question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 60-year-old African-American male with no active medical problems presents to his primary care physician for a general check up. His blood pressure on the previous visit was 145/90, and his blood pressure at this visit is found to be 150/95. He is prescribed hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, to treat his hype... | Potassium | {
"A": "Cholesterol",
"B": "Potassium",
"C": "Uric acid",
"D": "Calcium"
} | step1 | B | [
"60 year old African-American male",
"active medical presents",
"primary care physician",
"general check up",
"blood pressure",
"previous visit",
"90",
"blood pressure",
"visit",
"found to",
"95",
"prescribed hydrochlorothiazide",
"thiazide diuretic",
"to treat",
"hypertension",
"serum... |
A 36-year-old woman with schizophrenia comes to the office for a follow-up appointment. She has been hospitalized 4 times in the past year, and she has failed to respond to multiple trials of antipsychotic medications. Six weeks ago, she was brought to the emergency department by her husband because of a bizarre behavi... | Clozapine | {
"A": "Fluphenazine",
"B": "Promethazine",
"C": "Lithium",
"D": "Clozapine"
} | step1 | D | [
"36 year old woman",
"schizophrenia",
"office",
"follow-up appointment",
"hospitalized 4 times",
"past year",
"failed to",
"multiple trials",
"antipsychotic",
"Six weeks",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"husband",
"bizarre behavior",
"paranoid delusions",
"hearing voices",
"other... |
A 27-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with lower back pain. He notes that the pain started over a year ago but has become significantly worse over the past few months. The pain is most severe in the mornings. His past medical history is unremarkable except for a recent episode of right eye pain and ... | Indomethacin | {
"A": "Indomethacin",
"B": "Methotrexate",
"C": "Cyclophosphamide",
"D": "Bed rest"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old male presents",
"primary care physician",
"lower back pain",
"notes",
"pain started",
"year",
"worse",
"past",
"months",
"pain",
"most severe",
"mornings",
"past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"recent episode of right eye pain",
"blurry vision",
"Radiographs of",
"s... |
A 25-year-old woman presents to an urgent care center following a presumed bee sting while at a picnic with her friends. She immediately developed a skin rash and swelling over her arms and face. She endorses diffuse itching over her torso. She denies any episodes similar to this and has no significant medical history.... | Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction | {
"A": "Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction",
"B": "Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction",
"C": "Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction",
"D": "Mixed type 1 and type 3 hypersensitivity reactions"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"urgent care center following",
"presumed bee sting",
"friends",
"immediately",
"skin rash",
"swelling",
"arms",
"face",
"diffuse itching",
"torso",
"denies",
"episodes similar",
"significant medical history",
"note",
"father",
"allergy to peanuts",
"bloo... |
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his fiancée for altered mental status. She states that they got in a fight that morning. She later got a text from him at work that said he was going to kill himself. She rushed back home and found him unconscious on the living room floor surrounded by his pre... | Hemodialysis | {
"A": "Gastric lavage",
"B": "Hemodialysis",
"C": "Naloxone",
"D": "Sodium bicarbonate"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fiance",
"altered mental status",
"states",
"got",
"fight",
"morning",
"later got",
"text",
"work",
"to kill",
"rushed back home",
"found",
"unconscious",
"living room floor surrounded",
"prescription pill bottles",
"patient",
... |
A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing pain in the right hip for 2 months. The pain is intermittent, presenting at the lateral side of the hip and radiating towards the thigh. It is aggravated while climbing stairs or lying on the right side. Two weeks ago, the patient was treated with a cours... | Greater trochanteric pain syndrome | {
"A": "Greater trochanteric pain syndrome",
"B": "Iliotibial band syndrome",
"C": "Lumbosacral radiculopathy",
"D": "Osteonecrosis of femoral head"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of increasing pain in",
"right hip",
"2 months",
"pain",
"intermittent",
"presenting",
"lateral side",
"hip",
"radiating",
"thigh",
"aggravated",
"climbing stairs",
"lying",
"right side",
"Two weeks",
"patient",
"treated with",
"course",
"oral ... |
A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because she has been increasingly reluctant to speak at school over the past 4 months. Her teachers complain that she does not answer their questions and it is affecting her academic performance. She was born at 35 weeks' gestation and pregnancy was complicate... | Selective mutism | {
"A": "Reactive attachment disorder",
"B": "Social anxiety disorder",
"C": "Selective mutism",
"D": "Rett syndrome"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"reluctant",
"speak",
"school",
"past",
"months",
"teachers",
"not answer",
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"affecting",
"academic performance",
"born",
"35 weeks",
"gestation",
"pregnancy",
"complicated",
"preeclampsia",
"Previous well-child e... |
Two days after emergency treatment for acute decompensated heart failure in the coronary care unit (CCU), a 68-year-old man develops palpitations. He has a history of ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure for the last 10 years. His current medications include intravenous furosemide and oral medications as... | Iatrogenic dehydration | {
"A": "Exacerbation of heart failure",
"B": "Excessive beta-adrenergic blockade",
"C": "Iatrogenic dehydration",
"D": "Oversedation"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Two days",
"emergency treatment",
"acute decompensated heart failure",
"coronary care unit",
"68 year old man",
"palpitations",
"history of ischemic heart disease",
"congestive heart failure",
"10 years",
"current medications include intravenous furosemide",
"oral medications",
"follows",
"... |
A healthy 37-year-old gravida-3-para-1 (G-3-P-1) who underwent in vitro fertilization delivers a boy vaginally. On examination, he is found to have a ventral urethral meatus inferior to the glans. Which statement is correct? | It results from failure of the genital folds to fuse | {
"A": "Younger age of the mother is a major risk factor for this condition",
"B": "Hypospadias repair before the age of 3 years is associated with increased incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula",
"C": "Such anatomy is formed before the 12th week of intrauterine development",
"D": "It results from failure of t... | step1 | D | [
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"year old gravida-3 para-1",
"in vitro fertilization delivers",
"boy",
"examination",
"found to",
"ventral urethral meatus inferior",
"glans",
"statement",
"correct"
] |
A 71-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a 9-month history of pain and stiffness in the right knee. He reports that the stiffness lasts approximately 10 minutes after waking up and that the pain is worse in the evening. There is no history of trauma. He is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tal... | Osteophytes and narrowing of the joint-space | {
"A": "Osteophytes and narrowing of the joint-space",
"B": "Marginal bony erosions and opacification of periarticular soft tissue",
"C": "Loculated epiphyseal cyst with thinning of the overlying cortex",
"D": "Bony ankylosis and bone proliferation at the entheses"
} | step1 | A | [
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"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"physician",
"month history",
"pain",
"stiffness",
"right",
"reports",
"stiffness",
"approximately 10 minutes",
"waking",
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"worse",
"evening",
"history",
"trauma",
"5 ft 9",
"tall",
"kg",
"BMI",
"kg/m2",
"Examination",
... |
A 5 year-old-boy with a history of severe allergies and recurrent sinusitis presents with foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea. He is at the 50th percentile for height and weight. The boy's mother reports that he has had several such episodes of diarrhea over the years. He does not have any known history of fungal infections ... | IgA deficiency | {
"A": "Thymic aplasia",
"B": "Hyper IgE syndrome",
"C": "Severe combined immune deficiency",
"D": "IgA deficiency"
} | step1 | D | [
"5 year old boy",
"history of severe allergies",
"recurrent sinusitis presents",
"smelling",
"diarrhea",
"50th percentile",
"height",
"weight",
"boy's mother reports",
"several",
"episodes of diarrhea",
"years",
"not",
"known history",
"fungal infections",
"severe viral infections",
... |
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after loss of consciousness. He is accompanied by his wife. He is started on intravenous fluids, and his vital signs are assessed. His blood pressure is 85/50 mm Hg, pulse 50/min, and respiratory rate 10/min. He has been admitted in the past for a heart condition... | Enalapril | {
"A": "Enalapril",
"B": "Digoxin",
"C": "Amiodarone",
"D": "Amlodipine"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"65 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"loss of consciousness",
"wife",
"started",
"intravenous fluids",
"vital signs",
"assessed",
"blood pressure",
"85 50 mm Hg",
"pulse 50 min",
"respiratory rate 10/min",
"admitted",
"past",
"heart condition",
"wife",
"unable to r... |
A 47-year-old male with a medical history significant for hypertension, recurrent urinary tract infections, mitral valve prolapse, and diverticulosis experiences a sudden, severe headache while watching television on his couch. He calls 911 and reports to paramedics that he feels as if "someone shot me in the back of m... | Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | {
"A": "Migraine",
"B": "Temporal Arteritis",
"C": "Subarachnoid Hemorrhage",
"D": "Carotid Dissection"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old male",
