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It was alleged therein that, as the appellant had committed masonic offences, he should be tried by the Lodge for the charges levelled against him under Law 198 of the Constitution. FAC |
On October 20, 1952, notice of the said complaint was issued to the appellant and he was required to send to the Secretary of the Lodge his answers to the charges within 14 days from the date of the notice. FAC |
He was also informed that he was entitled to be present and to state his defence at the special meeting to be held on November 8, 1952. FAC |
On the same day, the Secretary of the Lodge sent notices to all the members of the Lodge asking them to attend the said special meeting convened for considering and 5 passing judgment on the said complaint. FAC |
On October 27, 1952, the appellant submitted his answer in extenso to the various charges levelled against him in the complaint; in that answer he requested that "my complete replies be read in toto to the brethren assembled to decide this matter and I be informed of the total number of brethren present and the number ... |
" A perusal of that reply also shows that the appellant under stood the charges levelled against him as relating to certain offences alleged to have been committed by him and his reply proceeded on that basis. FAC |
On November 8, 1952, the special meeting of the Lodge was held and the minutes show that 18 members attended the meeting, that each charge was read at the meeting, that comments of the members were invited and that decision was taken on each of the charges. FAC |
Each of the charge was put to vote and the members present unanimously held that every one of the charges levelled against the appellant was established. FAC |
In the result they passed a resolution excluding the appellant from the Lodge until the exclusion was confirmed by the District Grand Lodge under Law 199 of the Constitution. FAC |
On November 15, 1952, the said decision was communicated to the appellant. FAC |
On November 24, 1952, the appellant preferred an appeal against that order to the District Grand Lodge. FAC |
On October 5, 1953, a meeting of the District Grand Lodge was convened to consider the appeal and the appeal was dismissed. RLC |
It was noted in the proceedings of the District Grand Lodge that though earlier an adjournment was given to enable the appellant to appear in person at the meeting, he remained absent. FAC |
On a further appeal to the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the said Lodge considered the sentence imposed on the appellant as one of "suspension sine die" and recommended to the Lodge Victoria to review the suspension after a period of 12 months if the appellant applied for reinstatement. FAC |
It does not appear that the appellant filed any application for review. FAC |
On September 7, 1954, the appellant instituted a suit in the Court of the Civil Judge, Senior Division, Belgaum, for a declaration that the resolution of the Victoria Lodge dated November 8, 1952, was illegal and void and that he continued to be a member of the Lodge despite the resolution, for an injunction to restrai... |
To that suit he made the Victoria Lodge, the first defendant ; the complainant, the second defendant ; the Secretary of the Lodge, the third defendant ; and the District Grand Lodge, Bombay, the fourth defendant. FAC |
The defendants contested the suit. FAC |
The learned Civil judge dismissed the suit. RLC |
The appeal filed by the appellant to the High Court of Mysore was also dismissed. RLC |
The present appeal has been filed on a certificate issued by the said High Court. FAC |
Learned counsel for the appellant raised before us all the contentions which his client had unsuccessfully raised in the courts below. Ratio |
Before we advert to the said contentions it would be convenient to notice briefly the law on the subject relevant to the present enquiry. Ratio |
The source of the power of associations like clubs and lodges to expel their members is the contract on the basis of which they become members. Ratio |
This principle has been restated by Lord Morton in Bonsor vs Musicians ' Union, (1). PRE |
There, one Bonsor, who became a member of a trade union, was expelled. PRE |
In that context Lord Morton observed : "When Mr. Bonsor applied to join the respon dent union, and his application was accepted, a contract came into existence between Mr. Bonsor and the respondent, whereby Mr. Bonsor agreed to abide by the rules of the (1) ,127.7 respondent union, and the union impliedly agreed that M... |
This contractual origin of the rule of expulsion has its corollary in the cognate rule that in expelling a member the conditions laid down in the rules must be strictly complied with. Ratio |
In Maclean vs The Workers ' Union, (1), the contractual foundation of the power is described thus : "In such a case as the present, where the tribunal is the result of rules adopted by persons who have formed the association known as a trade union, it seems to me reasonably clear that the rights of the plaintiff agains... |
Proceeding on that basis,the learned Judge observed: "It is certain, therefore, that a domestic tribunal is bound to act strictly according to its rules and is under an obligation to act honestly and in good faith." The same idea was expressed by the Calcutta High Court in Ezra vs Mahendra Nath Banerji (1) thus : ". . ... |
Where the rule provides in any particular respect that some condition must be fulfilled, then that condition must be strictly complied with, since the power of expulsion is itself dependent on the terms of the rule." PRE |
The next question is whether the doctrine of strict compliance with the rules implies that every minute deviation from the rules, whether substantial or not, would render the act of such a body void. Ratio |
The answer to this question will depend upon the (1) , 623.(2) I.L.R. , 109, 8 nature of the rule infringed ; whether a rule is mandatory or directory depends upon each rule, the purpose for which it is made and the setting in which it appears. Ratio |
