question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with respiratory distress, fever, and a productive cough. Past medical history is significant for a history of recurrent bronchopneumonia since the age of 5, managed conservatively with antibiotics and mucolytic therapy. The patient’s weight was normal at birth, ... | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency | {
"A": "Cystic fibrosis",
"B": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency",
"C": "Wilson’s disease",
"D": "Chronic granulomatous disease"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"respiratory distress",
"fever",
"productive cough",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"history of recurrent bronchopneumonia",
"age",
"managed",
"antibiotics",
"mucolytic therapy",
"patients weight",
"normal at birth",
"suffered"... |
A 6-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of a right-sided scrotal swelling for the past 2 months. The swelling is intermittent and appears usually after the patient has been taken outdoors in a baby carrier, and disappears the next morning. The patient was born at term without complications and has been he... | Reassurance and follow-up | {
"A": "Reassurance and follow-up",
"B": "Percutaneous drainage",
"C": "Ligation of the patent processus vaginalis",
"D": "Surgical excision of the mass"
} | step2&3 | A | [
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"taken outdoors",
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"next morning",
"patient",
"born",
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"complications",
"healthy",
"Examination shows... |
A 33-year-old man is brought by ambulance to the emergency room after being a passenger in a motor vehicle accident. An empty bottle of whiskey was found in his front seat, and the patient admits to having been drinking all night. He has multiple lacerations and bruising on his face and scalp and a supportive cervical ... | Explain to him that he is intoxicated and cannot make health care decisions, continue as planned | {
"A": "Explain to him that he is intoxicated and cannot make health care decisions, continue as planned",
"B": "Have the patient fill the appropriate forms and discharge against medical advice",
"C": "Call security",
"D": "Agree to not do the CT scan"
} | step1 | A | [
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"empty bottle",
"whiskey",
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"drinking",
"night",
"multiple lacerations",
"bruising",
"face",
"scalp",
"supportive cervical collar",
"placed",
"sig... |
A newborn girl is rushed to the neonatal ICU after an emergency cesarean section due to unstable vital signs after delivery. The pregnancy was complicated due to oligohydramnios and pulmonary hypoplasia. Gestation was at 38 weeks. APGAR scores were 6 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes respectively. The newborn’s temperature is 3... | Portal hypertension | {
"A": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage",
"B": "Portal hypertension",
"C": "Recurrent UTI",
"D": "Self mutilation"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"newborn girl",
"rushed",
"neonatal ICU",
"emergency cesarean section due to unstable vital signs",
"delivery",
"pregnancy",
"complicated due to oligohydramnios",
"pulmonary hypoplasia",
"Gestation",
"weeks",
"APGAR scores",
"8",
"1",
"5 minutes",
"newborns temperature",
"98",
"blood... |
A 15-year-old boy presents to the emergency department for evaluation of an ‘infected leg’. The patient states that his right shin is red, swollen, hot, and very painful. The body temperature is 39.5°C (103.2°F). The patient states there is no history of trauma but states he has a history of poorly managed sickle cell ... | S. aureus | {
"A": "N. gonorrhoea",
"B": "S. aureus",
"C": "E. faecalis",
"D": "S. pyogenes"
} | step1 | B | [
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"emergency department",
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"hot",
"very painful",
"body temperature",
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"states",
"history",
"poorly managed sickle cell anemia",
"magnetic res... |
A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician because of 1 week of progressive left anterior knee pain. The pain is worse after sitting for a prolonged period of time and while ascending stairs. She first noticed the pain the day after a basketball game. She has often taken painful blows to the side of the knees while pla... | Patellofemoral pain syndrome | {
"A": "Patellofemoral pain syndrome",
"B": "Medial collateral ligament injury",
"C": "Anterior cruciate ligament injury",
"D": "Patellar tendinitis\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
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"basketball game",
"often taken painful blows",
"side",
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"playing basketball",
