\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Cecere)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"2431881\",\n \"text\": \"USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602) USS \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" (SSBN-602), a fleet ballistic missile submarine, was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865). Her keel was laid down by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard of Kittery, Maine, on 1 November 1958. She was launched on 14 May 1960 sponsored by Mrs. Mary L. Beckwith (great-granddaughter of President Abraham Lincoln), and commissioned on 8 March 1961 with Commander Leonard Erb commanding the Blue Crew and Commander Donald M. Miller commanding the Gold Crew. \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" got underway on\",\n \"title\": \"USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19183615\",\n \"text\": \"2014. Abraham Lincoln Bridge The Abraham Lincoln Bridge is a six-lane, single-deck cable-stayed bridge carrying northbound Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Louisville, Kentucky, and Jeffersonville, Indiana. The main span is (two spans) and the bridge has a total length of . It is named after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who was born in Kentucky and grew up in Southern Indiana. The Abraham Lincoln Bridge opened on December 6, 2015, and is parallel to the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge upstream and carries six lanes of northbound I-65 traffic. Pedestrian and bicycle lanes were in the original plans, but\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"19183611\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bridge The Abraham Lincoln Bridge is a six-lane, single-deck cable-stayed bridge carrying northbound Interstate 65 across the Ohio River, connecting Louisville, Kentucky, and Jeffersonville, Indiana. The main span is (two spans) and the bridge has a total length of . It is named after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who was born in Kentucky and grew up in Southern Indiana. The Abraham Lincoln Bridge opened on December 6, 2015, and is parallel to the John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge upstream and carries six lanes of northbound I-65 traffic. Pedestrian and bicycle lanes were in the original plans, but have\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7683873\",\n \"text\": \"jury could not reach a verdict and John Surratt was released. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \\\"Our American Cousin\\\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7683827\",\n \"text\": \"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play \\\"Our American Cousin\\\" at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended period of national mourning. Occurring near the end of the American Civil War, the assassination was part of a larger\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7167147\",\n \"text\": \"Lincoln learned a trade, in his case weaving, to practice alongside the subsistence farming necessary on the colonial frontier. The Lincoln home farm on Hiester's Creek, in what is now Exeter Township, Berks County, was left to John's half-brothers, the children of his father's second marriage. In 1743, John Lincoln married Rebecca Morris (1720–1806), daughter of Enoch Flowers of Caernarvon Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Rebecca was the widow of James Morris and the mother of a young son, Jonathan Morris. Abraham Lincoln was born 13 May 1744 in what is now Berks County, Pennsylvania. Abraham was the first child born\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (captain)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14721152\",\n \"text\": \"ft (6.1 m) granite stele, on which is inscribed the text of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. French later used much of his research for this statue – consisting largely of studying Mathew Brady's photographs of Lincoln and obtaining a copy of Leonard Volk's plaster life cast of the president – in the creation of his most famous work: the \\\"Seated Lincoln\\\" statue (1920) at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue) Abraham Lincoln – also known as The Gettysburg Lincoln – is a bronze statue of President Abraham Lincoln by Daniel Chester French, located on the grounds of\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (1912 statue)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10756692\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln: The Man Abraham Lincoln: The Man (also called Standing Lincoln) is a larger-than-life size () bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States. The original statue is in Lincoln Park in Chicago, and several replicas have been installed in other places around the world. Completed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens in 1887, it has been described as the most important sculpture of Lincoln from the 19th century. At the time, the \\\"New York Evening Post\\\" called it \\\"the most important achievement American sculpture has yet produced.\\\" Abraham Lincoln II, Lincoln's only grandson, was present, among a\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln: The Man\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6841708\",\n \"text\": \"built 101 years after President Lincoln was born. The extensive restoration of the \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" has returned it to the simple elegance of the 1920s. In July 1988, the \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, which records the tangible reminders of the history of the United States and is the official list of the nation's cultural resources worthy of preservation. Abraham Lincoln (Pullman car) The Abraham Lincoln, also known as Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Business Car No. 101, is the oldest operable passenger car in the United States. It is listed on the\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Pullman car)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16246716\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Healy) Abraham Lincoln is an 1869 oil-on-canvas painting by George Peter Alexander Healy of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States. In the painting, Lincoln is observed alone, leaning forward, with his elbow on his knee and his head resting on his hand. The pose is taken from Healy's 1868 painting, \\\"The Peacemakers\\\", which depicts the historic March 28, 1865, strategy session by the Union high command, composed of William Tecumseh Sherman, Ulysses S. Grant, David Dixon Porter, and Lincoln, aboard the steamboat the \\\"River Queen\\\" during the final days of the American Civil War. Lincoln\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Healy)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9001337\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"the writer of this\\\". The first motion picture based on Lincoln was 1908 film \\\"\\\". Directed by Van Dyke Brooke, the film shows Lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty, a theme that would be depicted repeatedly in other silent era shorts. This era is also when the first Abraham Lincoln impersonators originated, and the modern idea of what he sounded like is derived from these. Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5395965\",\n \"text\": \"to their particular reservations. Custer along with about half of his troops did not return to Fort Lincoln. The Fort was abandoned in 1891 after the completion of the railroad to Montana in 1883. A year after the fort was abandoned; local residents disassembled the fort for its nails and wood. In 1895, a new Fort Lincoln was built across the river near Bismarck. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the deed to the original fort's land over to the state as Fort Abraham Lincoln State Park. In 1934, the Civilian Conservation Corps built a visitor center, shelters, and roads.\",\n \"title\": \"Fort Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12837282\",\n \"text\": \"terms from 1921 and 1932. He was also a vice-president of the Baptist World Alliance. He died in 1935. Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon (1865 – April 16, 1935) was a Canadian academic and Chancellor of McMaster University. Born on a farm near Delhi in Norfolk County, Ontario, McCrimmon graduated from the University of Toronto in 1890. In 1892, he started teaching at Woodstock College and five years later became its principal. From 1903 to 1904, he studied at the University of Chicago. In 1906, he was appointed a professor at McMaster University. From 1911 to 1922, he was\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"12837281\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon (1865 – April 16, 1935) was a Canadian academic and Chancellor of McMaster University. Born on a farm near Delhi in Norfolk County, Ontario, McCrimmon graduated from the University of Toronto in 1890. In 1892, he started teaching at Woodstock College and five years later became its principal. From 1903 to 1904, he studied at the University of Chicago. In 1906, he was appointed a professor at McMaster University. From 1911 to 1922, he was the Chancellor of McMaster. A Baptist, he was president of the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec for three\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln McCrimmon\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16049221\",\n \"text\": \"Australian iTunes Store. On Boxing Day 2011, a remix by Sander van Doorn was released to Beatport, released on Doorn Records. The single is billed to Kele vs. Sander van Doorn featuring Lucy Taylor. A music video (simply a re-edited version of the original video) was released. The songs music video was released on 13 September 2011 to Kele's official YouTube channel. As of 23 November 2011, the video has 295939 views. The music video was directed by Nova Dando, with the dancers styled by Nadine Artois. What Did I Do? \\\"What Did I Do?\\\" is a song by Kele\",\n \"title\": \"What Did I Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13500873\",\n \"text\": \"leadership of Association President Logan Hay, Paul M. Angle became the Association's first executive secretary. Paul Angle, Benjamin Thomas, Harry Pratt established the association's programs of research and publication. Its semi-annual \\\"Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association\\\" is the only journal devoted exclusively to the history and legacies of Abraham Lincoln. The association also publishes a quarterly newsletter, \\\"For the People\\\". Historian David Herbert Donald said \\\"The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association is the most important periodical in the field of Lincoln studies. As a Lincoln biographer, I rely on it heavily for both ideas and information.\\\" The eight-volume\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Association\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6259408\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery The Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery covers in Elwood, Illinois. It is located approximately southwest of Chicago, Illinois. When fully completed, it will provide 400,000 burial spaces. The cemetery was dedicated in 1999 by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration. It was the 117th national cemetery dedicated under the administration. The cemetery is on the grounds of the former Joliet Army Ammunition Plant site, which was formerly known as the Joliet Arsenal. The cemetery is named after President Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States and founder of the National Cemetery\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10033474\",\n \"text\": \"in 1907 issued in pamphlet form by John E. Burton. Following Lincoln's assassination, there were competing biographies, some claiming Lincoln had been a Christian and others that he had been a non-believer. In 1872, Colonel Ward Hill Lamon published his \\\"Life of Abraham Lincoln; From his Birth to his Inauguration as President\\\" using interviews and correspondences collected by William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner in Springfield. Lamon had also been a law partner with Lincoln in Illinois, from 1852 until 1857, and later was Lincoln's personal bodyguard in Washington. Lamon's biography stated that Lincoln did not himself believe in the divinity\",\n \"title\": \"Religious views of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17338140\",\n \"text\": \"What Did I Do to You? \\\"What Did I Do to You?\\\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, \\\"Affection\\\". It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song received positive reviews from music critics. \\\"What Did I Do to You?\\\" was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \\\"My Apple Heart,\\\" \\\"Lay Me Down\\\" and \\\"Something's Happenin'.\\\" \\\"What Did I Do to You?\\\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and\",\n \"title\": \"What Did I Do to You?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15883483\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Rogers) Abraham Lincoln is a bronze statue by Randolph Rogers. It is located in Fairmount Park, Kelly Drive at Sedgely Drive, Philadelphia. In 1866, $22,000 was raised for a statue, and Randolph Rogers was commissioned. The work was dedicated on September 22, 1871. In 2001, the monument was relocated from a traffic island to the east side of Kelly Drive. The inscription on the pedestal reads:<br> (On plaque, front:)<br> TO<br> ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br> FROM A GRATEFUL PEOPLE<br> (On plaque, left side:)<br> I DO ORDER AND DECLARE<br> THAT ALL PERSONS HELD<br> AS SLAVES WITHIN THE STATES<br> IN REBELLION ARE AND\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Rogers)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"11074620\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC) was the Congressionally created 14-member federal commission focused on planning and commemorating the 200th birthday of the United States' 16th president on February 12, 2009. The commission served for ten years, from 2000 to 2010. Its official successor organization, announced in 2011 with an expanded board and broadened mission, is The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation. The ALBC was established by the passage of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission Act in 2000 (Public Law No: 106-173). The commission's 14 members were a diverse group of political leaders, jurists, scholars and collectors,\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16049220\",\n \"text\": \"What Did I Do? \\\"What Did I Do?