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Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 W3C Recommendation 05 October 2023 More details about this document This version: https://www.w3.org/TR/2023/REC-WCAG22-20231005/ Latest published version: https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/ Latest editor's draft: https://w3c.git...
Following these guidelines will make content more accessible to a wider range of people with disabilities, including accommodations for blindness and low vision, deafness and hearing loss, limited movement, speech disabilities, photosensitivity, and combinations of these, and some ac...
WCAG 2.2 extends Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 [ WCAG21 ], which was published as a W3C Recommendation June 2018. Content that conforms to WCAG 2.2 also conforms to WCAG 2.0 and WCAG 2.1. The WG intends that for policies requiring conformance to WCAG 2.0 or WCAG 2.1, WCAG 2.2 can prov...
The W3C also encourages use of the most current version of WCAG when developing or updating Web accessibility policies. Status of This Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technica...
This document was published by the Accessibility Guidelines Working Group as a Recommendation using the Recommendation track . W3C recommends the wide deployment of this specification as a standard for the Web. A W3C Recommendation is a specification that, after extensive consensus-building, is endorsed...
An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy . This document is governed by the 12 June 2023 W3C Process Document . Table of Contents Abstract Status of This Docu...
Understandable 3.1 Readable 3.1.1 Language of Page 3.1.2 Language of Parts 3.1.3 Unusual Words 3.1.4 Abbreviations 3.1.5 Reading Level 3.1.6 Pronunciation 3.2 Predictable 3.2.1 On Focus 3.2.2 On Input 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation 3.2.4 Consistent Identification 3.2.5 Change on Request 3.2.6 Consistent Help 3.3 Input Ass...
Change Log B. Acknowledgments B.1 Participants of the AG WG active in the development of this document: B.2 Other previously active WCAG WG participants and other contributors to WCAG 2.0, WCAG 2.1, or supporting resources B.3 Enabling funders C. References C.1 Informative references Introduction This section is non-no...
Although these guidelines cover a wide range of issues, they are not able to address the needs of people with all types, degrees, and combinations of disability. These guidelines also make Web content more usable by older individuals with changing abilities due to aging and ...
Work will carry on in this area in future versions of WCAG. We encourage authors to refer to our supplemental guidance on improving inclusion for people with disabilities, including learning and cognitive disabilities, people with low-vision, and more . Web accessibility depends not onl...
WCAG 2 Layers of Guidance The individuals and organizations that use WCAG vary widely and include Web designers and developers, policy makers, purchasing agents, teachers, and students. In order to meet the varying needs of this audience, several layers of guidance are provided ...
The 13 guidelines provide the basic goals that authors should work toward in order to make content more accessible to users with different disabilities. The guidelines are not testable, but provide the framework and overall objectives to help authors unders...
Sufficient and Advisory Techniques - For each of the guidelines and success criteria in the WCAG 2.2 document itself, the working group has also documented a wide variety of techniques . The techniques are informative and fall into two categories: those that are sufficient for meeting the success c...
See also Sufficient and Advisory Techniques in Understanding WCAG 2.2 . All of these layers of guidance (principles, guidelines, success criteria, and sufficient and advisory techniques) work together to provide guidance on how to make content more accessible. Authors are encouraged to vie...
Metadata may assist users in finding content most suitable for their needs. WCAG 2.2 Supporting Documents The WCAG 2.2 document is designed to meet the needs of those who need a stable, referenceable technical standard. Other documents, called supporting documents, are based on the WCAG 2....
Understanding WCAG 2.2 - A guide to understanding and implementing WCAG 2.2. There is a short "Understanding" document for each guideline and success criterion in WCAG 2.2 as well as key topics. Techniques for WCAG 2.2 - A collection of techniques and common failures, each in a separate document th...
See Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Overview for a description of the WCAG 2.2 supporting material, including education resources related to WCAG 2. Additional resources covering topics such as the business case for Web accessibility, planning implementation to improve the acce...