"not recall",... |
A 69-year-old male with past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus complicated by end stage renal disease on dialysis presents to his nephrologist for a follow-up appointment. A few weeks ago, the patient saw his nephrologist because he had been feeling tired despite efforts to get enou... | Low MCV, increased RDW, decreased ferritin, decreased transferrin saturation | {
"A": "Low MCV, increased RDW, normal ferritin, normal transferrin saturation",
"B": "Low MCV, increased RDW, decreased ferritin, decreased transferrin saturation",
"C": "Normal MCV, increased RDW, increased ferritin, increased transferrin saturation",
"D": "Normal MCV, normal RDW, increased ferritin, increase... | step2&3 | B | [
"69 year old male",
"past medical",
"hyperlipidemia",
"diabetes mellitus complicated",
"end stage renal disease",
"dialysis presents",
"nephrologist",
"follow-up appointment",
"few weeks",
"patient saw",
"nephrologist",
"feeling tired",
"efforts to",
"sleep",
"eat",
"well balanced diet... |
A 33-year-old Caucasian female presents to her primary care provider for pruritus and shortness of breath. Over the past year, she has experienced mild progressive diffuse pruritus. She also reports that her skin seems "hard" and that it has been harder to move her fingers freely. She initially attributed her symptoms ... | Anti-DNA topoisomerase I | {
"A": "Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide",
"B": "Anti-DNA topoisomerase I",
"C": "Anti-SS-A",
"D": "Anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old Caucasian female presents",
"primary care provider",
"pruritus",
"shortness of breath",
"past year",
"mild progressive diffuse pruritus",
"reports",
"skin",
"hard",
"harder to move",
"fingers freely",
"initially attributed",
"symptoms",
"stress",
"work",
"commercial pilot",
... |
An investigator is studying the effects of hyperphosphatemia on calcium homeostasis. A high-dose phosphate infusion is administered intravenously to a healthy subject over the course of 3 hours. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely to occur in response to the infusion?
$$$ Serum parathyroid hormone %%... | ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ | {
"A": "↓ ↓ ↓ ↓",
"B": "↑ ↓ ↓ ↑",
"C": "↑ ↑ ↑ ↑",
"D": "↑ ↑ ↑ ↓"
} | step1 | C | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"effects",
"hyperphosphatemia",
"calcium homeostasis",
"high phosphate infusion",
"administered",
"healthy subject",
"course",
"hours",
"following sets",
"changes",
"most likely to occur",
"response",
"Serum parathyroid hormone",
"total",
"calcitriol",
"... |
A 35-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for a severe, left-sided headache and neck pain that started 24 hours after she completed a half-marathon. Shortly after the headache started, she also had weakness of her right upper extremity and sudden loss of vision in her left eye, which both subsided on h... | Heparin | {
"A": "100% oxygen",
"B": "Mannitol",
"C": "Heparin",
"D": "Alteplase"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"35 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"severe",
"left-sided headache",
"neck pain",
"started 24 hours",
"completed",
"half marathon",
"headache started",
"weakness",
"right upper extremity",
"sudden loss of vision",
"left eye",
"hospital",
"arrival",
"alert",
"ori... |
A 16-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her mother for amenorrhea. The patient has never had a menstrual cycle and is worried as all her friends “have started to go through puberty.” She has been otherwise healthy with an uncomplicated birth history. “I told her not to worry since I also got my period late,” her... | Low levels of androstenedione | {
"A": "Elevated levels of androstenedione",
"B": "Elevated levels of 17-hydroxypregnenolone",
"C": "Low levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone",
"D": "Low levels of androstenedione"
} | step1 | D | [
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"amenorrhea",
"patient",
"never",
"menstrual cycle",
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"puberty",
"healthy",
"uncomplicated birth history",
"I",
"not",
"worry",
"I",
"got",
"period late",
"mother reported",
"encounter",
... |
A 3-week-old newborn male is brought to the physician because of increasing yellowing of his eyes and skin for 2 weeks. The mother has noticed that his stools have been paler than usual for the past week. He is exclusively formula fed, and feeds every 4 hours with a strong sucking reflux. The patient was delivered vagi... | Early liver cirrhosis | {
"A": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"B": "Kernicterus",
"C": "Early liver cirrhosis",
"D": "Dark pigmentation on liver biopsy"
} | step1 | C | [
"3 week old newborn male",
"brought",
"physician",
"increasing yellowing",
"eyes",
"skin",
"2 weeks",
"mother",
"stools",
"paler",
"usual",
"past week",
"formula fed",
"feeds",
