ssunggun2/mrqa_preprocessed · Datasets at Hugging Face

subset stringclasses 6 values	context stringlengths 28 1.11k	context_tokens sequence	qid stringlengths 32 32	question stringlengths 13 199	question_tokens sequence	detected_answers sequence	answers sequencelengths 1 5	masked_query stringlengths 13 168	query_embedding sequencelengths 768 768
BioASQ	Using a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the contributions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to axial, limb, and orolingual (ALO) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) elicited by L-DOPA were examined. Chronic L-DOPA-treated rats received the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), ...	{ "tokens": [ "Using", "a", "rat", "model", "of", "L", "-", "DOPA", "-", "induced", "dyskinesia", "(", "LID", ")", ",", "the", "contributions", "of", "dopamine", "D1", "and", "D2", "receptors", "to", "axial", ",", ...	cef4a7fbb56948418ee4895ae79c5294	Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "drug", "is", "benserazide", "usually", "co", "-", "administered", "with", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 11, 14, 26, 34, 36, 37, 50, 54 ] }	{ "text": [ "L-Dopa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 485, 21, 221, 191 ], "end": [ 490, 26, 226, 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 121, 5, 48, 41 ], ...	[ "L-Dopa" ]	Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?	[ 0.016245340928435326, 0.034712426364421844, 0.01377842016518116, -0.030000904574990273, -0.00566522590816021, -0.00838525965809822, 0.0036372169852256775, -0.042549822479486465, 0.027639003470540047, 0.00382024678401649, 0.008858697488904, 0.026209285482764244, -0.04562762752175331, -0.001...
BioASQ	Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene and is clinically characterized by recurrent stroke, cognitive decline, psychiatric disturbances and migraine. The prevalence of migraine in CADASIL is slightly higher than in t...	{ "tokens": [ "Cerebral", "autosomal", "dominant", "arteriopathy", "with", "subcortical", "infarcts", "and", "leukoencephalopathy", "(", "CADASIL", ")", "is", "caused", "by", "mutations", "in", "the", "NOTCH3", "gene", "and", "is"...	56b8eb3015f747f78f3544b919c22c37	Which gene is involved in CADASIL?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "gene", "is", "involved", "in", "CADASIL", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 11, 14, 23, 26, 33 ] }	{ "text": [ "Notch3 gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }	[ "Notch3 gene" ]	Which gene is involved in [MASK]?	[ 0.008079984225332737, 0.0018289143918082118, -0.006552095990628004, 0.011026080697774887, 0.04543011263012886, 0.0164654441177845, 0.004438546486198902, -0.009998594410717487, 0.006841522175818682, -0.0028800799045711756, -0.022249741479754448, -0.00562192453071475, -0.028802309185266495, ...
BioASQ	Mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancers are associated with increased sensitivity of these cancers to drugs that inhibit EGFR kinase activity such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Responses to TK inhibitors in the absence of EGFR gene mu...	{ "tokens": [ "Mutations", "in", "the", "tyrosine", "kinase", "(", "TK", ")", "domain", "of", "the", "epidermal", "growth", "factor", "receptor", "(", "EGFR", ")", "gene", "in", "non", "-", "small", "cell", "lung", ...	edddbb8cad694d9a8b64e23dfb8292ba	Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?	{ "tokens": [ "Mutations", "in", "which", "gene", "determine", "response", "to", "both", "erlotinib", "and", "gefitinib", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 19, 24, 34, 43, 46, 51, 61, 65, 74 ] }	{ "text": [ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }	[ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ]	Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?	[ -0.010871456004679203, 0.004005592782050371, 0.013550861738622189, -0.04084448516368866, 0.01609187386929989, 0.0325886532664299, 0.03353200852870941, -0.05436057597398758, 0.017474396154284477, -0.0257948599755764, -0.011294596828520298, 0.051852140575647354, -0.04257776960730553, -0.0116...
