question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 17-year-old previously healthy, athletic male suddenly falls unconscious while playing soccer. His athletic trainer comes to his aid and notes that he is pulseless. He begins performing CPR on the patient until the ambulance arrives but the teenager is pronounced dead when the paramedics arrived. Upon investigation o... | Valsalva | {
"A": "Handgrip",
"B": "Valsalva",
"C": "Placing the patient in a squatting position",
"D": "Passive leg raise"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old",
"healthy",
"athletic male",
"falls unconscious",
"playing soccer",
"athletic trainer",
"aid",
"notes",
"pulseless",
"begins",
"CPR",
"patient",
"ambulance",
"teenager",
"dead",
"paramedics arrived",
"investigation",
"primary care physician",
"ffice otes,",
"ound ",... |
A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe nausea and vomiting. He returned from a business trip to Nigeria five days ago. Since then, he has developed progressively worsening fevers, headache, nausea, and vomiting. He has lost his appetite and cannot hold down food or water. He did not rec... | Flavivirus | {
"A": "Flavivirus",
"B": "Calicivirus",
"C": "Bunyavirus",
"D": "Hepevirus"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old male presents",
"emergency room",
"severe nausea",
"vomiting",
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"Nigeria five days",
"then",
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"lost",
"appetite",
"hold",
"food",
"water",
"not receive",
"vaccinations",
"traveling",
"m... |
A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician for evaluation of her short stature. She was born at term, and her birth length was normal. She has not yet attained menarche. Her mother is 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) tall and her father is 177 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall. She is at the 3rd percentile for height and 40th percentile for ... | X-ray of the hand and wrist | {
"A": "Measurement of serum insulin-like growth factor concentration",
"B": "Measurement of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration",
"C": "X-ray of the hand and wrist",
"D": "MRI of the brain\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
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"father",
"5 ft 10",
"tall",
"3rd percentile",
"height",
"percentile",
"weight",
"Vital signs",
"normal",
"Br... |
A 59-year-old African-American man presents with dyspnea on exertion and bilateral lower leg edema. The patient had a myocardial infarction 2 years ago, in which he developed chronic heart failure. Also, he has type 2 diabetes mellitus. His medications include bisoprolol 20 mg, lisinopril 40 mg, and metformin 2000 mg d... | Add hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate | {
"A": "Increase the dose of bisoprolol",
"B": "Add amlodipine",
"C": "Add valsartan",
"D": "Add hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"59 year old African-American man presents",
"dyspnea",
"exertion",
"bilateral lower leg edema",
"patient",
"myocardial infarction",
"years",
"chronic heart failure",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"medications include bisoprolol 20 mg",
"lisinopril 40 mg",
"metformin 2000 mg daily",
"vital sig... |
An investigator is studying the resting rate of oxygen consumption in the lower limbs of individuals with peripheral vascular disease. The rate of blood flow in a study subject's femoral vessels is measured using Doppler ultrasonography, and blood samples from the femoral vein and femoral artery are obtained. The blood... | Lower chloride concentration | {
"A": "Lower chloride concentration",
"B": "Higher ADP/ATP ratio",
"C": "Higher carbaminohemoglobin concentration",
"D": "Lower potassium concentration"
} | step1 | A | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"resting rate",
"oxygen consumption",
"lower limbs",
"individuals",
"peripheral vascular disease",
"rate",
"blood flow",
"study subject's femoral vessels",
"measured using Doppler ultrasonography",
"blood samples",
"femoral vein",
"femoral artery",
"obtained",... |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for evaluation of learning difficulties in school. He has short stature, a flat face, low-set ears, a large tongue, and a single line on the palm. He was born to his parents after 20 years of marriage. You ordered karyotyping which will likely reveal which of... | 47, XY, +21 | {
"A": "47, XXY",
"B": "47, XY, +21",
"C": "47, XY, +18",
"D": "45, XO"
} | step1 | B | [
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"parents",
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"learning difficulties in school",
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"flat face",
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"large tongue",
"single line",
"palm",
"born",
"parents",
"20 years",
"marriage",
"ordered karyotyping",
"likely reveal",
"follow... |
A 28-year-old woman presents for her annual physical examination. She describes a painless lump in her left breast detected during breast self-examination two weeks ago. She has no previous history of breast lumps and considers herself to be generally healthy. She takes no medication and does not smoke tobacco or drink... | Perform an ultrasound | {
"A": "Perform an ultrasound",
"B": "Order a mammogram",
"C": "Order magnetic resonance imaging of the breast",
"D": "Refer for an ultrasound-guided core biopsy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
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"annual physical examination",
"painless lump in",
"left breast detected",
"breast self-examination two weeks",
"previous history",
"breast lumps",
"considers",
"to",
"healthy",
"takes",
"medication",
"not smoke tobacco",
"drink alcohol",
"patient",
"personal... |
A 10-year-old boy with trisomy 21 arrives for his annual check-up with his pediatrician. His parents explain that over the past week, he has been increasingly withdrawn and lethargic. On examination, lymph nodes appear enlarged around the left side of his neck; otherwise, there are no remarkable findings. The pediatric... | Precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma | {
"A": "Hairy cell leukemia",
"B": "Precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma",
"C": "Classic Hodgkin’s lymphoma",
"D": "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"
} | step1 | B | [
"A 10 year-old boy",
"trisomy 21",
"annual check-up",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"past week",
"withdrawn",
"lethargic",
"examination",
"lymph nodes appear enlarged",
"left side of",
"neck",
"findings",
"pediatrician orders",
"routine blood work",
"results",
"complete blood count",
... |
In large neurons the nucleus can be found a large distance away from the terminal end of its axon. The body has a complex system of intracellular transporters that are able to carry essential proteins from the nucleus to the distal edge of the cell and back. Which of the following proteins are essential for this functi... | Dynein, Kinesin | {
"A": "Kinesin, Troponin",
"B": "Dynein, Kinesin",
"C": "Actin, Dynein",
"D": "Glucose, Actin"
} | step1 | B | [
"large neurons",
"nucleus",
"found",
"large distance",
"terminal end",
"axon",
"body",
"complex system",
"intracellular transporters",
"able to carry essential proteins",
"nucleus",
"distal edge",
"cell",
"back",
"following proteins",
"essential",
"function"
] |
A group of bariatric surgeons are investigating a novel surgically-placed tube that drains a portion of the stomach following each meal. They are interested in studying its efficacy in facilitating weight loss in obese adults with BMIs > 40 kg/m2 who have failed to lose weight through non-surgical options. After random... | Unpaired two-sample t-test | {
"A": "Paired two-sample t-test",
"B": "Kaplan-Meier analysis",
"C": "Pearson correlation coefficient",
"D": "Unpaired two-sample t-test"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"A group",
"surgeons",
"investigating",
"novel surgically placed tube",
"drains",
"portion",
"stomach following",
"meal",
"interested",
"studying",
"efficacy",
"weight loss",
"obese adults",
"BMIs",
"40 kg/m2",
"failed to",
"weight",
"non-surgical options",
"patients",
"surgica... |
A 55-year-old Caucasian male presents for a routine colonoscopy. A polyp is found in the patient's transverse colon and is found to be cancerous on histological evaluation. Upon examination, it is found that these cancerous cells have decreased MHC class I expression on their surface. Which immune system cell is most c... | Natural killer cells | {
"A": "Natural killer cells",
"B": "B-cells",
"C": "Macrophages",
"D": "Cytotoxic T-cells"
} | step1 | A | [
"55 year old Caucasian male presents",
"routine colonoscopy",
"polyp",
"found",
"patient's transverse colon",
"found to",
"cancerous",
"histological evaluation",
"examination",
"found",
"cancerous cells",
"decreased MHC class I expression",
"surface",
"immune cell",
"most capable",
"ki... |
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of headache, fatigue, and nonproductive cough for 1 week. He appears pale. Pulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 9.5 g/dL and an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration. A peripheral blood smear sho... | Inhibition of peptide translocation at the 50S ribosomal subunit | {
"A": "Free radical creation within bacterial cells",
"B": "Inhibition of peptide translocation at the 50S ribosomal subunit",
"C": "Inhibition of folic acid synthesis",
"D": "Inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase"
} | step1 | B | [
"68 year old man",
"physician",
"headache",
"fatigue",
"nonproductive cough",
"1 week",
"appears pale",
"Pulmonary examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration",
"9.5 g/dL",
"elevated concentration",
"peripheral blood smear shows normal red blood c... |