"4 hours",
"strong sucking reflux",
"patient",
"delivered",
"weeks",
"estation ",
"ealthy woman ",
... |
A 33-year-old man comes into the urgent care clinic with an intensely itchy rash on the bilateral mid-lower extremities, with a fine linear demarcation approximately an inch above his socks. The rash is arranged in streaks of erythema with superimposed vesicular lesions. The patient states that he recently began hiking... | Type IV–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction | {
"A": "Type I–anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction",
"B": "Type II–cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction",
"C": "Type III–immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reaction",
"D": "Type IV–cell-mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity reaction"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"urgent care clinic",
"itchy rash",
"bilateral",
"lower extremities",
"fine linear",
"approximately",
"inch",
"socks",
"rash",
"arranged",
"streaks",
"erythema",
"vesicular lesions",
"patient states",
"recently began hiking",
"woods",
"house",
"denies",
"local c... |
A 23-year-old man is evaluated as a potential kidney donor for his father. His medical history is significant only for mild recurrent infections as a child. He subsequently undergoes a donor nephrectomy that is complicated by unexpected blood loss. During resuscitation, he is transfused with 4 units of O negative packe... | Impaired production of secretory immunoglobulins | {
"A": "Impaired production of secretory immunoglobulins",
"B": "Absence of neutrophilic reactive oxygen species",
"C": "Dysfunction of phagosome-lysosome fusion",
"D": "Absence of mature circulating B cells"
} | step1 | A | [
"23 year old man",
"evaluated",
"potential kidney donor",
"father",
"medical history",
"significant only",
"mild recurrent infections",
"child",
"donor nephrectomy",
"complicated",
"unexpected blood loss",
"resuscitation",
"units",
"negative packed red blood cells",
"transfusion begins",... |
A 19-year-old man presents to the emergency department after 2 separate episodes of loss of consciousness. The first episode occurred 1 year ago while he was running in gym class. Witnesses reported clenching and shaking of both hands after he had fallen. On getting up quickly, he felt lightheaded, nauseated, and sweat... | Head-up tilt-table test | {
"A": "Head-up tilt-table test",
"B": "24-hour Holter monitoring",
"C": "Echocardiography",
"D": "Dix-Hallpike maneuver"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"2 separate episodes of loss",
"consciousness",
"first episode occurred 1 year",
"running",
"class",
"Witnesses reported",
"shaking",
"hands",
"fallen",
"getting",
"felt lightheaded",
"nauseated",
"sweaty",
"given intravenous phenytoin",... |
A 24-year-old gravida 1 is admitted to the hospital after a tonic-clonic seizure at 37 weeks gestation. At the time of presentation, she complains of a severe headache, double vision, and nausea. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 165/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 91/min; respiratory rate, 9/min; and temperature, ... | Regions of hyperdensity in the left pons | {
"A": "Regions of hyperdensity within the cerebellar hemispheres",
"B": "Hyperattenuating material in the subarachnoid space",
"C": "Regions of hyperdensity in the left pons",
"D": "Subcortical hypodense region with surrounding irregular hyperdense margins"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old gravida 1",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"tonic-clonic seizure",
"weeks gestation",
"time",
"presentation",
"severe headache",
"double vision",
"nausea",
"vital signs",
"follows",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temperature",
... |
A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after being found in a confused state on an interstate rest area in Florida. She is unable to recall her name, address, or any other information regarding her person. She denies being the woman on a Connecticut driver's license found in her wallet. A telephone ... | Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue | {
"A": "Depersonalization disorder",
"B": "Korsakoff syndrome",
"C": "Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue",
"D": "Delirium"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"found",
"confused state",
"rest area",
"Florida",
"unable to recall",
"name",
"address",
"information",
"person",
"denies",
"woman",
"Connecticut driver's license found",
"telephone call",
"police department",
"reveals",
"repo... |
A 37-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 28 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. One week ago, an oral glucose tolerance screening test showed elevated serum glucose levels. She has complied with the recommended diet and lifestyle modifications. Over the past week, home blood glucose m... | Binding of tyrosine kinase receptors | {
