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c_386yhwg5j8ps | Customer lifetime value is an important concept in that it encourages firms to shift their focus from quarterly profits to the long-term health of their customer relationships. Customer lifetime value is an important metric because it represents an upper limit on spending to acquire new customers. For this reason it is... | Customer lifetime value | [
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c_daq3nqx25teb | In marketing, customer lifetime value (CLV or often CLTV), lifetime customer value (LCV), or life-time value (LTV) is a prognostication of the net profit contributed to the whole future relationship with a customer. The prediction model can have varying levels of sophistication and accuracy, ranging from a crude heuris... | Customer lifetime value | [
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c_nhv35nez6oi1 | In marketing research, an audience's energy takes the form of psychological heat: hot cognition is an emotional thought process and cold cognition is a cognitive thought process. | Hot cognition | [
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c_4tvkewveu5xi | For example, electron ionization (EI) gives a high degree of fragmentation, yielding highly detailed mass spectra which when skilfully analysed can provide important information for structural elucidation/characterisation and facilitate identification of unknown compounds by comparison to mass spectral libraries obtain... | Mass spectroscopy | [
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c_ekwbouhyygvd | Hard ionization techniques are processes which impart high quantities of residual energy in the subject molecule invoking large degrees of fragmentation (i.e. the systematic rupturing of bonds acts to remove the excess energy, restoring stability to the resulting ion). Resultant ions tend to have m/z lower than the mol... | Mass spectroscopy | [
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c_owbd7y8wcit0 | In mass spectrometry, ionization refers to the production of gas phase ions suitable for resolution in the mass analyser or mass filter. Ionization occurs in the ion source. There are several ion sources available; each has advantages and disadvantages for particular applications. | Mass spectroscopy | [
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c_02evzpqooqad | In martial arts, a knifehand strike is a strike using the part of the hand opposite the thumb (from the little finger to the wrist), familiar to many people as a karate chop (in Japanese, shutō-uchi). This refers to strikes performed with the side of the knuckle of the small finger. Suitable targets for the knifehand s... | Knifehand strike | [
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c_qtir3w6rj3oe | In a handicap match play competition where the one player has a handicap 8 shots higher than their opponent then that player will receive a handicap stroke on the holes with stroke index 1 to 8. The stroke index is usually printed on a golf club's scorecard listed alongside each hole. == References == | Stroke Index | [
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c_5qqvfunf7jno | For example, a player with a handicap of 12 would be given a stroke deduction only on the holes with stroke index 1 to 12. A player with a handicap of 24 would receive a stroke at all 18 holes plus an extra stroke at holes 1 to 6 (18 + 6 = 24) so they would receive two strokes on holes 1 to 6 and one stroke for holes 7... | Stroke Index | [
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c_538m51i630ic | The 7th to the 10th stroke index holes should be allocated so that a player receiving 10 strokes does not receive strokes on three consecutive holes.In Stableford, par and bogey competitions using stroke play, where an even distribution of strokes is not so important, if the club uses a different stroke index for these... | Stroke Index | [
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c_vce7d4aoiqay | In materials engineering and metallurgy, hot hardness or red hardness (when a metal glows a dull red from the heat) corresponds to hardness of a material at high temperatures. As the temperature of the material increases, hardness decreases and at some point a drastic change in hardness occurs. The hardness at this poi... | Hot hardness | [
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c_pzxbld3zq08v | The radiation length for a given material consisting of a single type of nucleus can be approximated by the following expression: where Z is the atomic number and A is mass number of the nucleus. For Z > 4, a good approximation is where na is the number density of the nucleus, ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } denotes the reduc... | Radiation length | [
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c_fg3gx2ncsevr | In materials of high atomic number (e.g. tungsten, uranium, plutonium) the electrons of energies >~10 MeV predominantly lose energy by bremsstrahlung, and high-energy photons by e+e− pair production. The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these related interactions is called the radiation length X0, usually ... | Radiation length | [
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c_bjhy4onbdzx2 | In mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins, knowledge of the masses of the residues is useful. The mass of the peptide or protein is the sum of the residue masses plus the mass of water (Monoisotopic mass = 18.01056 Da; average mass = 18.0153 Da). The residue masses are calculated from the tabulated chemical formula... | Proteinogenic amino acids | [