A 48-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 1-hour history of heavy nasal bleeding. He drinks half a bottle of sherry daily. His pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 92/54 mm Hg. Physical examination shows scattered ecchymoses across the extremities and oozing from a venipuncture site. Laborator... | Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase | {
"A": "Protein S",
"B": "Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase",
"C": "Prolyl hydroxylase",
"D": "Epoxide reductase"
} | step1 | B | [
"48 year old man",
"emergency department",
"hour history",
"heavy nasal bleeding",
"drinks half",
"bottle",
"sherry daily",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"54 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows scattered ecchymoses",
"extremities",
"venipuncture site",
"Laboratory studies show",
"p... |
A 68-year-old male smoker dies suddenly in a car accident. He had smoked 2 packs per day for 40 years. His past medical history is notable for a frequent, very productive cough, recurrent respiratory infections and occasional wheezing. He had no other medical problems. At autopsy, which of the following is most likely ... | Increased number and activity of goblet cells | {
"A": "Interstitial fibrosis of the lung",
"B": "Pleural plaques",
"C": "Increased number and activity of goblet cells",
"D": "Ferruginous bodies"
} | step1 | C | [
"68 year old male smoker",
"car accident",
"smoked 2 packs per day",
"40 years",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"frequent",
"very productive cough",
"recurrent respiratory infections",
"occasional wheezing",
"medical problems",
"autopsy",
"following",
"most likely to",
"found",
"pa... |
A 62-year-old man is found unconscious in the park on a bench, early in the morning in January. The temperature outside is -4.0°C (25°F). He is barefoot and is wearing nothing more than sweatpants, a tee-shirt, and a light coat. Upon arrival at the emergency department, his vitals include: heart rate 45/min, blood pres... | Frostbite | {
"A": "Pernio",
"B": "Immersion foot",
"C": "Frostbite",
"D": "Trench foot"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"found unconscious",
"park",
"early",
"morning",
"January",
"temperature outside",
"4",
"barefoot",
"more",
"tee-shirt",
"light coat",
"arrival",
"emergency department",
"include",
"heart rate",
"min",
"blood pressure 100 70 mm Hg",
"respiratory rate 10/min",
... |
A 16-year-old girl undergoes an emergent appendectomy after presenting to the emergency department with appendicitis. She is given a mixture of nitrous oxide and sevoflurane for induction of anesthesia and intubated for a secure airway during surgery. A few minutes after induction, she is found to have increased end-ti... | Ryanodine receptor | {
"A": "Acetylcholine receptor",
"B": "L-type calcium channel",
"C": "Myosin heavy chain",
"D": "Ryanodine receptor"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl",
"emergent appendectomy",
"presenting",
"emergency department",
"appendicitis",
"given",
"mixture of nitrous oxide",
"sevoflurane",
"induction of anesthesia",
"intubated",
"secure airway",
"surgery",
"few minutes",
"induction",
"found to",
"increased end",
"carbon dio... |
An 18-year-old male in his first year of college presents to the emergency room with a fever and a severe headache. He reports having unprotected sex with several partners over the past few weeks. Upon examination, the male demonstrates nuchal rigidity and photophobia. His past medical history is notable for a lack of ... | Positive quellung reaction | {
"A": "Positive quellung reaction",
"B": "Negative quellung reaction",
"C": "Lactose fermentation",
"D": "Negative catalase test"
} | step1 | A | [
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"first",
"college presents",
"emergency room",
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"severe headache",
"reports",
"sex",
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"weeks",
"examination",
"male demonstrates nuchal rigidity",
"photophobia",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"lack",
"vaccinations beginning",
"infa... |
A 9-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician for a wellness checkup. The girl's past medical history is non-contributory, and she has met all her developmental milestones. Her parents were recently called into the office as the girl was found touching the genitals of one of her classmates. She was trying to insert ... | Sexual abuse | {
"A": "Adjustment disorder",
"B": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder",
"C": "Precocious puberty",
"D": "Sexual abuse"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"wellness checkup",
"girl's past medical history",
"non contributory",
"met",
"developmental milestones",
"parents",
"recently called",
"office",
"girl",
"found touching",
"genitals",
"one",
"classmates",
"to insert",
"toy",
"classmate'... |
A previously healthy 59-year-old man comes to the physician with a 6-month history of worsening headaches, difficulty chewing, and progressive hearing loss. Examination shows a mildly tender, 1-cm, hard swelling over the left maxilla. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show a calcium... | Increased activity of nuclear factor-κB | {
"A": "Increased activity of nuclear factor-κB",
"B": "Defective synthesis of dynein",
"C": "Defective synthesis of type I collagen",
"D": "Decreased activity of carbonic anhydrase II\n\""
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy 59 year old man",
"physician",
"month history of worsening headaches",
"difficulty chewing",
"progressive hearing loss",
"Examination shows",
"mildly tender",
"1",
"hard swelling",
"left maxilla",
"examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Serum studies show",
"calcium concentration",... |
A 28-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 24 weeks gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. She reports dull aching pain and paresthesia over her left hand during the last few weeks. The pain radiates to her shoulder and is worse at night. Her hand feels numb upon waking up in the morning. She has a sist... | Median nerve compression | {
"A": "Ulnar nerve compression",
"B": "Cervical radiculopathy",
"C": "Demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves",
"D": "Median nerve compression"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"weeks gestation",
"physician",
"prenatal visit",
"reports dull aching pain",
"paresthesia",
"left",
"last",
"weeks",
"pain radiates",
"shoulder",
"worse",
"night",
"hand feels numb",
"waking",
"morning",
"sister",
"multiple sclerosis",
... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of gradual onset of bilateral ankle swelling over the past month. He also noticed reddish blotches of skin around his ankles. Five weeks ago, he came to the physician with difficulty walking and a resting tremor. He was diagnosed with Parkinson disease and started on med... | Amantadine | {
"A": "Levodopa/carbidopa",
"B": "Amantadine",
"C": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"D": "Benztropine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"gradual onset",
"bilateral ankle swelling",
"past month",
"blotches",
"skin",
"ankles",
"Five weeks",
"physician",
"difficulty walking",
"resting tremor",
"diagnosed",
"Parkinson disease",
"started on medication",
"history of hypertension",
"antihyper... |
A 60-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a fall. He has been seen by the triage nurse but has not been evaluated by a physician. He is heard yelling down the hallway, requesting to speak to “whoever is in charge.” He refuses to talk to the emergency resident and insists on talking to the attending... | Narcissistic personality disorder | {
"A": "Acute stress disorder",
"B": "Obsessive compulsive personality disorder",
"C": "Bipolar disorder",
"D": "Narcissistic personality disorder"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"60 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fall",
"seen by",
"triage nurse",
"not",
"evaluated",
"physician",
"heard",
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"requesting",
"speak",
"charge",
"refuses to talk",
"emergency resident",
"talking",
"attending physician",
"informed",
"attending",
"... |
A 56-year-old woman presents with fatigue and joint pain in her fingers and wrists for the last 6 months. She says the pain is present in both hands, and her wrists are also swollen. Furthermore, she describes morning stiffness in her joints lasting about 2 hours, which improves with use. She has been taking acetaminop... | Celecoxib | {
"A": "Indomethacin",
"B": "Celecoxib",
"C": "Naproxen",
"D": "Aspirin"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"fatigue",
"joint",
"fingers",
"wrists",
"months",
"pain",
"present",
"hands",
"wrists",
"swollen",
"morning stiffness",
"joints lasting",
"hours",
"improves",
"use",
"taking acetaminophen",
"provided minimal relief",
"swelling",
"gotten",
"worse",
... |
A 15-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for evaluation of his “weird” behavior. The parents report that their son tortured their cat to death two weeks ago. Over the past year, he has been accused of stealing a car and setting a fire at his school. He has no history of serious illness. He attends a... | Conduct disorder | {
"A": "Autism spectrum disorder",
"B": "Oppositional defiant disorder",
"C": "Conduct disorder",
"D": "Antisocial personality disorder"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"evaluation",
"behavior",
"parents report",
"son tortured",
"cat",
"death two weeks",
"past year",
"stealing",
"car",
"setting",
"fire",
"school",
"history",
"serious illness",
"attends",
"local high school",
"performance",
... |
A 45-year-old homeless man comes to the emergency department because of a 1-week history of a red, itchy rash on his hands. He says the itching is worse at night and often wakes him from sleep. Physical examination shows the findings in the photograph. A topical drug with which of the following mechanisms of action is ... | Binding to sodium channels | {
"A": "Binding to sodium channels",
"B": "Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB",
