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samchain
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econo-pairs-v2

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in credit intermediation is not disrupted. i hope the analysis and observations i have shared today can assist with a process of learning, evolving, and improving that will prevent future disruptions. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches bis central bankers ’ speeches bis central bankers ’ speeches	richard byles : update and outlook for the jamaican economy monetary policy press statement by mr richard byles, governor of the bank of jamaica, at the quarterly monetary policy report press conference, kingston, 21 february 2024. * * * introduction good morning and welcome to our first quarterly monetary policy repor...	0
european central bank : press conference - introductory statement introductory statement by mr jean - claude trichet, president of the european central bank, frankfurt am main, 4 may 2006. * * * ladies and gentlemen, let me welcome you to our press conference and report on the outcome of today ’ s meeting of the ecb ’ ...	vitor constancio : strengthening european economic governance – surveillance of fiscal and macroeconomic imbalances speech by mr vitor constancio, vice - president of the european central bank, at the brussels economic forum, brussels, 18 may 2011. * * * thank you very much for the invitation to participate in this pan...	0.5
. innovation is already altering the power source of motor vehicles, and much research is directed at reducing gasoline requirements. at present, gasoline consumption in the united states alone accounts for 11 percent of world oil production. moreover, new technologies to preserve existing conventional oil reserves and...	oil industry to build inventories, demand from investors who have accumulated large net long positions in distant oil futures and options is expanding once again. such speculative positions are claims against future oil holdings of oil firms. currently, strained capacity has limited the ability of oil producers to quic...	1
by the governors of the four non - euro area national central banks. the signing of this agreement by the latter parties implies their acceptance of the operating procedures. it does not, however, imply their participation in erm ii. for the currency of each member state participating in the mechanism, a central rate a...	shocks, hicp inflation has been above - and sometimes significantly above - 2 % for quite some time. but inflation always bounced back following these shocks and today the outlook for price stability is once again favourable. a second related point i would like to mention is the medium - term orientation of our policy....	0.5
pursued will be of importance for how the adjustment takes place. in norway, monetary policy is geared towards keeping inflation low and stable. the operational target of monetary policy is consumer price inflation of close to 2. 5 percent over time. the inflation target provides the economy with a nominal anchor. when...	##fg has grown in size. oil prices have fallen sharply over the past six months. even if prices edge up again, we have been reminded of the uncertainty associated with future revenues. lower oil prices imply slower growth in the gpfg than previously estimated. in the longer term, this means less money in the national c...	1
back to. practically everything we need is in there. and it ’ s a respectful document. it gives each of us the responsibility of exercising good judgment. and more importantly, it says that we trust each other to do so. i ’ m really proud to be in an institution where we can operate that way. and the fact that we can i...	david a dodge : the bank of canada ’ s commitments to canadians remarks by mr david a dodge, governor of the bank of canada, at the town hall meeting, ottawa, 18 may 2004. * * * good morning everyone and welcome. welcome also to those of you joining us by videoconference. today ’ s gathering is very important, so i ’ m...	1
y v reddy : some perspectives on the indian economy address by dr y v reddy, governor of the reserve bank of india, at the peterson institute for international economics, washington dc, 17 october 2007. * * * mr. chairman and friends, i am greatly honored by the invitation extended to me by the peterson institute for i...	his business will still flourish. let me bring up some statistics to highlight the importance of the exportoriented sector in the mauritian economy and the extent to which they are exposed. the eoe sector plays a key role in our economy and its sustainability and competitiveness are a matter of national interest. to ta...	0
yves mersch : prospects of islamic finance – the view of a central bank in europe closing keynote address by mr yves mersch, governor of the central bank of luxembourg, at the islamic finance conference, frankfurt am main, 18 november 2010. * * * ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to talk to an audience of such di...	), “ understanding the great recession ”, american economic journal : macroeconomics, vol. 7 ( 1 ), 110 — 167. 21 see gertler, m. and p. karadi ( 2015 ), “ monetary policy surprises, credit costs, and economic activity ”, american economic journal : macroeconomics, pp. 44 – 76. 22 clerc, l., a. derviz, c. mendicino, s....	0