BioASQ	Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Lewy body diseases are characterized by deposition of α-synuclein aggregates in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Synucleinopathy lesions spread to larger brain areas as the disease progresses, and prion-like cell-to-cell transmission of aggregated α-syn...	{ "tokens": [ "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "(", "PD", ")", "and", "related", "Lewy", "body", "diseases", "are", "characterized", "by", "deposition", "of", "α", "-", "synuclein", "aggregates", "in", "both", "the", "central...	ab5ce079faa34a7b97b77449fa304a3f	Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "disease", "of", "the", "central", "nervous", "system", "is", "characterized", "by", "the", "presence", "of", "Lewy", "bodies", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 14, 17, 21, 29, 37, 44, 47, 61, ...	{ "text": [ "Parkinson's disease (PD)" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }	[ "Parkinson's disease (PD)" ]	Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?	[ 0.0006749931490048766, 0.007411886937916279, 0.004520514514297247, -0.011683260090649128, 0.03721148148179054, -0.0026840169448405504, 0.038568612188100815, 0.01576652005314827, -0.027186106890439987, -0.04003119468688965, -0.043609291315078735, -0.029176542535424232, -0.03581584617495537, ...
BioASQ	The current methods available to detect chromosomal abnormalities from DNA microarray expression data are cumbersome and inflexible. CAFE has been developed to alleviate these issues. It is implemented as an R package that analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexible plotting functions, easing visualization ...	{ "tokens": [ "The", "current", "methods", "available", "to", "detect", "chromosomal", "abnormalities", "from", "DNA", "microarray", "expression", "data", "are", "cumbersome", "and", "inflexible", ".", "CAFE", "has", "been", "deve...	ab902c462f7c4599b28d61cef6b38d84	Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "R", "package", "is", "used", "for", "the", "detection", "of", "chromosomal", "abnormalities", "from", "microarray", "data", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 8, 16, 19, 24, 28, 32, 42, 45, 57, ...	{ "text": [ "CAFE" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 520, 350, 133 ], "end": [ 523, 353, 136 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79, 53, 18 ], "end": [ 79, 53, ...	[ "CAFE" ]	Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?	[ 0.0063017006032168865, -0.011546761728823185, 0.0018989021191373467, 0.0124440286308527, 0.030887801200151443, 0.01594855822622776, -0.0016339400317519903, -0.050894416868686676, -0.0060907648876309395, 0.026000412181019783, -0.03372128680348396, 0.023876143619418144, -0.018996991217136383, ...
BioASQ	Probe-to-bone test and simple X-rays are both standard tests for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. This study demonstrates the importance of considering jointly clinical information (probe-to-bone test) and diagnostic tests (simple radiography) to increase agreement among clinicians on diagnosis of diabetic...	{ "tokens": [ "Probe", "-", "to", "-", "bone", "test", "and", "simple", "X", "-", "rays", "are", "both", "standard", "tests", "for", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "diabetic", "foot", "osteomyelitis", ".", "This", "study", ...	117440db7a2441f29ff04ebe978b490f	Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "disease", "can", "be", "diagnosed", "with", "the", "\"", "probe", "to", "bone", "\"", "test", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 14, 18, 21, 31, 36, 40, 41, 47, 50, 54, 56, 60 ] }	{ "text": [ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 312, 82 ], "end": [ 338, 108 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56, 19 ], "end": [ 58, 21 ] } ] }	[ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ]	Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?	[ 0.0050520095974206924, -0.0032486303243786097, -0.017196154221892357, -0.003744596615433693, 0.043346136808395386, 0.03304223716259003, 0.03458493947982788, -0.04726327955722809, 0.02453431859612465, -0.04039527848362923, 0.0007128426223061979, 0.02339329570531845, -0.004987410735338926, 0...
BioASQ	A 65-year-old white man presented with all the clinical features of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex, characterized by violaceous erythema and scaling of the nose, aural helices, fingers, and toes, with keratoderma and severe nail dystrophy. Examination of the patient for possible associated malignancy disclosed ...	{ "tokens": [ "A", "65-year", "-", "old", "white", "man", "presented", "with", "all", "the", "clinical", "features", "of", "acrokeratosis", "paraneoplastica", "of", "Bazex", ",", "characterized", "by", "violaceous", "erythema", ...	fecb8a65f2cf49afa3fcf85558513068	Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.	{ "tokens": [ "Name", "synonym", "of", "Acrokeratosis", "paraneoplastica", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 13, 16, 30, 45 ] }	{ "text": [ "Bazex syndrome" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 581 ], "end": [ 594 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }	[ "Bazex syndrome" ]	Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.	[ -0.02256995253264904, -0.005729652009904385, -0.007767172530293465, 0.008338348008692265, 0.026251448318362236, 0.03135184943675995, 0.03703952208161354, 0.006740911398082972, -0.03498513996601105, -0.016535243019461632, -0.007459642831236124, -0.04561987519264221, -0.05577912926673889, -0...
