question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 68-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 1-week history of difficulty breathing. He has had recurrent palpitations over the past 2 years. During this time, he has also had several episodes of anxiety despite no change in his daily life. He has occasional sharp chest pain localized to the left up... | Myxomatous valve degeneration | {
"A": "Ectopic production of serotonin",
"B": "Myxomatous valve degeneration",
"C": "Inflammatory valve degeneration",
"D": "Overproduction of catecholamines"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"68 year old man",
"emergency department",
"1-week history",
"difficulty breathing",
"recurrent palpitations",
"past",
"years",
"time",
"several episodes of anxiety",
"change",
"daily life",
"occasional sharp chest pain localized",
"left upper sternal border",
"abdominal pain",
"leg swel... |
A 50-year-old male with HIV presents to his primary care provider complaining of persistent fevers and night sweats over the past four months. He has also experienced a productive cough. He has been poorly adherent to his HAART regimen. His past medical history also includes gout, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. H... | Folate synthesis inhibitor | {
"A": "Cell wall synthesis inhibitor",
"B": "30S ribosomal subunit inhibitor",
"C": "50S ribosomal subunit inhibitor",
"D": "Folate synthesis inhibitor"
} | step1 | D | [
"50 year old male",
"HIV presents",
"primary care provider",
"persistent fevers",
"night sweats",
"past four months",
"experienced",
"productive cough",
"poorly adherent",
"HAART regimen",
"past medical history",
"includes gout",
"hypertension",
"diabetes mellitus",
"takes allopurinol",
... |
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination, accompanied by his daughter. Two years ago, he was diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, for which he underwent radiation therapy. He moved to the area 1 month ago to be closer to his daughter but continues to live independently. He was recently ... | “I'm sorry, I can't discuss any information with you without his permission. I recommend that you have an open discussion with your father.” | {
"A": "“As your father's physician, I think that it's important that you know that his prostate cancer has returned. However, we are confident that he will respond well to treatment.”",
"B": "“I'm sorry, I can't discuss any information with you without his permission. I recommend that you have an open discussion w... | step2&3 | B | [
"68 year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"daughter",
"Two years",
"diagnosed",
"localized prostate",
"radiation therapy",
"moved to",
"area 1 month",
"to",
"daughter",
"continues to live",
"recently diagnosed",
"metastases",
"spine",
"scheduled to initiate therapy nex... |
A 34-year-old G3P2103 with a past medical history of preeclampsia in her last pregnancy, HIV (CD4: 441/mm^3), and diabetes mellitus presents to her obstetrician for her first postpartum visit. She delivered her third child via C-section one week ago and reports that she is healing well from the surgery. She says that b... | Restless legs syndrome | {
"A": "Hemolytic anemia",
"B": "Megaloblastic anemia",
"C": "Hyperparathyroidism",
"D": "Restless legs syndrome"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old",
"past medical history of preeclampsia",
"last pregnancy",
"HIV",
"CD4",
"mm",
"diabetes mellitus presents",
"obstetrician",
"first postpartum visit",
"delivered",
"third child",
"section one week",
"reports",
"healing well",
"surgery",
"breastfeeding",
"well",
"baby",
... |
A 22-year-old man presents to the physician due to a progressively worsening weakness and an increasingly large abdomen. He notes that he eats well and is fairly active; however, his abdomen has become increasingly protuberant. He also complains of easy bruisability. His medical history is not significant and he takes ... | β-glucosidase | {
"A": "Arylsulfatase A",
"B": "α-galactosidase",
"C": "β-glucosidase",
"D": "Sphingomyelinase"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"physician",
"worsening weakness",
"large abdomen",
"notes",
"eats well",
"active",
"abdomen",
"protuberant",
"easy bruisability",
"medical history",
"not significant",
"takes",
"medications",
"Physical examination reveals hepatomegaly",
"splenomegaly",
"Seve... |
A 69-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of fatigue and lethargy for 5 days. She has also had weakness and nausea for the last 3 days. She has sarcoidosis, major depressive disorder, and hypertension. She had a stroke 5 years ago. Current medications include aspirin, nifedipine, prednisolone, ... | Hyponatremia
" | {
"A": "Hyperkalemia",
"B": "Hyperglycemia",
"C": "Hypokalemia",
"D": "Hyponatremia\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"69 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fatigue",
"lethargy",
"5 days",
"weakness",
"nausea",
"3 days",
"sarcoidosis",
"major depressive disorder",
"hypertension",
"stroke",
"years",
"Current medications include aspirin",
"nifedipine",
"prednisolone",
"fluoxetine",... |
A 54-year-old woman comes to the physician with abdominal distention and mild diffuse abdominal discomfort. She has not had nausea, vomiting, fever, or chills. She was diagnosed with alcoholic liver cirrhosis 2 years ago. Examination shows a protruding, distended abdomen that is dull to percussion with a positive fluid... | Furosemide | {
"A": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"B": "Furosemide",
"C": "Lisinopril",
"D": "Mannitol"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"54 year old woman",
"physician",
"abdominal distention",
"mild diffuse abdominal discomfort",
"not",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"fever",
"chills",
"diagnosed",
"alcoholic liver cirrhosis",
"years",
"Examination shows",
"protruding",
"distended abdomen",
"dull",
"percussion",
"positive ... |
A 33-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being rescued from a fire in her apartment. She reports nausea, headache, and dizziness. Physical examination shows black discoloration of her oral mucosa. Pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 99% on room air. The substance most likely ... | Competitive binding to heme | {
"A": "Competitive binding to heme",
"B": "Rise in serum pH",
"C": "Oxidation of Fe2+",
"D": "Inhibition of mitochondrial complex V"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"fire",
"apartment",
"reports nausea",
"headache",
"dizziness",
"Physical examination shows black discoloration",
"oral mucosa",
"Pulse oximetry shows",
"oxygen",
"99",
"room air",
"substance",
"likely causing symptoms",
... |
A 35-year-old woman presents with increased anxiety and a reeling sensation. Her complaint started 30 minutes ago with increased sweating and palpitations and is gradually worsening. On examination, the blood pressure was found to be 194/114 mm Hg. She had normal blood pressure at the local pharmacy 5 days ago. She cur... | Increased urine metanephrines | {
"A": "Increased urine metanephrines",
"B": "Decreased hemoglobin",
"C": "Decreased TSH levels",
"D": "Increased serum serotonin"
} | step1 | A | [
"35 year old woman presents",
"increased anxiety",
"sensation",
"complaint started 30 minutes",
"increased sweating",
"palpitations",
"worsening",
"examination",
"blood pressure",
"found to",
"mm Hg",
"normal blood pressure",
"local pharmacy 5 days",
"currently works",
"event manager",
... |
An 83-year-old man with advanced-stage prostate cancer comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of worsening lower back and hip pain. The patient's analgesic regimen includes oxycodone, ibuprofen, and alendronic acid. Physical examination shows localized tenderness over the lumbar spine and right hip. His cur... | Constipation | {
"A": "Constipation",
"B": "Pruritus",
"C": "Nausea",
"D": "Respiratory depression"
} | step1 | A | [
"83 year old man",
"advanced stage prostate cancer",
"physician",
"of",
"1-week history",
"worsening lower back",
"hip pain",
"patient's analgesic regimen includes oxycodone",
"ibuprofen",
"alendronic acid",
"Physical examination shows localized tenderness",
"lumbar spine",
"right hip",
"c... |
A 1-month-old male newborn is brought to the physician because of poor feeding, a hoarse cry, and lethargy for 1 week. The boy was born in Mozambique, from where he and his parents emigrated 2 weeks ago. He is at the 95th percentile for head circumference, 50th percentile for length, and 70th percentile for weight. Phy... | Thyroid dysgenesis | {
"A": "Biliary atresia",
"B": "Thyroid dysgenesis",
"C": "Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome",
"D": "Congenital toxoplasmosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"month old male newborn",
"brought",
"physician",
"poor feeding",
"hoarse cry",
"lethargy",
"1 week",
"boy",
"born in Mozambique",
"parents",
"2 weeks",
"95th percentile",
"head circumference",
"50th percentile",
"length",
"percentile",
"weight",
"Physical examination shows scleral... |
A 31-year-old obese Caucasian female presents to the Emergency Department late in the evening for left lower quadrant pain that has progressively worsened over the last several hours. She describes the pain as sharp and shooting, coming and going. Her last bowel movement was this morning. She has also had dysuria and u... | Noncontrast CT scan | {
"A": "A KUB (kidneys, ureters and bladder) plain film",
"B": "Transvaginal ultrasound",
"C": "Noncontrast CT scan",
"D": "Exploratory laparoscopy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"31 year old obese Caucasian female presents",
"Emergency Department late",
"evening",
"left lower quadrant pain",
"worsened",
"hours",
"pain",
"sharp",
"shooting",
"last bowel movement",
"morning",
"dysuria",
"urgency",
"surgical history",
"notable",
"gastric bypass surgery 2 years pr... |
A 66-year-old man is admitted to the medical floor after being diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia. He has been in good health except for the use of steroids for the past 6 months for ulcerative colitis. The patient is started on the empiric therapy with ceftriaxone for the management of pneumonia. After 10 day... | Myeloperoxidase deficiency | {
