dolmino-mix-1124
Collection
allenai/dolmino-mix-1124, split into separate datasets and converted to Parquet. • 3 items • Updated
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2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 5 | {
"length": 541,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:1",
"revid": "3382164",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=5"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Cover
Welcome to the world's foremost open content<br>Organic Chemistry Textbook<br>on the web!
The Study of Organic Chemistry.
Organic chemistry is primarily devoted to the unique properties of the carbon atom and its compounds. These compounds play a critical role in biology and ecology... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 7 | {
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"revid": "12605",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=7"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry
The purpose of this section is to review topics from freshman chemistry and build the foundation for further studies in organic chemistry.
| Alkanes » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 10 | {
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} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Alkenes
« Haloalkanes |Alkenes| Alkynes »
Alkenes are aliphatic hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon double bonds and general formula CnH2n.
=Naming Alkenes=
Alkenes are named as if they were alkanes, but the "-ane" suffix is changed to "-ene". If the alkene contains only one double bond and that do... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 12 | {
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"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=12"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Chirality
Introduction.
Chirality (pronounced kie-RAL-it-tee) is the property of "handedness". If you attempt to superimpose your right hand on top of your left, the two do not match up in the sense that your right hand's thumb overlays your left hand's pinky finger. Your two hands cannot be superimp... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 13 | {
"length": 106,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:5",
"revid": "2168742",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=13"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Dienes
In alkene chemistry, we demonstrated that allylic carbon could maintain a cation charge because the double bond could de-localize to support the charge. What of having two double bonds separated by a single bond? What of having a compound that alternates between double bond and single bond? In... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 21 | {
"length": 1103,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:6",
"revid": "3345774",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=21"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry
Brief History.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a physician by trade, first coined the term "organic chemistry" in 1806 for the study of compounds derived from biological sources. Up through the early 19th century, naturalists and scientist... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 32 | {
"length": 51,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:7",
"revid": "169232",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=32"
} | wikipedia | Wikibooks:Files to be harvested
This is a list of files that have been uploaded to serve as sources for text and images for the textbook project. Material from these can be used freely on this project.
Make sure you use other resources in a wise and legal way: | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 47 | {
"length": 1285,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:8",
"revid": "3119624",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=47"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure
Atomic Structure.
Atoms are made up of a nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons.
The nucleus.
The nucleu... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 53 | {
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:9",
"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=53"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Bonding
Ionic Bonding.
Ionic bonding is when positively and negatively charged ions stick to each other through electrostatic force. These bonds are " slightly weaker than covalent bonds" and stronger than Van der Waals bonding or hydrogen bonding.
In ionic ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 54 | {
"length": 1256,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:10",
"revid": "4230132",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=54"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Resonance
Resonance.
Resonance refers to structures that are not easily represented by a single electron dot structure but that are intermediates between two or more drawn structures.
Resonance is easily misunderstood in part because of the way certain chemi... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 55 | {
"length": 1221,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:11",
"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=55"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Acids and bases
Arrhenius Definition: Hydroxide and Hydronium Ions.
The first and earliest definition of acids and bases was proposed in the 1800s by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, who said that an acid was anything that dissolved in water to yield H+ i... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 56 | {
"length": 1093,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:12",
"revid": "66908",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=56"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Electron dot structures
Electron Dot Structures.
Electron dot structures, also called "Lewis structures", give a representation of the valence electrons surrounding an atom.
Each valence electron is represented by one dot, thus, a lone atom of hydrogen would... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 57 | {
"length": 210,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:13",
"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=57"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Overview of addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement reactions
The real heart of organic chemistry is the reactions. Everything that you study is geared to prepare you for organic syntheses and other chemical transformations performed in the lab. This chapter gi... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 58 | {
"length": 306,
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"revid": "707936",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=58"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Introduction to reactions/Polar and radical reactions
Homolytic vs heterolytic cleavage.