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c_9h6bozfrchk9 | In markets with few competitors, cross elasticity between rivals are likely to be high, this makes firms in the market vulnerable to price competition. Horizontal integration, usually mergers, could reduce said risks by reducing competition in the market. For example, when Anheuser-Busch InBev (the world's biggest brew... | Cross elasticity of demand | [
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c_afu5cigs0cmw | Orthotropic material properties have been shown to provide a more accurate representation of bone's elastic symmetry and can also give information about the three-dimensional directionality of bone's tissue-level material properties.It is important to keep in mind that a material which is anisotropic on one length scal... | Orthotropic material | [
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c_1l5szytkhvvq | In material science and solid mechanics, orthotropic materials have material properties at a particular point which differ along three orthogonal axes, where each axis has twofold rotational symmetry. These directional differences in strength can be quantified with Hankinson's equation. They are a subset of anisotropic... | Orthotropic material | [
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c_vodjztldhqzp | It is usually least stiff in the radial direction (between the growth rings), and is intermediate in the circumferential direction. This anisotropy was provided by evolution, as it best enables the tree to remain upright. | Orthotropic material | [
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c_4v9a2zv1wpvg | In materials science and colloidal chemistry, the term colloidal particle refers to a small amount of matter having a size typical for colloids and with a clear phase boundary. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers. Colloids are heterogeneous in nature, invisible to t... | Particle size | [
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c_mpyuu49zoh4r | In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the ... | Functionally graded material | [
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c_k9a9g9lt2r1b | In material selection it is important to look at the interaction between the matrix and the secondary phase. For example, crosslinking within the rubber phase promotes high strength fibril formation that toughens the rubber, preventing particle fracture.Carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) is often used t... | Rubber toughening | [
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c_5v2jri0jlisk | To do so it is important to match refractive indices of both phases. Traditional rubber particles do not offer this quality. Modifying the surface of nanoparticles with polymers of comparable refractive indices is an interest of current research. | Rubber toughening | [
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c_2qyi0pae6esc | In mass spectrometry this compound is often abbreviated as "3-NBA" or "m-NBA." It has been used as a liquid matrix for fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. In electrospray ionization 3-NBA is doped into low surface tension spray solvents to increase analyte charging. == References == | 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol | [
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c_6lf5slnsvv9d | In marsupials (and a few birds), the genital tract is separate from the anus, but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally. This is one of the features of marsupials (and monotremes) that suggest their basal nature, as the amniotes from which mammals evolved had a cloaca, and probably so did the earliest m... | Cloacal kiss | [
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c_goeknt95vz63 | In materials engineering, suspension plasma spray (SPS) is a form of plasma spraying where the ceramic feedstock is dispersed in a liquid suspension before being injected into the plasma jet.By suspending powder in a fluid, normal feeding problems are circumvented, allowing the deposition of finer microstructures throu... | Suspension Plasma Spray | [
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c_pdxig0yj8psc | In mass spectrometry, resolution is a measure of the ability to distinguish two peaks of slightly different mass-to-charge ratios ΔM, in a mass spectrum. | Resolution (mass spectrometry) | [
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c_uocrapfx3ha9 | In masonry veneer building construction, a shelf angle or masonry support is a steel angle which supports the weight of brick or stone veneer and transfers that weight onto the main structure of the building so that a gap or space can be created beneath to allow building movements to occur. | Shelf angle | [
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c_mxjuwu1b4dlk | In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the East Asian martial arts, the corresponding hard technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō, pinyin: yìng) and 柔 (Japanese: jū, pinyin: róu), ... | Hard and soft techniques | [
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c_78xblczr8x4o | In massively multiplayer online games, an instance is a special area, typically a dungeon, that generates a new copy of the location for each group, or for a certain number of players, that enters the area. Instancing, the general term for the use of this technique, addresses several problems encountered by players in ... | Instance dungeon | [