"A": "Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-1",
"B": "Chediak-Hegashi syndrome",
"C": "Myeloperoxidase deficiency",
"D": "X-linked agammaglobulinemia"
} | step1 | C | [
"66 year old man",
"admitted",
"medical floor",
"diagnosed",
"community-acquired pneumonia",
"good health except for",
"use of steroids",
"past 6 months",
"ulcerative colitis",
"patient",
"started",
"empiric therapy",
"ceftriaxone",
"management",
"pneumonia",
"10 days",
"treatment",
... |
A 16-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a hematoma after falling during gym class. He claims that he has a history of prolonged nosebleeds and bruising/bleeding after minor injuries. Physical exam is unrevealing other than the hematoma. Labs are obtained showing an increased bleeding time and an ab... | Decreased levels of factor VIII | {
"A": "Decreased levels of factor VIII",
"B": "Decreased levels of factor IX",
"C": "Decreased activity of ADAMTS13",
"D": "Decreased plasma fibrinogen"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"hematoma",
"falling",
"class",
"history",
"prolonged nosebleeds",
"bruising bleeding",
"minor injuries",
"Physical exam",
"hematoma",
"Labs",
"obtained showing",
"increased bleeding time",
"abnormal ristocetin cofactor assay",
"Coagula... |
A 40-year-old man presents to the physician for a scheduled checkup. He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus 5 years ago and has been taking his prescribed metformin daily, as prescribed. He also started exercising and has improved his diet. He has no particular complaints at the time. The patient has no other m... | Elevated triglycerides, low HDL | {
"A": "Elevated triglycerides, low HDL",
"B": "Elevated HDL, low LDL",
"C": "Low HDL, elevated LDL",
"D": "Normal lipid profile"
} | step1 | A | [
"40 year old man presents",
"physician",
"scheduled checkup",
"diagnosed",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"years",
"taking",
"prescribed metformin daily",
"prescribed",
"started exercising",
"improved",
"diet",
"complaints",
"time",
"patient",
"medical concerns",
"takes",
"medications... |
A 25-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, is brought to the emergency department at 39 weeks' gestation in active labor. Her first child was delivered at 40 weeks' gestation by elective cesarean section due to limited range of motion in her hip. The patient has sickle cell disease. She has had multiple episodes of acute ... | Positive direct Coombs test | {
"A": "Serum antibodies against Class I HLA antigens",
"B": "Positive blood cultures",
"C": "Positive direct Coombs test",
"D": "Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest x-ray"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"active labor",
"first child",
"delivered",
"40 weeks",
"gestation",
"elective cesarean section due to limited range of motion",
"hip",
"patient",
"sickle cell disease",
"multiple episod... |
An investigator is studying the replication of bacterial DNA with modified nucleotides. After unwinding, the double-stranded DNA strand forms a Y-shaped replication fork that separates into two strands. At each of these strands, daughter strands are synthesized. One strand is continuously extended from the template str... | Repeated activity of ligase | {
"A": "Elongation in the 3'→5' direction",
"B": "5' → 3' exonuclease activity",
"C": "Reverse transcriptase activity",
"D": "Repeated activity of ligase"
} | step1 | D | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"replication",
"bacterial",
"modified nucleotides",
"double-stranded DNA",
"forms",
"shaped replication fork",
"separates",
"two strands",
"strands",
"daughter strands",
"synthesized",
"One strand",
"extended",
"template strands",
"3 direction",
"followi... |
A clinical trial is being run with patients that have a genetic condition characterized by abnormal hemoglobin that can undergo polymerization when exposed to hypoxia, acidosis, or dehydration. This process of polymerization is responsible for the distortion of the red blood cell (RBC) that acquires a crescent shape an... | Missense mutation | {
"A": "Missense mutation",
"B": "Splice site",
"C": "Frameshift mutation",
"D": "Silent mutation"
} | step1 | A | [
"clinical trial",
"run",
"patients",
"genetic condition characterized",
"abnormal hemoglobin",
"polymerization",
"exposed",
"hypoxia",
"acidosis",
"dehydration",
"process",
"polymerization",
"responsible",
"distortion",
"red blood cell",
"acquires",
"crescent shape",
"hemolysis",
... |
An investigator isolates bacteria from a patient who presented with dysuria and urinary frequency. These bacteria grow rapidly in pink colonies on MacConkey agar. During replication of these bacteria, the DNA strands are unwound at the origin of replication, forming two Y-shaped replication forks that open in opposite ... | Excision of nucleotides with 5'→3' exonuclease activity | {
"A": "Elongation of lagging strand in 5'→3' direction",
"B": "Excision of nucleotides with 5'→3' exonuclease activity",
"C": "Creation of ribonucleotide primers",
"D": "Proofreading for mismatched nucleotides"
} | step1 | B | [
"investigator isolates bacteria",
"patient",
"presented",
"dysuria",
"urinary frequency",
"bacteria",
"rapidly",
"pink colonies",
"MacConkey agar",
"replication",
"bacteria",
"DNA strands",
"origin of replication",
"forming two",
"shaped replication forks",
"open",
"opposite directio... |
A 35-year-old banker is brought to a medical clinic by his concerned wife. For the past 3 weeks, he has not been eating well and has had a 10 kg (22 lb) weight loss. He wakes up very early in the mornings and feels extremely despondent. He no longer goes out on the weekends to hang out with his close friends nor does h... | Amitriptyline | {
"A": "Amitriptyline",
"B": "Fluoxetine",
"C": "Phenelzine",
"D": "Electroconvulsive therapy"
} | step1 | A | [
"35 year old",
"brought",
"medical clinic",
"wife",
"past",
"weeks",
"not",
"eating well",
"a 10 kg",
"weight loss",
"wakes up very early",
"mornings",
"feels extremely despondent",
"longer goes out",
"weekends",
"hang out",
"close friends",
"go",
"date nights",
"wife",
"feel... |
A 36-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with increasing fatigue. He says that the fatigue started after he returned from vacation in South America 4 weeks ago and thinks that it may be related to an infection he got while abroad. He does not know the name of the infection but says that he went to a loc... | Hypocellular bone marrow with fatty infiltration | {
"A": "Dense lines in the metaphysis of long bones",
"B": "Hypocellular bone marrow with fatty infiltration",
"C": "Low circulating levels of erythropoietin",
"D": "Schistocytes on peripheral blood smear"
} | step1 | B | [
"36 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"increasing fatigue",
"fatigue started",
"returned",
"vacation",
"South America",
"weeks",
"thinks",
"related",
"infection",
"got",
"not",
"name",
"infection",
"local clinic",
"treatment",
"given",
"antibiotic",
"then",
"l... |
A randomized control double-blind study is conducted on the efficacy of 2 sulfonylureas. The study concluded that medication 1 was more efficacious in lowering fasting blood glucose than medication 2 (p ≤ 0.05; 95% CI: 14 [10-21]). Which of the following is true regarding a 95% confidence interval (CI)? | The range of outcome values resulting from the trial has a 95% probability of encompassing the true value. | {
"A": "It represents the probability that chance would not produce the difference shown, 95% of the time.",
"B": "When a 95% CI for the estimated difference between groups contains the value ‘0’, the results are significant.",
"C": "The range of outcome values resulting from the trial has a 95% probability of en... | step2&3 | C | [
"randomized control double-blind study",
"conducted",
"efficacy",
"sulfonylureas",
"study concluded",
"medication 1",
"more efficacious",
"lowering fasting blood glucose",
"medication 2",
"p",
"0.05",
"95",
"CI",
"10",
"following",
"true",
"95",
"confidence interval",
"CI"
] |
A group of scientists is studying the mechanism of action of various pancreatic hormones in rats. The scientists studied hormone A, which is secreted by the β-cells of the pancreas, and found that hormone A binds to a complex dimeric receptor on the cell membrane and exerts its effects via dephosphorylation of differen... | Adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP | {
"A": "Adenylyl cyclase-cyclic AMP",
"B": "Direct cytoplasmic receptor binding",
"C": "Phospholipase C",
"D": "Tyrosine kinase"
} | step1 | A | [
"A group",
"scientists",
"studying",
"mechanism of action",
"various pancreatic hormones",
"rats",
"scientists studied hormone",
"secreted",
"cells",
"pancreas",
"found",
"hormone",
"binds",
"complex dimeric receptor",
"cell membrane",
"exerts",
"effects",
"dephosphorylation",
"d... |
A 15-year-old boy presents with a sore throat and difficulty swallowing. The patient says he has had a sore throat over the last 3 weeks. Two days ago it became acutely more painful. There is no significant past medical history nor current medications. The vital signs include: temperature 38.2°C (100.8°F), blood pressu... | Incision and drainage | {
"A": "Inhaled epinephrine",
"B": "Antitoxin",
"C": "Prednisone",
"D": "Incision and drainage"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy presents",
"sore throat",
"difficulty swallowing",
"patient",
"sore throat",
"weeks",
"Two days",
"painful",
"significant past medical history",
"current medications",
"vital signs include",
"temperature",
"100",
"blood pressure 100 70 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirato... |
A 43-year-old man from Chile comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of upper back pain and difficulty swallowing. He has had pain in his shoulder and knee joints over the past 10 years. He is 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 70.3 kg (155 lb); BMI is 19.4 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 142/86 mm Hg in the rig... | Cystic medial degeneration | {
"A": "Protozoal infection",