"C": "Inhibition of histamine-1 receptors",
"D": "Increase in keratinocyte turnover"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old homeless man",
"emergency department",
"1-week history",
"red",
"itchy",
"hands",
"itching",
"worse",
"night",
"often wakes",
"sleep",
"Physical examination shows",
"findings",
"photograph",
"topical drug",
"of",
"following mechanisms",
"action",
"most likely to",
"ef... |
A newborn presents with central cyanosis, nasal flaring, and subcostal retractions following a scheduled cesarean delivery. He was born to a healthy 29-year-old G-1-P-1 mother due to cervical incompetence at 34 weeks gestation; the pregnancy was otherwise uneventful. Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiratio... | Gestational diabetes | {
"A": "Gestational diabetes",
"B": "Alcohol abuse",
"C": "Down syndrome",
"D": "Lithium"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"newborn presents",
"central cyanosis",
"nasal flaring",
"subcostal retractions following",
"scheduled cesarean delivery",
"born",
"healthy 29 year old G-1",
"mother due to cervical incompetence",
"weeks gestation",
"pregnancy",
"Appearance",
"Pulse",
"Grimace",
"Activity",
"Respiration"... |
A 23-year-old woman presents with a 4-week menstrual delay. She also complains of irritability, increased somnolence, and occasional nausea. She had her first menarche at the age of 13, and her menstrual cycle became regular at the age of 15. She has been sexually active since the age of 20 but has had the same sexual ... | Folic acid | {
"A": "Progesterone",
"B": "Folic acid",
"C": "Vitamin A",
"D": "Combination of natural estrogen and progestin"
} | step1 | B | [
"23 year old woman presents",
"week menstrual delay",
"irritability",
"increased somnolence",
"occasional nausea",
"first menarche at",
"age",
"menstrual cycle",
"regular",
"age",
"sexually active",
"age",
"20",
"same sexual partner",
"then",
"stopped using birth control protection app... |
An 11-year-old girl presents to the pediatrician with her mother, who is concerned about her sexual development. She mentions that she herself experienced the onset of menses at the age of 10.5 years, while her daughter has still not had a menstrual period. However, she is otherwise a healthy girl with no significant m... | Thelarche | {
"A": "Adrenarche",
"B": "Pubarche",
"C": "Coarse pubic hair",
"D": "Thelarche"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl presents",
"pediatrician",
"mother",
"concerned",
"sexual development",
"experienced",
"onset of menses",
"age",
"10.5 years",
"daughter",
"not",
"menstrual period",
"healthy girl",
"significant medical problems",
"birth",
"physical examination",
"vital signs",
"stab... |
A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for follow-up of a severe, unrelenting, productive cough of 2 years duration. The medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is well-controlled with insulin. He has a 25-pack-year smoking history and is an active smoker. The blood pressure is 135/88... | Increased pulmonary arterial resistance | {
"A": "Increased right ventricle compliance",
"B": "Increased pulmonary arterial resistance",
"C": "Increased cerebral vascular resistance",
"D": "Decreased carbon dioxide content of the arterial blood"
} | step1 | B | [
"64 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"follow-up",
"severe",
"productive cough",
"years duration",
"medical history includes type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"well-controlled",
"insulin",
"pack-year smoking history",
"active smoker",
"blood pressure",
"88 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min"... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of an itchy rash and a 7-kg (15-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows multiple erythematous plaques on the arms, legs, and chest. There are palpable lymph nodes in the axillary and inguinal areas. A biopsy of a skin lesion shows aggregates of n... | CD4+ cells with cerebriform nuclei | {
"A": "Giant cells with bilobed nuclei",
"B": "Erythrocytes with basophilic nuclear remnants",
"C": "CD4+ cells with cerebriform nuclei",
"D": "Myeloblasts with azurophilic granules"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"itchy rash",
"kg",
"weight loss",
"Physical examination shows multiple erythematous",
"arms",
"legs",
"chest",
"palpable lymph nodes",
"axillary",
"inguinal areas",
"biopsy of",
"skin lesion shows aggregates",
"neoplastic cells",
"e... |
A 35-year-old homeless man from New York City comes to the physician with a 2-month history of fever, night sweats, and a cough productive of white sputum. He uses intravenous heroin several times a week. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F) and respirations are 22/min. Physical examination shows coarse crackles in the le... | Reactivation of a latent infection | {
"A": "Exposure to contaminated hot water tanks",
"B": "Reactivation of a latent infection",
"C": "Embolization of a bacterial vegetation",
"D": "Close contact with pigeon droppings"
} | step1 | B | [
"35 year old homeless man",
"New York City",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"fever",
"night sweats",
"cough productive",
"white",
"uses intravenous heroin",
"times",
"week",
"temperature",
"100 4F",
"respirations",
"min",
"Physical examination shows coarse crackles",
"left upper pos... |
A 19-year-old woman with a history of bipolar disorder and an unknown cardiac arrhythmia presents with palpitations and chest pain. She admits to taking lithium and procainamide regularly, but she ran out of medication 2 weeks ago and has not been able to get refills. Her family history is significant for bipolar disor... | Mood stabilizer | {
"A": "Mood stabilizer",
"B": "Antidepressant",
"C": "Insulin",
"D": "Antihypertensive"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"history of bipolar disorder",
"unknown cardiac arrhythmia presents",
"palpitations",
"chest pain",
"admits",
"taking lithium",
"procainamide",
"ran out",
"medication weeks",
"not",
"able to",
"refills",
"family history",
"significant",
"bipolar disorder",
"mother",... |
A 35-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe nausea and diarrhea. One day prior to presentation, she went to a new seafood restaurant known for serving exotic fish. For the past day she experienced nausea, diarrhea, weakness, and a tingling sensation in her extremities. In the emergency departme... | Prevents depolarization of Na+ channels | {
"A": "Promotes depolarization of Na+ channels",
"B": "Prevents depolarization of Na+ channels",
"C": "Superantigen that activates T-cells",
"D": "Permanent Gs activation"
} | step1 | B | [
"35 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"severe nausea",
"diarrhea",
"One day prior to presentation",
"new seafood restaurant known",
"serving",
"fish",
"past day",
"experienced nausea",
"diarrhea",
"weakness",
"tingling sensation",
"extremities",
"emergency department",
... |
A previously healthy 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician because he has increased facial and axillary hair. There is no family history of serious illness. He is at 95th percentile for height and weight. Examination shows coarse pubic and axillary hair. The penis and left testicle are enlarged. Serum concentratio... | Leydig cell tumor | {
"A": "Leydig cell tumor",
"B": "Seminoma",
"C": "Sertoli cell tumor",
"D": "Lymphoma"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"increased facial",
"axillary hair",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"95th percentile",
"height",
"weight",
"Examination shows coarse pubic",
"axillary hair",
"penis",
"left testicle",
"enlarged",
"Serum concentrations",
"huma... |
A newborn boy born vaginally to a healthy 37-year-old G3P1 from a pregnancy complicated by hydramnios fails to pass meconium after 24 hours of life. The vital signs are within normal limits for his age. The abdomen is distended, the anus is patent, and the rectal examination reveals pale mucous with non-pigmented mecon... | Inferior mesenteric artery | {
"A": "Celiac artery",
"B": "Vitelline duct",
"C": "Inferior mesenteric artery",
"D": "Cloaca"
} | step1 | C | [
"newborn boy born",
"healthy",
"year old",
"pregnancy complicated",
"hydramnios fails to pass meconium",
"24 hours",
"life",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"age",
"abdomen",
"distended",
"anus",
"patent",
"rectal examination reveals pale mucous",
"non-pigmented meconium",
"Based",
... |
A 20-year-old man visits the clinic for a regular follow-up appointment. Patient says he has been experiencing dry mouth and flushing of his skin for the past few days. He also feels tired and sleepy most of the time. Past medical history is significant for a skin rash a couple weeks ago after eating strawberries, for ... | Inhibition of parasympathetic receptors | {
"A": "Activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors",
"B": "Inhibition of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors",
"C": "Inhibition of parasympathetic receptors",
"D": "Inhibition of histamine receptors"
} | step1 | C | [
"20 year old man visits",
"clinic",
"regular follow-up appointment",
"Patient",
"experiencing dry mouth",
"flushing",
"skin",
"past",
"days",
"feels tired",
"sleepy",
"time",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"skin rash",
"couple weeks",
"eating strawberries",
"prescribed",
... |
A 12-year-old boy is brought in by his mother for a routine checkup. The patient’s mother says he is frequently fatigued and looks pale. She also claims that he has recently become “much quieter” than normal and is no longer interested in playing baseball with his friends. The patient’s mother believes it may just be “... | Bone marrow biopsy | {
"A": "Referral to social services",
"B": "Administration of oral ferrous sulfate",
"C": "Bone marrow biopsy",
"D": "Chest radiograph"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"mother",
"routine checkup",
"patients mother",
"frequently fatigued",
"looks pale",
"recently",
"much quieter",
"normal",