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c_8whfd17tyzkn | In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules mass spectrum. These reactions are well documented over the decades and fragmentation patterns are useful to determine the molar weight and structural information of unknown molecules. Frag... | Fragmentation pattern | [
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c_qt77euy3vd5o | In marriage, the spouses commit to a lifelong relationship that excludes sexual intimacy with other persons. A third form of chastity, often called "vidual chastity", is expected by the society for a period after the woman's husband dies. For example, Anglican Bishop Jeremy Taylor defined five rules in Holy Living (165... | Vow of chastity | [
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c_gnwhwhlany99 | In mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of a small molecule is usually reported as the monoisotopic mass, that is, the mass of the molecule containing only the most common isotope of each element. Note that this also differs subtly from the molecular mass in that the choice of isotopes is defined and thus is a single ... | Formula mass | [
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c_l71ueyo7bc1b | The average molecular mass is often used for larger molecules since molecules with many atoms are unlikely to be composed exclusively of the most abundant isotope of each element. A theoretical average molecular mass can be calculated using the standard atomic weights found on a typical periodic table, since there is l... | Formula mass | [
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c_twex9y00xti3 | In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungst... | Binary phase | [
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c_ub9tw2tka6de | In mass communication, digital media is any communication media that operate in conjunction with various encoded machine-readable data formats. Digital content can be created, viewed, distributed, modified, listened to, and preserved on a digital electronics device, including digital data storage media (in contrast to ... | Computer media | [
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c_v6ad587xv07g | In master data management (MDM), the golden copy refers to the master data (master version) of the reference data which works as an authoritative source for the "truth" for all applications in a given IT landscape. | Golden record (informatics) | [
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c_a7wuniv56r4p | In material science glutaraldehyde application areas range from polymers to metals and biomaterials. Glutaraldehyde is commonly used as fixing agent before characterization of biomaterials for microscopy. Glutaraldehyde is a powerful crosslinking agent for many polymers containing primary amine groups.. Glutaraldehdye ... | Glutaraldehyde | [
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c_269tbqszptvd | In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB). | Matrix (mass spectrometry) | [
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c_x2b8oug2prmq | In markup languages and the digital humanities, overlap occurs when a document has two or more structures that interact in a non-hierarchical manner. A document with overlapping markup cannot be represented as a tree. This is also known as concurrent markup. Overlap happens, for instance, in poetry, where there may be ... | Markup overlap | [
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c_f6phlmhk1q3m | In mass drug administration (MDA) programmes, the treatment for onchocerciasis is ivermectin (trade name: Mectizan); infected people can be treated with two doses of ivermectin, six months apart, repeated every three years. The drug paralyses and kills the microfilariae causing fever, itching, and possibly oedema, arth... | River Blindness | [
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c_d88g08ygdsgt | In mass spectrometry electron multipliers are often used as a detector of ions that have been separated by a mass analyzer of some sort. They can be the continuous-dynode type and may have a curved horn-like funnel shape or can have discrete dynodes as in a photomultiplier. Continuous dynode electron multipliers are al... | Electron multiplier | [
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c_dazhe203a5jh | In materials chemistry, a quaternary phase is a chemical compound containing four elements. Some compounds can be molecular or ionic, examples being chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3H). More typically quaternary phase refers to extended solids. A famous example are the yttrium barium copper oxide... | Quaternary phase | [
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c_f2lrzbn9y1at | Systems with sieving coefficient that are greater than one require an external energy source, as they would otherwise violate the laws of thermodynamics. Sieving coefficients less than one represent a mass transfer process where the concentrations have not equilibrated. Contact time between mass streams is important in... | Sieving coefficient | [
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c_papu1nymryrq | In mass transfer, the sieving coefficient is a measure of equilibration between the concentrations of two mass transfer streams. It is defined as the mean pre- and post-contact concentration of the mass receiving stream divided by the pre- and post-contact concentration of the mass donating stream. S = C r C d {\displa... | Sieving coefficient | [