"medical history significant",
"hypertension",
"recurrent urinary tract infections",
"mitral valve prolapse",
"diverticulosis experiences",
"sudden",
"severe headache",
"watching television",
"calls",
"reports to paramedics",
"feels",
"shot",
"back of",
"head",
"rushed... |
A 28-year-old G0P0 woman presents to a gynecologist for evaluation of a breast mass. She has never seen a gynecologist before but says she noticed the mass herself while showering yesterday. She also reports a neck ache following a minor car accident last week in which she was a restrained driver. She otherwise feels w... | Breast ultrasound | {
"A": "Breast ultrasound",
"B": "Mammogram",
"C": "Mastectomy",
"D": "Reassurance"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old",
"woman presents",
"gynecologist",
"evaluation",
"breast mass",
"never seen",
"gynecologist",
"mass",
"showering",
"reports",
"neck ache following",
"minor car accident",
"week",
"restrained driver",
"feels well",
"personal",
"family history",
"major illness",
"last me... |
A 55-year-old construction worker falls off a 2-story scaffolding and injures his back. His coworkers bring him to the urgent care clinic within 30 minutes of the fall. He complains of left lower-limb weakness and loss of sensation in the right lower limb. He does not have any past medical history. His vital signs are ... | Left-sided numbness at the level of the lesion | {
"A": "Left-sided numbness at the level of the lesion",
"B": "Intact voluntary anal contraction",
"C": "Right-sided loss of proprioception and vibration sensation",
"D": "Left-sided spastic paralysis below the lesion"
} | step1 | A | [
"55 year old construction worker falls",
"story scaffolding",
"back",
"coworkers",
"urgent care clinic",
"30 minutes",
"fall",
"of left lower-limb weakness",
"loss of sensation",
"right lower limb",
"not",
"past medical history",
"vital signs",
"stable",
"neurologic examination reveals",... |
A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of lower extremity numbness, weakness, and urinary incontinence. She has not had any trauma. Neurologic examination shows bilateral lower extremity weakness. Stroking the lateral side of the sole of the foot from the heel to the base of the small toe... | Spasticity | {
"A": "Spasticity",
"B": "Palmar grasp reflex",
"C": "Fasciculation",
"D": "Atrophy"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"4-day history",
"lower extremity numbness",
"weakness",
"urinary incontinence",
"not",
"trauma",
"Neurologic examination shows bilateral lower extremity weakness",
"Stroking",
"lateral side of",
"sole",
"foot",
"heel",
"base",
"small toe",
"base",
"b... |
A 45-year-old woman gravida 1, para 1, comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of a right breast lump and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. She has not had any breast pain or nipple discharge. She had right breast mastitis 10 years ago while breastfeeding but has no other history of serious illness. Palpation o... | Disorganized nests of glandular cells with surrounding fibrosis | {
"A": "Dilated ducts lined with neoplastic cells and necrotic centers",
"B": "Disorganized nests of glandular cells with surrounding fibrosis",
"C": "Orderly rows of monomorphic cells that do not stain with E-cadherin",
"D": "Infiltration of ductal cells blocking the dermal lymphatics"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman gravida 1",
"para 1",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"right",
"4.5 kg",
"10",
"weight loss",
"not",
"breast pain",
"nipple discharge",
"right breast mastitis 10 years",
"breastfeeding",
"history",
"serious illness",
"Palpation",
"right breast shows",
"3",
"firm m... |
A 32-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of insomnia, diarrhea, anxiety, thinning hair, and diffuse muscle weakness. She has a family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroid cancer. She drinks 1–2 glasses of wine weekly. Her vital signs are unremarkable. On examination, you notice that she als... | Low TSH, high T4, high T3 | {
"A": "Low TSH, high T4, high T3",
"B": "Low TSH, low T4, low T3",
"C": "High TSH, high T4, high T3",
"D": "Low TSH, high T4, low T3"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"complaints",
"insomnia",
"diarrhea",
"anxiety",
"thinning hair",
"diffuse muscle weakness",
"family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus",
"thyroid cancer",
"drinks",
"glasses",
"wine weekly",
"vital signs",
"unremarkable",
"examination",
"bilater... |
A 20-year-old male military recruit comes to the office with complaints of a fever and a non-productive cough that started 5 days ago. He also states having pain during swallowing. He has a mild headache and pain in his left ear. He does not have any relevant past medical history. His vitals include the following: bloo... | Mycoplasma pneumonia | {
"A": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"B": "Mycoplasma pneumonia",
"C": "Haemophilus influenzae",
"D": "Chlamydia psittaci"
} | step1 | B | [
"20 year old male military",
"office",
"complaints",
"fever",
"non productive cough",
"started 5 days",
"states",
"pain",
"swallowing",
"mild headache",
"pain in",
"left ear",
"not",
"relevant past medical history",
"include",
"following",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"pulse",
"1... |
A 68-year-old man is referred to the cardiology department with complaints of shortness of breath on exertion that has been progressive for the last 6 months. He has a history of diabetes mellitus type II which is controlled with diet alone. He has a temperature of 37.1℃ (98.8℉), the pulse is 76/min, and the blood pres... | Transcatheter aortic valve replacement | {
"A": "A combination of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide",
"B": "Serial clinical and echocardiographic follow-up",
"C": "Transcatheter aortic valve replacement",
"D": "Sodium nitroprusside"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"68 year old man",
"referred",
"cardiology department",
"complaints of shortness",
"breath",
"exertion",
"progressive",
"months",
"history of diabetes mellitus type II",
"controlled",
"diet alone",
"temperature",
"98",
"pulse",
"76 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Physical examina... |
A 68-year-old man presents with urinary retention for the past week. He says his symptoms onset gradually almost immediately after being prescribed a new medication for his depression. He states that he has increased his fluid intake to try to help the issue, but this has been ineffective. He also mentions that he has ... | Amitriptyline | {
"A": "Phenelzine",
"B": "Mirtazapine",
"C": "Amitriptyline",
"D": "Venlafaxine"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"68 year old man presents",
"urinary retention",
"past week",
"symptoms onset",
"almost immediately",
"prescribed",
"new medication",
"depression",
"states",
"increased",
"fluid intake to",
"to help",
"issue",
"ineffective",
"problems",
"constipation",
"dry mouth",
"past medical hi... |
You are trying to design a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of metoprolol in patients with heart failure. In preparing for the statistical analysis, you review some common types of statistical errors. Which of the following is true regarding a type 1 error in a clinical study? | A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is rejected in error. | {
"A": "A type 1 error means the study is not significantly powered to detect a true difference between study groups.",
"B": "A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is true but is rejected in error.",
"C": "A type 1 error occurs when the null hypothesis is false, yet is accepted in error.",
"D": "A type... | step2&3 | B | [
"to design",
"randomized controlled trial to evaluate",
"effectiveness",
"metoprolol",
"patients",
"heart",
"preparing",
"statistical analysis",
"review",
"common types",
"statistical errors",
"following",
"true",
"type 1 error",
"clinical study"
] |
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for a 1-week history of worsening shortness of breath. The symptoms occur when he climbs the stairs to his apartment on the 3rd floor and when he goes to bed. He gained 2.3 kg (5 lbs) in the past 5 days. He has a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, alcoholic... | Arterial hypertension | {
"A": "Alcoholic cardiomyopathy",
"B": "Pericardial effusion",
"C": "Arterial hypertension",
"D": "Flow reversal of ventricular shunt"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"65 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"1-week history of worsening shortness",
"breath",
"symptoms occur",
"climbs",
"stairs",
"apartment",
"3rd floor",
"goes",
"bed",
"gained 2.3 kg",
"5 lbs",
"past",
"days",
"history of hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"alcoholi... |
An 8-day-old male infant presents to the pediatrician with a high-grade fever and poor feeding pattern with regurgitation of milk after each feeding. On examination the infant showed abnormal movements, hypertonia, and exaggerated DTRs. The mother explains that during her pregnancy, she has tried to eat only unprocesse... | Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, motile bacilli | {
"A": "Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, motile bacilli",
"B": "Gram-positive, catalase-negative, beta hemolytic, bacitracin resistant cocci",
"C": "Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic bacilli",
"D": "Gram-negative, maltose fermenting diplococci"
} | step1 | A | [
"day old male infant presents",
"pediatrician",
"high-grade fever",
"poor",
"regurgitation",
"milk",
"feeding",
"examination",
"infant showed abnormal movements",
"hypertonia",
"exaggerated DTRs",
"mother",
"pregnancy",
"to eat only unprocessed foods",
"dairy so",
"baby",
"not",
"e... |
A 35-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband after she lost consciousness 30 minutes ago. The patient’s husband says that she has been in a bad mood lately and getting upset over small things. He also says she has been crying a lot and staying up late at night. Her husband mentions that her... | Glucagon | {
"A": "Insulin",
"B": "Beta-agonist",
"C": "N-Acetylcysteine",
"D": "Glucagon"
} | step1 | D | [
"35 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"husband",