"longer interested",
"playing baseball",
"friends",
"patients mother",
"growing pains",
"patient",
"significant medical history",
"9... |
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of a fall associated with a 6-month history of increasing difficulty walking. Over the last year, his friends have also noticed his speech becoming slower. During this period, he also gave up his hobby of playing video games because he has become clumsy with his hands. H... | Low serum ceruloplasmin concentration | {
"A": "Increased number of CAG repeats",
"B": "Oligoclonal bands on CSF analysis",
"C": "Ventriculomegaly on CT scan of the brain",
"D": "Low serum ceruloplasmin concentration"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"fall associated with",
"month history",
"increasing difficulty walking",
"last year",
"friends",
"speech",
"slower",
"period",
"gave",
"hobby",
"playing video games",
"clumsy",
"hands",
"father died",
"esophageal varices",
"age",
"40",
"patient",
... |
A young infant is brought to an immunologist because of recurrent infections, which have not resolved despite appropriate medical treatment. On reviewing her medical history, the immunologist notes that the child has had frequent disseminated mycobacterial infections. He suspects a possible immunodeficiency. What is th... | Interferon-gamma signaling defect | {
"A": "B-cell maturation defect",
"B": "ATM gene defect",
"C": "Interferon-gamma signaling defect",
"D": "BTK gene defect"
} | step1 | C | [
"young infant",
"brought",
"immunologist",
"recurrent infections",
"not resolved",
"appropriate medical",
"reviewing",
"medical history",
"immunologist notes",
"child",
"frequent disseminated mycobacterial infections",
"suspects",
"possible immunodeficiency",
"most likely cause",
"patien... |
You are counseling a pregnant woman who plans to breast-feed exclusively regarding her newborn's nutritional requirements. The child was born at home and the mother only plans for her newborn to receive vaccinations but no other routine medical care. Which vitamins should be given to the newborn? | Vitamin K and Vitamin D | {
"A": "Folic acid",
"B": "Vitamin K",
"C": "Vitamin D",
"D": "Vitamin K and Vitamin D"
} | step1 | D | [
"counseling",
"pregnant woman",
"plans",
"breast-feed",
"newborn's nutritional requirements",
"child",
"born at home",
"mother only plans",
"newborn to receive vaccinations",
"routine medical care",
"vitamins",
"given",
"newborn"
] |
An otherwise healthy 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-year history of hearing loss. To test her hearing, the physician performs two tests. First, a vibrating tuning fork is held against the mastoid bone of the patient and then near her ear, to which the patient responds she hears the sound better... | Acoustic neuroma on the left | {
"A": "Otosclerosis on the left",
"B": "Cochlear ischemia on the right",
"C": "Acoustic neuroma on the left",
"D": "Cholesteatoma on the right"
} | step1 | C | [
"healthy 62 year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"3 year history",
"hearing loss",
"To test",
"hearing",
"physician performs two tests",
"First",
"tuning fork",
"held",
"mastoid bone",
"patient",
"then",
"ear",
"patient",
"hears",
"sound better",
"sides",
"tuning fork",
"held"... |
A 50-year-old HIV-positive male presents to the ER with a two-day history of fever and hemoptysis. Chest radiograph shows a fibrocavitary lesion in the right middle lobe. Biopsy of the afflicted area demonstrates septate hyphae that branch at acute angles. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism? | Aspergillus fumigatus | {
"A": "Candida albicans",
"B": "Pneumocystis jeroveci",
"C": "Aspergillus fumigatus",
"D": "Naegleria fowleri"
} | step1 | C | [
"50 year old HIV-positive male presents",
"ER",
"two day history",
"fever",
"hemoptysis",
"Chest radiograph shows",
"lesion",
"right middle lobe",
"Biopsy",
"area demonstrates septate hyphae",
"branch",
"acute angles",
"following",
"most likely causal organism"
] |
A 34-year-old G3P2 is admitted to the hospital after being physically assaulted by her husband. She developed severe vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. She is at 30 weeks gestation. Her previous pregnancies were uncomplicated, as has been the course of the current pregnancy. The vital signs are as follows: blood pre... | D-dimer | {
"A": "Procalcitonin",
"B": "C-reactive protein",
"C": "Creatinine",
"D": "D-dimer"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"assaulted",
"husband",
"severe vaginal bleeding",
"abdominal pain",
"30 weeks gestation",
"previous pregnancies",
"uncomplicated",
"course",
"current pregnancy",
"vital signs",
"follows",
"blood pressure",
"80 50 mmHg",
"heart rate",
"min",
"i... |
A 21-year-old male college student is very anxious about having thyroid cancer as he found a lump in his neck a few days ago. He has also had diarrhea and a feeling of warmth on his face for 3 days now. His father and uncle both have been diagnosed with thyroid cancer. The lump is about 1 cm in diameter and is fixed an... | RET gene mutation | {
"A": "MEN1 gene mutation",
"B": "RET gene mutation",
"C": "A loss of function of PPARɣ",
"D": "Activating mutation of the BRAF receptor"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"21-year-old male college student",
"very anxious",
"thyroid cancer",
"found",
"lump",
"neck",
"few days",
"diarrhea",
"feeling of warmth",
"face",
"3 days now",
"father",
"uncle",
"diagnosed",
"thyroid cancer",
"lump",
"about",
"diameter",
"fixed",
"nontender",
"palpation",
... |
A 78-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for persistent back pain. The patient states that he has had back pain for awhile; however, this past weekend he was helping his son move heavy furniture. Since the move, his symptoms have been more severe. The patient states that the pain is constant and occurs ... | Plasma cell dyscrasia | {
"A": "Muscle strain",
"B": "Herniated nucleus pulposus",
"C": "Piriformis muscle inflammation",
"D": "Plasma cell dyscrasia"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"persistent back pain",
"patient states",
"back pain",
"past weekend",
"helping",
"son move heavy furniture",
"move",
"symptoms",
"more severe",
"patient states",
"pain",
"constant",
"occurs",
"day",
"review of systems",
"patient",... |
A 4-week-old neonate boy who was born at 27 weeks gestation to a 19-year-old G2P1 mother due to premature rupture of membranes has his hospital stay complicated by chorioamnionitis. He received 2 doses of surfactant and has been weaned from the ventilator to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Over the last 6 h... | Pneumatosis intestinalis on an abdominal X-ray | {
"A": "Pyloric thickness greater than 3 mm on abdominal ultrasound",
"B": "A 'double-bubble' sign on an abdominal X-ray",
"C": "Pneumatosis intestinalis on an abdominal X-ray",
"D": "Suction biopsy showing absence of ganglion cells"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"4 week old neonate boy",
"born",
"27 weeks gestation to",
"year old",
"mother due",
"premature rupture of membranes",
"hospital stay complicated",
"chorioamnionitis",
"received 2 doses",
"surfactant",
"weaned from",
"ventilator",
"continuous positive airway pressure",
"last",
"hours",
... |
A 48-year-old woman with a history of obesity presents with acute onset of diffuse epigastric pain that began a few hours ago and then localized to the right upper quadrant. Further questioning reveals that the pain has been exacerbated by eating but has otherwise been unchanged in nature. Physical exam reveals severe ... | Pain radiating to the right shoulder | {
"A": "Hematemesis",
"B": "Pain with passive right leg raising",
"C": "Diffuse substernal pain",
"D": "Pain radiating to the right shoulder"
} | step1 | D | [
"48 year old woman",
"history of obesity presents",
"acute onset",
"diffuse epigastric pain",
"began",
"few hours",
"then localized",
"right upper quadrant",
"Further questioning reveals",
"pain",
"exacerbated",
"eating",
"unchanged",
"nature",
"Physical exam reveals severe right upper q... |
A 25-year-old man was referred to a neurologist for right-hand weakness. He was involved in a motor vehicle accident 2 months ago in which his right hand was injured. On examination, his grip is weak, especially in fingers 2, 4, and 5 and he is unable to adduct these fingers. Which of the following groups of muscles is... | Palmar interossei muscles | {
"A": "Palmar interossei muscles",
"B": "Lumbrical muscles",
"C": "Dorsal interossei muscles",
"D": "Flexor digitorum profundus"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"referred",
"neurologist",
"right-hand weakness",
"involved",
"motor vehicle accident",
"months",
"right hand",
"injured",
"examination",
"grip",
"weak",
"fingers",
"5",
"unable",
"adduct",
"fingers",
"following groups",
"muscles",
"most likely affected"
] |
A 14-year-old girl presents with fever, headache, and muscle aches that have lasted for 2 days. She also complains of malaise and pain in her joints. She says she just returned from a camping trip in Delaware. Her past medical history is not significant. The patient denies any recent sick contacts. Her temperature is 3... | Borrelia burgdorferi | {
"A": "Measles virus",
"B": "Borrelia burgdorferi ",
"C": "Chlamydia trachomatis",
"D": "Dermatophytosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old girl presents",
"fever",
"headache",
"muscle aches",
"lasted",
"2 days",
"malaise",
"pain in",
"joints",
"returned",
"camping trip",
"Delaware",
"past medical history",
"not significant",
"patient denies",
"recent sick contacts",
"temperature",
"3C",
"pulse",
"87 min"... |
A 55-year-old woman visits the clinic after experiencing what she describes as an odd episode of tingling in her fingers and the sensation of smelling sour milk. She denies loss of consciousness, confusion, or incontinence. She also denies a history of head trauma or the ingestion of toxic substances. Past medical hist... | Simple partial | {
"A": "Simple partial",
"B": "Complex partial",
"C": "Absence",