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c_ke5bvwh604cc | In markets it is sold as a white, inverted conical cheese, in pieces roughly between 500 g (18 oz) and 2 kg (4.4 lb) in weight. It has a bright white colour and a bland flavor, as it is mostly unsalted. | Queso panela | [
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c_n4npwjs173df | In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted ionization (also inlet ionization) is a low fragmentation (soft) ionization technique which involves the transfer of particles of the analyte and matrix sample from atmospheric pressure (AP) to the heated inlet tube connecting the AP region to the vacuum of the mass analyzer.Initia... | Inlet ionization | [
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c_xw8sg0z5ug2h | In mass spectrometry, the quadrupole mass analyzer (or quadrupole mass filter) is a type of mass analyzer originally conceived by Nobel laureate Wolfgang Paul and his student Helmut Steinwedel. As the name implies, it consists of four cylindrical rods, set parallel to each other. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS)... | Quadrupole mass analyzer | [
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c_kdcunxok1nhr | In masonry, mortar joints are the spaces between bricks, concrete blocks, or glass blocks, that are filled with mortar or grout. If the surface of the masonry remains unplastered, the joints contribute significantly to the appearance of the masonry. Mortar joints can be made in a series of different fashions, but the m... | Mortar joint | [
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c_byf1vy7xets1 | In mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a method of molecular structure determination in which all ions within a selected m/z range are fragmented and analyzed in a second stage of tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectra are acquired either by fragmenting all ions that enter the mass spectrome... | Data-independent acquisition | [
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c_cr3ogaglbdlq | In materials science (specifically crystallography), cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline, single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of tw... | Cocrystal | [
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c_kkquo0frbvyi | In mass spectrometry, Orbitrap is an ion trap mass analyzer consisting of an outer barrel-like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that traps ions in an orbital motion around the spindle. The image current from the trapped ions is detected and converted to a mass spectrum using the Fourier transform of... | Orbitrap | [
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c_074da5n2ixxz | In massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), time sinks are a method of increasing the time needed by players to do certain tasks, hopefully causing them to subscribe for longer periods of time. Players may use the term disparagingly to describe a simplistic and time-consuming aspect of gameplay, possi... | Time sink | [
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c_4qyvovcft4ju | In marking-to-market a derivatives account, at pre-determined periodic intervals, each counterparty exchanges the change in the market value of their account in cash. For Over-The-Counter (OTC) derivatives, when one counterparty defaults, the sequence of events that follows is governed by an ISDA contract. When using m... | Fair value accounting | [
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c_3gq3udtqrfy0 | In materials management, ABC analysis is an inventory categorisation technique. ABC analysis divides an inventory into three categories—"A items" with very tight control and accurate records, "B items" with less tightly controlled and good records, and "C items" with the simplest controls possible and minimal records. ... | ABC analysis | [
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c_ft3hrs8eqys2 | Thus, the inventory is grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance. 'A' items are very important for an organization. | ABC analysis | [
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c_7m7zqhezxz4b | Because of the high value of these 'A' items, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that, an organization needs to choose an appropriate order pattern (e.g. 'just-in-time') to avoid excess capacity. 'B' items are important, but of course less important than 'A' items and more important than 'C' items. The... | ABC analysis | [
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c_zeo6d5k900x6 | In matches organized by the International Practical Shooting Confederation, both steel and paper targets are used. Currently the only paper targets used for handgun is the IPSC Target (formerly Classic Target) and the 2/3 scaled down IPSC Mini Target (formerly IPSC Mini Classic Target). The center of these paper target... | Shooting target | [
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c_gjcc02p1abzx | In massive and submassive PE, dysfunction of the right side of the heart may be seen on echocardiography, an indication that the pulmonary artery is severely obstructed and the right ventricle, a low-pressure pump, is unable to match the pressure. Some studies (see below) suggest that this finding may be an indication ... | Pulmonary embolus | [