"lost consciousness 30 minutes",
"patients husband",
"bad mood",
"getting upset",
"small things",
"crying",
"lot",
"late",
"night",
"husband",
"mother died earlier",
"year",
"hasnt",
"coping well",
"loss",
"home... |
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of a lump in his left axilla that he first noticed 1 year ago. He reports that the size of the mass has varied over time and that there have been similar masses in his neck and groin. He has not had fever, weight loss, or night sweats. Physical examination shows a... | Follicular lymphoma | {
"A": "Hodgkin lymphoma",
"B": "Follicular lymphoma",
"C": "Burkitt lymphoma",
"D": "Marginal zone lymphoma"
} | step1 | B | [
"68 year old man",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"lump",
"left axilla",
"first",
"1 year",
"reports",
"size of",
"mass",
"time",
"similar masses",
"neck",
"groin",
"not",
"fever",
"weight loss",
"night sweats",
"Physical examination shows",
"nontender",
"rubbery mass",
"left a... |
A 40-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of generalized weakness. He also reports increased urination and thirst. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. His only medication is metformin. Serum studies show:
Na+ 134 mEq/L
Cl- 110 mEq/L
K+ 5.6 mEq/L
HCO3- 19 mEq/L
Glucose ... | Decreased serum aldosterone levels | {
"A": "Impaired HCO3- reabsorption in the proximal tubule",
"B": "Decreased serum aldosterone levels",
"C": "Increased serum lactate levels",
"D": "Decreased serum cortisol levels"
} | step1 | B | [
"40 year old man",
"physician",
"4 week history",
"generalized weakness",
"reports increased urination",
"thirst",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"chronic kidney disease",
"only medication",
"metformin",
"Serum studies show",
"Na",
"mEq/L",
"5",
"HCO3",
"Glucose",
"mg/dL Creatinine",
... |
A 55-year-old female presents to clinic with recurrent episodes of abdominal discomfort and pain for the past month. She reports that the pain occurs 2-3 hours after meals, usually at midnight, and rates it as moderate to severe in intensity when it occurs. She also complains of being fatigued all the time. Past medica... | Duodenal peptic ulcer | {
"A": "Acute cholecystitis",
"B": "Choledocholithiasis",
"C": "Duodenal peptic ulcer",
"D": "Gallbladder cancer"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"55 year old female presents",
"clinic",
"recurrent episodes of abdominal discomfort",
"pain",
"past month",
"reports",
"pain occurs 2-3 hours after meals",
"usually",
"midnight",
"rates",
"moderate to severe",
"intensity",
"occurs",
"fatigued",
"time",
"Past medical history",
"offic... |
A 21-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of yellow discoloration of his skin, right upper abdominal pain, and fatigue. Two years ago, he underwent right-sided pleurodesis for recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax. Pulmonary examination shows mild bibasilar crackles and expiratory wheezing. Labo... | PiZZ | {
"A": "PiZZ",
"B": "PiSS",
"C": "PiMS",
"D": "PiSZ"
} | step1 | A | [
"21-year-old man",
"physician",
"3 week history",
"yellow discoloration",
"skin",
"right upper",
"fatigue",
"Two years",
"right-sided pleurodesis",
"recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax",
"Pulmonary examination shows mild",
"crackles",
"expiratory wheezing",
"Laboratory studies show",
"ele... |
A 23-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance. The patient was found unconscious in his bedroom after a suicide attempt. The patient had cut his wrists using a kitchen knife. The patient is unresponsive and pale. His temperature is 96°F (35.6°C), blood pressure is 70/35 mmHg, pulse is 190/min, r... | Major blood group incompatibility | {
"A": "Non-cardiogenic acute lung injury",
"B": "Decreased IgA levels",
"C": "Major blood group incompatibility",
"D": "Minor blood group incompatibility"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"23 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"ambulance",
"patient",
"found unconscious",
"bedroom",
"suicide attempt",
"patient",
"cut",
"wrists using",
"kitchen knife",
"patient",
"unresponsive",
"pale",
"temperature",
"35",
"blood pressure",
"70 35 mmHg",
"pulse",
... |
A 28-year-old primigravida presents to the office with complaints of heartburn while lying flat on the bed at night and mild constipation that started a couple of weeks ago. She is 10 weeks pregnant, as determined by her last menstrual period. Her first menstruation was at 13 years of age and she has always had regular... | Diastolic murmur | {
"A": "Decreased vascular resistance",
"B": "Increased cardiac output",
"C": "Diastolic murmur",
"D": "Low blood pressure"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old primigravida presents",
"office",
"complaints",
"heartburn",
"lying flat",
"bed",
"night",
"mild constipation",
"started",
"couple",
"weeks",
"10 weeks pregnant",
"determined by",
"last menstrual period",
"first menstruation",
"years",
"age",
"always",
"regular",
"day... |
A 32-year-old male patient presents to a medical office requesting screening for colorectal cancer. He currently has no symptoms and his main concern is that his father was diagnosed with colorectal cancer at 55 years of age. What screening strategy would be the most appropriate? | Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 40 and repeat every 5 years | {
"A": "Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 40 and repeat every 5 years",
"B": "Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 40 and repeat every 3 years",
"C": "Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 50 and repeat every 5 years",
"D": "Perform a colonoscopy at the age of 50 and repeat every 10 years"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old male patient presents",
"medical office requesting screening",
"colorectal cancer",
"currently",
"symptoms",
"main concern",
"father",
"diagnosed",
"colorectal cancer",
"55 years",
"age",
"screening strategy",
"most appropriate"
] |
A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department due to severe, intractable headaches, and bilateral ocular pain. Her symptoms began approximately 2 weeks prior to presentation and have progressively worsened. She initially had right-sided headaches that were sharp, interfered with sleep, and were unresponsive ... | Cavernous sinus thrombosis | {
"A": "Acute angle-closure glaucoma",
"B": "Bacterial endophthalmitis",
"C": "Cavernous sinus thrombosis",
"D": "Orbital cellulitis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"severe",
"intractable headaches",
"bilateral ocular pain",
"symptoms began approximately 2 weeks prior to presentation",
"worsened",
"initially",
"right-sided headaches",
"sharp",
"interfered",
"sleep",
"unresponsive",
"pain medications",... |
A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician because of a painful lesion on the sole of his right foot for 1 month. It has become progressively larger and more painful, making it difficult for him to walk. He does not have any personal or family history of serious illness. Three years ago he was hospitalized for an ankle f... | Human papilloma virus | {
"A": "Trauma",
"B": "Poxvirus",
"C": "Human papilloma virus",
"D": "Benign growth"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"physician",
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"painful lesion",
"sole",
"right foot",
"1 month",
"larger",
"more painful",
"making",
"difficult",
"to walk",
"not",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"Three years",
"hospitalized",
"ankle fracture",
"required open reduction",
... |
A 51-year-old man presents to his primary care physician's office for a 6-week history of fatigue and diarrhea. He says that the diarrhea is frequent, small volume, and contains gross blood. Review of systems is significant for subjective fever and an unintentional 5-pound weight loss. He denies recent travel outside o... | Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions | {
"A": "Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions",
"B": "Flask-shaped amebic ulcers",
"C": "Loosely adherent inflammatory exudates",
"D": "Non-caseating granulomas"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician's office",
"week history",
"fatigue",
"diarrhea",
"diarrhea",
"frequent",
"small volume",
"contains gross blood",
"Review of systems",
"significant",
"subjective fever",
"unintentional",
"pound weight loss",
"denies recent travel outside o... |
An 18-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician for her first prenatal visit at 20 weeks' gestation. There is no family history of serious illness. She appears healthy and well-nourished. The uterus is palpated up to the level of the umbilicus. Laboratory studies show a maternal serum α-fetoprotein concentratio... | Intestinal dysmotility | {
"A": "Chromosomal trisomy",
"B": "Spina bifida",
"C": "Intestinal dysmotility",
"D": "Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old primigravid woman",
"physician",
"first prenatal visit",
"20 weeks",
"gestation",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"appears healthy",
"well-nourished",
"uterus",
"palpated",
"level",
"umbilicus",
"Laboratory studies show",
"maternal serum",
"fetoprotein concentration",
... |
A preterm neonate, born at 28 weeks of gestation, is in the neonatal intensive care unit as he developed respiratory distress during the 4th hour after birth. On the 2nd day of life, he required ventilator support. Today, on the 5th day of life, he developed generalized purpura and a hemorrhagic aspirate from the stoma... | Serum levels of fibrinogen in a preterm infant born at 32 weeks of gestation are typically normal, as compared to an adult. | {
"A": "Serum levels of fibrinogen in a preterm infant born at 32 weeks of gestation are typically normal, as compared to an adult.",
"B": "An extremely premature infant has markedly elevated levels of protein C, as compared to an adult.",
"C": "There is a physiologic increase in levels of antithrombin III in neo... | step1 | A | [
"preterm neonate",
"born",
"weeks of gestation",
"neonatal intensive care unit",
"respiratory distress",
"4th hour after birth",
"2nd day",
"life",
"required ventilator support",
"Today",
"5th day",
"life",
"generalized purpura",
"hemorrhagic aspirate",