"D": "Tonic-clonic"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"55 year old woman visits",
"clinic",
"experiencing",
"odd episode of tingling",
"fingers",
"sensation",
"smelling sour milk",
"denies loss of consciousness",
"confusion",
"incontinence",
"denies",
"history",
"head trauma",
"ingestion of toxic substances",
"Past medical history",
"sign... |
A 29-year-old woman at 38 weeks gestation comes to the emergency room with regular contractions and spontaneous rupture of membranes. She subsequently delivers a 3500g (7lbs 7oz) newborn with ambiguous genitalia by spontaneous vaginal delivery. Her pregnancy and labor was uncomplicated. Examination of the newborn demon... | Exposure to excessive androgenic steroids during gestation | {
"A": "Defective androgen receptors",
"B": "Defective migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) releasing neurons",
"C": "Deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase",
"D": "Exposure to excessive androgenic steroids during gestation"
} | step1 | D | [
"29 year old woman",
"weeks",
"emergency room",
"regular contractions",
"spontaneous rupture of membranes",
"delivers",
"newborn",
"ambiguous genitalia",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"pregnancy",
"labor",
"uncomplicated",
"Examination",
"newborn",
"palpable gonads",
"inguinal canal"... |
A 14-year-old teenager is brought to the physician by her mother who seems extremely concerned that her daughter is unable to sleep at night and has become increasingly irritated and aggressive. She has been noticing changes in her daughter’s behavior recently. She had no idea what was going on until she found pills hi... | Oxycodone | {
"A": "Atomoxetine",
"B": "Oxycodone",
"C": "Marijuana",
"D": "Cocaine"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old teenager",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"extremely concerned",
"daughter",
"unable to sleep",
"night",
"aggressive",
"changes in",
"daughters behavior recently",
"idea",
"found pills hidden",
"daughters room",
"week",
"daughter",
"drugs",
"friends",
"started using"... |
A group of researchers is studying molecules and DNA segments that are critical for important cellular processes in eukaryotic cells. They have identified a region that is located about 28 bases upstream of the 5’ coding region. This region promotes the initiation of transcription by binding with transcription factors.... | TATA Box | {
"A": "CAAT Box",
"B": "Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (SnRNPs)",
"C": "DNA methyltransferase",
"D": "TATA Box"
} | step1 | D | [
"A group",
"researchers",
"studying molecules",
"DNA segments",
"critical",
"important cellular processes",
"eukaryotic cells",
"identified",
"region",
"bases upstream",
"coding",
"region promotes",
"initiation",
"transcription",
"binding",
"transcription factors",
"following regions... |
A 24-year-old woman with HIV infection comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has been inconsistently taking combined antiretroviral therapy for the past 5 years. She did not receive any childhood vaccinations because her parents were against them. During the consultation, the patient says that she wan... | Varicella zoster virus | {
"A": "Bordetella pertussis",
"B": "Haemophilus influenzae",
"C": "Clostridium tetani",
"D": "Varicella zoster virus"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"HIV infection",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"taking combined antiretroviral therapy",
"past",
"years",
"not receive",
"childhood vaccinations",
"parents",
"consultation",
"patient",
"catch",
"missed vaccinations",
"Laboratory studies show",
"CD4",
"T lymp... |
A 77-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department from her nursing home because she was found down overnight. On presentation she was found to be delirious and was unable to answer questions. Chart review shows that she is allergic to cephalosporins. Her temperature is 102.2°F (39°C), blood pressure is 105/52 ... | Single-ringed ß-lactam structure | {
"A": "Accumulates inside bacteria via O2-dependent uptake",
"B": "Associated with red man syndrome",
"C": "Resistance conveyed through acetylation",
"D": "Single-ringed ß-lactam structure"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"nursing home",
"found",
"overnight",
"presentation",
"found to",
"delirious",
"unable to answer questions",
"Chart review shows",
"allergic",
"cephalosporins",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirat... |
A 30-year-old man presents to the physician after he discovered a raised, red, string-shaped lesion beneath the skin on his right foot. The lesion seems to move from one location to another over the dorsum of his foot from day to day. He says that the the lesion is extremely itchy and has not responded to over the coun... | Ancylostoma braziliense | {
"A": "Ancylostoma braziliense",
"B": "Dracunculus medinensis",
"C": "Necator americanus",
"D": "Wucheria bancrofti"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old man presents",
"physician",
"discovered",
"raised",
"red",
"string shaped lesion",
"skin",
"right foot",
"lesion",
"to move",
"one location",
"dorsum of",
"foot",
"day to day",
"lesion",
"extremely itchy",
"not",
"to over the counter topical treatment",
"wife recentl... |
A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of progressive swelling and pain in his left calf for 1 day. He does not have shortness of breath or chest pain. He has hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Current medications include enalapril, aspirin, simvastatin, and vitamin D. His temperature is 100.... | Continue unfractionated heparin | {
"A": "Switch to enoxaparin",
"B": "Continue unfractionated heparin",
"C": "Switch to warfarin",
"D": "Discontinue anticoagulation"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"progressive swelling",
"pain in",
"left calf",
"1 day",
"not",
"shortness of breath",
"chest pain",
"hypertension",
"chronic kidney disease",
"Current medications include enalapril",
"aspirin",
"simvastatin",
"vitamin D",
"temperature",
"100 4... |
An 84-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her son after he found her trying to hang herself from the ceiling because she felt that she was a burden to her family. Her family says that for the past 2 months she has had no energy to leave her room, has been sleeping most of the day, has lost 10 kg (22 lb), and ... | Methylphenidate | {
"A": "Methylphenidate",
"B": "Electroconvulsive therapy",
"C": "Fluoxetine",
"D": "Bupropion"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"84 year old woman",
"brought",
"physician",
"son",
"found",
"hang",
"felt",
"burden",
"family",
"family",
"past",
"months",
"energy to leave",
"room",
"sleeping most of the day",
"lost 10 kg",
"cries",
"day",
"diagnosed",
"breast cancer",
"metastasized",
"liver",
"months... |
A 29-year-old G1P0 woman at 24 weeks gestation presents to her physician with complaints of burning with urination, and she reports that she has been urinating much more frequently than usual over the past several days. She otherwise is doing well and has experienced no complications with her pregnancy or vaginal disch... | Send a urine culture | {
"A": "Add ciprofloxacin to antibiotic regimen",
"B": "Add penicillin to antibiotic regimen",
"C": "Perform a renal ultrasound",
"D": "Send a urine culture"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"29 year old",
"woman",
"weeks presents",
"physician",
"complaints",
"burning",
"urination",
"reports",
"much",
"frequently",
"usual",
"past",
"days",
"well",
"experienced",
"complications",
"pregnancy",
"vaginal discharge",
"temperature",
"97",
"36 4C",
"blood pressure",
... |
A steel welder presents to his family physician with a one-week history of intense abdominal cramping with nausea, vomiting, constipation, headaches, myalgias, and arthralgias. He claims that the symptoms started about two months after he began work on replacing the pipes in an early 20th century house. Blood was taken... | EDTA | {
"A": "Deferoxamine",
"B": "EDTA",
"C": "Prussian blue",
"D": "N-acetylcysteine"
} | step1 | B | [
"steel welder presents",
"family physician",
"one-week history",
"intense abdominal cramping",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"constipation",
"headaches",
"myalgias",
"arthralgias",
"symptoms started",
"two months",
"began work",
"replacing",
"pipes",
"early 20th century house",
"Blood",
"t... |
A 38-year-old man arrives at the emergency department with severe periumbilical, colicky pain and abdominal distention for the past 2 days. He is nauseated and reports vomiting light-green emesis 8 times since yesterday morning. He has not had a bowel movement or passed any gas for the past 3 days. He has a past medica... | Small bowel obstruction | {
"A": "Cholecystitis",
"B": "Diverticulitis",
"C": "Small bowel obstruction",
"D": "Viral gastroenteritis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"severe periumbilical",
"colicky",
"abdominal distention",
"past 2 days",
"nauseated",
"reports vomiting light green emesis 8 times",
"morning",
"not",
"bowel movement",
"passed",
"gas",
"past 3 days",
"past medical history of ventral hernia repair... |
A 4-week-old Caucasian baby presents for a routine checkup. The patient was born to a 28-year-old G1P1 woman at 38 weeks estimated gestational age by cesarean section secondary to breech presentation. The pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes, which the mother controlled with diet and exercise. Prenatal ult... | Ultrasound of the hips | {
"A": "Observation with follow-up in 6 months",
"B": "Ultrasound of the hips",
"C": "Ultrasound of the lumbosacral spine",
"D": "X-ray of the hips"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"4 week old Caucasian baby presents",
"routine checkup",
"patient",
"born",
"year old G1P1 woman",
"weeks estimated gestational age",
"cesarean section secondary to breech presentation",
"pregnancy",
"complicated",
"gestational diabetes",
"mother controlled",
"diet",
"exercise",
"Prenatal ... |