\\\" is a song by Kele Okereke, released as the first single from his EP \\\"The Hunter\\\". The song's music video was released on 13 September 2011, with the song being released as a digital single in Japan 10 days later. The song features vocals from singer Lucy Taylor. The single was produced by constant collaborator XXXChange and mixed by Sub Focus. The single's cover is the same as the cover for \\\"The Hunter\\\" EP. On 16 November 2011, Liberator Music released a remix of the single by All The Lights to the\",\n \"title\": \"What Did I Do?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16388110\",\n \"text\": \"falls victim to an illness that requires her to be tied to her bed, vicious and cannibalistic, 10-year-old Abe Lincoln (Brennen Harper) sees his father Thomas Lincoln (Kent Igleheart) commit suicide at her bedside. Taking up a scythe, the distraught young Abe tells his mother that he loves her before beheading her. He then joins others in his community in containing a local zombie outbreak. When an adult Abraham Lincoln (Bill Oberst Jr.) has become President of a fracturing United States, he is apprised of rumors concerning a prominent Confederate stronghold. He is told that a regiment of 30 men\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln vs. Zombies\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18374310\",\n \"text\": \"joins forces with Lincoln in an effort to take the criminals down. The song has been taken from a Malayalam film \\\"Abraham & Lincoln.\\\" Abraham & Lincoln Abraham & Lincoln is a 2007 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Pramod Pappan with Kalabhavan Mani and Rahman starring in the lead roles. Abraham investigates the death of his sister. Along the way, he discovers some shocking information that strengthens his determination to find his sister's killer. He becomes a goonda (hired thug) and infiltrates the mafia. At the same time, a young police officer called Lincoln begins investigating the same mafia that\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham & Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18374309\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham & Lincoln Abraham & Lincoln is a 2007 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Pramod Pappan with Kalabhavan Mani and Rahman starring in the lead roles. Abraham investigates the death of his sister. Along the way, he discovers some shocking information that strengthens his determination to find his sister's killer. He becomes a goonda (hired thug) and infiltrates the mafia. At the same time, a young police officer called Lincoln begins investigating the same mafia that Abraham has just joined. Lincoln suspects that they are to blame for ruining his sister's life. Abraham's life takes an unexpected turn as he\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham & Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4364069\",\n \"text\": \"from his official position, that because the Constitution recognized slavery in the states the only constitutional justification for freeing slaves was the restoration of the Union. On August 22, 1862 Lincoln published a letter in response to an editorial by Horace Greeley of the \\\"New York Tribune\\\" in which the editor asked why Lincoln had not yet issued an emancipation proclamation, as he was authorized to do by the Second Confiscation Act. In his reply Lincoln differentiated between \\\"my view of official duty\\\"—that is, what he can do in his official capacity as President—and his personal views. Officially he must\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln and slavery\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"14204414\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel) Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter is a biographical action horror mash-up novel by Seth Grahame-Smith, released on March 2, 2010, through New York–based publishing company Grand Central Publishing. The journal-style book is written as a partial \\\"secret\\\" diary of Abraham Lincoln, kept by the 16th President of the United States and given to the author by a vampire named Henry Sturges. Years later, the manuscript is found in a five-and-dime store in the town of Rhinebeck, New York (a reference to Smith's wife's hometown). When Abraham Lincoln is only eleven years old, he learns from his\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13415373\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue) Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA, and was unveiled in 1922. Stylistically, the work follows in the Beaux Arts and American Renaissance traditions. The 170-ton statue is composed of 28 blocks of white Georgia marble (Georgia Marble Company) and rises from the floor, including the seated figure (with armchair and footrest) upon an high pedestal. The figure of Lincoln gazes\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5702147\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln High School (Des Moines, Iowa) Abraham Lincoln High School, usually referred to simply as Lincoln High School or Lincoln, is a secondary school located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. It is one of five secondary schools under the district of the Des Moines Public Schools, and was named after the 16th United States president Abraham Lincoln. The school sports team is named after one of President Lincoln's nicknames, the \\\"Rail Splitter\\\" (the \\\"Lincoln Railsplitters\\\" or \\\"Rails\\\"). Their mascot is typically a senior at the school or a recent alumni dressed up as Abraham Lincoln. The school is\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln High School (Des Moines, Iowa)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15093231\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln Neiman Abraham Lincoln \\\"Al\\\" Neiman (July 4, 1875 — October 21, 1970) was raised in a Jewish orphanage in Cleveland, Ohio. He met his first wife Carrie Marcus Neiman in Dallas, Texas, while they were working at A. Harris & Company. They married in 1905 and then moved to Atlanta, Georgia, with Carrie's brother Herbert Marcus and sister in law Minnie Lichtenstein Marcus to do sales promotion work. The Coca-Cola Company is known as their most notable client although at the time they weren't too enthusiastic about its future. Therefore, they relinquished rights to sales territories in the\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Neiman\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13415381\",\n \"text\": \"the sculptor was familiar with sign language. Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French carved Lincoln's hands to represent the letters \\\"A\\\" and \\\"L\\\" in American Sign Language, \\\"I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands.\\\" Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue) Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA,\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (1920 statue)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"6951542\",\n \"text\": \"family history and her efforts to preserve American Beach. Dr. Johnnetta B. Cole became the first woman to serve as president of two major universities, Spelman College and Bennett College. John Betsch is an internationally acclaimed jazz drummer. His Great-Great Granddaughter Renee Lewis Glover is Executive Director of the Atlanta Housing Authority Abraham Lincoln Lewis Abraham Lincoln Lewis (1865–1947) was an American businessman. He founded the Afro-American Life Insurance Company in Jacksonville, Florida, and became the state's first African-American millionaire. He also founded the National Register-listed community of American Beach, founded as a prestigious vacation spot for blacks during the\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13103717\",\n \"text\": \"States Senate on September 14, 1961, and received his commission on September 22, 1961. His service terminated on July 6, 1964, due to elevation to the Third Circuit. Freedman was nominated by President Lyndon B. Johnson on April 15, 1964, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated by Judge Herbert Funk Goodrich. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 2, 1964, and received his commission on July 2, 1964. His service terminated on March 13, 1971, due to his death. Abraham Lincoln Freedman Abraham Lincoln Freedman (November 19, 1904 – March\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Freedman\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9001335\",\n \"text\": \"is a bust of Abraham Lincoln in the Museum of the Revolution, a small statue of him in front of the Abraham Lincoln School, and a bust of him near the Capitolio. In Quito, Ecuador, a statue of Lincoln can be found in the Plaza Abraham Lincoln. Avenida Abraham Lincoln, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic is one of the capital city's most important and trafficked streets. Walt Whitman was especially fascinated by Lincoln during the Civil War and wrote several famous poems about him. Lincoln was fond of Whitman's poetry even before the war. by David S. Reynolds Over 1000\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"1621362\",\n \"text\": \"the largest aerial refueling undertakings by a carrier aviation squadron in history. The carrier returned home in May 2003, in the process receiving a visit from President George W. Bush before officially ending \\\"Abraham Lincoln\\\"s deployment by docking at San Diego before returning to homeport in Everett, WA. Bush stated at the time that this was the end to major combat operations in Iraq. While this statement did coincide with an end to the conventional phase of the war, Bush's assertion—and the sign itself—became controversial after guerrilla warfare in Iraq increased during the Iraqi insurgency. The vast majority of casualties,\",\n \"title\": \"USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17817059\",\n \"text\": \"an 18-foot (5.5 m) high marble column atop a 6-foot (1.8 m) high octagonal base. A reporter asked Lot Flannery why the statue was set on such a high pedestal. He responded: \\\"I lived through the days and nights of gloom following the assassination. As to every one else, it was a personal lamentation. And when it fell to me to carve and erect this statue I resolved and did place it so high that no assassin's hand could ever again strike him down.\\\" Inscriptions on the monument include the following: Abraham Lincoln (Flannery) Abraham Lincoln is a marble sculpture\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (Flannery)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15389\",\n \"text\": \"his Louisiana plan did not apply to all states under Reconstruction. Shortly before his assassination, Lincoln announced he had a new plan for southern Reconstruction. Discussions with his cabinet revealed Lincoln planned short-term military control over southern states, until readmission under the control of southern Unionists. Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly what Lincoln would have done about Reconstruction if he had lived, but they make projections based on his known policy positions and political acumen. Lincoln biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that: Eric Foner argues that: The successful reunification\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13897393\",\n \"text\": \"both concluded they would get no more medicine there, as the attendant evidently did not understand making up prescriptions.\\\" Health of Abraham Lincoln The physical and mental health of Abraham Lincoln has been the subject of both contemporaneous commentary and subsequent hypotheses by historians and scholars. Despite the following occurrences, Lincoln's health up until middle age was fairly good for his day. There were fears for young Lincoln's life during a 24-hour period of unconsciousness that followed a horse kicking him in the head. He was nine years old when this occurred. Lincoln died from a bullet wound to the\",\n \"title\": \"Health of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"16392196\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Pastene and Judith Evelyn, the TV adaptation was notable for featuring actor James Dean in the small but significant role of William Scott, a Union soldier court-martialed and condemned to death for falling asleep on watch. The live production survived on kinescope and is available at the Internet Archive. Abraham Lincoln (play) Abraham Lincoln is a 1918 play by John Drinkwater about the 16th President of the United States. Drinkwater's first great success, it premiered in England in 1918. The 1919 Broadway production starred Frank McGlynn. A rare depiction of events in the life of a U.S. President by\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (play)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"17338142\",\n \"text\": \"1989–2003\\\" box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales. European/UK 7\\\" single European/UK/Japanese CD single UK 10\\\" single European/UK 12\\\" single UK 12\\\" promotional single Other remixes What Did I Do to You? \\\"What Did I Do to You?\\\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, \\\"Affection\\\". It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song received positive reviews from music critics. \\\"What Did I Do to You?\\\" was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included\",\n \"title\": \"What Did I Do to You?