This constraint was important to preserve its nature as a dot-release of WCAG 2. Comparison with WCAG 2.1 WCAG 2.2 was initiated with the goal to continue the work of WCAG 2.1: Improving accessibility guidance for three major groups: users with cognitive or learning disabilities, users ...
WCAG 2.2 builds on and is backwards compatible with WCAG 2.1, meaning web pages that conform to WCAG 2.2 are at least as accessible as pages that conform to WCAG 2.1. Requirements have been added that build on 2.1 and 2.0. WCAG 2.2 has removed one success criterion, 4.1.1 Pa...
The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group recommends that sites adopt WCAG 2.2 as their new conformance target, even if formal obligations mention previous versions, to provide improved accessibility and to anticipate future policy changes. The following success cr...
The order of success criteria within each guideline does not imply information about conformance level; only the conformance level indicator (A / AA / AAA) on the success criterion itself indicates this. The WCAG 2.2 Quick Reference will provide a way to view success criteria grouped...
The result of this work is expected to be a more substantial restructuring of web accessibility guidance than would be realistic for dot-releases of WCAG 2. The work follows a research-focused, user-centered design methodology to produce the most effective and flexible outco...
Perceivable Information and user interface components must be presentable to users in ways they can perceive. Guideline 1.1 Text Alternatives Understanding Text Alternatives | How to Meet Text Alternatives Provide text alternatives for any non-text content so that it can be changed into other...
(Refer to Guideline 1.2 for additional requirements for media.) Test If non-text content is a test or exercise that would be invalid if presented in text , then text alternatives at least provide descriptive identification of the non-text content. Sensory If non-text content is primarily intended to create ...
Success Criterion 1.2.1 Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded) Understanding Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded) | How to Meet Audio-only and Video-only (Prerecorded) (Level A) For prerecorded audio-only and prerecorded video-only media, the following are true, except when the audio or video is a media alternative...
Success Criterion 1.2.5 Audio Description (Prerecorded) Understanding Audio Description (Prerecorded) | How to Meet Audio Description (Prerecorded) (Level AA) Audio description is provided for all prerecorded video content in synchronized media . Success Criterion 1.2.6 Sign Language (Prerecorded) Understanding Sign La...
Guideline 1.3 Adaptable Understanding Adaptable | How to Meet Adaptable Create content that can be presented in different ways (for example simpler layout) without losing information or structure. Success Criterion 1.3.1 Info and Relationships Understanding Info and Relationships | How to Meet Info and R...
Success Criterion 1.3.4 Orientation Understanding Orientation | How to Meet Orientation (Level AA) Content does not restrict its view and operation to a single display orientation, such as portrait or landscape, unless a specific display orientation is essential . Note Examples where a particular display orientation ma...
Success Criterion 1.4.1 Use of Color Understanding Use of Color | How to Meet Use of Color (Level A) Color is not used as the only visual means of conveying information, indicating an action, prompting a response, or distinguishing a visual element. Note This success criterion addresses color perception specifica...
See Conformance Requirement 5: Non-Interference . Success Criterion 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) Understanding Contrast (Minimum) | How to Meet Contrast (Minimum) (Level AA) The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1, except for the following: Large Text Large-scale text and i...
Note Logotypes (text that is part of a logo or brand name) are considered essential. Success Criterion 1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced) Understanding Contrast (Enhanced) | How to Meet Contrast (Enhanced) (Level AAA) The visual presentation of text and images of text has a contrast ratio of at least 7:1, except for the followi...
20 dB The background sounds are at least 20 decibels lower than the foreground speech content, with the exception of occasional sounds that last for only one or two seconds. Note Per the definition of "decibel," background sound that meets this requirement will be approximately four times quiete...
Line spacing (leading) is at least space-and-a-half within paragraphs, and paragraph spacing is at least 1.5 times larger than the line spacing. Text can be resized without assistive technology up to 200 percent in a way that does not require the user to scroll horizontally to read a line of text on a full-screen windo...
Content is not required to provide the mechanism. Note 2 Writing systems for some languages use different presentation aspects to improve readability and legibility. If a presentation aspect in this success criterion is not used in a writing system, content in that writing system does not need to use that presentation ...