"B": "Autoimmune valve damage",
"C": "Congenital aortic narrowing",
"D": "Cystic medial degeneration"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"Chile",
"physician",
"of",
"1-day history",
"upper back pain",
"difficulty swallowing",
"pain in",
"shoulder",
"knee joints",
"past 10 years",
"6 ft 3",
"tall",
"70",
"kg",
"BMI",
"19.4 kg/m2",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"right arm",
"70 mg Hg",
"left arm",... |
A previously healthy 41-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of recurrent episodes of palpitations and sweating over the past month. Her symptoms typically start after swimming practice and improve after drinking ice tea and eating some candy. She has also had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight gain over the pas... | Pancreatic β-cell tumor | {
"A": "Exogenous administration of insulin",
"B": "Binge eating disorder",
"C": "Pancreatic β-cell tumor",
"D": "Peripheral resistance to insulin"
} | step1 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation of recurrent episodes",
"palpitations",
"sweating",
"past month",
"symptoms",
"start",
"swimming practice",
"drinking ice tea",
"eating",
"candy",
"5 kg",
"weight gain",
"past 3 months",
"works",
"nurse",
"Physical examination... |
An 8-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her parents for fever and easy bruising. Her parents report that the child has been bruising easily ever since an upper respiratory infection 3 months ago. For example, a bump into the table resulted in a large bruise on the side of her hip for a week. Three days ago, her ... | Translocation of chromosomes 12 and 21 | {
"A": "Low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels",
"B": "Smudge cells on peripheral blood smear",
"C": "Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positivity",
"D": "Translocation of chromosomes 12 and 21"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"clinic",
"parents",
"fever",
"easy bruising",
"parents report",
"child",
"bruising easily ever",
"upper respiratory infection",
"months",
"example",
"table resulted",
"large bruise",
"side",
"hip",
"week",
"Three days",
"mother",
"child felt warm",
... |
A 52-year-old woman presents to the urgent care center with several hours of worsening abdominal discomfort with radiation to the back. The patient also complains of malaise, chills, nausea, and vomiting. Social history is notable for alcoholism. On physical exam, she is febrile to 39.5°C (103.1°F), and she is diffusel... | Gallstone pancreatitis | {
"A": "Cholelithiasis",
"B": "Acute cholecystitis",
"C": "Gallstone pancreatitis",
"D": "Choledocholithiasis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"urgent care center",
"several hours",
"worsening abdominal discomfort",
"radiation",
"back",
"patient",
"malaise",
"chills",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"Social history",
"notable",
"alcoholism",
"physical exam",
"febrile",
"tender",
"abdominal palpation",
"... |
A previously healthy 38-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of left-sided weakness. As she was getting dressed this morning, she was suddenly unable to button up her shirt. When she showed her husband, he noticed that she seemed confused. She has a 3-year history of diabetes mel... | Decreased ADAMTS13 activity in serum | {
"A": "Decreased megakaryocytes on bone marrow biopsy",
"B": "Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli on stool culture",
"C": "RBC agglutination on direct Coombs test",
"D": "Decreased ADAMTS13 activity in serum"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"husband",
"left-sided weakness",
"getting dressed",
"morning",
"unable",
"button",
"shirt",
"showed",
"husband",
"confused",
"3 year history of diabetes mellitus",
"takes metformin",
"knee operation 2 days",
"temperat... |
A 62-year-old man is referred to neurology by his primary care physician. He is accompanied by his wife. The patient reports having a resting tremor in his left hand for over a year and some “stiffness” in his left arm. His wife notes that he has started to walk "funny" as well. He has a history of hypertension and hyp... | Inhibits aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase | {
"A": "Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors",
"B": "Inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase",
"C": "Inhibits aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase",
"D": "Inhibits monoamine oxidase-B"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"referred",
"neurology",
"primary care physician",
"wife",
"patient reports",
"resting tremor",
"left hand",
"over",
"year",
"stiffness",
"left arm",
"wife notes",
"started to walk",
"well",
"history of hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"takes aspirin",
"amlodip... |
A 34-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of fatigue and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss despite eating more than usual. Her pulse is 115/min and blood pressure is 140/60 mm Hg. Physical examination shows warm, moist skin, and a diffuse, non-tender swelling over the anterior neck. Ophthalmolo... | Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies | {
"A": "Nongranulomatous thyroid inflammation",
"B": "Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies",
"C": "Parafollicular cell hyperplasia",
"D": "Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"fatigue",
"4.5 kg",
"10",
"weight loss",
"eating",
"usual",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"60 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows warm",
"moist",
"diffuse",
"non-tender swelling",
"anterior",
"Ophthalmologic examination shows... |
A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient works as a farmer and has no concerns about his health. He has a past medical history of hypertension and obesity. His current medications include lisinopril and metoprolol. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is ... | Femoral artery murmur | {
"A": "Femoral artery murmur",
"B": "Murmur that radiates to the carotids",
"C": "Rumbling heard at the cardiac apex",
"D": "Wedge pressure lower than expected"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"72 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"general checkup",
"patient works",
"farmer",
"concerns",
"health",
"past medical",
"obesity",
"current medications include lisinopril",
"metoprolol",
"temperature",
"99",
"blood pressure",
"mmHg",
"pulse",
"90 min",
"respiratio... |
During a study on the immune system, an investigator isolates and labels T cells from the cortex of the thymus. The T cells that do not bind cortical epithelial cells expressing MHC molecules undergo apoptosis within 3–4 days. Which of the following best describes the T cells during this phase of differentiation? | CD4+ and CD8+ | {
"A": "CD4+ and CD8+",
"B": "Th2",
"C": "T cell precursor",
"D": "CD4+"
} | step1 | A | [
"study",
"immune system",
"investigator isolates",
"labels T cells",
"cortex of",
"thymus",
"T cells",
"not bind cortical epithelial cells",
"MHC molecules",
"apoptosis",
"days",
"following best",
"T cells",
"phase",
"differentiation"
] |
Seven days after undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty, a 65-year-old man comes to the physician with a dark discoloration and blisters on his abdomen. Current medications include simvastatin, aspirin, and low molecular weight heparin. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the skin shows multi... | Antibody formation against heparin-PF4 complex | {
"A": "Anti-desmoglein antibody formation",
"B": "Deficiency in ADAMTS13 activity",
"C": "Antibody formation against heparin-PF4 complex",
"D": "Antibody-platelet antigen complex formation"
} | step1 | C | [
"Seven days",
"bilateral total knee arthroplasty",
"65 year old man",
"physician",
"dark discoloration",
"blisters",
"abdomen",
"Current medications include simvastatin",
"aspirin",
"low molecular weight heparin",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination of",
"skin shows multiple",
"... |
A 54-year-old woman presents to the physician with discomfort in her upper left abdomen over the past month. Moreover, she has recently been feeling a bit tired. She has no history of any significant illness and takes no medications. Her vital signs are within normal limits. On percussion, the spleen size is 15 cm (5.9... | Philadelphia chromosome | {
"A": "Auer rods",
"B": "JAK2 mutation",
"C": "Philadelphia chromosome",
"D": "Translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"54 year old woman presents",
"physician",
"discomfort",
"upper left abdomen",
"past month",
"recently",
"feeling",
"bit tired",
"history",
"significant illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"percussion",
"spleen size",
"5.9",
"physical examination shows... |
A 31-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 4-day history of fever and diarrhea. She has abdominal cramps and frequent bowel movements of small quantities of stool with blood and mucus. She has had multiple similar episodes over the past 8 months. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 75/... | Start annual colonoscopy starting in 8 years | {
"A": "Obtain genetic studies now",
"B": "Start annual colonoscopy starting in 8 years",
"C": "Obtain glutamate dehydrogenase antigen immunoassay now",
"D": "Start annual magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography screening in 10 years"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"31 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"4-day history",
"fever",
"diarrhea",
"abdominal cramps",
"frequent bowel movements of small quantities",
"stool",
"blood",
"mucus",
"multiple similar episodes",
"past",
"months",
"temperature",
"100",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"blood pressure"... |
A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for an annual checkup. She reports feeling sad over the past few months for no apparent reason. She has lost interest in swimming, which she previously found enjoyable. Additionally, she has had trouble getting a full night’s sleep and has had trouble concentra... | Decreased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine | {
"A": "Decreased acetylcholine, normal serotonin, normal dopamine",
"B": "Increased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased GABA",
"C": "Decreased GABA, decreased acetylcholine, increased dopamine",
"D": "Decreased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old female presents",
"primary care provider",
"annual checkup",
"reports feeling sad",
"past",
"months",
"apparent reason",
"lost interest",
"swimming",
"found",
"getting",
"full nights sleep",
"concentrating",
"day",
"lost",
"pounds",
"last visit one year prior",
"following... |
A 45-year-old obese man is evaluated in a locked psychiatric facility. He was admitted to the unit after he was caught running through traffic naked while tearing out his hair. His urine toxicology screening was negative for illicit substances and after careful evaluation and additional history, provided by his parents... | Clozapine | {
"A": "Fluphenazine",
"B": "Haloperidol",
"C": "Olanzapine",
"D": "Clozapine"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old obese man",
"evaluated",
"locked psychiatric facility",
"admitted",
"unit",
"caught running",
"traffic naked",
"tearing out",
"hair",
"urine toxicology",
"negative",
"illicit substances",
"careful evaluation",
"additional history",
"provided",
"parents",
"diagnosed",
"sch... |
A 55-year-old woman presents to the physician with repeated episodes of dizziness for the last 3 months, which are triggered by rising from a supine position and by lying down. The episodes are sudden and usually last for less than 30 seconds. During the episode, she feels as if she is suddenly thrown into a rolling sp... | Canalith repositioning | {
"A": "Oral prednisolone for 2 weeks and follow-up",
"B": "Canalith repositioning",
"C": "Posterior canal occlusion",
"D": "Singular neurectomy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old woman presents",
"physician",
"repeated episodes of dizziness",
"last",
"months",
"triggered by rising",
"supine position",
"lying",
"episodes",
"sudden",
"usually last",
"30 seconds",
"episode",
"feels",
"thrown",
"spin",
"symptoms",
"period",
"episodes",
"patient... |
A 52-year-old man presents to a medical clinic to establish care. He has no known chronic illnesses but has not seen a physician in over 20 years. He generally feels well but occasionally has shortness of breath when he jogs and exercises. He smokes 2-5 cigarettes per day and uses IV heroin “now and then.” Physical exa... | Systemic hypertension | {
"A": "Aortic regurgitation",
"B": "Mitral stenosis",
"C": "Pulmonary hypertension",
"D": "Systemic hypertension"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"medical clinic to establish care",
"known chronic illnesses",
"not seen",
"physician",
"20 years",
"feels well",
"occasionally",
"shortness of breath",
"jogs",
"exercises",
"smokes 2 cigarettes",
"day",
"uses IV heroin now",
"then",
"Physical exam",
"unremar... |
A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of worsening shortness of breath on exertion and fatigue. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic kidney disease. Her mother was diagnosed with colon cancer at the age of 65 years. Her blood pressure is 145... | Decreased erythropoietin production | {
"A": "Autoantibodies against the thyroid gland",
"B": "Chronic occult blood loss",
"C": "Deficient vitamin B12 intake",
"D": "Decreased erythropoietin production"
} | step1 | D | [
"55 year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"month history",
"worsening shortness",
"breath",
"exertion",
"fatigue",
"type 1 diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"chronic kidney disease",
"mother",
"diagnosed",
"colon cancer",
"age",
"65",
"blood pressure",
"mm... |
A 1-month-old boy is brought by his parents to an orthopaedic surgeon for evaluation of bilateral club feet. He was born at term to a G1P1 mother but had respiratory distress at birth. Furthermore, he was found to have clubfeet as well as other extremity contractures. Physical exam reveals limited range of motion in hi... | Juvenile polycystic kidney disease | {
"A": "Anencephaly",
"B": "Juvenile polycystic kidney disease",
"C": "Maternal diabetes",
"D": "Spina bifida"
} | step1 | B | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"parents",
"orthopaedic",
"evaluation",
"bilateral club feet",
"born",
"term",
"G1P1 mother",
"respiratory distress at birth",
"found to",
"clubfeet",
"extremity contractures",
"Physical exam reveals limited range of motion",
"arms",
"legs",
"severe clubfe... |
A 64-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee comes to the physician for evaluation of weakness in his foot. Physical examination shows a swelling in the popliteal fossa. There is marked weakness when attempting to invert his right foot. He is unable to curl his toes. Further evaluation of this patient is most like... | Sole of the foot | {
"A": "Second dorsal web space",
"B": "Sole of the foot",
"C": "Medial plantar arch",
"D": "Lateral border of the foot"
} | step1 | B | [
"64 year old man",
"osteoarthritis of",
"knee",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"weakness",
"foot",
"Physical examination shows",
"swelling",
"popliteal fossa",
"marked weakness",
"attempting to invert",
"right foot",
"unable to curl",
"toes",
"Further evaluation",
"patient",
"most like... |
A 24-year-old woman with a past medical history significant only for endometriosis presents to the outpatient clinic with a 2-cm left breast mass that she first identified 6 months earlier. On review of systems, the patient states that the mass is not painful and, by her estimation, has not significantly increased in s... | Fibroadenoma | {
"A": "Fibrocystic change",
"B": "Fibroadenoma",
"C": "Cystosarcoma phyllodes",
"D": "Ductal carcinoma in situ"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"past medical history significant only",
"endometriosis presents",
"outpatient clinic",
"2",
"left breast mass",
"first identified",
"months earlier",
"review of systems",
"patient states",
"mass",
"not painful",
"estimation",
"not",
"increased in size",
"first",
"p... |
A 34-year-old man is being evaluated in an emergency clinic for dizziness and headache after a stressful event at work. He also reports that his face often becomes swollen and he occasionally has difficulty breathing during these spells. Family history is significant for his father who died of a stroke and his mother w... | Enalapril | {
"A": "Losartan",
"B": "The patient has no contraindications.",
"C": "Penicillin",
"D": "Enalapril"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"evaluated",
"emergency clinic",
"dizziness",
"headache",
"stressful event",
"work",
"reports",
"face often",
"swollen",
"occasionally",
"difficulty breathing",
"spells",
"Family history",
"significant",
"father",
"died",
"stroke",
"mother",
"often suffers",
"... |
A 74-year-old man presents with complaints of sudden severe crushing retrosternal pain. The pain radiated to his left arm shortly after it began, and he was subsequently rushed to the emergency department for evaluation. His troponins and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were elevated. Unfortunately, the patient died within ... | Normal heart tissue | {
"A": "Red granulation tissue surrounding the infarction",
"B": "Normal heart tissue",
"C": "White, patchy, non-contractile scar",
"D": "Pallor of the infarcted tissue"
} | step1 | B | [
"74 year old man presents",
"complaints",
"sudden severe crushing retrosternal",
"pain radiated",
"left arm",
"began",
"rushed",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"troponins",
"creatine kinase-MB",
"elevated",
"patient died",
"next",
"hours",
"autopsy",
"performed immediately",
... |
A survey was conducted in a US midwestern town in an effort to assess maternal mortality over the past year. The data from the survey are given in the table below:
Women of childbearing age 250,000
Maternal deaths 2,500
Number of live births 100, 000
Number of deaths of women of childbearing age 7,500
Maternal death is... | 10 per 1,000 women | {
"A": "333 per 1,000 women",
"B": "10 per 1,000 women",
"C": "0.33",
"D": "30 per 1,000 women"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"survey",
"conducted",
"town",
"effort to assess maternal mortality",
"past year",
"data",
"survey",
"given",
"table",
"Women of childbearing age",
"Maternal deaths",
"500 Number",
"live births 100",
"Number of deaths",
"women",
"childbearing age",
"500 Maternal",
"defined",
"dea... |
Drug A is an experimental compound being investigated for potential use as a protectant against venous thrombosis. Binding assays reveal that the drug’s primary mechanism of action is to block carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in certain serum proteins. Drug A is most similar to which of the following: | Warfarin | {
"A": "Steptokinase",
"B": "Heparin",
"C": "Bivalirudin",
"D": "Warfarin"
} | step1 | D | [
"Drug",
"experimental compound",
"investigated",
"potential use",
"protectant",
"venous thrombosis",
"Binding assays reveal",
"drugs primary mechanism of action",
"to block carboxylation",
"glutamic acid residues",
"certain serum proteins",
"Drug",
"most similar",
"following"
] |
An 11-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for a wellness checkup. The child is an immigrant, and this is his first visit. The patient is in the 99th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. The child is struggling in school, and basic cognitive testing suggests he is moderately mentally disabled. His... | Pyridoxine | {
"A": "Iron",
"B": "Pyridoxine",
"C": "Fish oil",
"D": "Vitamin D"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old boy presents",
"pediatrician",
"wellness checkup",
"child",
"immigrant",
"first visit",
"patient",
"99th percentile",
"height",
"50th percentile",
"weight",
"child",
"in school",
"basic cognitive testing suggests",
"moderately",
"disabled",
"temperature",
"99",
"blood p... |
Twenty minutes after delivery of a newborn infant, a 22-year-old woman starts breastfeeding. Initially, the expressed milk is thick and yellowish. Three days later, the mother's breasts swell and the expressed milk becomes thinner and whiter. A decrease in maternal serum concentration of which of the following is most ... | Progesterone | {