\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10078310\",\n \"text\": \"was first unveiled. A scene for \\\"Rocky II\\\" was filmed in the Lincoln High School auditorium, but the scene was not used in the film. In the cut scene, Rocky Balboa was awarded an honorary high school diploma. Like his fictional character, Sylvester Stallone attended Lincoln but did not graduate, due to his boxing career, though his brother Frank did. Feeder middle schools and K-8 schools into Lincoln: Feeder elementary schools: Abraham Lincoln High School (Philadelphia) Abraham Lincoln High School, a public school located in the Mayfair section of Northeast Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Its main entrance is located at\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln High School (Philadelphia)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"18077249\",\n \"text\": \"cut the electric and telephone wires for each block as they went through.\\\" The Wyoming Parks Commission dedicated the \\\"Lincoln Monument\\\" in 1959 to commemorate Lincoln’s 150th birthday. Originally the bust was located at the highest point on the Lincoln highway from New York to San Francisco. “The grandeur of the landscape recalls the nobility of his soul,” Russin wrote referencing President Abraham Lincoln. The bust was transferred to its present beside of interstate 80, after that highway was finished in 1969. An estimated 200,000 travelers view the monumental sculpture annually. Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument The Lincoln Monument is a\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15372824\",\n \"text\": \"of soundtrack in Japan. Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter is a 2012 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Timur Bekmambetov, based on the 2010 mashup novel of the same name. The novel's author, Seth Grahame-Smith, wrote the screenplay. Benjamin Walker stars as the title character with supporting roles by Dominic Cooper, Anthony Mackie, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rufus Sewell, and Marton Csokas. The real-life figure Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865), is portrayed in the novel and the film as having a secret identity as a vampire hunter. The film was produced\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15372806\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter is a 2012 American dark fantasy action horror film directed by Timur Bekmambetov, based on the 2010 mashup novel of the same name. The novel's author, Seth Grahame-Smith, wrote the screenplay. Benjamin Walker stars as the title character with supporting roles by Dominic Cooper, Anthony Mackie, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rufus Sewell, and Marton Csokas. The real-life figure Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865), is portrayed in the novel and the film as having a secret identity as a vampire hunter. The film was produced by Tim Burton, Bekmambetov,\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4386552\",\n \"text\": \"Lincoln Tomb. While President Lincoln was finally at rest, the remainder of the Lincoln family was moved two more times. The coffins containing the bodies of Mary, Eddie, Willie, and Tad Lincoln were removed during the second tomb reconstruction (1930–1931) from their crypts and transported to the Oak Ridge mausoleum, located near the south gate of the cemetery. After the second reconstruction was completed, the bodies were returned to their crypts in June, 1931. Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln After the April 14, 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States, a three-week series of events\",\n \"title\": \"Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15398\",\n \"text\": \"in New England since the 17th century, had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on irregular dates. The last such proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years before. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park. Lincoln's declared philosophy on court nominations was that \\\"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15421\",\n \"text\": \"The most famous and most visited memorials are Lincoln's sculpture on Mount Rushmore; Lincoln Memorial, Ford's Theatre, and Petersen House (where he died) in Washington, D.C.; and the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, Illinois, not far from Lincoln's home, as well as his tomb. Barry Schwartz, a sociologist who has examined America's cultural memory, argues that in the 1930s and 1940s, the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \\\"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life\\\". During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served \\\"as a means for seeing the world's\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15422\",\n \"text\": \"disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful\\\". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, \\\"What would Lincoln do?\\\" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II, Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this \\\"fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness\\\". He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept. The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name. Official Organizations Media coverage\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15093234\",\n \"text\": \"a fashion model, in 1938 and they adopted World War II refugees Diana and Ursula Woolf after discovering they were unable to have their own children. As he aged he became ever more well known for extravagant spending habits while at the same time he developed a reputation for sloppy business practices. Dorothy died of cancer suddenly in 1962 and Al, now penniless, returned to Dallas. His ex-nephew Stanley visited him out of fears that few others would before Al's death at a Masonic home in Arlington, Texas, in 1970. Abraham Lincoln Neiman Abraham Lincoln \\\"Al\\\" Neiman (July 4, 1875\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Neiman\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15372821\",\n \"text\": \"of a feature-length film\\\". Tony Kushner, the script writer of the actual Abraham Lincoln biopic released that same year, has stated that he thought the film was a \\\"godforsaken mess\\\", although this opinion had nothing to do with a historical perspective. Positive response, meanwhile, came from Marc Savlov of the \\\"Austin Chronicle\\\", \\\"\\\"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter\\\" has heart to spare, and the occasional silvered bayonet to run it through.\\\" \\\"USA Today\\\" reviewer Scott Bowles remarks, \\\"A stylish slasher of a movie, a monster flick that does its vampires right, if not their real-life counterparts,\\\" giving the film 2.5 out of\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"15135204\",\n \"text\": \"15, 1865 The Indiana Statehouse' plaster bust of Lincoln was patented June 3, 1862. Thomas Dow Jones' original bronze sculpture was cast in 1861 and is believed to be one of the earliest depictions of a bearded Abraham Lincoln. Thomas Dow Jones was commissioned by the leading Republicans of Cincinnati to sculpt a portrait bust of president-elect Lincoln before his inauguration in March 1861. Jones arrived in Springfield on Christmas Day with letters of recommendation from two of his most recent clients, Ohio Governor Salmon P. Chase and Thomas Ewing (General William T. Sherman's father-in-law). Lincoln consented to sit for\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (bust by Jones)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"4329960\",\n \"text\": \"contrast, historian and Lincoln biographer Michael Burlingame has said that it is \\\"possible but highly unlikely that Abraham Lincoln was \\\"predominantly homosexual.\\\"\\\" In 2009 Charles Morris critically analyzed the academic and popular responses to Tripp's book, arguing that much of the negative response by the \\\"Lincoln Establishment\\\" reveals as much rhetorical and political partisanship as that of Tripp's defenders. In an earlier 2007 essay, Morris argues that in the wake of playwright Larry Kramer's \\\"outing\\\" of Lincoln, the Lincoln Establishment engaged in \\\"mnemonicide\\\", or the assassination of a threatening counter-memory. He put in this category what he called the methodologically\",\n \"title\": \"Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9001333\",\n \"text\": \"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Statues of Abraham Lincoln can be found in other countries. In Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, is a 13-foot (4 m) high bronze statue, a gift from the United States, dedicated in 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The U.S. received a statue of Benito Juárez in exchange, which is in Washington, D.C. Juárez and Lincoln exchanged friendly letters during the American Civil War,\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"9437789\",\n \"text\": \"Abraham Lincoln University Abraham Lincoln University (ALU) and Abraham Lincoln University School of Law is an online university based in Los Angeles, California. Students may attend class in person or online. ALU was founded by Hyung J. Park, a tax attorney and graduate of Loyola Law School, in 1996. Classes initially were held in a conference room in his office. Park named his school after Abraham Lincoln partly because Lincoln had taught himself law. Abraham Lincoln University offers online Associate, Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctorate degrees, plus diplomas and certificates, in Law, Criminal Justice, Paralegal Studies, Business Administration, General Studies, and\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln University\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"13047753\",\n \"text\": \"Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln This is the electoral history of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln served one term in the United States House of Representatives from Illinois (1847–1849). He later served as the 16th President of the United States (1861–1865). 1844 - Lost Whig Party nomination to Edward Dickinson Baker 1854 - Wins seat in Illinois House of Representatives, declines seat to focus on future candidacy for United States Senate February 8, 1855 \\\"51 votes needed for election\\\" \\\"Note: Five \\\"anti-Nebraska\\\" Democrats (i.e. opposed to the Kansas–Nebraska Act) voted for Trumbull rather than vote for Lincoln, a Whig. When pro-Nebraska Democrats\",\n \"title\": \"Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"7167154\",\n \"text\": \"settled and there was less danger of a Native American attack. Under the law then operating, Mordecai Lincoln, as the eldest son, inherited two-thirds of his father's estate when he reached the age of twenty-one, with Bathsheba receiving one-third. The other children inherited nothing. Life was hard, particularly for Thomas, the youngest, who got little schooling and was forced to go to work at a young age. In later years Thomas Lincoln would recount the story of the day his father died, to his son, Abraham Lincoln, the future sixteenth president of the United States of America. \\\"The story of\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln (captain)\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"10319581\",\n \"text\": \"Consolidation Coal Company as a company town, Buxton was the largest unincorporated coal-mining community in Iowa. What made Buxton unique was that the majority of its five thousand residents were African Americans, a highly unusual racial composition for a state that was over 90 percent white. At a time when both southern and northern blacks were disadvantaged in different ways, blacks in Buxton enjoyed steady employment, above-average wages, decent housing, and minimal discrimination. For such reasons, Buxton was commonly known as \\\"the black man's utopia in Iowa.\\\" Abraham Lincoln DeMond Abraham Lincoln DeMond (born 1867, Seneca, New York) was a\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln DeMond\"\n },\n {\n \"psg_id\": \"5171338\",\n \"text\": \"encourage the study and appreciation of Abraham Lincoln\\\". Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum documents the life of the 16th U.S. President, Abraham Lincoln, and the course of the American Civil War. Combining traditional scholarship with 21st-century showmanship techniques, the museum ranks as one of the most visited presidential libraries. Its library, in addition to housing an extensive collection on Lincoln, also houses the collection of the Illinois State Historical Library, founded by the state in 1889. The library and museum is located in the state capital of Springfield, Illinois, and is overseen\",\n \"title\": \"Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["statesman","politician","lawyer"],"string":"[\n \"statesman\",\n \"politician\",\n \"lawyer\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":2457,"offset":100,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3NjY5NDAzMiwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3ZzZWFyY2gvd2VicSIsImV4cCI6MTc3NjY5NzYzMiwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.y9_g7ab7pvQ2Wcy2-_w24MP_0atXGwJgL8iKJz9vPPCmWZzdvIVNwxQGuZXoAceO-5sLXJ0mALOKUMYX8qAlDw","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"train","numRows":2457,"numBytesParquet":78323682},{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":278,"numBytesParquet":8786475},{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":2032,"numBytesParquet":124921}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
question stringlengths 16 81 | positive_ctxs list | negative_ctxs list | hard_negative_ctxs list | answers list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
what team did shaq play for first? | [
{
"psg_id": "6864305",
"text": "hugging during the game. O'Neal told Bryant to keep the MVP trophy, but Bryant instead gave it to O'Neal's son. For O'Neal, Bryant's gesture marked a turning point in their relationship. Bryant and the Lakers would go to face the Orlando Magic in the 2009 NBA Finals. Shaq sho... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5070879",
"text": "also did so to defend against O'Neal. So, even though it had been first used two years earlier against Rodman, the strategy became known for its use against O'Neal. As with Chamberlain decades earlier, intentional off-the-ball fouls against O'Neal became controversial. During... | [
"orlando magic"
] |
where was kennedy when he got shot? | [
{
"psg_id": "1981507",