Note Logotypes (text that is part of a logo or brand name) are considered essential. Success Criterion 1.4.10 Reflow Understanding Reflow | How to Meet Reflow (Level AA) Content can be presented without loss of information or functionality, and without requiring scrolling in two dimensions for: Vertical scrolling conte...
Note 2 Examples of content which requires two-dimensional layout are images required for understanding (such as maps and diagrams), video, games, presentations, data tables (not individual cells), and interfaces where it is necessary to keep toolbars in view while manipulating content. It is acceptable to provide two-d...
Note 1 Content is not required to use these text spacing values. The requirement is to ensure that when a user overrides the authored text spacing, content or functionality is not lost. Note 2 Writing systems for some languages use different text spacing settings, such as paragraph start indent. Authors are encouraged ...
Exception: The visual presentation of the additional content is controlled by the user agent and is not modified by the author. Note 1 Examples of additional content controlled by the user agent include browser tooltips created through use of the HTML title attribute [ HTML ]. Note 2 Custom tooltips, sub-menus, and oth...
2. Operable User interface components and navigation must be operable. Guideline 2.1 Keyboard Accessible Understanding Keyboard Accessible | How to Meet Keyboard Accessible Make all functionality available from a keyboard. Success Criterion 2.1.1 Keyboard Understanding Keyboard | How to Meet Keyboard (Level A) All func...
For example, if using handwriting to enter text, the input technique (handwriting) requires path-dependent input but the underlying function (text input) does not. Note 2 This does not forbid and should not discourage providing mouse input or other input methods in addition to keyboard operation. Succ...
Success Criterion 2.1.3 Keyboard (No Exception) Understanding Keyboard (No Exception) | How to Meet Keyboard (No Exception) (Level AAA) All functionality of the content is operable through a keyboard interface without requiring specific timings for individual keystrokes. Success Criterion 2.1.4 Character Key Shortcuts ...
This success criterion should be considered in conjunction with Success Criterion 3.2.1 , which puts limits on changes of content or context as a result of user action. Success Criterion 2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide Understanding Pause, Stop, Hide | How to Meet Pause, Stop, Hide (Level A) For moving, blinking , scroll...
Note 3 Content that is updated periodically by software or that is streamed to the user agent is not required to preserve or present information that is generated or received between the initiation of the pause and resuming presentation, as this may not be technically possible, and in many situations ...
Success Criterion 2.2.6 Timeouts Understanding Timeouts | How to Meet Timeouts (Level AAA) Users are warned of the duration of any user inactivity that could cause data loss, unless the data is preserved for more than 20 hours when the user does not take any actions. Note Privacy regulations may require explicit user c...
Success Criterion 2.3.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold Understanding Three Flashes or Below Threshold | How to Meet Three Flashes or Below Threshold (Level A) Web pages do not contain anything that flashes more than three times in any one second period, or the flash is below the general flash and red flash thre...
Guideline 2.4 Navigable Understanding Navigable | How to Meet Navigable Provide ways to help users navigate, find content, and determine where they are. Success Criterion 2.4.1 Bypass Blocks Understanding Bypass Blocks | How to Meet Bypass Blocks (Level A) A mechanism is available to bypass blocks of content that are r...
Success Criterion 2.4.5 Multiple Ways Understanding Multiple Ways | How to Meet Multiple Ways (Level AA) More than one way is available to locate a Web page within a set of Web pages except where the Web Page is the result of, or a step in, a process . Success Criterion 2.4.6 Headings and Labels Understanding Headings ...
Success Criterion 2.4.10 Section Headings Understanding Section Headings | How to Meet Section Headings (Level AAA) Section headings are used to organize the content. Note 1 "Heading" is used in its general sense and includes titles and other ways to add a heading to different types of content. Note 2 This succes...
Note 1 Where content in a configurable interface can be repositioned by the user, then only the initial positions of user-movable content are considered for testing and conformance of this Success Criterion. Note 2 Content opened by the user may obscure the component receiving focus. If the user can reveal the focused ...