A 24-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of a prolonged course of diarrhea. He reports that he has had 3–4 large volume watery stools daily for the last several weeks. He has no pain with bowel movements, no abdominal pain, and no blood in his stools. He is homeless and uses recreational drugs... | Vitamin B3 | {
"A": "Vitamin B2",
"B": "Vitamin B3",
"C": "Vitamin B12",
"D": "Vitamin C"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"prolonged course",
"diarrhea",
"reports",
"large volume watery daily",
"weeks",
"pain",
"bowel movements",
"abdominal pain",
"blood in",
"stools",
"homeless",
"uses recreational drugs",
"reports",
"usually drinks",
"half-liter",
"wh... |
The World Health Organization suggests the use of a new rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of malaria in resource-limited settings. The new test has a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 90% compared to the gold standard test (blood smear). The validity of the new test is evaluated at a satellite health center... | 60 | {
"A": "155",
"B": "15",
"C": "60",
"D": "135"
} | step1 | C | [
"World Health Organization suggests",
"use of",
"new rapid diagnostic",
"diagnosis",
"malaria",
"resource limited settings",
"new test",
"sensitivity",
"70",
"specificity",
"90",
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"gold standard test",
"blood smear",
"validity",
"new test",
"evaluated",
"satellite health... |
A 21-year-old woman presents into the clinic worried that she might be pregnant. Her last menstrual period was 4 months ago and recalls that she did have unprotected sex with her boyfriend, despite not having sexual desire. They have since broken up, and she would like to do a pregnancy test. She appears very emaciated... | Orthostasis | {
"A": "Orthostasis",
"B": "Primary amenorrhea",
"C": "Hypocholesterolemia",
"D": "Hypokalemic alkalosis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"21-year-old woman presents",
"clinic worried",
"pregnant",
"last menstrual period",
"4 months",
"recalls",
"unprotected sex",
"boyfriend",
"not",
"sexual desire",
"since broken",
"to",
"pregnancy test",
"appears very emaciated",
"physically active",
"spends",
"few hours",
"almost ... |
An 18-year-old Caucasian female presents to your clinic because of a recent increase in thirst and hunger. Urinalysis demonstrates elevated glucose. The patient's BMI is 20. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in persons suffering from this patient's illness? | Myocardial infarction | {
"A": "Renal failure",
"B": "Myocardial infarction",
"C": "Infection",
"D": "Coma"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old Caucasian female presents",
"clinic",
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"thirst",
"hunger",
"Urinalysis demonstrates elevated glucose",
"patient's BMI",
"20",
"following",
"most common cause of death",
"persons suffering",
"patient's illness"
] |
A 17-year-old girl presents to the clinic on her own, complaining of fatigue and feeling cold all the time. She is also very concerned about several minor medical conditions she has developed over the last year or so. Her past medical history is noncontributory. Menarche was at age 11 and her last menstrual period was ... | BMI less than 17 | {
"A": "Normal serum iron levels",
"B": "Moist, supple skin",
"C": "BMI less than 17",
"D": "Increased hemoglobin"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl presents",
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"feeling cold",
"time",
"very concerned",
"minor medical conditions",
"year",
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"past medical history",
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"age",
"last menstrual period",
"3 months",
"mother",
"hypothyroidism",
"concerned",
"healthy routine",
"consists... |
A 78-year-old man dies suddenly from complications of acute kidney failure. An autopsy is performed and microscopic evaluation of the kidneys shows pale, swollen cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. Microscopic evaluation of the liver shows similar findings. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mec... | Impaired Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity | {
"A": "Impaired Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity",
"B": "Cytoplasmic triglyceride accumulation",
"C": "Double-stranded DNA breakage",
"D": "Free radical formation"
} | step1 | A | [
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"acute kidney failure",
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"microscopic evaluation",
"kidneys shows pale",
"swollen cells",
"proximal convoluted tubules",
"Microscopic evaluation",
"liver shows similar findings",
"following",
"most likely underlying mechanism",
"findi... |
A 49-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of increasing shortness of breath. He has also had chest pain that is exacerbated by deep inspiration. He has had recurrent episodes of pain in his fingers for the past 2 years. Two years ago, he was treated for a deep vein thrombosis. He has hyperten... | Electric alternans | {
"A": "Increased QT interval",
"B": "Deep Q wave",
"C": "Electric alternans",
"D": "S1Q3T3 pattern"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
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"past 2 years",
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"treated",
"deep vein thrombosis",
"hypertension",
"anxiety",
"Current medications... |
A 32-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for headache. He reports that he has headaches at night several times a week. He first developed these headaches over a year ago, but he had not had any for several months before they started up again three weeks ago. The episodes start suddenly and feel like a s... | Verapamil | {
"A": "Carbamazepine",
"B": "Sumatriptan",
"C": "Topiramate",
"D": "Verapamil"
} | step2&3 | D | [
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"not",
"several months",
"started up",
"three weeks",
"episodes start",
"feel",
"stabbing",
"electrical pain",
"left",
"reports teari... |
A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain. The pain started suddenly several hours ago and has steadily worsened. The patient has a past medical history of anxiety and depression. Her current medications include sertraline, sodium docusate, a multivitamin, and fish oil. The pat... | Conversion disorder | {
"A": "Borderline personality disorder",
"B": "Conversion disorder",
"C": "Ischemic stroke",
"D": "Malingering"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"23 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"severe abdominal",
"pain started",
"hours",
"worsened",
"patient",
"past medical anxiety",
"depression",
"current medications include sertraline",
"sodium docusate",
"multivitamin",
"fish oil",
"patient",
"currently sexually active",... |
A 27-year-old woman presents with acute abdominal pain in her right upper quadrant. The pain came on suddenly while she was eating dinner. After this pain she began feeling dizzy and came to the emergency department. In the ED, her blood pressure is 75/40 mmHg, pulse is 100/minute, and she is afebrile. On physical exam... | Use of oral contraceptives (OCPs) for birth control | {
"A": "A 15 pack/year history of smoking",
"B": "Use of oral contraceptives (OCPs) for birth control",
"C": "Symptoms that began after a fatty meal",
"D": "A history of Epstein-Barr virus and participation in rugby"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"27 year old woman presents",
"acute abdominal pain",
"right upper quadrant",
"pain",
"eating dinner",
"pain",
"began feeling dizzy",
"emergency department",
"ED",
"blood pressure",
"75 40 mmHg",
"pulse",
"100 minute",
"afebrile",
"physical exam",
"feels",
"light-headed to ambulate",... |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a productive cough for 5 days. He has a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections and sinusitis treated with oral antibiotics. He frequently has loose stools that do not flush easily. He was born at 37 weeks' gestation and the neonatal period was com... | Elevated prothrombin time | {
"A": "Elevated prothrombin time",
"B": "Metabolic acidosis",
"C": "Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies",
"D": "Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"2 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"of",
"productive cough",
"5 days",
"history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections",
"sinusitis treated with oral antibiotics",
"frequently",
"loose stools",
"not flush easily",
"born",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"neonatal period",
"compli... |
A 37-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife after having a seizure. He has a 1-week history of headaches, blurry vision in his right eye, and muscle pain in his arms and neck. He has no history of a seizure disorder, and his vision was normal until the onset of his symptoms 1 week ago. He has a... | Ingestion of eggs from human feces | {
"A": "Ingestion of undercooked fish",
"B": "Ingestion of eggs from cat feces",
"C": "Ingestion of eggs from human feces",
"D": "Ingestion of eggs after scratching the anal region"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"seizure",
"1-week history of headaches",
"blurry vision",
"right eye",
"muscle pain in",
"arms",
"neck",
"history of",
"seizure disorder",
"vision",
"normal",
"onset",
"symptoms 1 week",
"history of migraine headaches",
... |
An 8-year-old boy is being seen in your neurology clinic for seizures of the type observed in video V. While speaking with the child, you notice that he frequently asks you to repeat yourself, and looks at you occasionally with a blank stare. Which of the following medications would be most appropriate for this patient... | Valproic acid | {
"A": "Valproic acid",
"B": "Phenytoin",
"C": "Ethosuximide",
"D": "Lorazepam"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old boy",
"seen in",
"neurology clinic",
"seizures",
"type observed",
"video",
"speaking",
"child",