. policy actions have typically been explained solely in terms of inflation : for example, reducing the risk that inflation will undershoot the target in the medium term or extending the horizon over which we intend to return inflation to target. although, technically accurate, such explanations don ’ t speak to the di...	gdp peaked sources : ons and bank calculations. notes : the chart plots real business investment. the range includes the recessions of 1973, 1979 and 1990. all speeches are available online at www. bankofengland. co. uk / speeches chart 3 : uk real business investment to gdp ratio is falling percent of gdp source : ons...	0.5
, exchange - traded market when the trading halt ends? what kinds of problems might domestic specialists and market makers have in restarting if the market has moved away from them during the halt? recent changes to shorten the duration of the circuit breakers likely would ameliorate these concerns somewhat, but the wo...	, resulting in greater reliance on remote work, reductions in nonessential travel, and changes to cre usage and valuations. - 7in downside scenarios, there could be some persistent damage to the productive capacity of the economy from the loss of valuable employment relationships, depressed investment, and the destruct...	0.5
a broader range of individuals and institutional investors. for islamic banks, the iap creates a differentiated product that presents a new source of income and funding profile. there is also the potential for institutions with specific mandates including government agencies to strategically collaborate with the iap an...	institutions that include four islamic banks and two development financial institutions on their collective effort to initiate this platform. i understand there is bis central bankers ’ speeches interest from other islamic banks to take part in this platform. this platform will have the potential to create a more exten...	1
business lines in a situation of financial stress. work has also been initiated to implement this in malaysia. financial institutions are expected to develop a menu of options for recovering from events of severe stress in order to restore business to a stable condition. these plans must be regularly updated to reflect...	and remain resilient against calamities, not just for their own survival, but in the interest of employees and the community that depend on them. role and prospects of the insurance industry in advancing risk management the cost associated with negative tail - risk events will only escalate as business networks grow in...	1
stanley fischer : monetary policy - by rule, by committee, or by both? speech by mr stanley fischer, vice chair of the board of governors of the federal reserve system, at the 2017 us monetary policy forum, sponsored by the initiative on global markets at the university of chicago booth school of business, new york cit...	proximity can often mean economic and financial linkages. but even economies on the other side of the globe, with few direct linkages, can be affected for no other reason than that they are classified as “ emerging markets ”. such countries might well have some weaknesses such as those noted above which, given time and...	0
system and in the real economy. a year ago, the uk housing market was clearly developing significant momentum. prices were growing much faster than incomes. borrowers were increasingly driven to borrow a greater amount relative to their annual income. the amount of such new mortgages at high loan to income ( lti ) rati...	implementation of the new capital accord requires higher specialised skills in banks. in fact it requires a paradigm shift in risk management. the governance process should recognise this need and make sure that the supervised entity gears up to it. risk awareness has to spread bank - wide, the manner of doing business...	0
and the development of a level playing field in international financial transactions, and it is therefore a threat to international financial stability. the caribbean is requesting that the imf, through its membership of the fsb, insist that the fsb refocus its engagement with the caribbean to concentrate on issues whe...	per cent. an additional important feature of the measures is that a certain amount of new lending is allowed above the specified thresholds. 17 these allowances recognise that higher loan - tovalue or loan - to - income mortgages can be appropriate in certain circumstances, as laid out in the banks ’ own credit policie...	0
from the crisis that buffeted its economy and banking sector. state intervention is much more limited in italy than in almost all other european countries, helping to remove the market ’ s perception of a risk considered high for the entire banking system. the costs for the public purse will be reduced by burden sharin...	reached its lowest level since 2008 ; from the end of 2015 the stock of outstanding npls also began to diminish, albeit gradually. nonetheless, they continue to weigh heavily on the balance sheets of italy ’ s banks and there have been repeated calls for better, firmer and more comprehensive management of these exposur...	1
compensation structure is reconsidered, the psas need to be amended or renegotiated in order to facilitate more workouts. finally, psas should clarify the situations in which loan modifications and other mitigation strategies should be pursued. one tool that could aid in providing such clarity, and has received substan...	government policies to drive structural changes. 2 / 2 bis - central bankers'speeches	0