"stomach",
"laboratory workup",
... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has lactose intolerance. His family emigrated from Somalia 6 months ago. He is at the 30th percentile for height and 15th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows pale conjunctivae, an erythematous throat,... | Seborrheic dermatitis | {
"A": "Hypersegmented neutrophils",
"B": "Keratomalacia",
"C": "Dilated cardiomyopathy",
"D": "Seborrheic dermatitis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
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"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows pale conjunctivae",
"erythematous throat",
"swollen tongue",
"... |
A 27-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for evaluation of involuntary weight loss and recurrent abdominal pain. She noticed blood in her stool several times. The medical history is significant for the polycystic ovarian syndrome. The vital signs are as follows: temperature, 38.0°C (100.4°F); heart ra... | Crypt abscess | {
"A": "Crypt abscess",
"B": "Aphthous stomatitis",
"C": "Blunting of villi and crypt hyperplasia",
"D": "Dermatitis herpetiformis"
} | step1 | A | [
"27 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"evaluation of involuntary weight loss",
"recurrent abdominal pain",
"blood in",
"stool",
"times",
"medical history",
"significant",
"polycystic ovarian syndrome",
"vital signs",
"follows",
"temperature",
"100 4F",
"heart rate",
"... |
A 20-year-old woman comes to the physician for contraceptive counseling. She has recently become sexually active with her boyfriend and expresses concerns because approximately 10 days ago the condom broke during intercourse. Her medical history is significant for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Urine preg... | Inducing endometrial inflammation | {
"A": "Inducing endometrial inflammation",
"B": "Closing off the fallopian tubes",
"C": "Thickening of cervical mucus",
"D": "Preventing ovulation"
} | step1 | A | [
"20 year old woman",
"physician",
"contraceptive counseling",
"recently",
"sexually active",
"boyfriend",
"concerns",
"approximately 10 days",
"condom",
"intercourse",
"medical history",
"significant",
"deep vein thrombosis",
"pulmonary embolism",
"Urine pregnancy test",
"negative",
... |
A 39-year-old female with a long history of major depressive disorder presents to the emergency room with altered mental status. Her husband found her on the floor unconscious and rushed her to the emergency room. He reports that she has been in a severe depressive episode over the past several weeks. Vital signs are t... | Mixed respiratory alkalosis and anion gap metabolic acidosis | {
"A": "Mixed respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis",
"B": "Mixed respiratory alkalosis and anion gap metabolic acidosis",
"C": "Pure non-gap metabolic acidosis",
"D": "Mixed respiratory alkalosis and non-gap metabolic acidosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old female",
"long history of major depressive disorder presents",
"emergency room",
"altered mental status",
"husband found",
"floor unconscious",
"rushed",
"emergency room",
"reports",
"severe depressive episode",
"past",
"weeks",
"Vital signs",
"temperature",
"degrees Celsius",
... |
A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a longstanding history of diarrhea. She reports recurrent, foul-smelling, loose stools and a 35 lb weight loss over the past 3 years. She also states that two months ago, she developed an "itchy, bumpy" rash on her elbows and forearms which has since resol... | Small bowel endoscopy and biopsy | {
"A": "Stool guaiac test",
"B": "Small bowel endoscopy and biopsy",
"C": "Serum anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody assay",
"D": "Stool culture"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"history",
"diarrhea",
"reports recurrent",
"foul-smelling",
"loose stools",
"35",
"weight loss",
"past",
"years",
"states",
"two months",
"itchy",
"rash",
"elbows",
"forearms",
"since resolved",
"denies recent camping trips",
... |
A 30-year-old woman presents to clinic for for a routine checkup. She reports that she is in good health but that she felt short of breath on her hiking and skiing trip to Colorado the week prior. She explains that this was the first time she has gone that high into the mountains and was slightly concerned for the firs... | Increase in concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in blood | {
"A": "Increase in blood pH",
"B": "Increase in concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in blood",
"C": "Decreased concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in blood",
"D": "Decreased body temperature"
} | step1 | B | [
"30 year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"routine checkup",
"reports",
"good health",
"felt short of breath",
"hiking",
"skiing trip",
"Colorado",
"week prior",
"first time",
"high",
"mountains",
"slightly concerned",
"first",
"days",
"felt",
"short of breath",
"reports",
"histo... |
A 16-year-old girl presents with multiple manic and hypomanic episodes. The patient says that these episodes started last year and have progressively worsened. She is anxious to start treatment, so this will not impact her school or social life. The patient has prescribed an anticonvulsant drug that is also used to tre... | Valproic acid | {
"A": "Diazepam",
"B": "Clonazepam",
"C": "Phenobarbital",
"D": "Valproic acid"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl presents",
"multiple manic",
"hypomanic episodes",
"patient",
"episodes started last year",
"worsened",
"anxious to start treatment",
"not impact",
"school",
"social life",
"patient",
"prescribed",
"anticonvulsant drug",
"used to treat",
"condition",
"following",
"drug... |
A 36-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 3, at 35 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of a sudden, painless, bright red vaginal bleeding for the last hour. She has had no prenatal care. Her third child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a preterm bre... | Placenta previa | {
"A": "Uterine atony",
"B": "Abruptio placentae",
"C": "Latent phase of labor",
"D": "Placenta previa"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"36 year old woman",
"gravida 4",
"para 3",
"35 weeks",
"gestation",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"sudden",
"painless",
"bright red vaginal bleeding",
"last hour",
"prenatal care",
"third child",
"delivered",
"lower segment transverse cesarean",
"preterm breech",
... |
Eighteen hours after the vaginal delivery of a 2788-g (6-lb 2-oz) newborn, a 22-year-old woman has weakness and numbness of her right foot. She is unable to walk without dragging and shuffling the foot. The delivery was complicated by prolonged labor and had received epidural analgesia. There is no personal or family h... | Compression of the common peroneal nerve | {
"A": "Effect of epidural anesthesia",
"B": "Postpartum angiopathy",
"C": "Compression of the common peroneal nerve",
"D": "Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Eighteen hours",
"vaginal delivery",
"g",
"oz",
"newborn",
"year old woman",
"weakness",
"numbness of",
"right foot",
"unable to walk",
"dragging",
"shuffling",
"foot",
"delivery",
"complicated",
"prolonged",
"received epidural analgesia",
"personal",
"family history",
"seriou... |
A 25-year-old woman first presented to your clinic due to morning stiffness, symmetrical arthralgia in her wrist joints, and fatigue. She had a blood pressure of 132/74 mm Hg and heart rate of 84/min. Physical examination revealed tenderness to palpation of both wrists but full range of motion. Anti-citrullinated prote... | Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | {
"A": "Elevates tetrahydrofolate levels",
"B": "Elevates methylmalonic acid levels",
"C": "Inhibits vitamin B12 activation",
"D": "Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman first presented",
"clinic",
"morning stiffness",
"symmetrical arthralgia",
"wrist",
"fatigue",
"blood pressure",
"74 mm Hg",
"heart rate of 84 min",
"Physical examination revealed tenderness",
"palpation",
"wrists",
"full range of motion",
"Anti-citrullinated protein antibo... |
A 39-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of increasing shortness of breath over the past 3 months. He has been unable to climb the 3 flights of stairs to his apartment. Six years ago, he was diagnosed with HIV. He is currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy, but he says that he often misses ... | Treponemal test
" | {
"A": "Anti-nuclear antibodies",
"B": "Blood culture",
"C": "Frataxin level",
"D": "Treponemal test\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"of increasing shortness",
"breath",
"past 3 months",
"unable to climb",
"3 flights",
"stairs",
"apartment",
"Six years",
"diagnosed",
"HIV",
"currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy",
"often misses doses",
"temperature",
"100",
"F",
... |
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of a painless skin lesion on his neck. The lesion has gradually become darker in color. Sometimes it is itchy. He also noticed one similar lesion on his lower back. He is a retired gardener. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years.... | Seborrheic keratosis | {
"A": "Lentigo maligna",
"B": "Basal cell carcinoma",
"C": "Seborrheic keratosis",
"D": "Dermatofibroma\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"68 year old man",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"painless skin lesion",
"neck",
"lesion",
"darker",
"color",
"Sometimes",
"itchy",
"one similar lesion",
"lower back",
"retired gardener",
"smoked half",
"pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"40 years",
"temperature",
"36",
"pulse",
"... |
Laboratory studies are conducted. Her hematocrit is 32%, leukocyte count is 9,400/mm3, and platelet count is 96,000/mm3; serum studies show an aspartate aminotransferase of 94 U/L and an Alanine aminotransferase of 92 U/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition? | Overactivation of the coagulation pathway | {
"A": "Overactivation of the coagulation pathway",
"B": "Viral reactivation and replication",
"C": "Thrombotic obstruction of hepatic veins",
"D": "Sequestration of platelets in the spleen\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"Laboratory studies",