Exceptions: The focus indicator is determined by the user agent and cannot be adjusted by the author, or The focus indicator and the indicator's background color are not modified by the author. Note 1 What is perceived as the user interface component or sub-component (to determine enclosure or size) depends on its visu...
Note 3 Contrast calculations can be based on colors defined within the technology (such as HTML, CSS and SVG). Pixels modified by user agent resolution enhancements and anti-aliasing can be ignored. Guideline 2.5 Input Modalities Understanding Input Modalities | How to Meet Input Modalities Make it easier for users to ...
this does not apply to actions that are required to operate the user agent or assistive technology). Success Criterion 2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation Understanding Pointer Cancellation | How to Meet Pointer Cancellation (Level A) For functionality that can be operated using a single pointer , at least one of the following ...
Success Criterion 2.5.3 Label in Name Understanding Label in Name | How to Meet Label in Name (Level A) For user interface components with labels that include text or images of text , the name contains the text that is presented visually. Note A best practice is to have the text of the label at the start of the name. ...
Success Criterion 2.5.7 Dragging Movements Understanding Dragging Movements | How to Meet Dragging Movements (Level AA) [New] All functionality that uses a dragging movement for operation can be achieved by a single pointer without dragging, unless dragging is essential or the functionality is determined by the user ag...
Examples include sliders, color pickers displaying a gradient of colors, or editable areas where you position the cursor. Note 2 For inline targets the line-height should be interpreted as perpendicular to the flow of text. For example, in a language displayed vertically, the line-height would be horizontal. 3. Underst...
Guideline 3.1 Readable Understanding Readable | How to Meet Readable Make text content readable and understandable. Success Criterion 3.1.1 Language of Page Understanding Language of Page | How to Meet Language of Page (Level A) The default human language of each Web page can be programmatically determined . Success Cr...
Success Criterion 3.1.5 Reading Level Understanding Reading Level | How to Meet Reading Level (Level AAA) When text requires reading ability more advanced than the lower secondary education level after removal of proper names and titles, supplemental content , or a version that does not require reading ability more adv...
Success Criterion 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation Understanding Consistent Navigation | How to Meet Consistent Navigation (Level AA) Navigational mechanisms that are repeated on multiple Web pages within a set of Web pages occur in the same relative order each time they are repeated, unless a change is initiated by the use...
Note 2 For this Success Criterion, "the same order relative to other page content" can be thought of as how the content is ordered when the page is serialized. The visual position of a help mechanism is likely to be consistent across pages for the same page variation (e.g., CSS break-point). The user can initiate a cha...
Success Criterion 3.3.1 Error Identification Understanding Error Identification | How to Meet Error Identification (Level A) If an input error is automatically detected, the item that is in error is identified and the error is described to the user in text. Success Criterion 3.3.2 Labels or Instructions Understan...
Confirmed A mechanism is available for reviewing, confirming, and correcting information before finalizing the submission. Success Criterion 3.3.5 Help Understanding Help | How to Meet Help (Level AAA) Context-sensitive help is available. Success Criterion 3.3.6 Error Prevention (All) Understanding Error Prevention (Al...
Success Criterion 3.3.7 Redundant Entry Understanding Redundant Entry | How to Meet Redundant Entry (Level A) [New] Information previously entered by or provided to the user that is required to be entered again in the same process is either: auto-populated, or available for the user to select. Except when: re-entering ...
Personal Content The cognitive function test is to identify non-text content the user provided to the Web site. Note 1 "Object recognition" and "Personal content" may be represented by images, video, or audio. Note 2 Examples of mechanisms that satisfy this criterion include: support for password entry by password mana...
4. Robust Content must be robust enough that it can be interpreted by a wide variety of user agents, including assistive technologies. Guideline 4.1 Compatible Understanding Compatible | How to Meet Compatible Maximize compatibility with current and future user agents, including assistive technologies. Succ...
Consequently, these problems either no longer exist or are addressed by other criteria. This criterion no longer has utility and is removed. Success Criterion 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value Understanding Name, Role, Value | How to Meet Name, Role, Value (Level A) For all user interface components (including but not limited to...