jean - claude trichet : award acceptance speech for the grand cross 1st class of the order of merit speech by mr jean - claude trichet, president of the european central bank, at the award of the grand cross 1st class of the order of merit by the president of the federal republic of germany, berlin, 3 april 2008. * * *...	the values for the financial sector are ultimately solidified by private sector forces. in particular, professional bodies have a crucial role to play. this role includes – but is not limited to – promoting competence within the financial sector. beyond training, these organisations are uniquely positioned to build for...	0
in 2016 will be the weakest in seven years. south africa, like other commodity - exporting nations, is facing a terms - of - trade shock as a result of the persistent decline in commodity prices since 2011. this has been exacerbated by periods of protracted labour unrest and electricity supply shortages. more recently,...	remember that the structures of financial markets differ across countries, and hence a policy tool that appears appropriate in some jurisdiction may not necessarily be the most desirable one in a different country. furthermore, empirical evidence does not, so far, suggest that the volatility of south african financial ...	0.5
carolyn wilkins : opening remarks - “ toward the 2021 renewal of the monetary policy framework ” opening remarks ( delivered virtually ) by ms carolyn a wilkins, senior deputy governor of the bank of canada, at the bank of canada workshop “ toward the 2021 renewal of the monetary policy framework ”, ottawa, ontario, 26...	important financial market utilities. more recently, we have also created an office of financial stability policy and research at the federal reserve board. this office coordinates our efforts to identify and analyze potential risks to the broader financial system and the economy. it also helps evaluate policies to pro...	0
welcome address luigi federico signorini, deputy governor of the bank of italy cepr international macroeconomics and finance ( imf ) programme meeting webinar, 10 - 11 december 2020 ladies and gentlemen, it is my privilege to open this meeting of the cepr ’ s international finance and macro group. in these unusual time...	volatility of short - term interest rates around a given level of official interest rates. i would also emphasise that the actions undertaken were not in any way motivated by an attempt to mitigate losses for those who had taken excessive credit market risks. rather, the substantial injections of liquidity by central b...	0
be made to the collective bargaining system so that settlements are more closely related to the specific situation of firms. it is also necessary to increase the incentives for the stable hiring of employees, reducing the segmentation and duality brought about by the still - high numbers of temporary employees as a pro...	stood at end - 2002 at 4 %. this increase in inflation has been partly reversed, thanks to the improvement in recent months which has seen this rate cut by around one percentage point. however, the bout of rising inflation last year fed through in part to wages, highlighting the importance of reinforcing wage moderatio...	1
to improve bank transparency, as well as strengthen the effectiveness of liquidity risk management and derivative products will complement these regulations farther. under such a policy, all players in the banking industry, including shariah, is expected to have sufficient space to maintain its intermediary function, a...	. we will form a panel team to improve audit quality and managerial steps. this year, we will also increase our budget for training. these measures are expected to secure our pathway through this crisis period as well as also build more solid foundations for better bank supervision in the mid term. closing distinguishe...	1
swedish economy continued to grow at a good rate during the first six months of this year. 1 this is partly because the development of domestic demand has been relatively stable. there are several reasons why sweden has coped so well. sweden ’ s stable public finances, for example, have meant that fiscal - policy conso...	currency and banking crisis show that threats to the financial system may indeed emerge suddenly, and that authorities must react very quickly - if not within minutes, at least within hours. the growth and increasing globalisation of financial markets, the high volatility in these markets and the increasing complexity ...	0.5
dialogue between risk managers and the insurance industry, parima will help to enhance risk culture and risk management capacity in asia. develop the marketplace i will now move on to our efforts to develop the insurance marketplace in singapore. we have three key thrusts for marketplace development. first, expanding t...	, there is room for private credit to provide non - dilutive financing that can complement equity and debt financing, by providing flexibility through customised deal structures. 3. ultimately, we need a variety of funding instruments – including seed funds, short - term loans, venture debt and equity financing – to bu...	0.5
this should be weighed against the significant benefits and operational savings from the more accurate allocation of capital to risk. mas will work closely with the local banks to implement the new accord. business and strategic considerations next, banks have to decide how to grow and position their businesses over th...	in the countries of the region. our strong legal system and the availability of international legal expertise and product structuring teams equip us to structure complex cross - border transactions. the growing wealth management industry will also generate a steady source of funds for regional investment products. huma...	1