"conducted",
"hematocrit",
"leukocyte count",
"400 mm3",
"platelet count",
"96",
"mm3",
"serum studies show",
"aspartate aminotransferase",
"U/L",
"Alanine aminotransferase",
"U/L",
"following",
"most likely cause",
"patient's condition"
] |
A 73-year-old female is hospitalized following a pelvic fracture. She undergoes surgical repair without complication. Four days into her hospital stay, she develops acute dyspnea and chest pain accompanied by oxyhemoglobin desaturation. Which of the following arterial blood gas values is the patient most likely to have... | pH 7.5, PaO2 60, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22 | {
"A": "pH 7.5, PaO2 60, PaCO2 30, HCO3 22",
"B": "pH 7.3, PaO2 60, PaCO2 30, HCO3 20",
"C": "pH 7.5, PaO2 60, PaCO2 50, HCO3 28",
"D": "pH 7.3, PaO2 60, PaCO2 50, HCO3 24"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old female",
"hospitalized following",
"pelvic fracture",
"surgical",
"complication",
"Four days",
"hospital stay",
"acute dyspnea",
"chest pain",
"oxyhemoglobin desaturation",
"following arterial blood gas values",
"patient most likely to",
"normal values",
"pH 7 35",
"PaO2 80",
... |
A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician 10 days after noticing a mass in her left breast while bathing. She is concerned that it is breast cancer because her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer 3 years ago at 61 years of age. Menopause occurred 6 months ago. She has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 30 year... | Reassurance | {
"A": "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy",
"B": "Reassurance",
"C": "Modified radical mastectomy",
"D": "Wide excision of the lump"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old woman",
"physician 10 days",
"mass in",
"left breast",
"bathing",
"concerned",
"breast cancer",
"sister",
"diagnosed",
"breast cancer 3 years",
"at 61 years",
"age",
"Menopause occurred",
"months",
"smoked 2 packs",
"cigarettes daily",
"30 years",
"took",
"oral contr... |
A 22-year-old college student comes to the physician because of depressed mood and fatigue for the past 5 weeks. He has been feeling sad and unmotivated to attend his college classes. He finds it particularly difficult to get out of bed in the morning. He has difficulty concentrating during lectures and often feels tha... | Bupropion | {
"A": "Amitriptyline",
"B": "Bupropion",
"C": "Fluoxetine",
"D": "Valproic acid"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old college student",
"physician",
"depressed mood",
"fatigue",
"past",
"weeks",
"feeling sad",
"to attend",
"college classes",
"finds",
"difficult to get out",
"bed",
"morning",
"difficulty concentrating",
"lectures",
"often feels",
"less intelligent compared",
"classmates",... |
A 7-month-old boy presents to the emergency room with three episodes of vomiting and severe abdominal pain that comes and goes for the past two hours. The patient's most recent vomit in the hospital appears bilious, and the patient had one stool that appears bloody and full of mucous. The mother explains that one stool... | Abdominal ultrasound | {
"A": "Peripheral blood culture",
"B": "Kidney, ureter, bladder radiograph",
"C": "Complete blood count with differential",
"D": "Abdominal ultrasound"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"month old boy presents",
"emergency room",
"three episodes of vomiting",
"severe abdominal",
"goes",
"past two hours",
"patient",
"ecent omit n ",
"ospital ppears ",
"atient ",
"ne tool ",
"ppears loody ",
"ull ",
"ucous.",
"other ",
"ne tool t home ppear o ",
"elly-",
"h... |
Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
A 63-year-old HIV-positive man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Four years ago, he was diagnosed with HIV and was started on cART therapy. He tells the physician that he has been having difficulty adhering to his medication re... | Poor adherence to cART | {
"A": "Positive family history of cancer",
"B": "Male sex",
"C": "Poor adherence to cART",
"D": "Income below $30,000 per year"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"refer",
"summary above to answer",
"question",
"63 year old HIV-positive man",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"Four years",
"diagnosed",
"HIV",
"started",
"cART therapy",
"physician",
"difficulty adhering",
"medication regimen",
"unemployed",
"past couple",
"... |
Twelve days after undergoing total pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis, a 62-year-old woman notices oozing from her abdominal wound. She first noticed fluid draining 8 hours ago. Her postoperative course has been complicated by persistent hypotension requiring intravenous fluids and decreased ability to tolerate fo... | Total parenteral nutrition and ostomy pouch | {
"A": "Surgical exploration of the abdomen",
"B": "Oral food intake and intravenous fluid administration",
"C": "Total parenteral nutrition and ostomy pouch",
"D": "Wound debridement and irrigation\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Twelve days",
"total pancreatectomy",
"chronic pancreatitis",
"62 year old woman",
"abdominal wound",
"first",
"fluid draining 8 hours",
"postoperative course",
"complicated",
"persistent hypotension",
"intravenous fluids",
"decreased ability to",
"food",
"type 1 diabetes mellitus",
"gl... |
A 7-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of a 3-day history of vomiting and poor feeding. The vomit is non-bloody. He transitioned to pureed vegetables 10 days ago. Over the past 2 weeks, he has become increasingly irritable and within the past day has taken more daytime naps and a... | Diffuse axonal damage | {
"A": "Mass in the posterior fossa",
"B": "Bacterial infection",
"C": "Diffuse axonal damage",
"D": "Type I collagen synthesis defect"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"3-day history",
"vomiting",
"poor feeding",
"vomit",
"non bloody",
"transitioned to",
"vegetables 10 days",
"past 2 weeks",
"irritable",
"past day",
"taken more daytime naps",
"appears much",
"responsive",
"interactive"... |
A 47-year-old woman presents with weakness, shortness of breath, and lightheadedness. She says her symptoms onset gradually 4 months ago and have progressively worsened. Past medical history is significant for a long history of menorrhagia secondary to uterine fibroids. Her vital signs include: temperature 36.9°C (98.4... | Restless leg syndrome | {
"A": "Loss of proprioception",
"B": "Bone deformities",
"C": "Leg ulcers",
"D": "Restless leg syndrome"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"weakness",
"shortness of breath",
"lightheadedness",
"symptoms onset",
"months",
"worsened",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"long history of menorrhagia secondary to uterine fibroids",
"vital signs include",
"temperature 36",
"98 4F",
"blood pressure",
... |
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother with nausea, vomiting, and decreased frequency of urination. He has acute lymphoblastic leukemia for which he received the 1st dose of chemotherapy 5 days ago. His leukocyte count was 60,000/mm3 before starting chemotherapy. The vital signs include: pulse 1... | Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, lactic acidosis, and urate crystals in the urine | {
"A": "Hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and extremely elevated creatine kinase (MM)",
"B": "Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, lactic acidosis, and urate crystals in the urine",
"C": "Hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and urinary monoclonal spike",
"D": "Hyperuricemia, ... | step2&3 | B | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"mother",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"decreased frequency of urination",
"acute lymphoblastic leukemia",
"received",
"1st dose",
"chemotherapy 5 days",
"leukocyte count",
"60",
"mm3",
"starting chemotherapy",
"vital signs include",
"pulse",
"mi... |
A 17-year-old male is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle accident. He has suffered several wounds and is minimally responsive. There is a large laceration on his forehead as well as a fracture of his nasal bridge. He appears to be coughing and spitting blood. He is already wearing a soft coll... | Cricothyroidotomy | {
"A": "Blood transfusion with unmatched blood",
"B": "Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) scan",
"C": "Type and screen for matched blood transfusion",
"D": "Cricothyroidotomy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old male",
"brought",
"emergency department following",
"motor vehicle accident",
"suffered",
"wounds",
"responsive",
"large laceration",
"forehead",
"fracture",
"nasal",
"appears to",
"coughing",
"spitting blood",
"soft collar",
"follows",
"T 36 4C",
"BP",
"70 mmHg",
"RR... |
A 4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic and presents with complaints of flu-like symptoms and chest pain for a 3-day duration. The mother states that he felt warm to the touch and developed his chest and muscle pain within the past week, but she was hesitant to administer any medications. She confirms that all pediat... | Enterovirus | {
"A": "Herpesvirus",
"B": "Enterovirus",
"C": "Togavirus",
"D": "Flavivirus"
} | step1 | B | [
"4 year old boy",
"brought",
"clinic",
"presents",
"complaints",
"flu-like symptoms",
"chest",
"3-day duration",
"mother states",
"felt warm",
"touch",
"chest",
"muscle pain",
"past week",
"hesitant to administer",
"medications",
"confirms",
"pediatric vaccinations",
"given",
"... |
A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of redness, swelling, and pain of the right leg. He also has fever, chills, and nausea. He has noticed liquid oozing from the affected area on his right leg. He has a history of hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Three months ago, he was... | Vancomycin therapy | {
"A": "Prednisone therapy",
"B": "Incision and drainage",
"C": "Vancomycin therapy",
"D": "Dicloxacillin therapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"63 year old man",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"redness",
"swelling",
"pain",
"right leg",
"fever",
"chills",
"nausea",
"liquid",
"affected area",
"right leg",
"history of hypertension",
"gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"Three months",
"hospitalized",
"treatment of",
"hip fra... |
A 26-year-old man presents to the behavioral health clinic for assistance overcoming his fear of public speaking. He has always hated public speaking. Two weeks ago, he was supposed to present a research project at school but had to leave the podium before the presentation. He recalled that his heart was racing, his pa... | Social anxiety disorder, performance only | {
"A": "Social anxiety disorder, performance only",
"B": "Social anxiety disorder, generalized",
"C": "Panic disorder",
"D": "Normal human behavior"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"behavioral health clinic",
"assistance overcoming",
"fear of public speaking",
"always hated public speaking",
"Two weeks",
"to present",
"research project",
"school",
"to leave",
"podium",
"presentation",
"recalled",
"heart",
"racing",
"palms",
"sweating",
... |
A 41-year-old woman arrives to her primary care physician with abnormal labs. She states that 1 week ago she had laboratory work done as part of her company’s health initiative. During the past month, she has been walking 3 miles a day and has increased the amount of fruits and vegetables in her diet. Her medical histo... | Elevated liver enzymes | {
"A": "Elevated liver enzymes",
"B": "Flushing",
"C": "Lactic acidosis",
"D": "Rhabdomyolysis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"primary care physician",
"abnormal labs",
"states",
"1 week",
"laboratory work done",
"part of",
"health initiative",
"past month",
"walking 3 miles",
"day",
"increased",
"amount",
"fruits",
"vegetables",
"diet",
"medical history",
"significant",
"obesity",
"... |
A 16-month-old girl presents for a routine examination. The patient’s mother says that the child is craving ice and often gasps for breath while walking or playing. Family history is unremarkable. The patient is afebrile, and vital signs are within normal limits. Her weight is at the 20th percentile and height is at th... | ↑ total iron binding capacity (TIBC) | {
"A": "↑ transferrin saturation",
"B": "↑ total iron binding capacity (TIBC)",
"C": "↑ reticulocyte count",
"D": "↑ hemoglobin A2"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"month old girl presents",
"routine examination",
"patients mother",
"child",
"craving ice",
"often gasps",
"breath",
"walking",
"playing",
"Family history",
"unremarkable",
"patient",
"afebrile",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"weight",
"percentile",
"height",
"percentile",
"... |
A 53-year-old man is brought in by EMS to the emergency room. He was an unrestrained driver in a motor vehicle crash. Upon arrival to the trauma bay, the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is 13. He appears disoriented and is unable to follow commands. Vital signs are: temperature 98.9 F, heart rate 142 bpm, blood pres... | Impaired left ventricular filling resulting in decreased left ventricular stroke volume | {
"A": "Hypovolemia due to hemorrhage resulting in decreased preload",
"B": "Hypovolemia due to distributive shock and pooling of intravascular volume in capacitance vessels",
"C": "Impaired left ventricular filling resulting in decreased left ventricular stroke volume",
"D": "Increased peripheral vascular resi... | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"driver",
"motor vehicle",
"arrival",
"trauma bay",
"patient's Glasgow Coma Scale",
"appears disoriented",
"unable to follow commands",
"Vital signs",
"temperature 98",
"F",
"heart rate",
"blood pressure 90",
"mmHg",
"respirations 20",
"... |
A new antihypertensive medication is studied in 3,000 Caucasian men with coronary heart disease who are over age 65. The results show benefits in terms of improved morbidity and mortality as well as a decreased rate of acute coronary events with minimal side effects. After hearing about this new medication and supporti... | Generalizability | {
"A": "Confounding",
"B": "Effect modification",
"C": "Generalizability",
"D": "Observer bias"
} | step1 | C | [
"new antihypertensive medication",
"studied",
"3",
"Caucasian men",
"coronary heart disease",
"over age 65",
"results show benefits",
"terms",
"improved morbidity",
"mortality",
"decreased rate",
"acute coronary events",
"minimal side effects",
"hearing",
"new medication",
"supporting ... |
A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of bilateral hand pain and swelling. Her parents say the pain began 1 week ago and has gotten progressively worse. Two weeks ago, the patient had a low-grade fever and lace-like rash on her arms and trunk for several days. The patient appears to be in dis... | Hydroxyurea | {
"A": "Hydroxyurea",
"B": "Regular red cell exchange transfusions",
"C": "Prophylactic penicillin",
"D": "IV cefazolin"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"2 year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"bilateral hand pain",
"swelling",
"parents",
"pain began 1 week",
"gotten",
"worse",
"Two weeks",
"patient",
"low-grade fever",
"lace",
"rash",
"arms",
"trunk",
"days",
"patient appears to",
"distress",
"temperature",
"4F... |
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss that started after a recent backpacking trip in Southeast Asia. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His leukocyte count is 7,500/mm3 (61% segmented neutrophils, 13% eosinophils, and 26% lymphocytes). Stool microscopy shows rha... | Perianal serpiginous rash | {
"A": "Hematuria",
"B": "Perianal serpiginous rash",
"C": "Peripheral lymphedema",
"D": "Muscle tenderness"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"weight loss",
"started",
"recent",
"trip",
"Southeast Asia",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"leukocyte count",
"500 mm3",
"61",
"segmented neutrophils",
"eosinophils",
"lymphocytes",
"Stool microscopy shows rhabditiform lar... |
A 41-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-hour history of colicky abdominal pain and nausea. The pain worsened after she ate a sandwich, and she has vomited once. She has no history of serious medical illness. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99.1°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 134/83 mm Hg. Phys... | Common bile duct | {
"A": "Common bile duct",
"B": "Common hepatic duct",
"C": "Cystic duct",
"D": "Gallbladder fundus"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"8-hour history",
"colicky abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"pain worsened",
"ate",
"sandwich",
"vomited",
"history of serious medical illness",
"temperature",
"99",
"pulse",
"80 min",
"blood pressure",
"83 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows scleral icterus"... |
A primigravid 28-year-old woman delivers a 38-week-old male infant via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She had no prenatal care during her pregnancy. At birth the infant has underdeveloped hands and radiograph reveals missing phalanges in the thumbs. Examination of the buttocks reveals a missing anus. Further work-up rev... | Mesoderm | {
"A": "Surface ectoderm",
"B": "Neural crest",
"C": "Mesoderm",
"D": "Endoderm"
} | step1 | C | [
"primigravid",
"year old woman delivers",
"week old male infant",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"prenatal",
"pregnancy",
"birth",
"infant",
"hands",
"radiograph reveals missing phalanges",
"thumbs",
"Examination of",
"buttocks reveals",
"missing anus",
"Further work-up reveals flow",
... |
A 58-year-old female presents with a two-month history of intermittent non-bloody diarrhea. She reports that she has been following a raw food diet for six months to help her lose weight. The patient’s medical history is significant for anxiety, treated with fluvoxamine, and osteopenia. She reports her mother has lacto... | Niacin deficiency | {
"A": "Low platelet count",
"B": "Positive hydrogen breath test",
"C": "Decreased levels of chromogranin A",
"D": "Niacin deficiency"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"58 year old female presents",
"two month history",
"intermittent non bloody",
"reports",
"following",
"raw",
"six months to help",
"weight",
"patients medical history",
"significant",
"anxiety",
"treated with fluvoxamine",
"osteopenia",
"reports",
"mother",
"lactose intolerance",
"r... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother for abdominal pain. She states that he has refused to eat and keeps clutching his stomach saying “ow.” She reports that he has not had any vomiting or diarrhea. She says that he has not had a bowel movement in 3 days. The family recently moved from N... | Penicillin until age 5 | {
"A": "Iron supplementation",
"B": "Penicillin until age 5",
"C": "Ursodeoxycholic acid",
"D": "Vaccination for parvovirus"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"abdominal pain",
"states",
"refused to eat",
"keeps",
"stomach",
"reports",
"not",
"vomiting",
"diarrhea",
"not",
"bowel movement",
"3 days",
"family recently moved from Namibia",
"not established care",
"known medic... |
A 64-year-old man presents to the outpatient clinic because of abdominal pain. He reports that for the last few months, he has had postprandial pain that is worsened by spicy foods. He states that the pain is often located in the right upper portion of his abdomen and feels like it's traveling to his shoulder blade. Th... | Cholecystectomy | {
"A": "Cholecystectomy",
"B": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)",
"C": "Ketorolac",
"D": "Ursodeoxycholic acid"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"64 year old man presents",
"outpatient clinic",
"abdominal pain",
"reports",
"last",
"months",
"postprandial pain",
"worsened",
"spicy foods",
"states",
"pain",
"often",
"right portion",
"abdomen",
"feels",
"traveling",
"shoulder blade",
"episodes",
"sporadic",
"denies",
"fe... |
A 45-year-old male comes into the trauma bay by EMS transport with a known history of gross contamination of an unknown dry/powder chemical from a research laboratory accident. Currently his vital signs are stable but he is in obvious discomfort with diffuse skin irritation. What should be done for this patient during ... | Brush off the gross amount of unknown chemical and then remove all of the patient's clothes | {
"A": "Take a sample of the unknown substance and send it to the lab for stat identification",
