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39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Climate and weather. | 39::p31 |
39 | Albedo | Albedo affects climate by determining how much radiation a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive weather. | 39::p32 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Albedo–temperature feedback. | 39::p33 |
39 | Albedo | When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and lower temperature would main... | 39::p34 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Snow. | 39::p35 |
39 | Albedo | Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over Antarctica snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to more s... | 39::p36 |
39 | Albedo | Just as fresh snow has a higher albedo than does dirty snow, the albedo of snow-covered sea ice is far higher than that of sea water. Sea water absorbs more solar radiation than would the same surface covered with reflective snow. When sea ice melts, either due to a rise in sea temperature or in response to increased s... | 39::p37 |
39 | Albedo | Cryoconite, powdery windblown dust containing soot, sometimes reduces albedo on glaciers and ice sheets. | 39::p38 |
39 | Albedo | The dynamical nature of albedo in response to positive feedback, together with the effects of small errors in the measurement of albedo, can lead to large errors in energy estimates. Because of this, in order to reduce the error of energy estimates, it is important to measure the albedo of snow-covered areas through re... | 39::p39 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Small-scale effects. | 39::p40 |
39 | Albedo | Albedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing. | 39::p41 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Solar photovoltaic effects. | 39::p42 |
39 | Albedo | Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-... | 39::p43 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Trees. | 39::p44 |
39 | Albedo | Because forests generally have a low albedo, (the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis), some scientists have suggested that greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation)... | 39::p45 |
39 | Albedo | In seasonally snow-covered zones, winter albedos of treeless areas are 10% to 50% higher than nearby forested areas because snow does not cover the trees as readily. Deciduous trees have an albedo value of about 0.15 to 0.18 whereas coniferous trees have a value of about 0.09 to 0.15. Variation in summer albedo across ... | 39::p46 |
39 | Albedo | Studies by the Hadley Centre have investigated the relative (generally warming) effect of albedo change and (cooling) effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests. They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes (e.g., Siberia) were neutral or perhaps wa... | 39::p47 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Water. | 39::p48 |
39 | Albedo | Water reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the Fresnel equations (see graph). | 39::p49 |
39 | Albedo | At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is reflected in a locally specular manner (not diffusely). The glint of light off water is a commonplace effect of this. At small angles of incident light, waviness results in reduced reflectivity because of the steepness of the refle... | 39::p50 |
39 | Albedo | Although the reflectivity of water is very low at low and medium angles of incident light, it becomes very high at high angles of incident light such as those that occur on the illuminated side of Earth near the terminator (early morning, late afternoon, and near the poles). However, as mentioned above, waviness causes... | 39::p51 |
39 | Albedo | Note that white caps on waves look white (and have high albedo) because the water is foamed up, so there are many superimposed bubble surfaces which reflect, adding up their reflectivities. Fresh 'black' ice exhibits Fresnel reflection. | 39::p52 |
39 | Albedo | Snow on top of this sea ice increases the albedo to 0.9. | 39::p53 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Clouds. | 39::p54 |
39 | Albedo | Cloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. "On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and wa... | 39::p55 |
39 | Albedo | Albedo and climate in some areas are affected by artificial clouds, such as those created by the contrails of heavy commercial airliner traffic. A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields during Iraqi occupation showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires were as much as 10 °C colder than temperat... | 39::p56 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Aerosol effects. | 39::p57 |
39 | Albedo | Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is less certain. As per Sprac... | 39::p58 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- "Aerosol direct effect." Aerosols directly scatter and absorb radiation. The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming. | 39::p59 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- "Aerosol indirect effect." Aerosols modify the properties of clouds through a subset of the aerosol population called cloud condensation nuclei. Increased nuclei concentrations lead to increased cloud droplet number concentrations, which in turn leads to increased cloud albedo, increased light scattering an... | 39::p60 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Black carbon. | 39::p61 |
39 | Albedo | Another albedo-related effect on the climate is from black carbon particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W m. Black carb... | 39::p62 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Human activities. | 39::p63 |
39 | Albedo | Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult. | 39::p64 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Other types of albedo. | 39::p65 |
39 | Albedo | Single-scattering albedo is used to define scattering of electromagnetic waves on small particles. It depends on properties of the material (refractive index); the size of the particle or particles; and the wavelength of the incoming radiation. | 39::p66 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::Acquisition. | 39::p67 |