BioASQ	A 70 year old woman presented with a 6 year history of medically refractory severe tardive dystonia. After informed consent, a bilateral stereotactic electrode placement targeting the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi) was performed. After bilateral stimulation of the GPi...	{ "tokens": [ "A", "70", "year", "old", "woman", "presented", "with", "a", "6", "year", "history", "of", "medically", "refractory", "severe", "tardive", "dystonia", ".", "After", "informed", "consent", ",", "a", "bilateral...	a02c851b01e7465280df78b10bd835f5	Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?	{ "tokens": [ "Neurostimulation", "of", "which", "nucleus", "is", "used", "for", "treatment", "of", "dystonia", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 17, 20, 26, 34, 37, 42, 46, 56, 59, 67 ] }	{ "text": [ "globus pallidus internus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 236 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }	[ "globus pallidus internus" ]	Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?	[ -0.02158048376441002, -0.033302392810583115, -0.008612844161689281, -0.008333137258887291, 0.04213424026966095, 0.027502797544002533, -0.0013173207407817245, -0.05645599588751793, -0.020673906430602074, -0.013549165800213814, -0.041991617530584335, 0.00483735091984272, -0.01491519995033741, ...
BioASQ	Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, or carpal tunnel syndrome, is the most commonly recognized nerve entrapment syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is usually caused by compression of the median nerve due to synovial swelling, tumor, or anomalous anatomical structure within the carpal tunnel. During a routine ca...	{ "tokens": [ "Compression", "of", "the", "median", "nerve", "at", "the", "wrist", ",", "or", "carpal", "tunnel", "syndrome", ",", "is", "the", "most", "commonly", "recognized", "nerve", "entrapment", "syndrome", ".", "Car...	f1a38a0735d74f2580015f818c2fe6de	What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?	{ "tokens": [ "What", "nerve", "is", "involved", "in", "carpal", "tunnel", "syndrome", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 14, 23, 26, 33, 40, 48 ] }	{ "text": [ "median" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 195, 19, 516 ], "end": [ 200, 24, 521 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33, 3, 90 ], "end": [ 33, 3, ...	[ "median" ]	What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?	[ 0.004143595229834318, 0.010145849548280239, -0.008395927958190441, 0.011410728096961975, 0.02712988294661045, 0.04716368392109871, 0.06538175046443939, 0.01142604649066925, -0.0014837675262242556, -0.03790475055575371, -0.01409981120377779, -0.02561270259320736, -0.008148223161697388, 0.00...
BioASQ	During mitosis, Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) change dramatically in morphology and composition, but little is known about function of PML in mitosis. Here, we show that PML is phosphorylated at T409 (PML p409) in a mitosis-specific manner. More importantly, PML p409 contributes to maintain the durati...	{ "tokens": [ "During", "mitosis", ",", "Promyelocytic", "leukemia", "nuclear", "bodies", "(", "PML", "NBs", ")", "change", "dramatically", "in", "morphology", "and", "composition", ",", "but", "little", "is", "known", "about"...	fb1932c2568743f8a7e02da6141a50f9	What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?	{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "the", "effect", "of", "nocodazole", "cell", "treatment", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 12, 19, 22, 33, 38, 47 ] }	{ "text": [ "Mitotic arrest" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 470 ], "end": [ 483 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }	[ "Mitotic arrest" ]	What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?	[ -0.015766246244311333, -0.01595432497560978, -0.0009076111600734293, -0.0024974464904516935, 0.04087025672197342, -0.004640013910830021, 0.010152265429496765, -0.02664365991950035, 0.003257713746279478, -0.00947150494903326, -0.011337319388985634, 0.01699334755539894, -0.02900943160057068, ...