"A": "Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4",
"B": "Binding of tyrosine kinase receptors",
"C": "Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma",
"D": "Opening of ATP-dependent K+-channels"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 3",
"para 2",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"One week",
"oral glucose tolerance screening test showed elevated serum glucose levels",
"complied",
"recommended diet",
"lifestyle modifications",
"past week",
"home blood glucose monitor... |
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician for decreased vision and worsening headaches since this morning. She has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Pulse is 119/min and irregular. Current medications include ramipril and atorvastatin. Ocular and funduscopic examination shows no abnormalities. The findings of vis... | Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery | {
"A": "Degeneration of the macula",
"B": "Impaired perfusion of the retina",
"C": "Occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery",
"D": "Occlusion of anterior cerebral artery\n\""
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old woman",
"physician",
"decreased vision",
"worsening headaches",
"morning",
"hypertension",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"Pulse",
"min",
"irregular",
"Current medications include ramipril",
"atorvastatin",
"Ocular",
"funduscopic examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"findings of ... |
Several years after a teenage boy and his younger brother witnessed a gang related murder, they both decided to come forward and report it to authorities. The older brother describes the horrific decapitation of the gang member without displaying any emotion; but when the younger brother was asked about the crime, he h... | Isolation of affect; Repression | {
"A": "Isolation of affect; Repression",
"B": "Isolation of affect; Displacement",
"C": "Denial; Dissociation",
"D": "Suppression; Repression"
} | step1 | A | [
"Several years",
"teenage boy",
"younger brother witnessed",
"gang related murder",
"to",
"forward",
"report",
"authorities",
"older brother",
"decapitation",
"gang member",
"displaying",
"emotion",
"younger brother",
"crime",
"recollection",
"event",
"two ego defenses",
"display... |
A 27-year-old man from Southern California presents with progressive chest pain, non-productive cough, and shortness of breath for the past 24 hours. He denies any similar symptoms in the past. He denies any family history of cardiac disease, recent travel, or exposure to sick contacts. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3... | Infective endocarditis | {
"A": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy",
"B": "Infective endocarditis",
"C": "Pulmonary embolism",
"D": "Tuberculosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"27 year old man",
"Southern California presents",
"progressive chest pain",
"non-productive cough",
"shortness of breath",
"past 24 hours",
"denies",
"similar symptoms",
"past",
"denies",
"family history of cardiac disease",
"recent travel",
"exposure to sick contacts",
"temperature",
"... |
A 4-year-old boy presents with a recent history of frequent falls. The images below depict his movements when he tries to get up from the floor. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | {
"A": "Duchenne muscular dystrophy",
"B": "Lambert-Eaton syndrome",
"C": "Guillain-Barré syndrome",
"D": "Cerebral palsy"
} | step1 | A | [
"4 year old boy presents",
"recent history of frequent falls",
"images",
"movements",
"to get",
"floor",
"following",
"most likely diagnosis",
"patient"
] |
A 15-year-old adolescent is brought to the physician by her parents. She is concerned that she has not started menstruating yet. She is also self-conscious because her chest has not yet developed and all of her friends are taller and much more developed. Past medical history is noncontributory. Her mother started menst... | Turner syndrome | {
"A": "Marfan syndrome",
"B": "Friedreich ataxia",
"C": "Kartagener's syndrome",
"D": "Turner syndrome"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old adolescent",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"concerned",
"not started",
"self-conscious",
"chest",
"not",
"friends",
"much more",
"Past medical history",
"mother started",
"age",
"older sister",
"age",
"patient",
"more concerned",
"poor performance",
"sports",
"... |
A 33-year-old female presents with recent onset of painful urination, fever, and right flank pain. Urinary sediment analysis is positive for the presence of white blood cell casts and Gram-negative bacteria. She has not recently started any new medications. What is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? | Pyelonephritis | {
"A": "Pelvic Inflammatory Disease",
"B": "Acute Interstitial Nephritis",
"C": "Pyelonephritis",