"A": "Estrogen",
"B": "Oxytocin",
"C": "Thyroxine",
"D": "Progesterone"
} | step1 | D | [
"Twenty minutes",
"delivery",
"newborn infant",
"year old woman starts breastfeeding",
"Initially",
"milk",
"thick",
"Three days later",
"mother's breasts swell",
"milk",
"whiter",
"decrease",
"maternal serum",
"following",
"most likely responsible",
"observed changes",
"milk product... |
Ten days after undergoing emergent colectomy for a ruptured bowel that she sustained in a motor vehicle accident, a 59-year-old woman has abdominal pain. During the procedure, she was transfused 3 units of packed red blood cells. She is currently receiving total parenteral nutrition. Her temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F)... | Acalculous cholecystitis | {
"A": "Acalculous cholecystitis",
"B": "Small bowel obstruction",
"C": "Hemolytic transfusion reaction",
"D": "Cholecystolithiasis"
} | step1 | A | [
"Ten days",
"emergent colectomy",
"ruptured bowel",
"sustained",
"motor vehicle accident",
"59 year old woman",
"abdominal pain",
"procedure",
"transfused 3 units",
"packed red blood cells",
"currently receiving total parenteral nutrition",
"temperature",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure"... |
A group of investigators seeks to compare the non-inferiority of a new angiotensin receptor blocker, salisartan, with losartan for reduction of blood pressure. 2,000 patients newly diagnosed with hypertension are recruited for the trial; the first 1,000 recruited patients are administered losartan, and the other half a... | Randomization | {
"A": "Posthoc analysis of primary outcome among patients who withdrew from study",
"B": "Randomization",
"C": "Retrial of primary outcome for clinical effectiveness instead of non-inferiority",
"D": "Increased sample size"
} | step1 | B | [
"A group",
"investigators",
"to compare",
"non inferiority",
"new angiotensin receptor",
"losartan",
"reduction",
"blood pressure",
"patients newly diagnosed",
"hypertension",
"trial",
"first",
"patients",
"administered losartan",
"half",
"administered",
"Patients",
"baseline systo... |
A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his neighbor, who found him lying unconscious at the door of his house. The patient lives alone and no further history is available. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.2ºC (98.9ºF), pulse rate is 114/min, blood pressure is 116/78 mm Hg, and respira... | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone | {
"A": "Acute ethanol intoxication",
"B": "Central diabetes insipidus",
"C": "Diabetic ketoacidosis",
"D": "Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone"
} | step1 | D | [
"48 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"neighbor",
"found",
"lying unconscious",
"door",
"house",
"patient lives alone",
"further history",
"available",
"physical examination",
"temperature",
"98 9F",
"pulse rate",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"respiratory rat... |
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-week history of frequent episodes of unresponsiveness. During these episodes, he stares blankly, rhythmically nods his head, and does not respond to verbal stimulation for several seconds. Hyperventilation for 30 seconds precipitates an episode of unresponsive... | Blockade of thalamic T-type calcium channels | {
"A": "Increased frequency of GABAA channel opening",
"B": "Blockade of thalamic T-type calcium channels",
"C": "Increased duration of GABAA channel opening",
"D": "Inhibition of GABA reuptake into presynaptic neurons"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"of",
"2-week history",
"frequent episodes",
"unresponsiveness",
"episodes",
"stares",
"nods",
"head",
"not",
"verbal stimulation",
"several seconds",
"Hyperventilation",
"30",
"precipitates",
"episode of unresponsiveness",
"head nodding",
... |
A 60-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Over the past year, he has had problems initiating urination and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. He has a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 year... | Abdominal ultrasonography | {
"A": "CT scan of the abdomen with contrast",
"B": "Aortic arteriography",
"C": "PSA level testing",
"D": "Abdominal ultrasonography"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"60 year old man",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"past year",
"problems initiating urination",
"sensation of incomplete bladder emptying",
"history of hypertension",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"past 40 years",
"not drink alcohol",
... |
A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by the police after he was found running around a local park naked and screaming late at night. During intake, the patient talks non-stop about the government spying on him and his family, but provides little useful information besides his name and date of birth.... | Schizoaffective disorder | {
"A": "Bipolar 1 disorder",
"B": "Brief psychotic disorder",
"C": "Schizoaffective disorder",
"D": "Schizophrenia"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"police",
"found running",
"local park naked",
"screaming late",
"night",
"intake",
"patient talks non stop",
"government",
"family",
"provides little useful information",
"name",
"date of birth",
"Occasionally",
"refers",
"thir... |
A 36-year-old woman presents with thyroid swelling. She has been healthy until now and follows all the healthcare precautions except for missing a flu shot this year. On physical examination, the thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged and tender to palpation. Laboratory findings show a decreased serum TSH level and elevat... | Mixed cellular infiltration with multinuclear giant cells | {
"A": "Extensive fibrosis of the stroma",
"B": "Sheets of polygonal cells in amyloid stroma",
"C": "Mixed cellular infiltration with multinuclear giant cells",
"D": "Orphan Annie nuclei with psammoma bodies"
} | step1 | C | [
"36 year old woman presents",
"thyroid swelling",
"healthy",
"now",
"follows",
"healthcare precautions",
"missing",
"flu shot",
"year",
"physical examination",
"thyroid gland",
"enlarged",
"tender",
"palpation",
"Laboratory show",
"decreased serum",
"elevated erythrocyte sedimentatio... |
A 27-year-old woman, who recently immigrated from Bangladesh, presents to her primary care physician to discuss birth control. During a review of her past medical history, she reports that as a child she had a recurrent sore throat and fever followed by swollen and aching hip and knee joints. These symptoms returned ev... | Point 5 | {
"A": "Point 1",
"B": "Point 2",
"C": "Point 4",
"D": "Point 5"
} | step1 | D | [
"27 year old woman",
"recently",
"Bangladesh",
"presents",
"primary care physician to discuss birth control",
"review",
"past medical history",
"reports",
"child",
"recurrent sore throat",
"fever followed by swollen",
"aching hip",
"knee joints",
"symptoms returned",
"season",
"never t... |
A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for a routine examination. He feels tired and has aches most days and is concerned that he has gained a little weight since his last appointment. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide and at... | Precontemplation | {
"A": "Relapse",
"B": "Maintenance",
"C": "Precontemplation",
"D": "Contemplation"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"routine examination",
"feels tired",
"aches",
"days",
"concerned",
"gained",
"little weight",
"last appointment",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"takes hydrochlorothiazide",
"atorvastatin",
"... |
A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends in a confused state. He was doing fine 5 days ago when he started to complain of fever and flu-like symptoms. His fever was low-grade and associated with a headache. For the past 2 days, he has become increasingly irritable, confused, and was getti... | Acyclovir | {
"A": "Acyclovir",
"B": "High-dose steroids",
"C": "Intravenous immunoglobulin",
"D": "Rituximab"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"friends",
"confused state",
"fine",
"days",
"started to",
"fever",
"flu-like symptoms",
"fever",
"low-grade",
"associated with",
"headache",
"past 2 days",
"irritable",
"confused",
"getting angry",
"things",
"Past medical h... |
A scientist is studying the influenza A virus. He focuses on two strains – one from humans (H7N1) and one from horses (H3N8). He takes cells from chickens and coinfects these cells with both influenza strains. From these chicken cells, the scientist isolates a new strain and finds that this new strain can infect human ... | Genetic shift | {
"A": "Transformation",
"B": "Transduction",
"C": "Genetic drift",
"D": "Genetic shift"
} | step1 | D | [
"scientist",
"studying",
"influenza A virus",
"focuses",
"two strains",
"one",
"humans",
"one",
"horses",
"takes cells",
"chickens",
"cells",
"influenza strains",
"chicken cells",
"scientist isolates",
"new strain",
"finds",
"new strain",
"infect human cells",
"further characte... |
A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother for an annual well-child examination. Her mother complains that the patient has a poor diet and spends most of the evening at home texting her friends instead of doing homework. She has been caught smoking cigarettes in the school bathroom several times and a... | """Would it be possible for you to step out for a few moments so that I can interview your daughter alone?""" | {
"A": "\"\"\"I am very concerned that your daughter is displaying signs of depression, and I'd suggest that she is seen by a psychiatrist.\"\"\"",
"B": "\"\"\"Let's run a routine urine toxicology screen to make sure your daughter is not doing drugs.\"\"\"",
"C": "\"\"\"Would it be possible for you to step out fo... | step1 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"annual well",
"mother",
"patient",
"poor diet",
"spends most",
"evening",
"home texting",
"friends",
"homework",
"caught smoking cigarettes",
"school bathroom",
"times",
"appears indifferent",
"threats",
"suspension",
"Two wee... |