"text": "Assassination of John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was r... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14794610",
"text": "Disney Shot Kennedy Disney Shot Kennedy is a 2010 American independent comedy film written, directed, and produced by Atlanta filmmaker David Lawrence. The movie captures the last week in the life of The Oswald, a small bankrupt conspiracy newspaper. It was Lawrence's first ... | [
"dallas"
] |
who do derek fisher play for? | [
{
"psg_id": "4218228",
"text": "Derek Fisher Derek Lamar Fisher (born August 9, 1974) is an American basketball coach and former player who is the head coach for the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). He played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4218269",
"text": "25 of \"Dancing with the Stars\", partnered with professional dancer Sharna Burgess. They were the third couple to be eliminated. In October 2015, Fisher was involved in a physical altercation with former teammate Matt Barnes at a party in the home of Barnes' ex-wife, Gloria ... | [
"los angeles lakers"
] |
where did the casey anthony case take place? | [
{
"psg_id": "15741129",
"text": "pool ladder in the pool the evening of June 16. Casey's friend Amy Huizenga talks of Casey's frustration about getting help with Caylee and reveals that on June 27, Casey texted her about a dead animal on the frame of the car. June 1, 2011 – The first officers to arrive at t... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15741160",
"text": "the day of Caylee's death; they only looked at Internet Explorer evidence. The station learned about this information from Casey Anthony's attorney Jose Baez who mentioned it in his book on the case. Timeline of the Casey Anthony case The timeline of the Casey Anthony case c... | [
"orlando"
] |
what was the name of the original seattle baseball team? | [
{
"psg_id": "10727690",
"text": "History of the Seattle Mariners The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle, Washington. Enfranchised in 1977, the Mariners are a member of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Safeco Field has been the Mariner... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "10727706",
"text": "American League Championship Series. \"The Double\", as Martínez's clutch hit has since been called by Mariners fans, is credited as being \"the moment that saved baseball in Seattle\" by generating newly refreshed interest in the team and making a new, baseball-only stadium... | [
"seattle mariners"
] |
who was general cornwallis american revolution? | [
{
"psg_id": "13504613",
"text": "bowed in mourning (a typical motif for Flaxman). The reverse has a figure of a British soldier and an Indian sepoy, also in mourning. Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis KG, PC (31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805), styled Vi... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7249722",
"text": "the American Revolution. He was buried at St. Mary's Church, Lambeth. On the whole, Cornwallis has generally been judged as a competent administrator, but an uninspiring leader of the eighteenth-century church – a typical product of eighteenth century latitudinarianism, whose... | [
"british army"
] |
what type of monarchy did england have? | [
{
"psg_id": "68806",
"text": "in an adjutant or subaltern federal-type landscape. The country to move from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy was Bhutan, between 2007 and 2008 \"(see Politics of Bhutan, Constitution of Bhutan and Bhutanese democracy)\". In the Kingdom of England, the Glorious... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17542106",
"text": "live. The film is being distributed by MVD Entertainment, and was released on DVD in November 2012. It is also available on iTunes, Hulu, and Video-on-Demand. Writing in Punk News, John Gentile said, \"The wilder songs, like 'Audiowhore' where bassist Matt Gentling just gets... | [
"constitutional monarchy"
] |
when were the texas rangers started? | [
{
"psg_id": "10568926",
"text": "SO = Strikeouts\" 1972 Texas Rangers season The Texas Rangers 1972 season involved the Rangers finishing sixth in the American League West with a record of 54 wins and 100 losses. This was the Rangers' first season in Texas, as well as the club's first year in the AL West, a... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16056751",
"text": "History of the Texas Rangers (baseball) The History of the Texas Rangers started when the old Washington Senators team of the American League in Major League Baseball (MLB) left Washington, D.C. in 1960. A new expansion team was formed with the same name and stayed in the sa... | [
"1972"
] |
where did the houston oilers football team go? | [
{
"psg_id": "16192809",
"text": "2002. History of the Houston Oilers The professional American football team now known as the Tennessee Titans previously played in Houston, Texas as the Houston Oilers from 1960 to 1996. The Oilers began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL).... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11631410",
"text": "1960 Houston Oilers season The 1960 Houston Oilers season was the team's inaugural season. Head Coach Lou Rymkus led the Oilers to the AFL Eastern Division title, with a 10–4 record. It was also the first American Football League season. It ended with a 24–16 victory in the ... | [
"tennessee titans"
] |
where did pauley perrette go to college? | [
{
"psg_id": "12892844",
"text": "and roll band or be an FBI agent. Perrette attended Valdosta State University in Valdosta, Georgia, where she studied criminal justice, and later moved to New York City to study at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. In New York, she held a variety of jobs: \"Not only ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12892857",
"text": "had swollen to twice its size and warned that \"anyone out there [who] dyes their hair, particularly black, you need to be aware of the symptoms.\" On November 12, 2015, Perrette was assaulted by a homeless man outside of her Hollywood Hills home. Los Angeles Police arrested... | [
"valdosta state university"
] |
where does niles crane live? | [
{
"psg_id": "2621215",
"text": "comes from \"Cheers\", Niles' background is established over the course of \"Frasier\". Pierce described Niles as \"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2621214",
"text": "Niles Crane Dr. Niles Crane is a fictional character on the American sitcom \"Frasier\", a spin-off of the television show \"Cheers\". He was portrayed by David Hyde Pierce. Niles is the younger brother of Dr. Frasier Crane, the son of Det. Martin Crane and Dr. Hester Crane, ... | [
"seattle"
] |
where was gabriel faure born? | [
{
"psg_id": "842738",
"text": "Faure died on August 5, 1962. The \"Lycée Gabriel Faure\" in Tournon was named in his honor. Gabriel Faure (writer) Gabriel Faure (1877-1962) was a French poet, novelist and essayist. He was the author of many books about Italy, and the editor of a book prefaced by Benito Muss... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "14678765",
"text": "Faure was accordingly sworn in on 16 October 2016. Danny Faure is divorced. He is the father of three daughters and one son. Danny Faure Danny Faure (born 8 May 1962) is a Seychellois politician who has been President of Seychelles since 16 October 2016. Previously, he serve... | [
"france"
] |
who is the governor of kentucky 2012? | [
{
"psg_id": "15677210",
"text": "2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012 to elect the six U.S. Representatives from the state of Kentucky, one from each of the state's six c... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5124414",
"text": "Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky The office of Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky was created under the state's second constitution, which was ratified in 1799. The inaugural officeholder was Alexander Scott Bullitt, who took office in 1800 following his election to serve under J... | [
"steve beshear"
] |
where did the massive allied invasion of northern france take place in june 1944? | [
{
"psg_id": "565959",
"text": "Invasion of Normandy The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord afte... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2552408",
"text": "the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, General George Marshall, and much of the American staff wanted to avoid operations that might delay an invasion of Europe, which had been discussed and planned as early as 1942, and which finally materialized as Operation Overlord in 1944. When i... | [
"normandy"
] |
who killed vincent chin dvd? | [
{
"psg_id": "12696565",
"text": "Lily Chin, the case becomes a civil rights Supreme Court case. The case ends with tried killer Ronald Ebens' being let go with a suspended sentence and a small fine. Who Killed Vincent Chin? Who Killed Vincent Chin? is a 1987 American documentary film directed by Christine C... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12696564",
"text": "Who Killed Vincent Chin? Who Killed Vincent Chin? is a 1987 American documentary film directed by Christine Choy and Renee Tajima-Peña that recounts the murder of Vincent Chin. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. On a summer night in Detroit, ... | [
"ronald ebens",
"michael nitz"
] |
what is the currency name of brazil? | [
{
"psg_id": "9850127",
"text": "without any initial plans to establish a common currency. Later, in 1994, Brazil established the Brazilian real, still in use, putting an end to the frequent currency changes that took place in the country throughout the 1980s and the 1990s. On such panorama, the Gaucho plan ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "10460763",
"text": "Name of Brazil The name \"Brazil\" is a shortened form of \"Terra do Brasil\", \"land of Brazil\", a reference to brazilwood, given in the early 16th century to the territories leased to the merchant consortium led by Fernão de Loronha for commercial exploitation of brazilwo... | [
"brazilian real"
] |
what language does fiji? | [
{
"psg_id": "5409908",
"text": "as a Fijian citizen. National language debate in Fiji The National Language Debate in Fiji concerns the status of the country's three official languages - English, Fijian, and Hindustani (the name used in the 1997 constitution for Fiji Hindi). From colonial times, the sole of... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13810778",
"text": "week.\" VanDerWerff of the \"LA Times\", Ryan of the \"Chicago Tribune\", Sepinwall of \"The Star-Ledger\", Jensen of \"Entertainment Weekly\" and Mark Medley of the \"National Post\" also found the episode to contain humorous lines. This episode was watched by 11 million Am... | [
"fiji hindi",
"english language",
"fijian language"
] |
what is the second percy jackson book called? | [
{
"psg_id": "8376756",
"text": "in \"The Lightning Thief\" with full-color drawings. A graphic novel based on the second book in the series, \"The Sea of Monsters\" was released on July 2, 2013. Another graphic novel based on the third book, \"The Titan's Curse\" was released on October 8, 2013. \"Demigods ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8376754",
"text": "between \"The Battle of the Labyrinth\" and \"The Last Olympian\". The book received mixed reviews, with some reviewers criticizing the lack of substantial material and others commenting on the writing of the short stories. The stories are Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot... | [
"the sea of monsters"
] |
where is mitsubishi headquarters? | [
{
"psg_id": "15075956",
"text": "Mitsubishi Logistics Mitsubishi Logistics, Inc. is a logistics company with its headquarters in Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo. It is a member of the Mitsubishi group and a participant of Mitsubishi Kinyokai and Mitsubishi Public Affairs Committee. Since its predecessor, Tokyo Log... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8390582",
"text": "Indonesian and where it was locally manufactured until 2005, and Mitsubishi Jolie in Vietnam. The model name \"Freeca\" is coined from \"\"free\"\" and \"\"ca\"\", the Taiwanese for vehicle. Badge engineered Taiwanese-made Freecas were also briefly available in the South Afri... | [
"tokyo"
] |
where is jay cutler now? | [
{
"psg_id": "6626303",
"text": "Jay Cutler Jay Christopher Cutler (born April 29, 1983) is a former American football quarterback who played 12 seasons in the National Football League. He played college football at Vanderbilt and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft, fo... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5848839",
"text": "at the Mr. Olympia. In 2012, Cutler was unable to compete at the Mr. Olympia due to a biceps injury. Cutler competed in the 2013 Olympia and placed 6th. Cutler has since focused on his business venture, Cutler Nutrition, which specializes in bodybuilding nutritional supplemen... | [
"chicago bears"
] |
what are eu countries? | [
{
"psg_id": "18161777",
"text": "EU Ecolabel has a strong position in most of the European countries and other ecolabelling schemes are triggered to take a position concerning the overlap with EU Ecolabel, for example Nordic ecolabel that in the Nordic countries is more popular than EU Ecolabel. In Germany,... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16116550",
"text": "What Are Words (album) What Are Words is the debut album of the American singer Chris Medina. The album was released by Sony Music contains 11 pop-rock songs, some of them sensitive ballads, others more energetic and rocking. Album included the title track \"What Are Words\"... | [
"czech republic",
"estonia",
"denmark",
"finland",
"france",
"austria",
"germany",
"belgium",
"cyprus",
"bulgaria"
] |
what influenced vincent van gogh work? | [
{
"psg_id": "7901118",
"text": "he found it difficult to work with (see early works of Vincent van Gogh). In November 1882 Van Gogh began drawings of individuals to depict a range of character types from the working class. The \"peasant genre\" that greatly influenced Van Gogh began in the 1840s with the wo... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15623104",
"text": "the book was published. Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris) Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris) is the subject of many drawings, sketches and paintings by Vincent van Gogh in 1886 and 1887 after he moved to Montmartre in Paris from the Netherlands. ... | [