"D": "Appendicitis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old female presents",
"recent onset",
"painful urination",
"fever",
"right flank pain",
"Urinary",
"positive",
"presence",
"white blood cell casts",
"Gram-negative bacteria",
"not recently started",
"new medications",
"most likely diagnosis",
"patient"
] |
An 82-year-old right-handed woman is brought in by ambulance after being found down in her home. On presentation, she is found to be awake but does not follow directions or respond to questions. She is able to speak and produces a fluent string of nonsensical words and sounds. She does not appear to be bothered by her ... | Superior temporal gyrus | {
"A": "Inferior frontal gyrus",
"B": "Precentral gyrus",
"C": "Superior temporal gyrus",
"D": "Watershed zone"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old right-handed woman",
"brought",
"ambulance",
"found",
"home",
"presentation",
"found to",
"awake",
"not follow directions",
"questions",
"able",
"speak",
"fluent string",
"nonsensical words",
"sounds",
"not appear to",
"deficits",
"Subsequent neurologic exam finds",
"pa... |
A 6-year-old Hispanic male was admitted to the hospital for pain in his left thigh that has increased in severity over the past several months to the point that he can no longer walk. His mother explained that he had the pain about a year ago that resolved spontaneously. She also explained that he has had nose bleeds f... | Phenylketonuria | {
"A": "Phenylketonuria",
"B": "Menke's disease",
"C": "Alport's syndrome",
"D": "Hemophilia A"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old Hispanic male",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"pain in",
"left thigh",
"increased",
"severity",
"past",
"months",
"point",
"longer walk",
"mother",
"pain",
"year",
"resolved",
"nose bleeds frequently",
"past 6 months",
"physical exam",
"hepatosplenomegaly",
"observed",
"n... |
A 72-year-old woman comes to the physician for follow-up care. One year ago, she was diagnosed with a 3.8-cm infrarenal aortic aneurysm found incidentally on abdominal ultrasound. She has no complaints. She has hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and COPD. Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril... | Elective endovascular aneurysm repair | {
"A": "Adjustment of cardiovascular risk factors and follow-up CT in 6 months",
"B": "Elective endovascular aneurysm repair",
"C": "Adjustment of cardiovascular risk factors and follow-up ultrasound in 6 months",
"D": "Adjustment of cardiovascular risk factors and follow-up ultrasound in 12 months"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"72 year old woman",
"physician",
"follow-up care",
"One year ago",
"diagnosed",
"aortic aneurysm found",
"abdominal ultrasound",
"complaints",
"hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"COPD",
"Current medications include hydrochlorothiazide",
"lisinopril",
"glyburide",
"albuterol inh... |
A 59-year-old man presents to his family practitioner with his wife. He has fallen several times over the past 3 months. Standing up from a seated position is especially difficult for him. He also complains of intermittent dizziness, excessive sweating, constipation, and difficulty performing activities of daily living... | Shy-Drager syndrome | {
"A": "Parkinson’s disease",
"B": "Shy-Drager syndrome",
"C": "Progressive supranuclear palsy",
"D": "Wilson disease"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"59 year old man presents",
"family practitioner",
"wife",
"fallen",
"times",
"past 3 months",
"Standing up",
"seated position",
"difficult",
"intermittent dizziness",
"excessive sweating",
"constipation",
"difficulty performing activities of daily living",
"denies fever",
"jerking",
"... |
A 24-year-old G4P4031 Caucasian woman presents to the emergency department approx. 10–12 hours after home delivery of a 2.8 kg (6.3 lb) boy. Her last menstrual period is estimated to be around 8 months ago. She had no prenatal care but is well-known to the obstetrics department for multiple miscarriages over the last 6... | Pulmonic valvular stenosis | {
"A": "Increased pulmonary vascular markings",
"B": "Overriding aorta",
"C": "Absent aorticopulmonary septum",
"D": "Pulmonic valvular stenosis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old",
"Caucasian woman presents",
"emergency department",
"hours",
"home delivery",
"kg",
"6.3",
"boy",
"last menstrual period",
"estimated to",
"months",
"prenatal care",
"well known",
"obstetrics department",
"multiple miscarriages",
"years",
"pregnancies",
"result",
"con... |
A 58-year-old man presents to the clinic concerned about his health after his elder brother recently became bed-bound due to a brain condition. He has also brought a head CT scan of his brother to reference, as shown in the picture. The patient has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and hypercholes... | Blood pressure control | {
"A": "Blood pressure control",
"B": "Quit smoking",