ambiguities and possible breaches of the contract will enhance competitiveness, both at the institutional level as well as for the financial system as a whole. in malaysia, islamic finance disputes are adjudicated in civil courts and not the shariah courts where the jurisdiction is limited to matters relating to muslim...	zeti akhtar aziz : legal issues in the islamic financial services industry speech by dr zeti akhtar aziz, governor of the central bank of malaysia, at the 4th ifsb seminar on legal issues in the islamic financial services industry, kuala lumpur, 28 september 2009. * * * it is my great pleasure to speak at this 4th ifsb...	1
a new format focused on issues with long - term strategic implications that need to be addressed in the current environment. it is designed to encourage deliberations from the different perspectives between industry participants and bank negara malaysia. the dialogue will also serve as a platform to reflect on recent e...	evolved a vibrant sukuk market, more asian countries have turned to the sukuk market for financing large - scale projects including for infrastructure development. several countries in the region are currently reviewing their legislation and taxation to enable debut sukuk issuance. the asian sukuk market has also been ...	0.5
interest rates in january 2015. and, as companies cut their investment intentions further, we lowered interest rates again the following july. to be clear, our economic models correctly predicted that the collapse in oil prices would be a serious blow. specifically, our main policy model gave us invaluable insights int...	off sharply, since banks needed to repair their balance sheets and comply with more - stringent regulatory capital requirements. so how does canada fit in? we have traditionally been a capital importer. our current account balance — the difference between how much we invest and how much we save — has typically been in ...	0.5
klibor which has no direct correlation with the changes in the rental rate. actively promote the role of the market players the islamic financial services industry is expected to benefit from the recent increase in the number of players following the launching of islamic subsidiaries, the issuance of foreign islamic ba...	the euro crisis. in fact, there are already signs that asian exports, thailand ’ s included, are slowing. amid a slowing global economy, this drag on growth is unavoidable in the short - term. to grow out of the crisis and survive the shocks from outside, thailand must look within and unleash domestic engines of growth...	0
ravi menon : a vibrant carbon market for a low carbon future opening remarks by mr ravi menon, managing director of the monetary authority of singapore, at the climate impact x announcement event, singapore, 20 may 2021. * * * minister for national development mr desmond lee, ladies and gentleman, good afternoon. let m...	for domestic inflationary pressure, the mpc has raised bank rate twice ; it now stands at 0. 75 %. the fpc, meanwhile, judging that the domestic risk environment had returned to a standard level, has also raised the counter cyclical capital buffer twice to 1 %. looking ahead, if we get a smooth brexit with a transition...	0
in service to society new zealand ’ s revised monetary policy framework and the imperative for institutional change a speech delivered at wharewaka function centre, wellington, new zealand on 29 march 2019 by adrian orr, governor written with omar aziz, economic advisor 2 the terrace, po box 2498, wellington 6140, new ...	/ refit - - review - of - flexible - inflation - targeting / and https : / / www. regjeringen. no / en / aktuelt / report - of - the - law - commission - on - the - act - relating - to - norgesbank - and - the - monetary - system / id2558679 / page 5 of 11 “ strategies, tools and communication practices ” that service ...	1
state one of the particular strengths of new york state is its diversity — and this is especially true from an economic perspective. in western and central new york there are top - tier universities, manufacturing businesses, a thriving professional services industry, as well as popular tourist destinations. since the ...	christian noyer : re - examining central bank orthodoxy for un - orthodox times speech by mr christian noyer, governor of the bank of france and chairman of the board of directors of the bank for international settlements, at the conference of the global interdependence center / bank of france, paris, 26 march 2012. * ...	0
philip r lane : q & a with reuters q & a with mr philip r lane, member of the executive board of the european central bank, conducted by mr daniel burns, at reuters newsmaker, new york city, 27 september 2019. * * * the following is a transcript of an on stage question and answer. let me welcome philip lane, member of ...	most helpful in building an economy in which people are poised to get ahead. conversely, it would also be beneficial to understand whether any policies may hold people back or discourage upward mobility. there is some debate on how the level of economic mobility in the united states may have changed in recent decades a...	0
heartened by your show of support. as the economist adam smith once said, and i quote : “ civilized society stands at all times in need of the cooperation and assistance of great multitudes. ” bis central bankers ’ speeches it is our hope therefore that the same spirit of cooperation and collaboration will characterize...	##ism. pragmatism 1 / 4 bis - central bankers'speeches in light of our limited knowledge about the economy and the influence of monetary policy, decision - makers are well advised to be pragmatic. they should choose policies that exhibit a certain degree of robustness to different circumstances. rather than seeking mea...	0