"B": "Sedate and intubate the patient for concern of poor airway protection",
"C": "Brush off the gross amount of unknown chemical and then remove all of the patient's clothes",
"D": "Cover the patient's skin burns w... | step2&3 | C | [
"year old male",
"trauma bay",
"EMS",
"known history",
"gross contamination",
"unknown dry powder chemical",
"research laboratory accident",
"Currently",
"vital signs",
"stable",
"discomfort",
"diffuse skin irritation",
"done",
"patient",
"primary survey"
] |
A 6-year-old male is brought to the pediatrician by his mother because she is concerned about his breathing. She states that every once in a while he seems to have bouts of coughing but doesn't have any significant difficulty breathing. She demands that the pediatrician begin treatment with albuterol as she is convince... | Methacholine challenge test | {
"A": "Methacholine challenge test",
"B": "CT scan",
"C": "Chest ragiograph",
"D": "Allergy testing"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old male",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"mother",
"concerned",
"breathing",
"states",
"to",
"bouts of coughing",
"significant difficulty breathing",
"demands",
"pediatrician begin treatment",
"albuterol",
"child",
"asthma",
"pediatrician",
"not",
"states",
"run",
"test",
... |
A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent dyspnea and dizziness. She has a history of mitral valve stenosis. Her pulse is 125/min and irregularly irregular, and blood pressure is 102/66 mm Hg. A transthoracic echocardiogram shows doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet ... | Area 1 | {
"A": "Area 1",
"B": "Area 3",
"C": "Area 4",
"D": "Area 5"
} | step1 | A | [
"57 year old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"intermittent dyspnea",
"dizziness",
"history",
"mitral valve stenosis",
"pulse",
"min",
"irregular",
"blood pressure",
"66 mm Hg",
"transthoracic echocardiogram shows doming of",
"anterior mitral valve leaflet",
"systole",
"followin... |
A 55-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and asthma comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent dry, hacking cough. He does not have fever, chest pain, or shortness of breath. He does not smoke cigarettes. Current medications include simvastatin, metformin, ... | Stop ramipril and start candesartan | {
"A": "Stop simvastatin and start atorvastatin",
"B": "Stop ramipril and start candesartan",
"C": "Stop ramipril and start lisinopril",
"D": "Stop albuterol and start salmeterol\n\""
} | step1 | B | [
"55 year old man",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"asthma",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"intermittent dry",
"hacking cough",
"not",
"fever",
"chest pain",
"shortness of breath",
"not smoke cigarettes",
"Current medications include simvastatin",
"metfo... |
An 86-year-old male with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia is sent to the hospital from the skilled nursing facility due to fever, confusion, and decreased urine output. Urinalysis shows 12-18 WBC/hpf with occasional lymphocytes. Urine and blood cultures grow out gram-negative, motile, urease positive rods. ... | Outer membrane | {
"A": "Teichoic acid in the cell wall",
"B": "Outer membrane",
"C": "Secreted toxin",
"D": "Nucleic acid"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old male",
"history of hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"sent",
"hospital",
"skilled nursing facility due to fever",
"confusion",
"decreased urine output",
"Urinalysis shows",
"WBC",
"occasional lymphocytes",
"Urine",
"blood cultures",
"out gram",
"motile",
"urease positive",
"... |
A 62-year-old man goes to the emergency room (ER) for an intense lower abdominal pain associated with inability to urinate. Physical examination shows tenderness of the lower abdomen bilaterally. Rectal examination reveals an enlarged, smooth, and symmetrical prostate. The ER team fails to pass a Foley catheter through... | Thin cortical rim | {
"A": "Thin cortical rim",
"B": "Ureteropelvic junction narrowing",
"C": "Enlarged kidneys with bosselated surface",
"D": "Pale cortical deposits"
} | step1 | A | [
"62 year old man goes",
"emergency room",
"intense lower abdominal pain associated with",
"to",
"Physical examination shows tenderness of",
"lower abdomen",
"Rectal examination reveals",
"enlarged",
"smooth",
"symmetrical prostate",
"ER team fails to pass",
"catheter",
"urethra",
"urology ... |
A 32-year-old woman gravida 2, para 1, at 35 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital 1 hour after spontaneous rupture of membranes. She has had mild abdominal discomfort and nausea for a day. Her pregnancy has been complicated by gestational diabetes, which is controlled with a strict diet. Her first child was del... | Chorioamnionitis | {
"A": "Chorioamnionitis",
"B": "Acute appendicitis",
"C": "Acute pyelonephritis",
"D": "Uterine rupture\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman gravida 2",
"para 1",
"35 weeks",
"estation ",
"dmitted ",
"ospital ",
"our ",
"pontaneous rupture of membranes.",
"ild bdominal discomfort ",
"ausea ",
"ay.",
"regnancy ",
"omplicated ",
"estational diabetes,",
"ontrolled ",
"iet.",
"irst hild ",
"elivered ",
"... |
A 48-year-old woman presents with severe chest pain for 2 hours. An episode of severe retching and bloody vomiting preceded the onset of chest pain. She says she had an episode of binge drinking last night. Past medical history includes a gastric ulcer 5 years ago, status post-surgical repair. Her blood pressure is 110... | Rupture of the esophagus due to increased intraluminal pressure | {
"A": "Linear laceration at the gastroesophageal junction",
"B": "Horizontal partition in the tunica media of the aorta",
"C": "Rupture of the esophagus due to increased intraluminal pressure",
"D": "Helicobacter pylori infection"
} | step1 | C | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"severe chest",
"2 hours",
"episode of severe retching",
"bloody vomiting preceded",
"onset of chest pain",
"episode of binge drinking",
"night",
"Past medical history includes",
"gastric ulcer",
"years",
"surgical repair",
"blood pressure",
"68 mm Hg",
"pul... |
A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of a swelling at the back of his left knee that he first noticed 2 months ago. The swelling is not painful, but he occasionally experiences pain at the back of his knee when he is standing for prolonged periods. He also reports mild stiffness of the knee when he wakes up... | History of meniscal tear | {
"A": "Purine-rich diet",
"B": "Varicose veins",
"C": "Family history of multiple lipomatosis",
"D": "History of meniscal tear"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"swelling",
"back",
"left knee",
"first",
"2 months",
"swelling",
"not painful",
"occasionally experiences pain",
"back of",
"knee",
"standing",
"prolonged periods",
"reports mild stiffness",
"knee",
"wakes up",
"morning",
"minutes",
"waking... |
A 56-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of difficulty swallowing food. Initially, only solid food was problematic, but liquids have also become more difficult to swallow over the last 2 months. She also reports occasional regurgitation of food when she lies down. The patient is an avid b... | Gastroesophageal endoscopy | {
"A": "Gastroesophageal endoscopy",
"B": "Giemsa stain of blood smear",
"C": "Myotomy with fundoplication",
"D": "CT scan of the chest and abdomen"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"difficulty swallowing food",
"Initially",
"only solid food",
"liquids",
"more difficult to swallow",
"months",
"reports occasional regurgitation of food",
"patient",
"avid",
"returned",
"week trip",
"Amazon rainforest",
"months",
"3.5 ... |
A 57-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloating that have increased in severity over the past several months. She reports that she occasionally vomits after eating. She states that the emesis contains undigested food particles. Additionally, t... | Dietary modification | {
"A": "Dietary modification",
"B": "Erythromycin",
"C": "Myotomy",
"D": "Surgical resection"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"57 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"abdominal pain",
"bloating",
"increased",
"severity",
"past",
"months",
"reports",
"occasionally vomits",
"eating",
"states",
"emesis contains",
"food particles",
"patient states",
"often... |
A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle collision. He was an unrestrained driver in a head on collision. The patient has a Glasgow coma scale of 9 and is responding to questions inappropriately. His temperature is 96.0°F (35.6°C), blood pressure is 64/44 mmHg, pulse is 192/min, resp... | Whole blood | {
"A": "Dobutamine",
"B": "Norepinephrine",
"C": "Normal saline",
"D": "Whole blood"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"motor vehicle collision",
"driver",
"head",
"collision",
"patient",
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"9",
"questions",
"temperature",
"96",
"35",
"blood pressure",
"64",
"mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"oxygen saturation",... |
A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room for altered mental status and rapid twitching of her left hand 3 hours ago. The patient is a poor historian given her current mental status, and her husband provided most of the history. He reports that the patient started demonstrating bizarre behavior about 2 weeks... | Infection with herpes simplex virus | {
"A": "Brain abscess",
"B": "Infection with herpes simplex virus",
"C": "Infection with Streptococcal pneumoniae",
"D": "Undiagnosed bipolar disorder"
} | step1 | B | [
"36 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"altered mental status",
"rapid twitching",
"left hand",
"hours",
"patient",
"poor historian given",
"current mental status",
"husband provided most",
"history",
"reports",
"patient started",
"bizarre behavior",
"2 weeks",
"late",
"... |
A 16-year-old teenager is brought to the pediatrician’s office by her mother. The mother expresses concerns about her daughter’s health because she has not achieved menarche. The daughter confirms this and upon further questioning, denies any significant weight loss, changes in mood, or changes in her appetite. She den... | 45,X0 | {