Success Criterion 4.1.3 Status Messages Understanding Status Messages | How to Meet Status Messages (Level AA) In content implemented using markup languages, status messages can be programmatically determined through role or properties such that they can be presented to the user by assistive technologies without receiv...
Understanding Conformance includes further explanation of the accessibility-supported concept. 5.1 Interpreting Normative Requirements The main content of WCAG 2.2 is normative and defines requirements that impact conformance claims. Introductory material, appendices, sections marked as "non-normative", ...
5.2 Conformance Requirements In order for a Web page to conform to WCAG 2.2, all of the following conformance requirements must be satisfied: 5.2.1 Conformance Level One of the following levels of conformance is met in full. For Level A conformance (the minimum level of conformance), the Web page satisfi...
Note 2 It is not recommended that Level AAA conformance be required as a general policy for entire sites because it is not possible to satisfy all Level AAA Success Criteria for some content. 5.2.2 Full pages Conformance (and conformance level) is for full Web page(s) only, and canno...
variations in a responsive Web page). Each of these variations needs to conform (or needs to have a conforming alternate version) in order for the entire page to conform. 5.2.3 Complete processes When a Web page is one of a series of Web pages presenting a process (i.e., a sequence o...
Any information or functionality that is provided in a way that is not accessibility supported is also available in a way that is accessibility supported. (See Understanding accessibility support .) 5.2.5 Non-Interference If technologies are used in a way that is not accessibility su...
5.3 Conformance Claims (Optional) Conformance is defined only for Web pages . However, a conformance claim may be made to cover one page, a series of pages, or multiple related Web pages. 5.3.1 Required Components of a Conformance Claim Conformance claims are not required . Authors can conform to WCAG 2....
Note 1 The Web pages may be described by list or by an expression that describes all of the URIs included in the claim. Note 2 Web-based products that do not have a URI prior to installation on the customer's Web site may have a statement that the product would conform wh...
Recommended additional information includes: A list of success criteria beyond the level of conformance claimed that have been met. This information should be provided in a form that users can use, preferably machine-readable metadata. A list of the specific technologies that a...
A machine-readable metadata version of the list of specific technologies that are relied upon . A machine-readable metadata version of the conformance claim. Note 1 Refer to Understanding Conformance Claims for more information and example conformance claims. Note 2 Refer to Understanding Metadata for more information ...
For example, an email program, a blog, an article that allows users to add comments, or applications supporting user-contributed content. Another example would be a page, such as a portal or news site, composed of content aggregated from multiple contributors, or sites that ...
If a page of this type is monitored and repaired (non-conforming content is removed or brought into conformance) within two business days, then a determination or claim of conformance can be made since, except for errors in externally contributed content wh...
Success Criteria within this specification which the Working Group has identified possible implications for privacy, either by providing protections for end users or which are important for web site providers to take in to consideration when implementing features designed to...
Success Criteria within this specification that may relate to security are: 1.1.1 Non-text Content (A) 1.3.5 Identify Input Purpose (AA) 1.4.7 Low or No Background Audio (AAA) 2.2.1 Timing Adjustable (A) 2.2.5 Re-authenticating (AAA) 2.2.6 Timeouts (AAA) 2.5.6 Concurrent Input Mechanisms (AAA) 3.3.3 Error Suggestion (A...
Note 3 Some companies have adopted what used to be an initialism as their company name. In these cases, the new name of the company is the letters (for example, Ecma) and the word is no longer considered an abbreviation. accessibility supported supported by users' assistive technologies as well as the acces...
Note 1 The Accessibility Guidelines Working Group and the W3C do not specify which or how much support by assistive technologies there must be for a particular use of a Web technology in order for it to be classified as accessibility supported. (See Level of Assistive Technology Support Needed for "Accessib...
Note 4 When citing Web content technologies that have multiple versions, the version(s) supported should be specified. Note 5 One way for authors to locate uses of a technology that are accessibility supported would be to consult compilations of uses that are documented to be accessibility supported. ...