39 | Albedo | Albedo can be measured by an Albedometer. | 39::p68 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::See also. | 39::p69 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Cool roof | 39::p70 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Daisyworld | 39::p71 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Emissivity | 39::p72 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Exitance | 39::p73 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Global dimming | 39::p74 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Irradiance | 39::p75 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation | 39::p76 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Opposition surge | 39::p77 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Polar see-saw | 39::p78 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Solar radiation management | 39::p79 |
39 | Albedo | Section::::External links. | 39::p80 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Albedo Project | 39::p81 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Albedo – Encyclopedia of Earth | 39::p82 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site | 39::p83 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations | 39::p84 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- A discussion of Lunar albedos | 39::p85 |
39 | Albedo | BULLET::::- reflectivity of metals (chart) | 39::p86 |
316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | Academy Award for Best Production Design | 316::p0 |
316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Scien... | 316::p1 |
316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order. | 316::p2 |
316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | Section::::See also. | 316::p3 |
316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | BULLET::::- BAFTA Award for Best Production Design | 316::p4 |
316 | Academy Award for Best Production Design | BULLET::::- Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction | 316::p5 |
330 | Actrius | Actrius | 330::p0 |
330 | Actrius | Actresses (Catalan: Actrius) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play "E.R." by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film was produced in 1996. | 330::p1 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::Synopsis. | 330::p2 |
330 | Actrius | In order to prepare herself to play a role commemorating the life of legendary actress Empar Ribera, young actress (Mercè Pons) interviews three established actresses who had been the Ribera's pupils: the international diva Glòria Marc (Núria Espert), the television star Assumpta Roca (Rosa Maria Sardà), and dubbing di... | 330::p3 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::Cast. | 330::p4 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- Núria Espert as Glòria Marc | 330::p5 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- Rosa Maria Sardà as Assumpta Roca | 330::p6 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- Anna Lizaran as Maria Caminal | 330::p7 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- Mercè Pons as Estudiant | 330::p8 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::Recognition. | 330::p9 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::Recognition.:Screenings. | 330::p10 |
330 | Actrius | "Actrius" screened in 2001 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in an American Cinematheque retrospective of the works of its director. The film had first screened at the same location in 1998. It was also shown at the 1997 Stockholm International Film Festival. | 330::p11 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::Recognition.:Reception. | 330::p12 |
330 | Actrius | In "Movie - Film - Review", "Daily Mail" staffer Christopher Tookey wrote that though the actresses were "competent in roles that may have some reference to their own careers", the film "is visually unimaginative, never escapes its stage origins, and is almost totally lacking in revelation or surprising incident". Noti... | 330::p13 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::Recognition.:Awards and nominations. | 330::p14 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film' at Butaca Awards for Ventura Pons | 330::p15 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by Núria Espert, Rosa Maria Sardà, Anna Lizaran, and Mercè Pons | 330::p16 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- 1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay' at Goya Awards, shared by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet and Ventura Pons | 330::p17 |
330 | Actrius | Section::::External links. | 330::p18 |
330 | Actrius | BULLET::::- as archived February 17, 2009 (Spanish) | 330::p19 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Animalia (book) | 332::p0 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with a... | 332::p1 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Section::::Synopsis. | 332::p2 |
332 | Animalia (book) | "Animalia" is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator, B is for butterfly, etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustra... | 332::p3 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Section::::Related products. | 332::p4 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Julia MacRae Books published an "Animalia" colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year. | 332::p5 |
332 | Animalia (book) | H. N. Abrams published "The Animalia Wall Frieze", a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter. | 332::p6 |
332 | Animalia (book) | The Great American Puzzle Factory created a 300-piece jigsaw puzzle based on the book's cover. | 332::p7 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Section::::Adaptations. | 332::p8 |
332 | Animalia (book) | A television series was also created, based on the book, which airs in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway and Venezuela. It also airs on Minimax for the Czech Republic and Slovakia. And recently in Greece on the channel ET1. The Australian Children's Television Foundation released a teachi... | 332::p9 |
332 | Animalia (book) | In 2010, The Base Factory and AppBooks released Animalia as an application for iPad and iPhone/iPod Touch. | 332::p10 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Section::::Awards. | 332::p11 |
332 | Animalia (book) | "Animalia" won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book. | 332::p12 |
332 | Animalia (book) | The Children's Book Council of Australia designated "Animalia" a 1987 : Honour Book. | 332::p13 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named "Animalia" the 1988 Picture Book Winner. | 332::p14 |
332 | Animalia (book) | Section::::External links. | 332::p15 |
332 | Animalia (book) | BULLET::::- Graeme Base's official website | 332::p16 |
332 | Animalia (book) | BULLET::::- A Learning Time activity guide for "Animalia" created by The Little Big Book Club | 332::p17 |