"jozef israëls",
"paul cézanne",
"anton mauve",
"peter paul rubens",
"jean-françois millet",
"willem roelofs",
"eugène delacroix",
"claude monet",
"rembrandt"
] |
what time zones are there in the us? | [
{
"psg_id": "14538528",
"text": "of the performance nights. Despite the format having been in place for the show since 2015, as part of its nationwide voting expansion, a corresponding warning for viewers outside the Eastern and Central time zones regarding the closing of the voting window will be aired upo... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2932590",
"text": "elsewhere in the world for different time zones. The United States uses nine standard time zones. As defined by US law they are: View the standard time zone boundaries here. From east to west, the four time zones of the contiguous United States are: Some United States Minor O... | [
"north american eastern time zone",
"utc−06:00",
"mountain time zone",
"hawaii–aleutian time zone",
"pacific time zone",
"samoa time zone",
"alaska time zone",
"utc-5",
"atlantic time zone",
"central time zone"
] |
what are the 5 biggest cities in the usa? | [
{
"psg_id": "4563355",
"text": "carried \"USA Weekend\" within their Sunday editions as their default magazine supplement. \"USA Weekend\" focused its articles on social issues, entertainment personalities and pop culture, health, food reviews and recipes, and travel. In addition to \"Parade\", \"USA Weeken... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16133453",
"text": "The prize of £25,000 was won by Kevin McLernon, who shed 40% of his body weight. There are 14 contestants in this season, competing as 7 teams of two. The \"Total Votes\" column indicates the number of votes cast against the contestant when he/she was eliminated. Notes Notes... | [
"new york"
] |
what language do australian people speak? | [
{
"psg_id": "5665719",
"text": "Do You Speak American? Do You Speak American? is a documentary film and accompanying book about journalist Robert MacNeil's investigation into how different people throughout the United States of America speak. The book and documentary look at the evolution of America's way o... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3745500",
"text": "Of note is the story of his first wife, Arline, who was diagnosed with tuberculosis. She died while Feynman was working on the Manhattan Project; the book's title is taken from a question she often put to him when he seemed preoccupied with his colleagues' opinions about his ... | [
"lojban",
"esperanto language",
"english language"
] |
who did ben stiller play in megamind? | [
{
"psg_id": "12762093",
"text": "mid-credits scene Minion is doing the laundry when a re-hydrated Bernard pops out of the washing machine. The film was written by Alan J. Schoolcraft and Brent Simons. It was first titled \"Master Mind\", and then \"Oobermind\". It was suggested that Ben Stiller would be cas... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "904531",
"text": "written television show \"The Ben Stiller Show\". Ben Stiller Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller (born November 30, 1965) is an American actor, comedian, writer, producer, and director. He is the son of veteran comedians and actors Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara. After beginning his ... | [
"bernard"
] |
what countries did queen victoria rule? | [
{
"psg_id": "589655",
"text": "Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Princ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6910998",
"text": "the tradition of Cunard \"Queens\" being named by royalty. The bottle of champagne did not break upon impact with \"Queen Victoria's\" hull, which according to nautical superstition is a bad omen. However, a backup bottle was immediately successful. Captain Paul Wright was ap... | [
"united kingdom",
"british raj"
] |
what movies did diana ross play in? | [
{
"psg_id": "1361295",
"text": "and Ross clashed during filming, with Ross leaving the production before shooting was completed, forcing Gordy to use secretary Edna Anderson as a body double for Ross. While a box-office success, the film was not well received by the critics: \"Time\" magazine's review of th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8106247",
"text": "Diana Ross Playground The Diana Ross Playground is located in New York City's Central Park, inside the park at West 81st Street and Central Park West. Its namesake, the recording artist Diana Ross, who lives across the street in The Beresford, gave two legendary free concerts... | [
"the wiz"
] |
what is the zip code for minneapolis? | [
{
"psg_id": "10591623",
"text": "Minneapolis Post Office The Minneapolis Post Office is the central post office for the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States. Located on the west bank of the Mississippi River, the facility extends west to east from Hennepin Avenue Bridge to the Third Avenue Br... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "620861",
"text": "afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. In the cases of large cities, the last two digits coincide with the older postal zone number thus: <poem>Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis, MN 554\"16\"</poem> In 1967, these became mandatory for second and thir... | [
"55406",
"55407",
"55409",
"55408",
"55410",
"55411",
"55405",
"55403",
"55402",
"55401"
] |
what country is the west bank located in? | [
{
"psg_id": "452764",
"text": "pre-empt final status negotiations, and severely restricts Palestinian livelihoods, particularly limiting their freedom of movement within and from the West Bank thereby undermining their economy. After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the West Bank was divided into 11 governo... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "452731",
"text": "Jordan during the 1948 war with the new state of Israel. In 1947, it was subsequently designated as part of a proposed Arab state by the United Nations (UN) partition plan for Palestine. The resolution recommended partition of the British Mandate into a Jewish State, an Arab S... | [
"palestinian national authority"
] |
who won golden boot? | [
{
"psg_id": "4729791",
"text": "Ally McCoist (1991–92, 1992–93), Thierry Henry (2003–04, 2004–05), Lionel Messi (2011–12, 2012–13 and 2016–17, 2017–18), and Cristiano Ronaldo (2013–14, 2014–15) have won the award in consecutive years. Diego Forlán (Villarreal, Atlético Madrid), Luis Suárez (Liverpool, Barce... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11140938",
"text": "CSL Golden Boot The Canadian Soccer League Golden Boot is an annual Canadian soccer award given to the top goalscorer for each season in the Canadian Soccer League. The Golden Boot has been awarded since 1998 when the league debuted as the Canadian Professional Soccer League... | [
"lionel messi"
] |
where is the thames river located? | [
{
"psg_id": "594603",
"text": "River Thames The River Thames, ( ) known alternatively in parts as the Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It flows through... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3303559",
"text": "for catching eels. Additionally, Blake's Lock is located on a reach of the River Kennet that is administered by the Environment Agency as part of the River Thames, and is often counted as a Thames Lock. It is the only manual Thames lock below Oxford. The tide flows as far as ... | [
"london"
] |
what college did peyton manning? | [
{
"psg_id": "2527981",
"text": "Peyton Manning Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is a former American football quarterback who played 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the Indianapolis Colts. Considered to be one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time due to his ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2528097",
"text": "former NFL quarterback Archie Manning. He is the brother of two-time Super Bowl Champion, Eli Manning. Some have described the Mannings as football's \"royal family\". Manning married his wife, Ashley, in Memphis on St. Patrick's Day, 2001. A graduate of the University of Vir... | [
"university of tennessee"
] |
what are the 2 conferences in the nfl? | [
{
"psg_id": "4560252",
"text": "upstart AFL was placing on the older NFL. The success of the rival league would eventually lead to a full merger of the two leagues. From the 1966 season to the 1969 season (Super Bowls I–IV) the game featured the champions of the AFL and NFL. Since the 1970 season, the game ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12818263",
"text": "in the 1960s in response to the American Football League. With the 1970 AFL–NFL merger the new, larger league was reorganized. Eastern and Western Conferences (NFL) 1933–69 The Eastern and Western Divisions of the National Football League, renamed the American and National C... | [
"national football conference",
"nfl films",
"american football conference"
] |
what character does ellen play in finding nemo? | [
{
"psg_id": "17211673",
"text": "him all the way to Sydney Harbour. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and let little Nemo take care of himself. \"Finding Dory\" is the seventeenth Pixar film. The film focuses on the amnesiac character Dory, (voiced by Ellen DeGeneres) who travels to California to f... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1803433",
"text": "that the film would be pushed back to a UK July 29, 2016 release. Pixar's \"The Good Dinosaur\" was moved to the November 25, 2015 slot to allow more time for production of the film. Finding Nemo Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated adventure film produced by Pix... | [
"dory"
] |
when was the last time the ny giants were in the super bowl? | [
{
"psg_id": "394552",
"text": "the regular season, the two teams met at Giants Stadium, where the Bills defeated the Giants 17–13. For the first time, each player wore a Super Bowl logo patch on his jersey. This would not become a regular practice in Super Bowls until Super Bowl XXXII. The Super Bowl XXV lo... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7167385",
"text": "The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX (and the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVIII earlier in 2004). As the 49ers – who were ... | [
"super bowl xxv"
] |
what does nick cannon play in? | [
{
"psg_id": "1647169",
"text": "Nick Cannon Nicholas Scott Cannon (born October 8, 1980) is an American rapper, actor and comedian. On television, Cannon began as a teenager on \"All That\" before going on to host \"The Nick Cannon Show\", \"Wild 'N Out\", \"America's Got Talent\", \"Lip Sync Battle Shortie... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1647173",
"text": "in March 2006. It was never released because of Nick Cannon's acting career. In 2009 Nick Cannon formed a new label after cancelling his old label Can-I-Ball Records entitled N'Credible Entertainment. In 2010, Cannon created a parody of hip hop pioneer Slick Rick entitled \"S... | [
"the nightlife",
"up all night",
"soul train",
"all that",
"short circuitz",
"wild 'n out",
"the nick cannon show",
"mash up",
"america's got talent"
] |
which airport is best to fly into milan? | [
{
"psg_id": "16069438",
"text": "Milan Malpensa Airport Milan Malpensa Airport is the largest international airport in the Milan metropolitan area in northern Italy. It serves 15 million inhabitants in Lombardy, Piedmont and Liguria, as well as those living in the Swiss region of Canton Ticino. The airport ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16069454",
"text": "to promote a cooperative and transparent relationship with our airport partners while maintaining focus on safety, customer experience and cost. The responsibilities of AOC cover: airport facilitation, emergency procedures, baggage working group and cargo working group. AOC ... | [
"il caravaggio international airport",
"malpensa airport",
"linate airport"
] |
what county is rihanna from? | [
{
"psg_id": "5393654",
"text": "Road in St. Michael, Barbados, the road where Rihanna was raised, was renamed \"Rihanna Drive\" to honor Rihanna's success in the music industry. Rihanna has received numerous awards throughout her career such as 9 Grammy Awards, 12 Billboard Music Awards, 13 American Music A... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5393619",
"text": "\"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. Further Platinum-certified singles \"Needed Me\" and \"Love on the Brain\" both peaked inside the top ten of the US Hot 100. In 2016, Rihanna was featured on several singles. The first collaboration single was Kanye West's \"Famous\", where Rihann... | [
"saint michael parish",
"barbados"
] |
what country is located in the balkan peninsula? | [
{
"psg_id": "2007835",
"text": "were also in short supply, while the \"Georgios Averof\" had arrived with barely any ammunition, and would remain so until late November. Montenegro was also considered as the smallest nation in the Balkan Peninsula, but in recent years before the war, with support from Russi... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17562563",
"text": "edition, where Yugoslavia's Olympic medallist and International Cross Country champion Franjo Mihalić was victorious, marked the full establishment of the competition; the Balkan championship was contested annually thereafter. A women's race was held for the first time the f... | [
"lake prespa",
"kosovo",
"republic of macedonia",
"montenegro",
"macedonia",
"kingdom of serbia",
"albania",
"federal republic of yugoslavia",
"small prespa lake",
"republic of serbian krajina government in exile"
] |
what are the main languages spoken in spain? | [
{
"psg_id": "9570726",
"text": "Languages of Colombia More than 99.2% of Colombians speak the Spanish language; also 65 Amerindian languages, 2 Creole languages and the Romani language are spoken in the country. English has official status in the San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands. The overw... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6721796",
"text": "area sometimes called \"Valley of Jálama/Xálima\", which includes the towns of San Martín de Trevejo (\"Sa Martin de Trevellu\"), Eljas (\"As Elhas\") and Valverde del Fresno (\"Valverdi du Fresnu\"), in the northwestern corner of Cáceres province, Extremadura. Portuguese pro... | [