We shall consider this aspect of the doctrine when we deal with the argument of the learned counsel that in the present case the rules have not been complied with. Ratio |
The scope of the jurisdiction of a civil court vis a vis the decisions of tribunals is also well settled. Ratio |
In Maclean vs The Workers ' Union Maugham,J., observed: "It appears to me that we have no power to review the evidence any more than have a power to say whether the tribunal came to a right conclusion." PRE |
Much to the same effect the judicial Committee observed in L.A.P.0 ' Beilly vs C.C. Gittens, (2). ". . . Ratio |
It is important to bear in mind that neither the learned. Ratio |
Judge nor their Lordships ' Board is " entitled to sit as a Court of appeal from the decisions of a domestic tribunal such as the Stewards of the Trinidad Turf Club". Ratio |
Later on the Privy Council stated: "All these matters, however, are essentially matters for the domestic tribunal to decide as it thinks right. PRE |
Provided that the tribunal does not exceed its jurisdiction and acts honestly and in good faith, the Court cannot intervene even if it thinks that the penalty is severe or that a very strict standard has been applied". PRE |
Another aspect which may also be noticed is how far and to what extent the doctrine of bias may be (1) , 628.(2) A.I.R. (1949) P.C. 313, 316, 317. 9 invoked in the case of domestic tribunals like those of clubs. Ratio |
The observations of Maugham J. in Maclean 's case(1) in this context may be noticed. Ratio |
The learned judge observed in that case thus: "A person who joins an association governed by rules under which he may be expelled . . . . has in my judgment no legal right of redress if he be expelled according to the rules however unfair and unjust the rules or the action of the expelling tribunal may be provided that... |
The phrase, "the principles of natural justice," can only mean in this connection the principles of fair play so deeply rooted in the minds of modern Englishmen that a provision for an inquiry necessarily imports that the accused should be given his chance of defence and explanation. PRE |
On that point there is no difficulty. PRE |
Nor do I doubt that in most cases it is a reasonable inference from the rules that if there is anything of the nature of a lis between two persons, neither of them should sit on the tribunal." PRE |
Another difficulty that one is confronted with in proceedings held by committees constituted by clubs is to demarcate precisely the line between the prosecutor and the,Judge. Ratio |
Maugham, J. noticed this difficulty and observed in Maclean 's case (1) at p. 626 thus : "In many cases the tribunal is necessarily entrusted with the duty of appearing to act as prosecutors as well as that of judges; for there is no one else to prosecute. PRE |
For example, in a case where a council is charged with the duty of considering the conduct of any member whose conduct is disgracefull and of expelling him if found guilty of such an offence, it constantly occurs that the matter is brought to the (1) , 628. PRE |
10 attention of the council by a report of legal proceedings in the press. PRE |
The member is summoned to appear before the council. PRE |
The council 's duty is to cause him to appear and to explain his conduct. PRE |
It may be that in so acting the council are the prosecutors. PRE |
In one sense they are; but if the regulations show that the council is bound to act as I have mentioned and to that extent to act as prosecutors, it seems to be clear that the council is not disqualified from taking the further steps which the rules require." PRE |
Though it is advisable for a club to frame rules to avoid conflict of duties, if the rules sanction such a procedure, the party, who has bound himself by those rules, cannot complain, unless the enquiry held pursuant to such rules discloses malafides or unfair treatment. Ratio |
The following principles may be gathered from the above discussion. Ratio |
(1) A member of a masonic lodge is bound to abide by the rules of the lodge; and if the rules provide for expulsion, he shall be expelled only in the manner provided by the rules. Ratio |
(2) The lodge is bound to act strictly according to the rules, whether a particular rule is mandatory or directory falls to be decided in each case, having regard to the well settled rules of construction in that regard. Ratio |
(3) The jurisdiction of a civil court is rather limited; it cannot obviously sit as a court of appeal from decisions of such a body; it can set aside the order of such a body, if the said body acts without jurisdiction or does not act in good faith or acts in violation of the principles of natural justice as explained ... |
Bearing the said principles in mind, we shall now proceed to consider the arguments of learned counsel for the appellant. Ratio |
11 The first contention is that Lodge Victoria has no jurisdiction to decide on the question whether a member committed a masonic offence, for, it is said, such offences are within the jurisdiction of a District Grand Lodge, Bombay. ARG |
The question falls to be decided on a construction of the relevant Laws of the Lodge : The said Laws read: Law 198. Ratio |
Every Daughter Lodge shall be entitled to try any member accused of any offence. Ratio |
A complaint, in writing, shall be served on the accused brother, by registered letter posted to his last known address, specifying the offence of which he is charged, which he shall be entitled to answer in writing within fourteen days of the date of posting of the complaint, or within such longer time as may be specif... |
On the answer being lodged, or on the expiry of the time for doing so, the matter of the complaint shall be brought before the Lodge for consideration and judgment, either at a special meeting called for that purpose, or at a regular meeting of the Lodge. Ratio |