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c_6amcesv8962g | This includes in particular nanospray ion sources where a wire made of stainless steel, gold or other conducting material makes contact with the sample solution inside uncoated spray capillaries. The principle is also applied when a stainless steel union connects a chromatography outlet to a spray capillary. Its use ha... | Liquid junction interface | [
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c_9ik3wlhm5sem | In mass spectrometry, liquid junction interface is an ion source or set-up that couples peripheric devices, such as capillary electrophoresis, to mass spectrometry. See the IUPAC recommendation definition as a means of coupling capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry in which a liquid reservoir surrounds the sep... | Liquid junction interface | [
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c_9vzmydmlcvru | Electrolysis effects have to be controlled. Liquid junction interfaces have been used for on-line desalting in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Thereby, chromatographic material such as C18 phase was directly placed in the flow path coming from a pump or an HPLC device. In a variation of the method, fine capillaries... | Liquid junction interface | [
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c_1467hxxrl5ux | In marketing, the unique selling proposition (USP), also called the unique selling point, or the unique value proposition (UVP) in the business model canvas, is the marketing strategy of informing customers about how one's own brand or product is superior to its competitors (in addition to its other values).It was used... | Unique selling proposition | [
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c_ws4saqcftl0z | In materials and electric battery research, cobalt oxide nanoparticles usually refers to particles of cobalt(II,III) oxide Co3O4 of nanometer size, with various shapes and crystal structures. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles have potential applications in lithium-ion batteries and electronic gas sensors. | Cobalt oxide nanoparticles | [
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c_69qv0th4htcr | In married couples, husbands have been found to experience higher sexual desire discrepancies than their wives. Those who individually experience higher rates of sexual desire discrepancy during their marriage exhibit lower levels of satisfaction in the relationship. This high discrepancy has also been found to impair ... | Desire discrepancy | [
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c_uhcwuandnhtm | In martingale theory, Émery topology is a topology on the space of semimartingales. The topology is used in financial mathematics. The class of stochastic integrals with general predictable integrands coincides with the closure of the set of all simple integrals.The topology was introduced in 1979 by the french mathema... | Émery topology | [
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c_41u0ccdztuup | Generally, there are two approaches: database search and de novo sequencing. Database search is a simple version as the mass spectra data of the unknown peptide is submitted and run to find a match with a known peptide sequence, the peptide with the highest matching score will be selected. | De novo sequencing | [
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c_whipxez7123n | In mass spectrometry, de novo peptide sequencing is the method in which a peptide amino acid sequence is determined from tandem mass spectrometry. Knowing the amino acid sequence of peptides from a protein digest is essential for studying the biological function of the protein. In the old days, this was accomplished by... | De novo sequencing | [
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c_igreqgtvbd40 | This approach fails to recognize novel peptides since it can only match to existing sequences in the database. De novo sequencing is an assignment of fragment ions from a mass spectrum. Different algorithms are used for interpretation and most instruments come with de novo sequencing programs. | De novo sequencing | [
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c_a8no0rjc32de | In matches where Duckworth-Lewis revised targets are set due to interruptions which reduce the number of overs bowled, those revised targets and revised overs are used to calculate the NRR for both teams. For example, Team A are dismissed for 165 in 33.5 overs. Team B progresses to 120–0, but play is halted after 18 ov... | Net Run Rate | [
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c_yii63bhntum8 | Because the target was revised to 150 runs from 44 overs, Team A's total is reset to 149 from 44 overs, thus their RR = 149 44 ≈ 3.39 {\displaystyle ={\frac {149}{44}}\approx 3.39} . Team B's RR, however, is computed as normal: 150 26.33 ≈ 5.70 {\displaystyle {\frac {150}{26.33}}\approx 5.70} . Computing the match NRR ... | Net Run Rate | [
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c_dt6ptcczbwqb | A complication to this process is that in some materials, G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} is not a constant value during the crack extension process. A plot of crack growth resistance G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} versus crack extension Δ a {\displaystyle \Delta a} is called a crack growth resistance curve, or R-curve. A plot of... | Crack growth resistance curve | [