"spanish language"
] |
who is the new senator of montana? | [
{
"psg_id": "19803501",
"text": "McKinney did not get on Montana's ballot. In 2016, the party filed more than three-times the minimum required amount of signatures to place party nominee Jill Stein on the ballot. Many of their supporters were former supporters for U.S. Senator and presidential candidate Ber... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17060367",
"text": "John Walsh (U.S. senator) John Edward Walsh (born November 3, 1960) is an American politician who served as the junior United States senator from Montana from 2014 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a United States Army National Guard colonel,... | [
"jon tester"
] |
what language people speak in afghanistan? | [
{
"psg_id": "10731050",
"text": "Baburnama, which notes that the Arabs of Afghanistan have virtually lost the Arabic language and instead speak Persian and Pashto language. Although the exact number of Arab-Afghans remains unknown, mostly due to ambiguous claims of descent, an 18th-century academic estimate... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20760416",
"text": "is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what l... | [
"pashto language",
"farsi, eastern language"
] |
what language do people speak in brazil wikipedia? | [
{
"psg_id": "658754",
"text": "Indigenous peoples in Brazil Indigenous peoples in Brazil () or Indigenous Brazilians (), comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who have inhabited what is now the country of Brazil since prior to the European contact around 1500. Unlike Christopher Columbus, who th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "15783679",
"text": "Ripuarian Wikipedia The Wikipedia of Ripuarian languages () is the Ripuarian edition of Wikipedia. It was started on July 6, 2005 as \"WiKoelsch\" on a private server, and was converted to an official Wikipedia during April 2006. As only about a million people speak the Ripu... | [
"brazilian portuguese",
"portuguese language",
"italian language"
] |
where was princess leia raised? | [
{
"psg_id": "612816",
"text": "quoted Lucas in 1997: In the prequel film \"\" (2005), Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker's twins near the end of the Clone Wars. After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader, Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then d... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "612864",
"text": "of strong female characters. Yes, Princess Leia was in a gold bikini, but she was also the one who single-handedly killed Jabba. When you take into account movies and TV shows like \"Terminator\", \"Aliens\", \"Battlestar Galactica\", and even video games like \"Metroid\", you... | [
"polis massa"
] |
what is the name of the pittsburgh steelers head coach? | [
{
"psg_id": "15201103",
"text": "2011 Pittsburgh Steelers season The 2011 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the team's 79th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League (NFL). It was the twelfth season under the leadership of general manager Kevin Colbert and the fi... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11283626",
"text": "1992 Pittsburgh Steelers season The 1992 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 60th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League. The Pittsburgh Steelers celebrated their 60th Anniversary season in 1992. This was also Bil... | [
"mike tomlin"
] |
when did the lakers win the championship? | [
{
"psg_id": "5174865",
"text": "Russell attempted to patch things up, although he never uttered a genuine apology. When Chamberlain died in 1999, Chamberlain's nephew stated that Russell was the second person he was ordered to break the news to. The Celtics and Lakers both found success in the 1970s, but th... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16608070",
"text": "their matchup when both teams had played 30 or more games. Bryant called the Clippers \"top contenders\" for a championship before the Lakers lost again to the Clippers. Kupchak told Lakers season-ticket holders the team needed Gasol to be more involved, and the Lakers neede... | [
"1985 nba finals",
"1948 nbl finals",
"1954 nba finals",
"1972 nba finals",
"1949 baa finals",
"1952 nba finals",
"1980 nba finals",
"1950 nba finals",
"1953 nba finals",
"1982 nba finals"
] |
what year was the great san francisco fire? | [
{
"psg_id": "17038303",
"text": "Dempsey, Joe Choynski, and brothers Abe Attell and Monte Attell. Others who fought at the venue included Bob Fitzsimmons, James J. Jeffries, and Tom Sharkey. On June 15, 1888, Australia's Peter Jackson sparred with a San Francisco deputy sheriff in an exhibition match before... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "8415018",
"text": "Francisco International Airport in San Mateo County. All apparatus at SFO go by the 'Rescue' call sign, whether Engine, Truck, ARFF Crash, Medic Unit, or Command SUV. Throughout the history of the San Francisco Fire Department there have been several fire companies which have... | [
"1906 san francisco earthquake"
] |
what countries share borders with france? | [
{
"psg_id": "18593807",
"text": "After Waterloo, by the second Treaty of Paris in 1815, France was taken back to its 1790 borders and therefore lost Savoy. Savoy and Nice were definitively annexed by France in 1860 by the Treaty of Turin. The debate over France's borders continued throughout the nineteenth ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18593798",
"text": "Natural borders of France The natural borders of France () are a political and geographic theory developed in France, notably during the French Revolution. They correspond to the Rhine, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, the Pyrenees and the Alps, according to the rev... | [
"italy",
"monaco",
"luxembourg",
"andorra",
"switzerland",
"germany",
"bay of biscay",
"belgium",
"piedmont",
"spain"
] |
what did patrick swayze sing? | [
{
"psg_id": "2717396",
"text": "other films included \"The Outsiders\" (1983), \"Road House\" (1989), and \"Point Break\" (1991). He wrote and recorded a song, \"She's Like the Wind\", that was popular. He was posthumously awarded the Rolex Dance Award in 2009. Patrick Wayne Swayze was born on August 18, 19... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2717420",
"text": "Newmar\". In 1996 he was immortalized when Swayze received his star of the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to Motion Picture, located at 7018 Hollywood, Blvd. Patrick Swayze Patrick Wayne Swayze (; August 18, 1952 – September 14, 2009) was an American actor, dance... | [
"she's like the wind"
] |
what style of art is salvador dali? | [
{
"psg_id": "13264653",
"text": "Salvador Corona Salvador Corona (1895–1990) was a Mexican-American bullfighter and artist who created an iconic folk-art style of figure and pastoral painting on everyday objects. The style is characterized by colorful Mexican scenes on a white background. The style was emul... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9822543",
"text": "The Death of Salvador Dali The Death of Salvador Dalí is a 2005 short film written and directed by Delaney Bishop. The plot of this 2005 fantasy film involves Salvador Dalí consulting Sigmund Freud on how to depict madness in his artwork. The film won the Jury's Special Award... | [
"painting",
"photography",
"sculpture",
"drawing"
] |
who started pixar? | [
{
"psg_id": "847395",
"text": "Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "847421",
"text": "two companies created a distribution deal for the intended 2007 release of \"Ratatouille\", if the acquisition fell through, to ensure that this one film would still be released through Disney's distribution channels. In contrast to the earlier Pixar deal, \"Ratatouille\" was ... | [
"edwin catmull",
"steve jobs"
] |
what political party was lincoln? | [
{
"psg_id": "2577538",
"text": "by refusing to pass a slave code and other legislation needed to protect slavery. Douglas alienated Southerners with this Freeport Doctrine, which damaged his chances of winning the Presidency in 1860. As a result, Southern politicians would use their demand for a slave code ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "325440",
"text": "Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011. Political parties are funded by contributions from Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizat... | [
"illinois republican party",
"republican party",
"national union party",
"whig party"
] |
what would have happened if germany had won ww1? | [
{
"psg_id": "10339114",
"text": "What Just Happened What Just Happened is a 2008 American satirical comedy-drama directed by Barry Levinson and starring Robert De Niro. The supporting cast includes Catherine Keener, Robin Wright Penn, Stanley Tucci, and Sean Penn. \"What Just Happened\" is an independent fi... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "12626553",
"text": "What If Punk Never Happened \"What If Punk Never Happened\" is a song recorded by English punk rock band The King Blues, and is the eleventh and final track on their second studio album \"Save the World. Get the Girl\". It is a 6-minute and 40-second spoken word song which t... | [
"de"
] |
where is the nation of greece located? | [
{
"psg_id": "155014",
"text": "day off. Notable festivals, beyond the religious fests, include Patras Carnival, Athens Festival and various local wine festivals. The city of Thessaloniki is also home of a number of festivals and events. The Thessaloniki International Film Festival is one of the most importa... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "6822318",
"text": "Where the Heart Is (novel) Where the Heart Is is a 1995 novel by Billie Letts. It was chosen as an Oprah's Book Club selection in December 1998. A 2000 film of the same name was directed by Matt Williams, starring Natalie Portman, Ashley Judd and Stockard Channing. \"Where th... | [
"europe",
"eurasia",
"southeast europe"
] |
what three countries does mexico border? | [
{
"psg_id": "6140355",
"text": "fertile lands along the rivers in both countries. The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the United States and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3121192",
"text": "caused tension between the United States and other countries, particularly Mexico and the countries of Central America, from where a majority of illegal immigrants that enter the United States through the Southwestern borders come. Foreign consulates across the Southwest Unit... | [
"pacific ocean",
"gulf of california",
"contiguous united states",
"caribbean sea",
"united states of america",
"gulf of mexico",
"guatemala",
"california",
"sea of cortéz",
"belize"
] |
what year was the new york blackout? | [
{
"psg_id": "2740967",
"text": "Skull Face's attempt on his life while he was hiding in New York. The 2016 Netflix drama series \"The Get Down\" showed the experience of the teenage boys of the Bronx during the blackout. The 2017 film \"Wonderstruck\" featured the 1977 New York City blackout as a major plot... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2740964",
"text": "mayoral election that year, Beame finished third in the Democratic primary to Ed Koch and Mario Cuomo. Koch would go on to win the general election. The operating entities in New York fully investigated the blackout, its related causes, and the operator actions. They implemen... | [
"new york city blackout of 1977"
] |
which countries have english as native language? | [
{
"psg_id": "2470023",
"text": "based on Latin grammar hence it suffers inconsistencies. The major engines that influence the language are the United States and the United Kingdom and they both have assimilated the language differently so they differ in expressions and usage. This is found to a great extent... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9376962",
"text": "which English spreads to other countries in the world. Estimates of the number of English speakers who are second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1,000 million depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist David Crystal es... | [
"canada",
"australia",
"kingdom of great britain",
"united states of america",
"united kingdom",
"ireland",
"new zealand"
] |
what position does rafael furcal play? | [
{
"psg_id": "3514191",
"text": "Rafael Furcal Rafael Antoni Furcal (born October 24, 1977) is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Dodgers, St. Louis Cardinals and Miami Marlins. With St. Louis, he won their 2011 Wor... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3514206",
"text": "Ashley (born in 2004) from a previous relationship. Furcal has used his baseball earnings to give back to his hometown. When Furcal re-signed with the Dodgers in 2008, he arranged to have the Los Angeles Fire Department donate a fire truck to Loma de Cabrera which, until then... | [
"second baseman",
"shortstop"
] |
what are major exports of the usa? | [
{
"psg_id": "7187558",
"text": "You Are What You Eat You Are What You Eat is a dieting programme aired in various forms between 2004 and 2007 on British broadcasting company Channel 4, and presented by Gillian McKeith. The fourth series was called \"You Are What You Eat: Gillian Moves In\". The show often u... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "10190233",
"text": "the UK. In 2012 Matt moved back to Shawnee, Kansas. His most recent band project, Broken Heart Syndrome, features Pat Tomek of The Rainmakers on drums. Major Matt Mason USA Major Matt Mason USA is the performing name of Matt Roth, a New York City-based musician and record pr... | [
"pharmaceutical preparations",
"food",
"industrial organic chemicals, nec",
"automobile"
] |
what shows did kellie martin star in? | [
{
"psg_id": "3528639",
"text": "Kellie Martin Kellie Noelle Martin (born October 16, 1975) is an American television actress. She is known for her roles as Rebecca \"Becca\" Thatcher in \"Life Goes On\" (1989–1993), Christy Huddleston in \"Christy\" (1994–1995), Lucy Knight on \"ER\" (1998–2000), Samantha K... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3528645",