A 25-year-old female presents to the emergency room with a heart rate of 32 BPM and a blood pressure of 80/40. She was found by emergency medical services with an empty bottle of propanolol that was taken from her grandmother. Her vital signs do not improve despite IV fluids and oxygen. Which of the following is a firs... | Glucagon | {
"A": "Glucagon",
"B": "Atropine",
"C": "Adenosine",
"D": "Vagal maneuvers"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old female presents",
"emergency room",
"heart rate",
"blood pressure",
"80 40",
"found",
"emergency medical services",
"empty bottle",
"propanolol",
"taken",
"grandmother",
"vital signs",
"not",
"IV fluids",
"oxygen",
"following",
"first line treatment",
"overdose"
] |
An otherwise healthy 31-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a several-day history of sharp, central chest pain, which is constant and unrelated to exertion. The pain gets worse on lying down and decreases with sitting forward. He has smoked 10–15 cigarettes daily for the past 7 years. His blood press... | Acute pericarditis | {
"A": "ST-elevation myocardial infarction",
"B": "Costochondritis",
"C": "Acute pericarditis",
"D": "Bacterial pneumonia"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"healthy 31 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"several day history of sharp",
"central chest pain",
"constant",
"unrelated",
"exertion",
"pain gets worse",
"lying",
"decreases",
"sitting forward",
"smoked",
"cigarettes daily",
"past",
"years",
"blood pressure",
"50 mm H... |
A 24-year-old man comes to the physician with a 2-day history of fever, crampy abdominal pain, and blood-tinged diarrhea. He recently returned from a trip to Mexico. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness to palpation; bowel sounds are hyperactive. Stool cultures grow nonlac... | Invasion of colonic microfold cells | {
"A": "Invasion of colonic microfold cells",
"B": "Overactivation of adenylate cyclase",
"C": "Dissemination via bloodstream",
"D": "Flagella-mediated gut colonization"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"fever",
"crampy abdominal pain",
"blood-tinged diarrhea",
"recently returned",
"trip",
"Mexico",
"temperature",
"100",
"Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness",
"palpation",
"bowel sounds",
"hyperactive",
"Stool cultures",
"oxida... |
An investigator is studying the activity level of several different enzymes in human subjects from various demographic groups. An elevated level of activity of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase is found in one of the study subjects. This patient is most likely to have which of the following conditions? | Gout | {
"A": "Homocystinuria",
"B": "Gout",
"C": "Maple syrup urine disease",
"D": "Phenylketonuria"
} | step1 | B | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"activity",
"different enzymes",
"human subjects",
"various demographic groups",
"elevated level",
"activity",
"phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase",
"found",
"one",
"study subjects",
"patient",
"most likely to",
"following conditions"
] |
An 18-year-old boy presents to the clinic with shortness of breath and fever for the last 2 days. He also has a cough for the same duration. He is asthmatic and uses inhaled albuterol for symptom relief when required. He used albuterol today 3 times at 10-minute intervals but has not had relief of his symptoms. On phys... | Inhibition of vagally-mediated contraction of bronchial smooth muscles | {
"A": "Inhibition of degranulation of mast cells",
"B": "Inhibition of adenosine receptors in the respiratory tract",
"C": "Inhibition of vagally-mediated contraction of bronchial smooth muscles",
"D": "Inhibition of vagally-mediated dryness in the respiratory mucosa"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy presents",
"clinic",
"shortness of breath",
"fever",
"2 days",
"cough",
"same duration",
"asthmatic",
"uses inhaled albuterol",
"symptom relief",
"required",
"used albuterol today 3 times",
"10 minute intervals",
"not",
"relief",
"symptoms",
"physical examination",
"t... |
A 9-year-old boy with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is brought to the clinic by his mother because of pruritic vesicles that appeared on the left side of his torso 12 hours ago. One day earlier, before the appearance of the vesicles, the patient’s mother notes that he had been complaining of a burning sensa... | Reactivation of VZV due to immunodeficiency caused by chemotherapy | {
"A": "Viral infection of the skin",
"B": "Chickenpox",
"C": "Reactivation of VZV due to immunodeficiency caused by chemotherapy",
"D": "Bacterial infection of the skin"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy",
"history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia",
"brought",
"clinic",
"mother",
"vesicles",
"appeared",
"the left side of",
"torso",
"hours",
"One day earlier",
"appearance",
"vesicles",
"patients mother notes",
"burning sensation",
"area",
"boy",
"receiving chemotherapy ... |
A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of severe epigastric pain that is radiating to his back and accompanied by nausea and vomiting. He has a history of alcohol use disorder. His blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg and his pulse is 110/min. Physical examination shows diffuse abdomina... | Straight segment of proximal tubule | {
"A": "Collecting duct",
"B": "Straight segment of proximal tubule",
"C": "Thin descending limb of loop of Henle",
"D": "Convoluted segment of distal tubule"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"3 history",
"severe epigastric",
"radiating to",
"back",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"history of alcohol use disorder",
"blood pressure",
"90 60 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"Physical examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness",
"distention",
"Laborato... |
A 31-year-old woman presents with pruritic vesicles on the right side of her torso. She notes that the lesions appeared 2 days ago and have not improved. One day prior to their appearance, she says that she experienced a burning sensation in the affected area. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal l... | Postherpetic neuralgia | {
"A": "Fever",
"B": "Pneumonia",
"C": "Cerebellar ataxia",
"D": "Postherpetic neuralgia"
} | step1 | D | [
"31 year old woman presents",
"vesicles",
"right side",
"torso",
"notes",
"lesions appeared 2 days",
"not improved",
"One day prior to",
"appearance",
"experienced",
"burning sensation",
"affected area",
"patient",
"afebrile",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"physical examination",
... |
A 73-year-old man comes to the physician because of worsening bilateral lower extremity pain for the past 8 months. The pain begins after walking one to two blocks and radiates bilaterally down the buttocks with cramping and tingling. He reports that the pain is worse while walking downhill and is relieved by sitting a... | MRI scan of the spine | {
"A": "Measurement of HLA-B27 antigen",
"B": "Measurement of the ankle brachial index",
"C": "MRI scan of the spine",
"D": "Polysomnography"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of worsening bilateral lower extremity pain",
"past",
"months",
"pain begins",
"walking one",
"two blocks",
"radiates",
"buttocks",
"cramping",
"tingling",
"reports",
"pain",
"worse",
"walking",
"relieved by sitting",
"forward",
"hypertension",
"hy... |
A 23-year-old woman approaches her university health services after a 5-day history of having a mucoid secretion that she has seen on her underwear upon waking up in the morning. She denies dysuria. She comments that 2 weeks ago, she engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse with both a male and a female classmate duri... | White blood cells alone | {
"A": "White blood cells + gram-negative rod",
"B": "White blood cells + gram-negative diplococci",
"C": "White blood cells + motile flagellates",
"D": "White blood cells alone"
} | step1 | D | [
"23 year old woman approaches",
"university health services",
"5-day history",
"mucoid secretion",
"seen",
"underwear",
"waking",
"morning",
"denies dysuria",
"comments",
"2 weeks",
"engaged",
"unprotected sexual intercourse",
"male",
"female classmate",
"party",
"physical examinatio... |
A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department following an episode of chest pain and a loss of consciousness. The patient is in critical condition and his vital signs are rapidly deteriorating. It is known that the patient is currently undergoing chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The patient is accompanied ... | Respect the patient’s advance directive orders | {
"A": "Respect the wife’s wishes and resuscitate the patient",
"B": "Contact the patient’s siblings or other first-degree relatives",
"C": "Respect the patient’s advance directive orders",
"D": "Consult a judge"
} | step1 | C | [
"67 year old man presents",
"emergency department following",
"episode of chest pain",
"loss of consciousness",
"patient",
"critical condition",
"vital signs",
"rapidly deteriorating",
"known",
"patient",
"currently",
"chemotherapy",
"Hodgkins lymphoma",
"patient",
"wife",
"medical sta... |
An 18-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend because of a pruritic rash on his penis that has been present for the past hour. The rash developed shortly after the patient had protected sexual intercourse with his girlfriend for the first time. His girlfriend does not have any symptoms. Fi... | Oral cetirizine
" | {
"A": "Intravenous acyclovir",
"B": "Oral cromolyn sodium",
"C": "Oral famotidine",
"D": "Oral cetirizine\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"girlfriend",
"pruritic rash",
"penis",
"present",
"past hour",
"rash",
"patient",
"protected sexual intercourse",
"girlfriend",
"first time",
"girlfriend",
"not",
"symptoms",
"Five days",
"patient visited",
"friend",
"intense ... |
A 14-year-old girl is brought by her parents to the physician because of recurrent episodes of shortness of breath and nonproductive cough over the past 3 months. She has had two episodes per week, which have resolved spontaneously with rest. Once a month, she wakes up at night with shortness of breath. Spirometry show... | Albuterol | {