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c_yrbs9iavizw1 | In materials modeled by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), crack extension occurs when the applied energy release rate G {\displaystyle G} exceeds G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} , where G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} is the material's resistance to crack extension. Conceptually G {\displaystyle G} can be thought of as the... | Crack growth resistance curve | [
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c_yjgaatv9du8r | The nature of the applied driving force curve relative to the material's R-curve determines the stability of a given crack. The usage of R-curves in fracture analysis is a more complex, but more comprehensive failure criteria compared to the common failure criteria that fracture occurs when G ≥ G c {\displaystyle G\geq... | Crack growth resistance curve | [
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c_fd8jdmap6jcv | In materials processing a grinder is a machine for producing fine particle size reduction through attrition and compressive forces at the grain size level. See also crusher for mechanisms producing larger particles. In general, grinding processes require a relatively large amount of energy; for this reason, an experime... | Rod mill | [
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c_a1m4ttdj3o25 | Equity, which is regarded as part of capital, was divided into equity and intequity. Intequity means capital of ideas. Entrepreneurship was divided into network-related matters and creating-related matters. Network-related matters function in the sphere of equity, and creating-related matters in spheres of intequities. | Factor of production | [
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c_6wlpu2mnkj56 | The sociologist C. Wright Mills refers to "new entrepreneurs" who work within and between corporate and government bureaucracies in new and different ways. Others (such as those practicing public choice theory) refer to "political entrepreneurs", i.e., politicians and other actors. Much controversy rages about the bene... | Factor of production | [
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c_9188nqgouvgq | But the real issue is about how well institutions they operate in (markets, planning, bureaucracies, government) serve the public. This concerns such issues as the relative importance of market failure and government failure. In the book Accounting of Ideas, "intequity", a neologism, is abstracted from equity to add a ... | Factor of production | [
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c_ahf8pa0jrnzo | In materials science Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) is the effect that occurs in some materials where an external magnetic field causes a large variation in the electrical impedance of the material. It should not be confused with the separate physical phenomenon of Giant Magnetoresistance. | Giant magnetoimpedance | [
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c_lnlhznc4trhm | This step gives order to the peptides before quantification using tandem mass-spectroscopy (MS/MS). The major difference between quantification methods is some use labels on the peptides such as tandem mass tags (TMT) or dimethyl labels which are used to identify which cell a certain protein came from (proteins coming ... | Single-Cell Analysis | [
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c_gltwq2t91ouc | In mass spectroscopy based proteomics there are three major steps needed for peptide identification: sample preparation, separation of peptides, and identification of peptides. Several groups have focused on oocytes or very early cleavage-stage cells since these cells are unusually large and provide enough material for... | Single-Cell Analysis | [
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c_bh6uw0upap5i | The sensitivity and consistency of these methods have been further improved by prioritization, and massively parallel sample preparation in nanoliter size droplets. Another direction for single-cell protein analysis is based on a scalable framework of multiplexed data-independent acquisition (plexDIA) enables time savi... | Single-Cell Analysis | [
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c_2cbli7vdqv3t | In master locksmithing, key relevance is the measurable difference between an original key and a copy made of that key, either from a wax impression or directly from the original, and how similar the two keys are in size and shape. It can also refer to the measurable difference between a key and the size required to fi... | Key relevance | [
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c_6jzfrbdhgmwg | In all machining work, there are measurable amounts of difference between the design specification of an object, and its actual manufactured size. In locksmithing, the allowable tolerance is decided by the range of minute differences between a key's size and shape in comparison to the size and shape required to turn th... | Key relevance | [
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c_3iws2lny3gnm | Key relevance is the measure of similarity between the key and the optimal size needed to fit the lock, or it is the similarity between a duplicate key and the original it is seeking to replicate. Key relevance cannot be deduced from a key code, since the key code merely refers to a central authoritative source for des... | Key relevance | [
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c_4hvyvkwgjtuz | It can be calculated by integrating the stress–strain curve from zero to the elastic limit. In uniaxial tension, under the assumptions of linear elasticity, U r = σ y 2 2 E = σ y ε y 2 {\displaystyle U_{r}={\frac {\sigma _{y}^{2}}{2E}}={\frac {\sigma _{y}\varepsilon _{y}}{2}}} where Ur is the modulus of resilience, σy ... | Resilience (materials science) | [