"text": "2017, Martin played police officer Kimberly Leahy in seven episodes of the TBS comedy series \"The Guest Book\". Martin graduated from Yale University in 2001 with a degree in art history. She was a member of Saybrook College. She married Keith Christian on May 15, 1999 in hi... | [
"a pup named scooby-doo",
"crisis center",
"father murphy",
"life goes on",
"christy"
] |
where did rihanna grow up? | [
{
"psg_id": "5393654",
"text": "Road in St. Michael, Barbados, the road where Rihanna was raised, was renamed \"Rihanna Drive\" to honor Rihanna's success in the music industry. Rihanna has received numerous awards throughout her career such as 9 Grammy Awards, 12 Billboard Music Awards, 13 American Music A... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13579997",
"text": "Where Did All the Love Go? \"Where Did All the Love Go?\" is a song by English rock band Kasabian and is the second official single from their third album \"West Ryder Pauper Lunatic Asylum\". It was released on 10 August 2009. Guitarist Sergio Pizzorno explained the song's ... | [
"saint michael parish",
"barbados"
] |
where is whistler mountain located? | [
{
"psg_id": "9565046",
"text": "Whistler Mountain Whistler Mountain is a mountain in the Fitzsimmons Range of the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains, located on the northwestern edge of Garibaldi Provincial Park. It is the location of the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort and the town of Whistler, British Co... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20803989",
"text": "Whistler Mountain (Washington) Whistler Mountain is a summit located in Chelan County of Washington state. The mountain is part of the Okanagan Range which is a sub-range of the North Cascades. Whistler Mountain is about two miles west of Washington Pass and one mile east of... | [
"british columbia"
] |
when did the christchurch quake happened? | [
{
"psg_id": "14553370",
"text": "five years, the Burwood Health Campus and the Christchurch Hospital will undergo a $650 million redevelopment.This is the biggest ever investment in public health facilities in New Zealand. At Christchurch Hospital, the new Acute Services building will have: The Burwood Heal... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3063558",
"text": "has been suspended following the earthquakes and it is unclear whether it will resume again in the future. Bus services are also available leaving Christchurch, daily passenger bus services operates between Dunedin and Christchurch on the State Highway 1. Historically, Christ... | [
"2011 christchurch earthquake"
] |
what other countries does canada trade with? | [
{
"psg_id": "16453627",
"text": "Partnership (CPTPP) with ten other Pacific Rim countries. On 21 September 2017, CETA was provisionally applied, immediately eliminating 98 per cent of EU's tariff lines on Canadian goods. Canada currently has free trade agreements in force with five of the other G7 countries... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16200002",
"text": "was $824 million. This investment is primarily in the oil and gas and mining sectors, although important links also exist in the printing sector. According to Statistics Canada, this is the 2010 trade balance Canada had with other countries: Canada–Colombia Free Trade Agreem... | [
"united kingdom",
"japan",
"united states of america"
] |
what to see in singapore at night? | [
{
"psg_id": "4421536",
"text": "Night Safari, Singapore The Night Safari is the world's first nocturnal zoo and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Singapore. The concept of a nocturnal park in Singapore was suggested in the 1980s by the former executive chairman of the Singapore Zoo, Dr Ong S... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20673111",
"text": "of the seven-song EP and frames it with an instrumental score.\" I Want to See Pulaski at Night I Want to See Pulaski at Night is an EP by American musician Andrew Bird, released November 19, 2013. According to Andrew Bird, the album was written to accompany the central trac... | [
"kampung days",
"tiger sky tower",
"singapore zoo",
"telok ayer market",
"former saint joseph's institution",
"armenian church, singapore",
"singapore flyer",
"kong meng san phor kark see monastery",
"sri mariamman temple, singapore",
"jurong birdpark"
] |
who played mason capwell? | [
{
"psg_id": "11688209",
"text": "Gracie Lee Lively, a girl to whom they gave shelter, but before they could make a decision, Julia learned that she was pregnant. Julia Wainwright Capwell Julia Wainwright Capwell is a fictional character from the American soap opera \"Santa Barbara\". She was portrayed by ac... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11688381",
"text": "C.C. Capwell Channing Creighton \"C.C.\" Capwell, Sr. is a fictional character on the American soap opera \"Santa Barbara\", most notably portrayed by Jed Allan. C.C. is the town's patriarch, a wealthy businessman and a father of four other prominent characters, Kelly, Eden,... | [
"nancy lee grahn"
] |
what is james madison most famous for? | [
{
"psg_id": "209897",
"text": "Memorial Building is a building of the United States Library of Congress and serves as the official memorial to Madison. In 1986, Congress created the James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation as part of the bicentennial celebration of the Constitution. Several counties and... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "209853",
"text": "Madison convinced Jefferson to relent this extreme view. Jefferson sought the presidency again in the 1800 presidential election, with Madison again acting as Jefferson's campaign manager. In a closely contested election that was ultimately decided in the House of Representati... | [
"president of the united states"
] |
who did the maccabees revolted against? | [
{
"psg_id": "3881395",
"text": "of Maccabees. Despite the title, the book has nothing to do with the Maccabees or their revolt against the Seleucid Empire, as described in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees. Instead it tells the story of persecution of the Jews under Ptolemy IV Philopator (222–205 BC), some decade... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "4834763",
"text": "Books of the Maccabees The Books of the Maccabees are books concerned with the Maccabees, the leaders of the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid dynasty, or related subjects. The term mostly refers to two deuterocanonical books contained in various canons of the Bible: The ... | [
"seleucid empire"
] |
where was the battle of antietam creek? | [
{
"psg_id": "5142537",
"text": "Antietam Creek Antietam Creek is a tributary of the Potomac River located in south central Pennsylvania and western Maryland in the United States, a region known as the Hagerstown Valley. The creek became famous as a focal point of the Battle of Antietam during the American C... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5142539",
"text": "meaning \"swift-flowing stream\". The creek is noted for numerous well-preserved stone arch bridges dating to the 19th century that still traverse the creek, the most famous of which is the Burnside's Bridge in the Antietam National Battlefield. The creek was a major topograp... | [
"pennsylvania",
"maryland"
] |
during what war did abraham lincoln serve as president? | [
{
"psg_id": "15211981",
"text": "Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation is the successor organization of the U.S. Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Commission (ALBC), which was created by Congress and the President of the United States to plan the commemoration of Abr... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18189109",
"text": "Abraham Lincoln, what would you do? \"Abraham Lincoln, what would you do?\" is an American patriotic musical composition released in 1918. Its lyrics were written by Carol Hirsch and its music composed by Baker and Blink. The song is considered to be part of a larger effort ... | [
"american civil war"
] |
who are shakespeare's parents names? | [
{
"psg_id": "15569178",
"text": "the town as a cultural backwater lacking the environment necessary to nurture a genius, and depict Shakespeare as ignorant and illiterate. Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was a glover (glove-maker) and town official. He married Mary Arden, one of the Ardens of Warwic... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5718113",
"text": "expand the official list, the newest edition of which is regularly published. A lot of recent additions are foreign names, which, however, must be spelled following Hungarian phonetics, e.g. \"Jennifer\" becomes \"Dzsenifer\" or \"Joe\" becomes \"Dzsó\". Those who belong to a... | [
"john shakespeare",
"mary shakespeare"
] |
where is she from shakira? | [
{
"psg_id": "8529441",
"text": "for UNICEF. Born on 2 February 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia, she is the only child of William Mebarak Chadid and Nidia Ripoll Torrado. Her paternal grandparents emigrated from Lebanon to New York City, where her father was born. Her father then emigrated to Colombia at age ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13465155",
"text": "She Wolf (Shakira song) \"She Wolf\" is a song by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira, taken from her eighth studio album of the same name (2009). It was released on 10 July 2009, by Epic Records as the lead single from the album. The song was written by Shakira, John Hi... | [
"colombia"
] |
who plays captain kirk in 2009? | [
{
"psg_id": "581885",
"text": "to \"make a difference\". Picard buries Kirk on the planet. This \"Star Trek\" film series takes place in an alternate universe known as the \"Kelvin Timeline\". In this series, Chris Pine plays Kirk, Zachary Quinto plays Spock, Karl Urban plays Bones McCoy, Simon Pegg plays M... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "16429290",
"text": "Where's Captain Kirk? \"Where's Captain Kirk?\" is a 1979 single released by punk/new wave band Spizzenergi. It was released on the Rough Trade Records label and spent seven weeks at the top of the UK Indie Chart. The single was the fourth to be released by the band Spizzene... | [
"chris pine"
] |
who did hera marry? | [
{
"psg_id": "164677",
"text": "and often sneaked down to Earth in disguise to marry and bear children with the mortals. He wanted many children to inherit his greatness and become great heroes and rulers of Greece. Hera's jealousy towards all of Zeus' lovers and children caused her to continuously torment t... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7498655",
"text": "Hera was based on a goddess from Greek mythology who was identified by the Roman Juno. Hera (Battlestar Galactica) Hera is the name of a character in the reimagined TV series of Battlestar Galactica. Hera is the name of the Human-Cylon hybrid child between Sharon 'Athena' Aga... | [
"zeus"
] |
what type of guitar does kirk hammett play? | [
{
"psg_id": "228325",
"text": "in India and Asia, and was recently sent a second prototype. To avoid problems with pedals being damaged during live performances, Hammett keeps his effect pedals in a rack along with his amplifiers and his guitar technician controls them through a pedalboard sidestage. The pe... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "228298",
"text": "Kirk Hammett Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is an American musician who has been lead guitarist and a contributing songwriter for the heavy metal band Metallica since 1983. Before joining Metallica he formed and named the band Exodus. In 2003, Hammett was ranked 11t... | [
"guitar",
"sitar",
"bass guitar"
] |
what language they speak in the philippines? | [
{
"psg_id": "3543704",
"text": "in the country. Until the Second World War, Spanish was the language of Manila. After the war, the English-speaking U.S. having won three wars [in 1898, against Spain (Spanish–American War); in 1913 (from Philippine–American War to Moro Rebellion) against the Filipino indepen... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20760416",
"text": "is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what l... | [
"filipino language",
"english language"
] |
where is the kakadu national park located? | [
{
"psg_id": "977717",
"text": "Kakadu National Park Kakadu National Park is a protected area in the Northern Territory of Australia, 171 km southeast of Darwin. The park is located within the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory. It covers an area of , extending nearly 200 kilometres from north... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "977718",
"text": "the mispronunciation of Gaagudju, which is the name of an Aboriginal language spoken in the northern part of the park. This name may derive from the Indonesian word \"kakatuwah\", (via Dutch \"kaketoe\" and German \"Kakadu\") subsequently Anglicised as \"cockatoo\". Kakadu is ... | [
"northern territory"
] |
what year did william mckinley became president? | [
{
"psg_id": "12944161",
"text": "for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency.) First inauguration of William McKinley The first inauguration of William McKinley as the 25th President of the United States took place on Thursday, March 4, 1897. The inauguration marked the commencement of the firs... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "3286124",
"text": "President William McKinley High School President William McKinley High School, more commonly referred to as McKinley High School, is a comprehensive public high school in the Honolulu District of the Hawaii State Department of Education. It serves grades nine through twelve. ... | [
"1897"
] |
who owns aston martin 2012? | [
{
"psg_id": "12112909",
"text": "years. Although all cars are built by Prodrive at their factory, Aston Martin plays an integral part in designing the race cars, as well as integrating elements of the race cars back into Aston Martin's road cars. On 23 April 2009, Aston Martin chairman and Prodrive founder ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5383546",
"text": "Prince of Wales, owns a DB6-based Volante MkII that has been converted to run on bioethanol. The car was given to him by his mother on his 21st birthday. A total of six or seven DB6 Shooting-brakes were produced by British coachbuilder Harold Radford, with three more by FLM P... | [