"frequently",
"to repeat",
"looks",
"occasionally",
"blank stare",
"following medications",
"most appropriate",
"patient"
] |
A 72-year-old man presents to the clinic for the evaluation of a lesion on his nose that has been slowly getting larger for the past 2 months. The patient notes no history of trauma, pruritus, or pain, but states that the size of the lesion is making his nose feel uncomfortable. On exam, the nodule is pink with rolled ... | Palisading nuclei | {
"A": "Palisading nuclei",
"B": "Sawtooth lymphocytic infiltrate",
"C": "Atypical melanocytes",
"D": "Epidermal hyperplasia with cutaneous darkening"
} | step1 | A | [
"72 year old man presents",
"clinic",
"evaluation",
"lesion",
"nose",
"slowly getting larger",
"past",
"months",
"patient notes",
"history",
"trauma",
"pruritus",
"pain",
"states",
"size of",
"lesion",
"making",
"nose feel",
"exam",
"nodule",
"pink",
"rolled borders",
"Te... |
A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with 2 days of fever and painful lumps in his legs bilaterally. In addition, he says that his arms and legs are extremely itchy. Since birth he has had recurrent skin and soft tissue infections. Physical exam reveals a pruritic erythematous scaling rash along both... | Transcription factor activity | {
"A": "B-cell survival during selection",
"B": "Phagolysosome formation and development",
"C": "Reactive oxygen species production",
"D": "Transcription factor activity"
} | step1 | D | [
"4 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"2 days",
"fever",
"painful lumps in",
"legs",
"addition",
"arms",
"legs",
"extremely itchy",
"birth",
"recurrent skin",
"soft tissue infections",
"Physical exam reveals",
"pruritic erythematous scaling rash",
"upper",
"lower ext... |
A 45-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for an annual checkup. She states that she feels well and has no complaints. She lives alone and works as a banker. She smokes 1 cigarette per day and drinks 2 alcoholic beverages per night. She occasionally gets symmetrical pain in her hands where they change ... | Lisinopril | {
"A": "Compression stockings",
"B": "Furosemide",
"C": "Increase current medication dose",
"D": "Lisinopril"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"annual checkup",
"states",
"feels well",
"complaints",
"lives alone",
"works",
"smokes 1 cigarette per day",
"drinks 2 alcoholic beverages",
"night",
"occasionally gets symmetrical pain",
"hands",
"change",
"red",
"white",
"blue t... |
А 55-уеаr-old mаn рrеѕеntѕ to hіѕ рrіmаrу саrе рhуѕісіаn wіth a сomрlаіnt of fatigue for a couple of months. He was feeling well during his last visit 6 months ago. He has a history of hypertension for the past 8 years, diabetes mellitus for the past 5 years, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) for a year. The vіtаl ѕіgnѕ... | Failure of adequate erythropoietin production | {
"A": "Progressive metabolic acidosis",
"B": "Failure of adequate erythropoietin production",
"C": "Side effect of his medication",
"D": "Increased retention of uremic products"
} | step1 | B | [
" 55 r old mn",
"h",
"hn",
"fatigue",
"couple",
"months",
"feeling well",
"visit",
"months",
"history of hypertension",
"past",
"years",
"diabetes mellitus",
"past",
"years",
"chronic kidney disease",
"year",
"gn include",
"blood",
"84 mm g",
"ul 81 mn",
"36",
"98",
"rt... |
A 25-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 25 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of fever and right-sided flank pain. During this period, she also had chills, nausea, vomiting, and burning on urination. Her last prenatal visit was 10 weeks ago. Pregnancy and delivery of her fi... | Inpatient treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone | {
"A": "Perform a renal ultrasound",
"B": "Outpatient treatment with oral ciprofloxacin",
"C": "Inpatient treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone",
"D": "Inpatient treatment with intravenous ampicillin and gentamicin\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"weeks",
"estation ",
"mergency department ",
"-day istory ",
"ever ",
"ight-sided flank pain.",
"eriod,",
"hills,",
"ausea,",
"omiting,",
"urning on urination.",
"ast renatal visit ",
"0 eeks ",
"regnancy ",
"elivery ",
"irst hild ",
... |
A 34-year-old G2P2 undergoes colposcopy due to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia detected on a Pap smear. Her 2 previous Pap smears showed low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. She has had 2 sexual partners in her life, and her husband has been her only sexual partner for the last 10 years. She had her sexual debut a... | Age of sexual debut | {
"A": "Patient age",
"B": "Age of sexual debut",
"C": "Ovarian surgery",
"D": "History of cocaine abuse"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old",
"colposcopy due to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia detected",
"a Pap smear",
"Her 2 previous",
"smears showed low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia",
"2 sexual partners",
"life",
"husband",
"only sexual partner",
"10 years",
"sexual",
"years",
"age",
"first pregnancy at",
... |
A 71-year-old man is brought in by his wife with acute onset aphasia and weakness in his right arm and leg for the past 2 hours. The patient’s wife says they were eating breakfast when he suddenly could not speak. His symptoms have not improved over the past 2 hours. The patient denies any similar symptoms in the past.... | Platelet count 95,000/mm3 | {
"A": "Blood pressure 175/105 mm Hg",
"B": "Age 71 years",
"C": "Platelet count 95,000/mm3",
"D": "Myocardial infarction 6 months ago"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"71 year old man",
"brought",
"wife",
"acute onset aphasia",
"weakness",
"right",
"leg",
"past",
"hours",
"patients wife",
"eating breakfast",
"not speak",
"symptoms",
"not improved",
"past",
"hours",
"patient denies",
"similar symptoms",
"past",
"past medical history",
"sign... |
A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of progressive shortness of breath, mild chest pain on exertion, and a cough for 2 days. One week ago, he had a low-grade fever and nasal congestion. He has hypertension but does not adhere to his medication regimen. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes d... | Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | {
"A": "Acute asthma exacerbation",
"B": "Acute pulmonary embolism",
"C": "Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"D": "Acute decompensatation of congestive heart failure"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of progressive shortness",
"breath",
"mild chest pain on exertion",
"cough",
"2 days",
"One week",
"low-grade fever",
"nasal congestion",
"hypertension",
"not adhere",
"medication regimen",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
... |
A research group designs a study to investigate the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States. After a review of medical records, the investigators identify patients who are active cocaine users but did not have a history of syphilis as of one year ago. Another group of similar patients with no history of cocaine u... | Retrospective cohort study | {
"A": "Meta-analysis",
"B": "Case series",
"C": "Retrospective cohort study",
"D": "Case-control study"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"research group designs",
"study to investigate",
"epidemiology",
"syphilis",
"United States",
"review",
"medical records",
"investigators",
"patients",
"active cocaine users",
"not",
"history of syphilis",
"one year ago",
"group",
"similar patients",
"history of cocaine use",
"syphi... |
A 31-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of drooping of the left side of his face since awakening that morning. He had difficulty chewing his food at breakfast. He was treated the previous day at the hospital after sustaining a head injury from falling off a ladder while working on his roof. A plain ... | Steroid therapy | {
"A": "Reassurance",
"B": "Steroid therapy",
"C": "Acyclovir therapy",
"D": "Surgical decompression"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"31 year old man",
"emergency department",
"drooping",
"left side",
"face",
"awakening",
"morning",
"difficulty chewing",
"food",
"breakfast",
"treated",
"previous day",
"hospital",
"sustaining",
"head",
"falling",
"ladder",
"working",
"roof",
"CT of",
"brain",
"visit showe... |
A 52-year-old woman is accompanied by her husband to the emergency department with a severe occipital headache that started suddenly an hour ago. She is drowsy but able to answer the physician’s questions. She describes it as the worst headache she has ever had, 9/10 in intensity. The husband says it was initially loca... | Rupture of the communicating branches of the cerebral arteries | {
"A": "Intracerebral bleed",
"B": "Bacterial infection of the meninges",
"C": "Trauma during lumbar puncture",
"D": "Rupture of the communicating branches of the cerebral arteries"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"husband",
"emergency department",
"severe occipital",
"started",
"hour",
"drowsy",
"able to answer",
"physicians questions",
"worst headache",
"10",
"intensity",
"husband",
"initially localized",
"occiput",
"now spread",
"head",
"generalized heaviness",
"took",... |
A 40-year-old man presents to a clinic in Michigan in December complaining of painful blue fingers and toes. He also complains of numbness and tingling. The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits, and his symptoms typically disappear when he comes back into a warm room. The patient also notes that he recently m... | Direct Coomb’s test with anti-C3 reagent | {
"A": "Indirect Coomb’s test",
"B": "Direct Coomb’s test with anti-IgG reagent",
"C": "Direct Coomb’s test with anti-C3 reagent",
"D": "Anti-centromere antibody"
} | step1 | C | [
"40 year old man presents",
"clinic in Michigan",
"December",
"painful blue fingers",
"toes",
"numbness",
"tingling",
"patients vital signs",
"normal limits",
"symptoms",
"back",
"warm room",
"patient",
"notes",
"recently moved to",