"C": "Take statins",
"D": "Stop aspirin"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"58 year old man presents",
"clinic concerned",
"health",
"elder brother recently",
"bed-bound due to",
"brain condition",
"brought",
"head CT scan of",
"brother to reference",
"shown",
"picture",
"patient",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"osteoarthritis",
"hypercholestero... |
A 45-year-old man comes to the physician for his routine health maintenance examination. He was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus 4 years ago. His medical history is otherwise unremarkable. He takes no medications other than daily metformin. He has consumed a can of beer every night for the past 10 years. His blood pres... | Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | {
"A": "Alcoholic fatty liver",
"B": "Alcoholic hepatitis",
"C": "Nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-induced cirrhosis",
"D": "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"diagnosed",
"diabetes mellitus",
"years",
"medical history",
"unremarkable",
"takes",
"medications",
"daily metformin",
"beer",
"night",
"past 10 years",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg",
"body mass index",
"31 kg/... |
A 31-year-old man presents for his annual physical exam. The physician fails to palpate a ductus deferens on the left side. An ultrasound confirms absence of the left ductus deferens and further reveals absence of the left epididymis, seminal vesicle, and kidney. Spermogram and reproductive hormones panel are within no... | Mesonephros and cloaca | {
"A": "Pronephros and coelom",
"B": "Pronephros and cloaca",
"C": "Metanephros and coelom",
"D": "Mesonephros and cloaca"
} | step1 | D | [
"31 year old man presents",
"annual physical exam",
"physician fails to palpate",
"ductus deferens",
"left side",
"ultrasound confirms absence",
"left ductus deferens",
"further reveals absence",
"left epididymis",
"seminal vesicle",
"kidney",
"reproductive hormones panel",
"normal limits",
... |
A researcher is investigating compounds that modulate the cell cycle as possible chemotherapeutic agents against peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The researcher discovers a group of natural compounds with inhibitory activity against histone deacetylases, a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups from the lysine residues ... | Relaxation of DNA coiling | {
"A": "Tighter coiling of DNA",
"B": "Relaxation of DNA coiling",
"C": "Suppression of gene transcription",
"D": "Increased heterochromatin formation"
} | step1 | B | [
"researcher",
"investigating compounds",
"modulate",
"cell cycle",
"possible chemotherapeutic agents",
"peripheral T-cell lymphoma",
"researcher discovers a group",
"natural compounds",
"inhibitory activity",
"histone deacetylases",
"class",
"enzymes",
"remove",
"groups",
"lysine residue... |
A 25-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of scrotal swelling. He is a college student and plays basketball with his friends regularly. Two days ago, he sustained an injury close to his thigh. He does not have any significant past medical history. Today, his vitals are normal. A focused scrota... | Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin | {
"A": "Carcinoembryonic antigen",
"B": "Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin",
"C": "Prostate-specific antigen",
"D": "Placental alkaline phosphatase"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"of scrotal swelling",
"college student",
"plays basketball",
"friends",
"Two days",
"sustained",
"injury close",
"thigh",
"not",
"significant past medical history",
"Today",
"normal",
"focused scrotal examination reveals",
"firm painle... |
A 7-year-old boy presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient has been feeling poorly for the past several weeks and has been losing weight. He states that he often feels weak and too tired to play with his friends. He is no longer interested in many recreational activities he used to be in... | TdT positive cells | {
"A": "Auer rods on peripheral smear",
"B": "Infection sensitive to oseltamivir",
"C": "Smudge cells on peripheral smear",
"D": "TdT positive cells"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy presents",
"primary care physician",
"general checkup",
"patient",
"feeling poorly",
"past",
"weeks",
"weight",
"states",
"often feels weak",
"tired to play",
"friends",
"longer interested",
"recreational activities",
"used to",
"interested",
"patient's parents state",
... |
A 27-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency room with dyspnea which began after swimming and progressed gradually over the last 3 days. She denies cough, chest pain, or other respiratory symptoms. She reports that for the past 4 months, she has had several dyspneic episodes that occurred after the exercising and p... | PaCO2 = 51 mm Hg, PaO2 = 58 mm Hg | {
"A": "PaCO2 = 34 mm Hg, PaO2 = 61 mm Hg",