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c_xp48rj9z8oyw | In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is def... | Resilience (materials science) | [
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c_hnw3h97m5szm | In massively multiplayer online role-playing games and MUDs, camping is commonly the practice where the camper stays in a location near where non-player characters, monsters or desirable items spawn. In some games, these positions are easy to spot and once a player or group of players is capable of establishing their c... | Spawn camping | [
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c_uluso2z9fm6o | In masonry structures, brick building structures have been reinforced with coatings of glass fiber and appropriate resin (epoxy or polyester). In lower floors these may be applied over entire exposed surfaces, while in upper floors this may be confined to narrow areas around window and door openings. This application p... | Seismic retrofit | [
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c_bqm0wkaux0kb | In reinforced concrete buildings, masonry infill walls are considered non-structural elements, but damage to infills can lead to large repair costs and change the behaviour of a structure, even leading to aforementioned soft-storey or beam-column joint shear failures. Local failure of the infill panels due to in and ou... | Seismic retrofit | [
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c_53ui0ympw5vb | In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrate... | Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization | [
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c_6ejc01b3igcq | First, the sample is mixed with a suitable matrix material and applied to a metal plate. Second, a pulsed laser irradiates the sample, triggering ablation and desorption of the sample and matrix material. Finally, the analyte molecules are ionized by being protonated or deprotonated in the hot plume of ablated gases, a... | Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization | [
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c_pkpy4339dl2j | In material science, layered materials are solids with highly anisotropic bonding, in which two-dimensional sheets are internally strongly bonded, but only weakly bonded to adjacent layers. Owing to their distinctive structures, layered materials are often suitable for intercalation reactions.One large family of layere... | Layered materials | [
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c_uxjpdei00o6r | In mass communication, media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), digital media, and advert... | Communication media | [
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c_iguyh7yn1bd2 | They can be entrusted only to new artists because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. The phrase mass media was, according to H.L. Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United States.The term medium (the singular form of media) is defined as... | Communication media | [
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c_0qaf05i4ver6 | In markets where the seller has private information about the product they wish to sell, reputation mechanisms help to reduce adverse selection by acting as a signal of quality. An example would be the online marketplace, eBay. A seller known for selling high-quality goods can further enhance its reputation by utilizin... | Adverse selection | [
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c_63zevvddy7kv | There is an incentive for the seller to do so, as buyers who derive utility from purchasing the product are naturally inclined to source their purchase from high-quality sellers. As such, buyers are able to rely on the reputation system as a signal to filter high-quality sellers from low-quality sellers.Unlike quality ... | Adverse selection | [
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c_z5k3v4m1cpg4 | The same change in price framed differently, for example as a $5 discount or as a $5 surcharge avoided, has a significant effect on consumer behavior. Although traditional economists consider this "endowment effect", and all other effects of loss aversion, to be completely irrational, it is important to the fields of m... | Loss aversion | [
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c_xyrfzpz4g2mv | In marketing, the use of trial periods and rebates tries to take advantage of the buyer's tendency to value the good more after the buyer incorporates it in the status quo. In past behavioral economics studies, users participate up until the threat of loss equals any incurred gains. Recent methods established by Botond... | Loss aversion | [
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c_y9vqnqmvkhl5 | In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched a... | Viscoelasticity | [
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c_em553r8uz6eb | In markets where land and building prices are rising, real estate is often purchased as an investment, whether or not the owner intends to use the property. Often investment properties are rented out, but "flipping" involves quickly reselling a property, sometimes taking advantage of arbitrage or quickly rising value, ... | Real estate law | [
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