"david richards"
] |
what disease has jack osbourne got? | [
{
"psg_id": "2399089",
"text": "fatigue.\" Jack Osbourne Jack Joseph Osbourne (born 8 November 1985) is an English media personality with dual American and British citizenship. As the son of heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne, he starred on MTV's reality series \"The Osbournes\" (2002–05), along with his fath... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "7194607",
"text": "a series of adrenaline-fuelled challenges along the way. In the Arctic Circle, Jack comes down with a suspected case of malaria and has to be taken to hospital. Is the adventure over for the young explorers? Episode 5 Jack Osbourne takes five young people around the world to ... | [
"multiple sclerosis"
] |
what do the islamic believe? | [
{
"psg_id": "7572825",
"text": "that meet universal Islamic principles, as advised by a Shari'ah Supervisory Board of six Islamic scholars from six countries. NAIT says that the ever-increasing Muslim population in the US demands a variety of Islamic literature. Some publishers of certain Islamic literature... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18531512",
"text": "what they really mean. \"Do You Believe?\" opened theatrically in 1,320 venues on March 20, 2015 and earned $3,591,282 in its first weekend, ranking number six in the domestic box office, behind \"\", \"Cinderella\", \"Run All Night\", \"The Gunman\", and \"\". \"Do You Beli... | [
"muslims"
] |
what language they speak in taiwan? | [
{
"psg_id": "16972282",
"text": "language classes teach simplified characters and Standard Mandarin Chinese. About 40% of all Chinese-speakers in the United States live in California. Chinese language and varieties in the United States Chinese language, mostly Yue varieties including Taishanese and Cantones... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20760416",
"text": "is being able to watch TV and play video games at the same time, so be it. We can only hope it inspires real discourse and real thought.\" Lyn Horton of All About Jazz noted \"A concrete lesson seems to emanate from \"In What Language?\" and it is this: that no matter what l... | [
"standard mandarin"
] |
who owns the toronto maple leafs? | [
{
"psg_id": "785799",
"text": "Toronto Maple Leafs The Toronto Maple Leafs (officially the Toronto Maple Leaf Hockey Club and often simply referred to as the Leafs) are a professional ice hockey team based in Toronto, Ontario. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the Nation... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "785916",
"text": "McKnight in 1986, Bob Cole in 2007, and Bill Hewitt in 2007. These are the top franchise leaders in regular season points, goals, assists, points per game, games played, and goaltending wins as of the end of the 2015–16 season. Footnotes Citations Works cited Toronto Maple Lea... | [
"maple leaf sports & entertainment"
] |
what are the basic beliefs of sikhism? | [
{
"psg_id": "19240433",
"text": "in Sikhism, seeking to reform and return to what each believed was the pure form of Sikhism. They also accepted the concept of living Gurus such as Guru Baba Dyal Singh. The Nirankari sect though unorthodox was influential in shaping the views of Tat Khalsa and the contempor... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "5122269",
"text": "Basic belief Basic beliefs (also commonly called foundational beliefs or core beliefs) are, under the epistemological view called foundationalism, the axioms of a belief system. Foundationalism holds that all beliefs must be justified in order to be believed. Beliefs therefor... | [
"saṃsāra",
"dharma",
"reincarnation",
"monotheism",
"karma",
"pyaar"
] |
who was liz taylor married too? | [
{
"psg_id": "16797315",
"text": "expectations realistic, okay?\" Liz & Dick Liz & Dick is a 2012 American made-for-television biographical film chronicling the relationship of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. It was directed by Lloyd Kramer, written by Christopher Monger, and produced by Larry A. Thomps... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "9643654",
"text": "which contributed towards Justin being acquitted of killing Macki and Liz was grateful to Darlene for this. After Justin returned home, Liz chucked Richard out for having an affair with a colleague but said Darlene could stay with them. Liz had decided that her family should ... | [
"richard burton"
] |
where was the ancient region of mesopotamia? | [
{
"psg_id": "13557801",
"text": "civilizations in the Near East were deeply influenced by their spiritual beliefs, which generally did not distinguish between heaven and Earth. They believed that divine action influenced all mundane matters, and also believed in divination (ability to predict the future). O... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "21015004",
"text": "is very arid and has poor soil quality. But the man-made infrastructure took advantage of some of the potential of this space (large rivers and broad, flat plains) to counter these issues and make lower Mesopotamia one of the most productive agricultural areas in the ancient... | [
"middle east"
] |
when did the charlotte bobcats first play in the nba? | [
{
"psg_id": "12419248",
"text": "2004–05 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2004–05 NBA season was the first season for the Charlotte Bobcats in the National Basketball Association. This season marked the return of NBA basketball to Charlotte after a two-year hiatus. The original Hornets had moved to New Orleans ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11856203",
"text": "2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season The 2008–09 Charlotte Bobcats season was the 19th season of the NBA basketball in Charlotte in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and their 5th as the Charlotte Bobcats. The previous season, Charlotte finished 32–50 under coach Sam Vi... | [
"2004 nba draft"
] |
what's the book hitler wrote in prison? | [
{
"psg_id": "6072316",
"text": "trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. There, he received friendly treatment from the guards, and wa... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "17165329",
"text": "imperative\". The Hitler Book The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin is the English-language title of the translated 2005 publication of a long-secret Soviet report on the life of Adolf Hitler written at the behest of Joseph Stalin. The project that grew int... | [
"mein kampf"
] |
which city held the summer olympics twice? | [
{
"psg_id": "15879407",
"text": "bid for the 1964 Summer Olympics and Tokyo became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games. Tokyo's successful 2020 bid is the city's fifth bid for the games, making it the fourth city to host the Summer Olympics two times. Paris, Los Angeles and Athens have hosted the... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "865004",
"text": "bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just ... | [
"olympic games"
] |
who are the green bay packers owned by? | [
{
"psg_id": "9910043",
"text": "Green Bay Packers Foundation The Green Bay Packers Foundation is a charitable organization based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Established in 1986, the Foundation's original purpose was to ensure continued charitable donations by the Green Bay Packers football team. Although it is... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "162698",
"text": "Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest... | [
"green bay packers board of directors"
] |
when was the last time the orioles had a winning season? | [
{
"psg_id": "40610",
"text": "Brooks Robinson won his Most Valuable Player Award (1964). The glory years of the Orioles effectively ended when the Detroit Tigers, a divisional rival at the time, went 35–5 to open the 1984 season on the way to winning the World Series, in which Hall-of-Fame pitcher Jim Palme... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "20298262",
"text": "When Was the Last Time When Was the Last Time is the seventh studio album and fifth in the country genre by American country music singer Darius Rucker. It was released on Capitol Records Nashville on October 20, 2017. \"If I Told You\" was released as the album's lead singl... | [
"1983 world series"
] |
what does australia export? | [
{
"psg_id": "4773236",
"text": "Alison Penfold, said she was \"distraught and disgusted\". In May 2013, evidence was provided to the Department of Agriculture showing what is alleged to be Australian goats being roughly handled and sold outside of approved facilities in Malaysia. The footage also allegedly ... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "13810778",
"text": "week.\" VanDerWerff of the \"LA Times\", Ryan of the \"Chicago Tribune\", Sepinwall of \"The Star-Ledger\", Jensen of \"Entertainment Weekly\" and Mark Medley of the \"National Post\" also found the episode to contain humorous lines. This episode was watched by 11 million Am... | [
"energy",
"agriculture"
] |
where did henry knox die? | [
{
"psg_id": "1775809",
"text": "age of 56, three days after swallowing a chicken bone which lodged in his throat and caused a fatal infection. He was buried on his estate in Thomaston with full military honors. Lucy died in 1824, having sold off more portions of the family properties to pay the creditors of... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "1775812",
"text": "of the U.S. Army Field Artillery School, is named in his honor, as is an annual award recognizing the performance of U.S. artillery batteries. The \"Major General Nathanael Greene\"–class large coastal tug USAV Major General Henry Knox (LT-802) is named in honor of Knox. His ... | [
"thomaston"
] |
who was the queen of the iceni tribe? | [
{
"psg_id": "9858330",
"text": "word \"viking\" is that of a raider or plunderer, of which there are many such characters in this film. The plot combines elements of life of the historic queen Boudica (featuring the Iceni tribe, combat chariots) with elements seemingly drawn from Vincenzo Bellini's opera \"... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2206776",
"text": "Iceni The Iceni or Eceni were a Brittonic tribe of eastern Britain during the Iron Age and early Roman era. Their territory included present-day Norfolk and parts of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and bordered the area of the Corieltauvi to the west, and the Catuvellauni and Tri... | [
"boudica"
] |
who is married to garry trudeau? | [
{
"psg_id": "160276",
"text": "collaborated on a crossword puzzle that was published on Tues. May 15, 2018 in the NYT. This is the 6th NYT puzzle for Ross and the 1st for Garry. Trudeau married Jane Pauley in 1980; they have three children. He maintains a low personal profile. A rare early appearance on tel... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "160263",
"text": "Garry Trudeau Garretson Beekman \"Garry\" Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American cartoonist, best known for the \"Doonesbury\" comic strip. Trudeau is also the creator and executive producer of the Amazon Studios political comedy series \"Alpha House\". Trudeau was born i... | [
"jane pauley"
] |
what language do they speak in northern ireland? | [
{
"psg_id": "2198234",
"text": "Irish language in Northern Ireland The Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic) () is a recognised minority language in Northern Ireland. The dialect spoken there is known as Ulster Irish. Protection for the Irish language in Northern Ireland stems largely from the Europea... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "2621244",
"text": "number of councils in Northern Ireland to 11. Local government in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is divided into 11 districts for local government purposes. In Northern Ireland, local councils do not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United ... | [
"irish",
"english language",
"ulster scots dialects"
] |
what countries make up continental europe? | [
{
"psg_id": "11458277",
"text": "System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The synchronous grid of Continental Europe covers territory of the ENTSO-E Continental Europe regional group and some neighboring countries not involved in the ENTSO-E. The synchronous grid includes part or all of Austria, Belgium,... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11458282",
"text": "to the synchronized grid of Central Europe. Further possibilities are extension to the Nordic regional group, the Turkey-Iraq interconnection, and the DESERTEC concept for interconnection with other countries in the Middle East. In the past Armenia and Turkmenistan networks ... | [
"united kingdom",
"albania",
"finland",
"san marino",
"france",
"andorra",
"liechtenstein",
"georgia",
"germany",
"belgium"
] |
what do abrahamic religions have in common? | [
{
"psg_id": "7932511",
"text": "being.\" God in Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are sometimes called Abrahamic religions because they all accept the tradition of a god, Yahweh, that revealed himself to the prophet Abraham. The theological traditions of all Abrahamic religions are thus t... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "11076505",
"text": "be a transcendent creator and the source of moral law. Their religious texts feature many of the same figures, histories, and places, although they often present them with different roles, perspectives, and meanings. Believers who agree on these similarities and the common A... | [
"monotheism"
] |
what did abraham lincoln do before he was president? | [
{
"psg_id": "15423",
"text": "Other Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 16th President of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the Civil War, its bloodiest wa... | [] | [
{
"psg_id": "18189111",
"text": "legacy, specifically in the line: \"Abraham Lincoln, we owe it to you, to protect this great country today\". This idea of indebtedness is also reflected in the illustration on the cover of the sheet music; Schwartz comments that the United States is portrayed as Columbia, a... | [
"statesman",
"politician",
"lawyer"
] |
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