BioASQ

Using a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the contributions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to axial, limb, and orolingual (ALO) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) elicited by L-DOPA were examined. Chronic L-DOPA-treated rats received the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), ...

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cef4a7fbb56948418ee4895ae79c5294

Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?

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[ "L-Dopa" ]

Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?

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BioASQ

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene and is clinically characterized by recurrent stroke, cognitive decline, psychiatric disturbances and migraine. The prevalence of migraine in CADASIL is slightly higher than in t...

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56b8eb3015f747f78f3544b919c22c37

Which gene is involved in CADASIL?

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{ "text": [ "Notch3 gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }

[ "Notch3 gene" ]

Which gene is involved in [MASK]?

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BioASQ

Mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancers are associated with increased sensitivity of these cancers to drugs that inhibit EGFR kinase activity such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Responses to TK inhibitors in the absence of EGFR gene mu...

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edddbb8cad694d9a8b64e23dfb8292ba

Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?

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[ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ]

Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?

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BioASQ

Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Lewy body diseases are characterized by deposition of α-synuclein aggregates in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Synucleinopathy lesions spread to larger brain areas as the disease progresses, and prion-like cell-to-cell transmission of aggregated α-syn...

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ab5ce079faa34a7b97b77449fa304a3f

Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?

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[ "Parkinson's disease (PD)" ]

Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?

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BioASQ

The current methods available to detect chromosomal abnormalities from DNA microarray expression data are cumbersome and inflexible. CAFE has been developed to alleviate these issues. It is implemented as an R package that analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexible plotting functions, easing visualization ...

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ab902c462f7c4599b28d61cef6b38d84

Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?

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[ "CAFE" ]

Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?

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BioASQ

Probe-to-bone test and simple X-rays are both standard tests for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. This study demonstrates the importance of considering jointly clinical information (probe-to-bone test) and diagnostic tests (simple radiography) to increase agreement among clinicians on diagnosis of diabetic...

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117440db7a2441f29ff04ebe978b490f

Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?

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{ "text": [ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 312, 82 ], "end": [ 338, 108 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56, 19 ], "end": [ 58, 21 ] } ] }

[ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ]

Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?

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BioASQ

A 65-year-old white man presented with all the clinical features of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex, characterized by violaceous erythema and scaling of the nose, aural helices, fingers, and toes, with keratoderma and severe nail dystrophy. Examination of the patient for possible associated malignancy disclosed ...

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fecb8a65f2cf49afa3fcf85558513068

Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.

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[ "Bazex syndrome" ]

Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.

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BioASQ

A 70 year old woman presented with a 6 year history of medically refractory severe tardive dystonia. After informed consent, a bilateral stereotactic electrode placement targeting the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi) was performed. After bilateral stimulation of the GPi...

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a02c851b01e7465280df78b10bd835f5

Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?

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[ "globus pallidus internus" ]

Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?

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BioASQ

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, or carpal tunnel syndrome, is the most commonly recognized nerve entrapment syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is usually caused by compression of the median nerve due to synovial swelling, tumor, or anomalous anatomical structure within the carpal tunnel. During a routine ca...

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f1a38a0735d74f2580015f818c2fe6de

What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

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[ "median" ]

What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

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BioASQ

During mitosis, Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) change dramatically in morphology and composition, but little is known about function of PML in mitosis. Here, we show that PML is phosphorylated at T409 (PML p409) in a mitosis-specific manner. More importantly, PML p409 contributes to maintain the durati...

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fb1932c2568743f8a7e02da6141a50f9

What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?

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[ "Mitotic arrest" ]

What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?

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