"area",
"Arizona",
"recently recovered",
"viral... |
A drug research team has synthesized a novel oral drug that acts as an agonist at multiple adrenergic receptors. When administered in animals, it has been shown to produce urinary retention at therapeutic doses with the absence of other manifestations of adrenergic stimulation. The researchers are interested in underst... | GqPCRs (Gq protein-coupled receptors) | {
"A": "GiPCRs (Gi protein-coupled receptors)",
"B": "GtPCRs (Gt protein-coupled receptors)",
"C": "GoPCRs (Go protein-coupled receptors)",
"D": "GqPCRs (Gq protein-coupled receptors)"
} | step1 | D | [
"drug research team",
"synthesized",
"novel oral drug",
"acts",
"agonist",
"multiple adrenergic receptors",
"administered",
"animals",
"shown to",
"urinary retention",
"therapeutic doses",
"absence of",
"manifestations",
"adrenergic stimulation",
"researchers",
"interested",
"underst... |
A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of abdominal pain and diarrhea. He reports that his stools are streaked with blood and mucus. He returned from a vacation in the Philippines 3 weeks ago. His vital signs are within normal limits. Abdominal examination shows hyperactive bowel sounds. A ... | Entamoeba histolytica | {
"A": "Entamoeba histolytica",
"B": "Giardia lamblia",
"C": "Shigella dysenteriae",
"D": "Campylobacter jejuni"
} | step1 | A | [
"31 year old man",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"reports",
"stools",
"streaked",
"blood",
"mucus",
"returned",
"vacation",
"Philippines",
"weeks",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Abdominal examination shows hyperactive bowel sounds",
"photomicrograph... |
A 25-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department because of an episode of acute psychosis with suicidal ideation. He has no history of serious illness and currently takes no medications. Despite appropriate safety precautions, he manages to leave the examination room unattended. Shortly afterward, he is found ... | Apply a cervical collar | {
"A": "Perform a needle thoracostomy",
"B": "Perform an endotracheal intubation",
"C": "Apply a cervical collar",
"D": "Perform an open reduction of the tibia fracture\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"admitted",
"emergency department",
"episode",
"acute psychosis",
"suicidal ideation",
"history",
"serious illness",
"currently takes",
"medications",
"appropriate safety precautions",
"to leave",
"examination room",
"found lying outside",
"emergency department",
"repor... |
Given the pattern of inheritance shown in the pedigree, where might you find the disease gene in question? | On circular DNA in the mitochondrion | {
"A": "On single-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm",
"B": "On circular DNA in the mitochondrion",
"C": "On double stranded DNA in the nucleus",
"D": "On helical RNA in the cytoplasm"
} | step1 | B | [
"Given",
"pattern",
"inheritance shown",
"pedigree",
"find",
"disease gene",
"question"
] |
A 24-year-old man presents to the emergency room with a stab wound to the left chest at the sternocostal junction at the 4th intercostal space. The patient is hemodynamically unstable, and the trauma attending is concerned that there is penetrating trauma to the heart as. Which cardiovascular structure is most likely t... | Right ventricle | {
"A": "Left atrium",
"B": "Left ventricle",
"C": "Right atrium",
"D": "Right ventricle"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency room",
"stab wound",
"left chest",
"sternocostal junction",
"4th intercostal space",
"patient",
"unstable",
"trauma attending",
"concerned",
"penetrating",
"heart",
"cardiovascular structure",
"most likely to",
"injured first",
"stab wound"
] |
A 24-year-old man comes to the physician with a wound on his forearm. He says that he injured himself by absentmindedly walking into a glass door. He does not have health insurance. He has had 5 jobs in the past 8 months. He quit each job after 3–4 weeks because he found the work beneath him. He was imprisoned 6 years ... | Antisocial personality disorder | {
"A": "Intermittent explosive disorder",
"B": "Oppositional defiant disorder",
"C": "Antisocial personality disorder",
"D": "Narcissistic personality disorder\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"wound",
"forearm",
"injured",
"walking",
"glass door",
"not",
"health insurance",
"5 jobs",
"past 8 months",
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"job",
"weeks",
"found",
"work",
"imprisoned",
"years",
"credit card fraud",
"released from prison",
"parole",
"year",
"expel... |
While performing a Western blot, a graduate student spilled a small amount of the radiolabeled antibody on her left forearm. Although very little harm was done to the skin, the radiation did cause minor damage to the DNA of the exposed skin by severing covalent bonds between the nitrogenous bases and the core ribose le... | Base excision repair | {
"A": "Nucleotide excision repair",
"B": "Base excision repair",
"C": "Mismatch repair",
"D": "Nonhomologous end joining repair"
} | step1 | B | [
"performing",
"Western blot",
"graduate student",
"small amount",
"radiolabeled antibody",
"left forearm",
"very little",
"done",
"skin",
"radiation",
"cause minor damage",
"DNA",
"exposed skin",
"severing covalent bonds",
"nitrogenous bases",
"core ribose",
"several",
"sites",
"... |
A 2-year-old girl presents to the pediatrician with an itchy rash. Her mother reports that she has had a crusty rash on the face and bilateral upper extremities intermittently for the past 2 months. The child's past medical history is notable for 3 similar episodes of severely itchy rashes since birth. She has also had... | STAT3 | {
"A": "Adenosine deaminase",
"B": "LYST",
"C": "STAT3",
"D": "WAS"
} | step1 | C | [
"2 year old girl presents",
"pediatrician",
"itchy rash",
"mother reports",
"crusty rash on",
"face",
"bilateral upper extremities",
"past",
"months",
"child's past medical history",
"notable",
"similar episodes of severely itchy rashes",
"birth",
"2 non inflamed abscesses",
"arms",
"p... |
A 32-year-old farmer is brought to the emergency department by his wife. The patient was reportedly anxious, sweaty, and complaining of a headache and chest tightness before losing consciousness on route to the hospital. Which of the following is mechanistically responsible for this patient's symptoms? | Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase | {
"A": "Competitive inhibition of acetylcholine at post-junctional effector sites",
"B": "Binding of acetylcholine agonists to post-junctional receptors",
"C": "Inhibition of presynaptic exocytosis of acethylcholine vesicles",
"D": "Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old farmer",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"patient",
"anxious",
"sweaty",
"complaining of a headache",
"chest tightness",
"consciousness",
"route",
"hospital",
"following",
"responsible",
"patient's symptoms"
] |
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents 30 minutes after losing consciousness. He was at a water park with his family when he fell to the ground and started to have jerking movements of the arms and legs. On arrival, he continues to have generalized, violent muscle contractions and is un... | Allosteric activation of GABAA receptors | {
"A": "Increased affinity of GABA receptors to GABAB",
"B": "Allosteric activation of GABAA receptors",
"C": "Increased duration of chloride channel opening",
"D": "Inhibition of GABA transaminase"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"parents 30 minutes",
"consciousness",
"water park",
"family",
"fell",
"started to",
"jerking movements",
"arms",
"legs",
"arrival",
"continues to",
"generalized",
"violent muscle contractions",
"unresponsive",
"verbal",
"painful... |
A 48-year-old multiparous woman visits the clinic for her annual physical check-up. During the interview, you find out that her father passed away 5 months ago after massive blood loss secondary to lower gastrointestinal bleeding, and both her younger siblings (45 and 42 years of age) were recently diagnosed with vario... | Family history | {
"A": "Obesity",
"B": "Smoking",
"C": "Family history",
"D": "Multiparity"
} | step1 | C | [
"48 year old multiparous woman visits",
"clinic",
"annual physical check-up",
"interview",
"find out",
"father passed",
"months",
"massive blood loss secondary to lower gastrointestinal bleeding",
"younger siblings",
"years",
"age",
"recently diagnosed",
"various colonic lesions compatible",... |
Three days after admission to the hospital following a motor vehicle accident, a 45-year-old woman develops a fever. A central venous catheter was placed on the day of admission for treatment of severe hypotension. Her temperature is 39.2°C (102.5°F). Examination shows erythema surrounding the catheter insertion site a... | Vancomycin | {
"A": "Metronidazole",
"B": "Vancomycin",
"C": "Clarithromycin",
"D": "Penicillin G"
} | step1 | B | [
"Three days",
"admission",
"hospital following",
"motor vehicle accident",
"year old woman",
"fever",
"central venous catheter",
"placed",
"day",
"admission",
"treatment",
"severe hypotension",
"temperature",
"Examination shows erythema surrounding",
"catheter insertion site",
"right i... |
A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abnormal vaginal discharge and itchiness. She states it started a few days ago and has been worsening. The patient has a past medical history of a medical abortion completed 1 year ago. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 129/68 mmHg, pulse... | Azithromycin | {
"A": "Azithromycin",
"B": "Azithromycin and ceftriaxone",
"C": "Ceftriaxone",
"D": "Cervical cultures"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"23 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"abnormal vaginal discharge",
"itchiness",
"states",
"started",
"few days",
"worsening",
"patient",
"past medical history",
"abortion completed 1 year",
"temperature",
"98",
"blood pressure",
"68 mmHg",
"pulse",
"80 min",
"respi... |
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