"A": "Albuterol",
"B": "Guaifenesin",
"C": "Montelukast sodium",
"D": "Fluticasone"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"parents",
"physician",
"of recurrent episodes",
"shortness",
"breath",
"nonproductive cough",
"past 3 months",
"two episodes",
"week",
"resolved",
"rest",
"month",
"wakes up at night",
"shortness of breath",
"Spirometry shows",
"FVC",
"95",
"FEV1",
... |
A 19-year-old African American male with a history of bipolar I disorder presents to the psychiatrist for a follow-up visit. During the session, the patient explains that for the past 2 months he has felt significantly fatigued and constipated. He is always complaining of feeling cold and has gained several pounds alth... | Lithium | {
"A": "Valproic acid",
"B": "Lithium",
"C": "Carbamazepine",
"D": "Lamotrigine"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old African American male",
"history of bipolar I disorder presents",
"psychiatrist",
"follow-up visit",
"session",
"patient",
"past",
"months",
"felt",
"fatigued",
"constipated",
"always",
"feeling cold",
"gained",
"pounds",
"diet",
"not changed",
"blood sample",
"sent",
... |
A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for gradual onset of fatigue for the last 4 months. He also reports shortness of breath and difficulty concentrating. His friends have told him that he appears pale. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 20 years. He does not drink alcohol. His vital signs are ... | Gastric carcinoma | {
"A": "Type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"B": "Celiac disease",
"C": "De Quervain thyroiditis",
"D": "Gastric carcinoma"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"gradual onset",
"fatigue",
"last",
"months",
"reports shortness of breath",
"difficulty concentrating",
"friends",
"appears pale",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"last 20 years",
"not drink alcohol",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Neurological ... |
A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with difficulties swallowing food. He states that he experiences pain when he attempts to swallow his medications or when he drinks water. He reveals that he was diagnosed with HIV infection five years ago. He asserts that he has been taking his antiretroviral regi... | Fluconazole | {
"A": "Esophageal endoscopy and biopsy",
"B": "Fluconazole",
"C": "Methylprednisolone",
"D": "Nystatin"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"difficulties swallowing food",
"states",
"experiences pain",
"attempts to swallow",
"medications",
"drinks water",
"reveals",
"diagnosed",
"HIV infection five years",
"taking",
"antiretroviral regimen",
"including emtricitabine",
"rilpivi... |
A 44-year-old woman presents to the outpatient clinic after she ran into a minor car accident. She says that she did not see the other car coming from the side and this is not the first time this has happened. When asked about any health issues she expresses concerns about whitish discharge dripping from both of her ni... | Serum prolactin levels | {
"A": "A urine pregnancy test",
"B": "Serum prolactin levels",
"C": "Serum estrogen and progesterone levels",
"D": "Thyroid stimulating hormone levels"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"outpatient clinic",
"ran",
"minor car accident",
"not see",
"car",
"side",
"not",
"first time",
"happened",
"health issues",
"concerns",
"discharge dripping",
"nipples",
"soils",
"blouse often",
"sexually active",
"missed",
"periods",
"months",
"at... |
A mother presents to the family physician with her 16-year-old son. She explains, "There's something wrong with him doc. His grades are getting worse, he's cutting class, he's gaining weight, and his eyes are often bloodshot." Upon interviewing the patient apart from his mother, he seems withdrawn and angry at times wh... | Urine toxicology screen | {
"A": "Complete blood count",
"B": "Blood culture",
"C": "Sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing",
"D": "Urine toxicology screen"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"mother presents",
"family physician",
"year old son",
"rong ",
"oc.",
"rades ",
"etting orse,",
"e'",
"tting c ass, ",
"'s",
"ning weight, a",
"s ar",
"en bl",
"erviewing th",
"ient ap",
"her, h",
"hdrawn an",
"ry at",
"es wh",
"bed ab",
"ial history. T",
"ient de ies ab ... |
A 68-year-old, overweight gentleman with a 20-pack-year history of smoking presents to the primary care physician after noticing multiple blood-stained tissues after coughing attacks in the last month. His vital signs are within normal limits except for an O2 saturation of 93% on room air. He states that over the last ... | Chronic bronchitis | {
"A": "Acute pulmonary edema",
"B": "Lung abscess",
"C": "Chronic bronchitis",
"D": "Coagulopathy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"68 year old",
"overweight",
"20 history of smoking presents",
"primary care physician",
"multiple blood stained tissues",
"coughing attacks",
"last month",
"vital signs",
"normal limits except for",
"O2 saturation",
"room air",
"states",
"last",
"years",
"cough",
"continued",
"worse... |
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a follow-up examination. He has persistent bedwetting. Over the past year, his parents have attempted various methods to prevent him from wetting his bed, including fluid restriction in the evenings, sticker rewards, and bedwetting alarms, with no improveme... | Adenylate cyclase | {
"A": "Guanylate cyclase",
"B": "Phospholipase C",
"C": "Steroid hormone response element",
"D": "Adenylate cyclase"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"follow-up examination",
"persistent bedwetting",
"past year",
"parents",
"attempted various methods to prevent",
"wetting",
"bed",
"including fluid restriction",
"evenings",
"rewards",
"bedwetting alarms",
"improvement",
"patient wet... |
A 62-year-old Caucasian male receiving treatment for stable angina experiences intermittent throbbing headaches. What is the most likely cause? | Vasodilation of cerebral arteries | {
"A": "Transient ischemic attack",
"B": "Beta adrenergic inactivation",
"C": "Acute hemorrhage",
"D": "Vasodilation of cerebral arteries"
} | step1 | D | [
"62 year old Caucasian male receiving treatment",
"stable angina experiences intermittent throbbing headaches",
"most likely cause"
] |
A 48-year-old woman presents to her family physician for evaluation of increasing shortness of breath. She returned from a trip to China 2 weeks ago and reports fever, myalgias, headaches, and a dry cough for the past week. Over the last 2 days, she has noticed increasingly severe shortness of breath. Her past medical ... | Supportive therapy and monitoring | {
"A": "Lopinavir-ritonavir treatment",
"B": "RT-PCR testing",
"C": "Supportive therapy and monitoring",
"D": "Systemic corticosteroid administration"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"family physician",
"evaluation of increasing shortness",
"breath",
"returned",
"trip",
"China",
"weeks",
"reports fever",
"myalgias",
"headaches",
"dry cough",
"past week",
"last 2 days",
"severe shortness of breath",
"past medical history",
"non contri... |
An 18-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of cough, fever, and lethargy. He has been admitted to the hospital twice during the past year for pneumonia. He can stand without support but has not started to walk. He speaks in bisyllables. He is at the 3rd percentile for height and 4th perc... | Sphingomyelin | {
"A": "Limit dextrin",
"B": "Sphingomyelin",
"C": "Ceramide trihexoside",
"D": "Glucocerebroside"
} | step1 | B | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"cough",
"fever",
"lethargy",
"admitted",
"hospital twice",
"past year",
"pneumonia",
"stand",
"support",
"not started to walk",
"speaks",
"3rd percentile",
"height",
"4th percentile",
"weight",
"Examination shows diffus... |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness upon standing, abdominal pain, and muscle pain over the past 6 months. She has also had an unintended weight loss of 5.8 kg (12.8 lb) over the past 3 years. She has had a history of hypoparathyroidism since she was a teenager. Her... | Autoimmune destruction | {
"A": "Abdominal neoplasia",
"B": "Autoimmune destruction",
"C": "Occult hemorrhage",
"D": "Amyloid deposition"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"fatigue",
"lightheadedness",
"dizziness upon standing",
"abdominal pain",
"muscle pain",
"past 6 months",
"unintended weight loss of 5.8 kg",
"12.8",
"past",
"years",
"history",
"hypoparathyroidism",
"teenager",
"current medications include calcitriol",
... |
A 58-year-old woman who underwent urgent coronary artery bypass grafting develops sudden-onset of difficulty breathing shortly after postoperative transfusion of 1 unit of packed red blood cells because of moderate blood loss. She has alcohol use disorder, and has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 22 years. Her t... | Activation of primed neutrophils | {
"A": "Cytokine accumulation during blood storage",
"B": "ABO incompatibility",
"C": "Activation of primed neutrophils",
"D": "Type I hypersensitivity reaction"
} | step1 | C | [
"58 year old woman",
"urgent coronary artery bypass grafting",
"sudden-onset",
"difficulty breathing",
"transfusion of",
"packed red blood cells",
"moderate blood loss",
"alcohol use disorder",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"years",
"temperature",
"3C",
"100",
"respirations",
... |
A 49-year-old man presents to the emergency department with abdominal discomfort, fever, and decreased urination. He has a history of liver cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C infection. His blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min, and temperature 38°C (100.4°F). On physical examination he is jaundiced, and he ... | Presence of 30 red cells/high powered field in the urine | {
"A": "Low urea levels",
"B": "Prolonged prothrombin time",
"C": "Normal renal ultrasound",
"D": "Presence of 30 red cells/high powered field in the urine"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"abdominal discomfort",