Two bonded atoms can come apart from each other in one of two ways. Either
In homolytic cleavage, each atom leaves with one-half of the shared electrons (one electron for a single bond, or two for double bonds).... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 64 | {
"length": 25,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:15",
"revid": "169232",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=64"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Introduction to functional groups
« Introduction to reactions | Introduction to functional groups | Overview of Functional Groups » | Alkenes » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 69 | {
"length": 122,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:16",
"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=69"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Vital force theory
« Foundational concepts | Synthesis of urea »
Long ago, people observed the differences between compounds that were derived from living things and those that were not. There seemed to be an impassable gap betw... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 70 | {
"length": 27,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:17",
"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=70"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Synthesis of urea
« Vital force theory | Organic vs inorganic chemistry » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 71 | {
"length": 26,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:18",
"revid": "10714",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=71"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/History of organic chemistry/Organic vs inorganic chemistry
« Synthesis of urea | Atomic structure » | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 72 | {
"length": 337,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:19",
"revid": "27565",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=72"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Nucleus and electrons
« Atomic structure | Shells and orbitals »
Atoms are made up of a nucleus and electrons that orbit the nucleus. An atom in its natural, uncharged state has the same number of electrons as protons. If it gains or loses ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 73 | {
"length": 1061,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:20",
"revid": "3099964",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=73"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Shells and orbitals
« Nucleus and electrons | Filling electron shells »
Electron orbitals.
Electrons orbit atoms in clouds of distinct shapes and sizes. The electron clouds are layered one inside the other into units called shells (think ne... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 74 | {
"length": 973,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:21",
"revid": "1634129",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=74"
} | wikipedia | Organic Chemistry/Foundational concepts of organic chemistry/Atomic structure/Filling electron shells
« Shells and orbitals | Octet rule and exceptions »
When an atom or ion receives electrons into its orbitals, the orbitals and shells fill up in a particular manner.
There are three principles that govern this proces... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 82 | {
"length": 227,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:22",
"revid": "3384033",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=82"
} | wikipedia | Linear Algebra
This book discusses proof-based linear algebra. The book was designed specifically for students who had not previously been exposed to mathematics as mathematicians view it. That is, as a subject whose goal is to "rigorously" prove theorems starting from clear consistent definitions. This book attempts ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 119 | {
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:23",
"revid": "3181019",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=119"
} | wikipedia | Calculus/Introduction
What is calculus?
Calculus is the broad area of mathematics dealing with such topics as instantaneous rates of change, areas under curves, and sequences and series. Underlying all of these topics is the concept of a limit, which consists of analyzing the behavior of a function at points ever clos... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 122 | {
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:24",
"revid": "3396112",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=122"
} | wikipedia | Calculus/Functions
Functions are everywhere, from a simple correlation between distance and time to complex heat waves. This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of functions: the definition, basic concepts, and other defining aspects. It is very concept-heavy, and expect a lot of reading and understanding. However, th... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 123 | {
"length": 1302,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:25",
"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=123"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Vectors
Math Tutorial -- Vectors.
Figure 1: Displacement vectors in a plane.
Vector formula_1 represents the displacement of George from Mary, while vector formula_2 represents the displacement of Paul from George. Vector formula_3 represents the displacement of Paul from Mary and formula_4. The quantities form... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 150 | {
"length": 923,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:26",
"revid": "1176064",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=150"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Reflection and Refraction
Reflection and Refraction.
Most of what we need to know about geometrical optics can be summarized in two rules, the laws of reflection and refraction. These rules may both be inferred by considering what happens when a plane wave segment impinges on a flat surface. If the surface is po... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 174 | {
"length": 3355,
"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:27",
"revid": "46022",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=174"
} | wikipedia | Special Relativity/Spacetime
The modern approach to relativity.
Although the special theory of relativity was first proposed by Einstein in 1905, the modern approach to the theory depends upon the concept of a four-dimensional universe, that was first proposed by Hermann Minkowski in 1908.
Minkowski's contribution app... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 188 | {
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:28",
"revid": "655051",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=188"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Transverse, Longitudinal and Torsional waves
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves.
With the exception of light, waves are undulations in some material medium. For instance, waves on a slinky are either "transverse", in that the motion of the material of the slinky is perpendicular to the orientation of the slinky, ... | v0 |
2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 2023-04-25T09:58:21.172Z | 189 | {
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"provenance": "en_simple_wiki_v0-0000.json.gz:29",
"revid": "688817",
"url": "https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki?curid=189"
} | wikipedia | Waves/Sine Waves
Sine Waves.
A particularly simple kind of wave, the sine wave, is illustrated in figure 1.2. This has the mathematical form:
where
Figure 1.2: Definition sketch for a sine wave, showing the wavelength λ and the amplitude formula_2 and the phase φ at various points.
So far we have only considered a sin... | v0 |
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