The meeting at which it is to be considered must be called by circular sent by the Secretary, which shall state the fact that the complaint, and answer, if any, are to be brought before the Lodge for consideration and judgment. Ratio |
In the case of a Lodge which does not convene its meetings by circular, the meeting shall be called in such manner as may be ordered by Grand Committee, or by Grand Secretary on its behalf. Ratio |
Notice of the meeting shall be sent to the accused brother by registered letter posted to his last known address at least fourteen clear days prior to the day of the meeting and that whether he has lodged a written answer or not, and he shall be entitled 12 to appear at the. Ratio |
meeting and any adjournment thereof and state his defence. Ratio |
After the case has been considered, the Lodge shall give its decision. Ratio |
Such decision shall be by votes of a majority of the qualified members voting thereon and only those present throughout the hearing of the case shall be entitled to vote. Ratio |
If the complaint be sustained, the Lodge shall pronounce such admonition or sentence as shall be decided by the majority of votes as aforesaid. Ratio |
A Daughter Lodge may not, however, pronounce a sentence of expulsion as power to expel is vested in Grand Lodge alone; but, if the circumstances are deemed of sufficient gravity, a Daughter Lodge may recommend to Grand Lodge that a brother be expelled from the craft. Ratio |
The judgment pronounced shall be intimated forthwith in writing by registered letter to the said brother, who shall therein be apprised that it shall 'be final unless appealed against to the Provincial or District Grand Lodge, or to Grand Lodge in the case of a Daughter Lodge not within the jurisdiction of a Province o... |
In special circumstances, Grand Committee, through Grand Secretary, may extend the period within which an appeal may be made. Ratio |
Law 128: A Provincial or District Grand Lodge shall hear and determine all subjects of maso nic complaint, dispute, or difference initiated before or appealed or remitted to it respecting Daughter Lodges or brethren of the Scotish Craft within the Province or District, and may admonish, or pronounce a sentence of suspe... |
The procedure in all such subjects of complaint, dispute, or difference shall be re 13 gulated mutatis mutandis by Laws 104 to III inclusive. Ratio |
Law 56: The Grand Lodge shall hear and de termine, through its Grand Committee as here inbefore provided, all subjects of Masonic complaint or irregularity respecting Lodges or Brethren within the jurisdiction, and may proceed to admonish, or fine, or suspend, or expel. Ratio |
Under Law 198, every Daughter Lodge will be entitled to try any member accused of an offence; under Law 128, a Provincial or District Grand Lodge shall hear and determine all subjects of masonic dispute or difference initiated before it respecting the brethren of the Scotish Craft; and Law 56 provides that the Grand Lo... |
It is, therefore, said that, as in the complaint the appellant is alleged to have committed masonic offences, the proper forum is the District Grand Lodge and not the Daughter Lodge. Ratio |
It is common case that the expressions "offence" and "masonic complaint" have not been defined in the Laws. Ratio |
In its legal significance an offence means an act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force. Ratio |
The expression "masonic complaint" is a comprehensive term; it may mean any complaint pertaining to masonic matters. Ratio |
It is not necessary to decide whether the expression "masonic complaint" is wide enough to take in an "offence". Ratio |
But Law 198 expressly confers a jurisdiction on a Daughter Lodge to try a member if he commits an offence; the jurisdiction conferred on it cannot be excluded by law 128, which is a general law. Ratio |
The question therefore is whether the allegations made against the appellant constituted "offences" within the meaning of law 198. Ratio |
14 The word " 'offence" in the context of that Law can only mean the infringement of the Laws of the Daughter Lodge. Ratio |
As all the Laws have not been placed before us, we are not in a position to hold whether the allegations amounted to "offence" or not in the aforesaid sense. Ratio |
But the complainant, the appellant and the members of the Lodge, including its officebearers, proceeded on the basis that the appellant committed " 'offences". Ratio |
The complaint discloses as many as 12 charges. Ratio |
The appellant answered them seriatim. Ratio |
Indeed, in his answer he specifically stated: "Further if my accuser and others of his mind have thought this alleged "offence" serious enough to be included in this complaint, why did they not take any action in the matter immediately instead of taking it up after sleeping over it for no less than 3 4 years ?" This sh... |
In the special meeting of the Lodge it was held that the charges have been established; and on that basis punishment was imposed on the appellant. Ratio |
The appellant did not take any objection either that the allegations did not amount to "offences" within the meaning of law 198 or that the Lodge had no jurisdiction to decide whether he committed the offences. Ratio |
It is, therefore, manifest that all the parties concerned in the matter accepted the position that if the acts alleged to have been committed by tile appellant were established, he would have committed "offences" under the laws. Ratio |
If the allegations against the appellant amounted to ""offences" Law 198 is immediately attracted. Ratio |
If that be so, neither Law 128 nor Law 56, which deal with the jurisdiction of a District Grand Lodge in respect of "masonic complaints", can just the jurisdiction expressly conferred on the 15 Daughter Lodge. Ratio |
We, therefore, hold that the Daughter Lodge had jurisdiction to entertain the complaint filed by the 2nd respondent against the appellant and decide it on merits. Ratio |
The next question is, whether Law 198 has been strictly complied with. Ratio |
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