"A": "45,X0",
"B": "45,XX, t(14;21)",
"C": "Trisomy 21",
"D": "47,XXY"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old teenager",
"brought",
"pediatricians office",
"mother",
"mother",
"concerns",
"daughters health",
"not",
"menarche",
"daughter confirms",
"further questioning",
"denies",
"significant weight loss",
"changes in mood",
"changes in",
"appetite",
"denies",
"sexually active",
... |
A 14-year-old girl presents to the pediatrician because she has not experienced the onset of menstruation. Her mother reports that her pubic hair developed at the age of 9 years. Her mother also informs that she has been experiencing recurrent serous otitis media since early childhood. The temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F... | Increased number of benign nevi | {
"A": "Acanthosis nigricans",
"B": "Cutaneous angiomas",
"C": "Increased number of benign nevi",
"D": "Xerosis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl presents",
"pediatrician",
"not experienced",
"onset of menstruation",
"mother reports",
"pubic hair",
"age",
"years",
"mother",
"informs",
"experiencing recurrent",
"early childhood",
"temperature",
"36",
"98 4F",
"pulse",
"88 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"r... |
A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 3-month history of bloody discharge from the right nipple. Her mother died of breast cancer at the age of 69 years. Mammography 6 months ago did not show any abnormalities. Examination of the breast shows expression of a small amount of serosanguinous fluid from the righ... | Intraductal papilloma | {
"A": "Breast lipoma",
"B": "Invasive ductal carcinoma",
"C": "Paget disease of the breast",
"D": "Intraductal papilloma"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"bloody discharge",
"right nipple",
"mother died of breast cancer",
"the age of 69 years",
"Mammography",
"months",
"not show",
"abnormalities",
"Examination of the breast shows expression",
"small amount",
"serosanguinous fluid",
"right ... |
A 7-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because she has had abdominal pain and vomiting for the past day. The pain is intermittent, diffuse in nature, and worse after meals. She does not have loose or bloody stools. She has had a nonpruritic rash on her legs and swelling of her ankles for 6 days. She w... | Leukocytoclastic vasculitis | {
"A": "Familial mediterranean fever",
"B": "Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome",
"C": "Juvenile idiopathic arthritis",
"D": "Leukocytoclastic vasculitis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"abdominal pain",
"vomiting",
"past day",
"pain",
"intermittent",
"diffuse",
"nature",
"worse",
"meals",
"not",
"loose",
"bloody stools",
"nonpruritic rash",
"legs",
"swelling",
"ankles",
"6 days",
"treated with oral amoxici... |
A study seeks to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of treating asymptomatic subclinical hypothyroidism in preventing symptoms of hypothyroidism. The investigators found 300 asymptomatic patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of 5 to 10 μU/mL with normal serum thy... | Latency period | {
"A": "Lead-time bias",
"B": "Latency period",
"C": "Berkson bias",
"D": "Observer effect"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"study",
"to investigate",
"therapeutic efficacy",
"treating asymptomatic subclinical hypothyroidism",
"preventing symptoms",
"hypothyroidism",
"investigators found 300 asymptomatic patients",
"subclinical hypothyroidism",
"defined",
"serum thyroid-stimulating hormone",
"10 U/mL",
"normal seru... |
A researcher is studying the mammalian immune response with an unknown virus. A group of mice are inoculated with the virus, and blood is subsequently drawn from these animals at various intervals to check immunoglobulin levels. Which of the following is a critical step in the endogenous pathway of antigen presentation... | Translocation of the antigen into the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP proteins | {
"A": "Degradation of the antigen by the proteases in the phagolysosome",
"B": "Translocation of the antigen into the endoplasmic reticulum via TAP proteins",
"C": "Binding of the peptide to MHC class II",
"D": "Interaction of the MHC class II complex with its target CD4+ T cell"
} | step1 | B | [
"researcher",
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"unknown virus",
"A group",
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"blood",
"drawn",
"animals",
"various intervals to check immunoglobulin levels",
"following",
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"endogenous pathway",
"antigen presentation",
"virus model ... |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 5-minute episode of repetitive, involuntary, twitching movements of his left arm that occurred 1 hour ago. His symptoms began while playing with some toys. His parents say that he began to stand with support at 18 months and has recently started to wa... | Sturge-Weber syndrome | {
"A": "Ataxia telangiectasia",
"B": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia",
"C": "Sturge-Weber syndrome",
"D": "Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"2 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of",
"5-minute episode",
"involuntary",
"twitching movements",
"left arm",
"occurred 1 hour",
"symptoms began",
"playing",
"toys",
"parents",
"began to stand",
"support",
"months",
"recently started to walk",
"support",
"speak... |
A 4-month-old neonate girl is brought to the pediatrician because of feeding problems and recurrent infections. She has a blood pressure of 104/65 mm Hg and heart rate of 91/min. On physical examination, she has a cleft palate, malformed jaw, structural cardiac abnormalities, and diminished cell-mediated responses. Lab... | DiGeorge syndrome | {
"A": "Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)",
"B": "Wiskott-Aidrich syndrome",
"C": "Chediak-Higashi syndrome",
"D": "DiGeorge syndrome"
} | step1 | D | [
"4 month old neonate girl",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"feeding problems",
"recurrent infections",
"blood pressure",
"65 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"min",
"physical examination",
"cleft palate",
"jaw",
"structural cardiac abnormalities",
"diminished cell mediated responses",
"Laboratory inves... |
A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department after his mother found him to be extremely lethargic. He was born at home with no prenatal care and has no documented medical history. On presentation, he is found to have shorter stature and increased weight compared to normal infants as well as coarse facial fe... | Iodine deficiency | {
"A": "Chromosomal trisomy",
"B": "Genetic microdeletion",
"C": "Iodine deficiency",
"D": "Lysosomal defect"
} | step1 | C | [
"3 month old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother found",
"to",
"extremely lethargic",
"born at home",
"prenatal care",
"documented medical history",
"presentation",
"found to",
"shorter stature",
"increased weight compared",
"normal infants",
"coarse facial features",
"Phy... |
A 34-year-old man presents to the emergency department with leg weakness that significantly impairs and slows down his walking ability. He has noticed that he has been getting progressively weaker over the past 3 months. He has also experienced spontaneous twitching in his arms and thighs that is becoming more frequent... | Ventral horn | {
"A": "Nucleus of Onuf",
"B": "Medullary lateral fasciculus",
"C": "Ventral horn",
"D": "Ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"leg weakness",
"slows",
"walking ability",
"getting",
"weaker",
"past 3 months",
"experienced spontaneous twitching",
"arms",
"thighs",
"more frequent",
"physical examination",
"patient appears to",
"decreased muscle tone",
"moderate at... |
A 25-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with acute onset dyspnea, chest pain, and fainting. The medical history is significant for infective endocarditis at the age of 17 years, and intravenous drugs abuse prior to the disease. He reports a history of mild dyspnea on exertion. Currently, his only medication is du... | Cocaine toxicity | {
"A": "Acute viral hepatitis",
"B": "Duloxetine overdose",
"C": "Cocaine toxicity",
"D": "Coronary atherosclerosis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"acute dyspnea",
"chest pain",
"fainting",
"medical history",
"significant",
"infective endocarditis",
"age",
"years",
"intravenous drugs abuse prior to",
"disease",
"reports",
"history",
"mild dyspnea",
"exertion",
"Currently",
"only medic... |
A 4-month-old boy with a history of multiple infections presents with muscle stiffness. On physical exam, he is found to have carpopedal spasm as well as a heart murmur. Based on your clinical suspicion you decide to obtain a chest X-ray which shows a diminished shadow in the mediastinum. A mutation in which of the fol... | Chromosome 22 | {
"A": "Chromosome 5",
"B": "Chromosome 7",
"C": "Chromosome 22",
"D": "Chromosome X"
} | step1 | C | [
"4 month old boy",
"history",
"multiple infections presents",
"muscle stiffness",
"physical exam",
"found to",
"carpopedal spasm",
"heart murmur",
"Based",
"clinical suspicion",
"to obtain",
"chest X-ray",
"shows",
"diminished shadow",
"mediastinum",
"mutation",
"following chromosome... |
A 35-year-old man and his 9-year-old son are brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The father was the restrained driver. He is conscious. His pulse is 135/min and blood pressure is 76/55 mm Hg. His hemoglobin concentration is 5.9 g/dL. His son sustained multiple body contus... | Transfuse packed red blood cells to son but not to father | {
"A": "Transfuse packed red blood cells to son but not to father",
"B": "Seek court order for medical treatment of the son",
"C": "Transfuse packed red blood cells to both son and father",
"D": "Wait for the son's mother before providing further treatment"
} | step1 | A | [
"35 year old man",
"year old son",
"brought",
"emergency department following",
"high speed motor vehicle collision",
"father",
"restrained driver",
"conscious",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"76 55 mm Hg",
"hemoglobin concentration",
"5",
"g/dL",
"son sustained multiple body contu... |
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