"fever",
"decreased urination",
"history of liver cirrhosis",
"chronic",
"blood pressure",
"90 70 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"temperature",
"100 4F",
"physical examination",
"jaundiced",
"tense ascites",
"genera... |
A 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of difficulties having sexual intercourse due to erectile dysfunction. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus that is well controlled with metformin. He does not smoke. He drinks 5–6 beers daily. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examinatio... | Nadolol therapy | {
"A": "Injection sclerotherapy",
"B": "Nadolol therapy",
"C": "Isosorbide mononitrate therapy",
"D": "Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"50 year old man",
"physician",
"month history",
"difficulties",
"sexual intercourse due to erectile dysfunction",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"well controlled",
"metformin",
"not smoke",
"drinks",
"beers daily",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows bilateral pedal edema",
... |
A 3900-g (8-lb 11-oz ) male newborn is delivered at term to a 27-year-old woman. Immediately after delivery, he develops cyanosis and tachypnea. Pulse oximetry on 100% oxygen shows an oxygen saturation of 88%. Examination shows decreased breath sounds in the left lung field. Despite appropriate treatment, the newborn d... | Abnormal budding of the ventral foregut | {
"A": "Abnormal budding of the ventral foregut",
"B": "Fistula between the esophagus and the trachea",
"C": "Impaired fusion of pleuroperitoneal membrane",
"D": "Increase in alveolar surface tension"
} | step1 | A | [
"g",
"8",
"oz",
"male newborn",
"delivered",
"term",
"27 year old woman",
"Immediately",
"delivery",
"cyanosis",
"tachypnea",
"Pulse oximetry",
"100",
"oxygen shows",
"oxygen",
"88",
"Examination shows decreased breath sounds",
"left lung field",
"appropriate treatment",
"newbo... |
An 81-year-old man is admitted to the hospital due to acute decompensated heart failure. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. Current medications include lisinopril, metformin, and low-dose aspirin. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 45 years.... | Discontinue metformin therapy | {
"A": "Begin hydrochlorothiazide therapy",
"B": "Begin vancomycin therapy",
"C": "Discontinue metformin therapy",
"D": "Begin nitroprusside therapy"
} | step1 | C | [
"81 year old man",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"acute decompensated heart failure",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"coronary artery disease",
"congestive heart failure",
"Current medications include lisinopril",
"metformin",
"low-dose aspirin",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",... |
A 48-year-old woman presents with a 15-year history of long, painful menses that is only partially relieved with oral contraceptives. She desires definitive treatment. She denies weight loss or post-coital bleeding, and her husband has been her only sexual partner. She does not have a history of smoking, alcohol or ill... | Iatrogenic injury near the suspensory ligaments | {
"A": "Iatrogenic injury near the suspensory ligaments",
"B": "Prerenal azotemia secondary to excessive hemorrhage",
"C": "Acute tubular necrosis secondary to hypovolemia",
"D": "Cervical cancer"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"year history",
"long",
"painful menses",
"only",
"relieved",
"oral contraceptives",
"desires definitive treatment",
"denies weight loss",
"post-coital bleeding",
"husband",
"only sexual partner",
"not",
"history of smoking",
"alcohol",
"illicit drug use",... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of fever, chills, and flank pain. Five days ago, he was catheterized for acute urinary retention. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F). Physical examination shows right-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. Urine studies show numerous bacteria and WBC ... | Klebsiella pneumoniae | {
"A": "Proteus mirabilis",
"B": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"C": "Klebsiella pneumoniae",
"D": "Staphylococcus saprophyticus"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"fever",
"chills",
"flank pain",
"Five days",
"catheterized",
"acute urinary retention",
"temperature",
"3C",
"Physical examination shows right-sided costovertebral angle tenderness",
"Urine studies show numerous bacteria",
"WBC casts",
"U... |
A previously healthy 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a one-week history of diffuse abdominal pain. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F). Physical examination shows numerous scars and excoriations along both arms, scleral icterus, and tender hepatomegaly. Serum studies show:
Alanine aminotransferase 9... | Transient infection | {
"A": "Asymptomatic carrier state",
"B": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"C": "Transient infection",
"D": "Fulminant hepatitis"
} | step1 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"physician",
"one-week history",
"diffuse abdominal",
"temperature",
"Physical examination shows numerous scars",
"excoriations",
"arms",
"scleral icterus",
"tender hepatomegaly",
"Serum studies show",
"U",
"antigen",
"antibody",
"C antibody negative",
"f... |
A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician because of recurrent right upper abdominal pain for 3 weeks. The pain usually occurs after meals and tends to radiate to the right shoulder. She reports that she otherwise feels well. She has more energy since she started an intermittent fasting diet and has rapidly lost 9.0 k... | Ursodeoxycholic acid | {
"A": "Ursodeoxycholic acid",
"B": "Ezetimibe",
"C": "Colestipol",
"D": "Hydromorphone"
} | step1 | A | [
"48 year old woman",
"physician",
"of recurrent right upper abdominal pain",
"weeks",
"pain usually occurs",
"meals",
"to radiate",
"right shoulder",
"reports",
"feels well",
"more energy",
"started",
"intermittent fasting diet",
"rapidly lost",
"0 kg",
"20 lbs",
"5 ft",
"tall",
... |
A 22-year-old male college student volunteers for a research study involving renal function. He undergoes several laboratory tests, the results of which are below:
Urine
Serum
Glucose
0 mg/dL
93 mg/dL
Inulin
100 mg/dL
1.0 mg/dL
Para-aminohippurate (PAH)
150 mg/dL
0.2 mg/dL
Hematocrit
50%
Urine flow rate
1 mL/min
... | 1,500 mL/min | {
"A": "200 mL/min",
"B": "1,500 mL/min",
"C": "750 ml/min",
"D": "3,000 mL/min"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old male college student volunteers",
"research involving renal function",
"several laboratory tests",
"results",
"Urine",
"Glucose",
"dL",
"Inulin 100",
"Para-aminohippurate",
"Hematocrit",
"min",
"estimated renal blood flow"
] |
A 65-year-old African-American man presents to your office with dysphagia. He reports that he has found it progressively more difficult to swallow food over the past year. At the time of presentation, he is able to eat only soup. Social history is significant for asbestos exposure, multiple daily drinks of hard alcohol... | Keratin nests and pearls | {
"A": "Keratin nests and pearls",
"B": "Ferruginous bodies",
"C": "Mucosal abrasions",
"D": "Esophageal varices"
} | step1 | A | [
"65 year old African-American man presents",
"office",
"dysphagia",
"reports",
"found",
"difficult to swallow food",
"past year",
"time",
"presentation",
"able to eat only soup",
"Social history",
"significant",
"asbestos exposure",
"multiple daily drinks",
"hard alcohol",
"70 pack-yea... |
A 73-year-old man is brought to the physician by his daughter for evaluation of increasing forgetfulness during the past 6 months. The daughter reports that he recently got lost while walking home from the grocery store. He has also been more irritable recently. On mental status examination, he has a normal affect. He ... | Atrophy of the cortex | {
"A": "Inflammation of the choroid plexus",
"B": "Atrophy of the cortex",
"C": "Demyelination of periventricular structures",
"D": "Obstruction of the foramen of Monro"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"physician",
"daughter",
"evaluation",
"increasing forgetfulness",
"past 6 months",
"daughter reports",
"recently got lost",
"walking home",
"grocery store",
"more irritable recently",
"mental",
"normal affect",
"oriented to person",
"place",
"recall",
"m... |
A 41-year-old man comes to the physician for generalized fatigue and weakness of his left hand for 4 weeks. During this period he also had multiple episodes of cramping abdominal pain and nausea. He works at a battery manufacturing plant. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 124/74 m... | Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes | {
"A": "Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes",
"B": "Beta‑2 microglobulin in urine",
"C": "White bands across the nails",
"D": "Increased total iron binding capacity"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"generalized fatigue",
"weakness of",
"left hand",
"4 weeks",
"period",
"multiple episodes of cramping pain",
"nausea",
"works",
"battery manufacturing plant",
"temperature",
"98",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"blood pressure",
"74 mm Hg",
"Examination shows pale... |
A 60-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. Five years ago, he underwent a colonoscopy, which was unremarkable. He has no history of serious illness except for an episode of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis at the age of 10 years. His father died of bladder ... | Discuss PSA assessment with patient | {
"A": "Discuss PSA assessment with patient",
"B": "Administer pneumococcal conjugate vaccination",
"C": "Obtain CT urography",
"D": "Obtain renal ultrasound"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"60 year old man",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"feels well",
"Five years",
"colonoscopy",
"unremarkable",
"history",
"serious illness except for",
"episode of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis",
"age",
"10",
"father died of bladder carcinoma",
"age",
"55 yea... |
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