incoming ” banks, from our point of view. they are making progress in preparing for the post - brexit world, although details and decisions are often still missing. that said, there are still some banks, mostly smaller ones, which seem to be delaying their final decision on relocating. second, there are those banks whi...	, and they need local infrastructure. in respect of market risk, banks must be able, in the medium to long term, to trade locally on a permanent basis, and they must have local risk committees. likewise, they will need to trade and hedge risks not just with other group entities but with diversified counterparties. agai...	1
øystein olsen : the norwegian economy – macroeconomic developments and monetary policy speech by mr øystein olsen, governor of norges bank ( central bank of norway ), at the finance norway's capital markets day 2018, oslo, 6 april 2018. * * * accompanying slides first of all, i would like to thank finance norway for th...	2. 5 percent. an expected real appreciation could then occur partly in the form of wider price and cost differentials between norway and its trading partners. the period of rising oil revenue spending now appears largely to be over. thus, it is difficult to find compelling arguments for setting an inflation target in n...	1
indeed, the three recent rate hikes by the fomc were so well anticipated that financial markets hardly responded when those actions were announced. second, in the long run, communicating the central bank ’ s objectives and policy strategies can help to anchor the public ’ s long - term expectations - most importantly, ...	term policy tightening, presumably on the expectation that the sharp pickup in growth in the third quarter of 2003 would induce the fomc to raise rates. however, this market reaction placed insufficient weight, i believe, on the fact that the expansion that began in mid - 2003 was characterized by exceptional gains in ...	1
arrangements for the recovery or potential resolution of central counterparties in a crisis situation can be put in place. we should not wait for a potential emergency to remind us of the urgency of this problem. it would be too late to address it then, as the cross - border upheaval in the banking sector in the contex...	there is no doubt of the scale of the challenge that the crisis has posed for all advanced economies, including the us and japan, there is also no doubt that we have taken significant measures in responding to that challenge. but much more needs to be done. i. financial and economic reform prompted by the crisis let me...	0.5
and risk - based capital is that they work. if and as they work, we may well observe what the critics note. but, that short - run effect has to be evaluated against the long run, and a judgment reached about the terms of the tradeoff. for in the long run, both market discipline and risk - based capital charges affect e...	overvalued exchange rate. with ltcm, there was similar excessive leverage and reliance on short - term financing arrangements. going forward, international organizations and national authorities will have to invest more resources in monitoring markets for signs of stress. while there is not a single indicator of bankin...	1
. c. stein ( 2004 ), “ cyclical implication of the basel ii capital standards, ” economic perspectives, 1q / 2004, federal reserve bank of chicago. rajan, r. g. ( 2009 ), “ cycle - proof regulation, ” the economist, april 8, 2009. " contingent " regulations have the following properties. during the up - phase period, t...	drying up quickly in the interbank market. the event has come to be known as the " paribas shock. " many european banks were among those facing liquidity difficulties. confronted with this situation, the european central bank ( ecb ) promptly announced that it was prepared to supply massive amounts of liquidity into th...	1

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Dataset card

The dataset econo-pairs-v2 is the second version of "econo-pairs". This dataset is built on top of the "samchain/bis_central_bank_speeches" dataset. It is made of pairs of sequences of 512 tokens. The pairs are built following this approach:

If both sequences are coming from the same speech, the label is 1.0
If the sequences are coming from two different speeches but from the same central bank, the label is 0.5
If the sequences are coming from two different speeches and two different central banks, the label is 0.0

Why a new version ?

This dataset presents two improvements vs the prior:

More data cleaning, especially we made our best effort to prevent having non-sense speeches or wrongly utf decoded characters
A better nuance of similarity and dissimilarity as we introduce a middle ground with the 0.5 labels

Credits

Full credits to the Bank of International Settlements for making the resource available through the internet. Credits to Samuel Chaineau for making it available on HF Hub.

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samchain/econo-sentence-v2

Collection including samchain/econo-pairs-v2

NLP for Economics 1.1

Collection

Collection with models and datasets for NLP practitioners interested in economics or economists interested in NLP ! • 3 items • Updated Feb 19, 2025