The link could lead to a definition of guava, a chart listing the quantity of guava exported or a photograph of people harvesting guava. Until the link is activated, all readers are unsure and the person with a disability is not at any disadvantage. ASCII art picture created by a spatial arrangement of char...
Assistive technologies target narrowly defined populations of users with specific disabilities. The assistance provided by an assistive technology is more specific and appropriate to the needs of its target users. The mainstream user agent may provide important functionality to assistive technol...
audio the technology of sound reproduction Note Audio can be created synthetically (including speech synthesis), recorded from real world sounds, or both. audio description narration added to the soundtrack to describe important visual details that cannot be understood from the main soundtrack alone Note 1 ...
blocks of text more than one sentence of text CAPTCHA initialism for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart" Note 1 CAPTCHA tests often involve asking the user to type in text that is displayed in an obscured image or audio file. Note 2 A Turing test is any system of tes...
Note 3 Open Captions are any captions that cannot be turned off. For example, if the captions are visual equivalent images of text embedded in video . Note 4 Captions should not obscure or obstruct relevant information in the video. Note 5 In some countries, captions are called subtitles. Note 6 Audio description...
changes of context major changes that, if made without user awareness, can disorient users who are not able to view the entire page simultaneously Changes in context include changes of: user agent ; viewport ; focus; content that changes the meaning of the Web page Note A change of content is not always a change ...
The common identifiers name, e-mail, and phone number are not considered cognitive function tests as they are personal to the user and consistent across Web sites; transcription, such as typing in characters; use of correct spelling; performance of calculations; solving of puzzles. conformance satisfying all the requir...
Each version should be as conformant as possible. One version would need to be fully conformant in order to meet conformance requirement 1 . Note 5 The conforming alternative version does not need to reside within the scope of conformance, or even on the same Web site, as long as it is as freely available a...
See Understanding Conforming Alternate Versions content (Web content) information and sensory experience to be communicated to the user by means of a user agent , including code or markup that defines the content's structure , presentation , and interactions context-sensitive help help text that provides information re...
If no background color is specified, then white is assumed. Note 4 Background color is the specified color of content over which the text is to be rendered in normal usage. It is a failure if no background color is specified when the text color is specified, because the user's default background color...
A narrow border around the letter would be used as the letter. A wide border around the letter that fills in the inner details of the letters acts as a halo and would be considered background. Note 6 WCAG conformance should be evaluated for color pairs specified in the content that an author would exp...
User agents and operating systems should ensure that a CSS pixel is set as closely as possible to the CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 reference pixel [ css3-values ], which takes into account the physical dimensions of the display and the assumed viewing distance (factors that cannot be determined by co...
Note 2 See also blinking . focus indicator [New] pixels that are changed to visually indicate when a user interface component is in a focused state functionality processes and outcomes achievable through user action general flash and red flash thresholds a flash or rapidly changing image sequence is below the threshold...
Note 2 A transition is the change in relative luminance (or relative luminance/color for red flashing) between adjacent peaks and valleys in a plot of relative luminance (or relative luminance/color for red flashing) measurement against time. A flash consists of two opposing transitions. Note 3 The ne...
Content automatically passes (see #1 and #2 above). human language language that is spoken, written or signed (through visual or tactile means) to communicate with humans Note See also sign language . idiom phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of the individual words and the specific word...
Example 3 In Dutch, " Hij ging met de kippen op stok " literally translates into "He went to roost with the chickens," but it means that he went to bed early. image of text text that has been rendered in a non-text form (e.g., an image) in order to achieve a particular visual effect Note This does not inclu...
Example A touchscreen PDA has a keyboard interface built into its operating system as well as a connector for external keyboards. Applications on the PDA can use the interface to obtain keyboard input either from an external keyboard or from other applications that provide simulated keyboard out...
Note 2 The term label is not limited to the label element in HTML. large scale (text) with at least 18 point or 14 point bold or font size that would yield equivalent size for Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) fonts Note 1 Fonts with extraordinarily thin strokes or unusual features and characteristics that ...
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