"B": "PaCO2 = 31 mm Hg, PaO2 = 67 mm Hg",
"C": "PaCO2 = 51 mm Hg, PaO2 = 58 mm Hg",
"D": "PaCO2 = 37 mm Hg, PaO2= 46 mm Hg"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"27 year old woman",
"admitted",
"emergency room",
"dyspnea",
"began",
"swimming",
"progressed",
"3 days",
"denies cough",
"chest pain",
"respiratory symptoms",
"reports",
"past",
"months",
"several dyspneic episodes",
"occurred",
"exercising",
"progressed",
"rest",
"long",
"... |
A 47-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because of pain on urination, urinary urgency, and urinary frequency for 4 days. This is the third time for her to have these symptoms over the past 7 months. She was recently treated for candidal intertrigo. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 36.7°C (98.0°F),... | Repeating the A1c test | {
"A": "Metformin",
"B": "Sulphonylurea added to metformin",
"C": "Basal-bolus insulin",
"D": "Repeating the A1c test"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"of pain",
"urination",
"urinary urgency",
"urinary frequency",
"4 days",
"third time",
"to",
"symptoms",
"past",
"months",
"recently treated",
"candidal intertrigo",
"Vital signs reveal",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"blood pres... |
A 6-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician with his parents. He fully vaccinated and met most developmental milestones. His fine motor milestones are delayed; at present, he cannot eat by himself and has difficulty in self-dressing. His intelligence quotient (IQ) is 65. He listens quietly while spoken to and engages... | Intellectual disability | {
"A": "Autism",
"B": "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder",
"C": "Intellectual disability",
"D": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy presents",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"vaccinated",
"met",
"developmental milestones",
"fine motor milestones",
"delayed",
"present",
"eat",
"difficulty",
"self dressing",
"intelligence quotient",
"65",
"listens",
"spoken",
"play",
"classmates",
"talks excessively",... |
A 37-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department after 8 hours of left sided flank pain that radiates to her groin and pelvic pain while urinating. Her medical history is relevant for multiple episodes of urinary tract infections, some requiring hospitalization, and intravenous antibiotics. In the hospital, her... | Renal ultrasonography | {
"A": "Renal ultrasonography",
"B": "Contrast abdominal computed tomography",
"C": "Urine osmolality",
"D": "Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): serum creatinine (SCr) ratio"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"Emergency Department",
"8 hours",
"left sided flank pain",
"radiates",
"groin",
"pelvic pain",
"medical history",
"relevant",
"multiple episodes of urinary tract infections",
"hospitalization",
"intravenous antibiotics",
"hospital",
"blood pressure",
"83 mm Hg... |
A 50-year-old man from India visits his physician complaining of worsening respiratory symptoms. He states that he was diagnosed with emphysema 4 years ago and that, over the past several months, he has developed a chronic productive cough, dyspnea, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats. He notes that he a... | Urine histoplasma antigen | {
"A": "Urine histoplasma antigen",
"B": "India ink stain of sputum",
"C": "Coccidioidomycosis serology",
"D": "HIV antibody screening"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"50 year old man",
"India visits",
"physician",
"worsening respiratory",
"states",
"diagnosed",
"emphysema",
"years",
"past",
"months",
"chronic productive cough",
"dyspnea",
"fatigue",
"unexplained weight loss",
"night sweats",
"notes",
"complaints",
"lung problems",
"including ... |
A 45-year-old African American woman presents to her primary care physician for not feeling well. She states she has had a cough for the past week. In addition, she also has abdominal pain and trouble focusing that has been worsening. She states that she has also lost 5 pounds recently and that her gastroesophageal ref... | Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) | {
"A": "Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH)",
"B": "Increased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D",
"C": "Antacid overuse",
"D": "Viral illness"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old African American woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"not feeling well",
"states",
"cough",
"past week",
"addition",
"abdominal pain",
"trouble focusing",
"worsening",
"states",
"lost 5 pounds recently",
"gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"very poorly controlled recently",... |
A 6-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of fever, fast breathing, and difficulty feeding for 2 days. His mother reports that he has had recurrent pneumonia and has been hospitalized for severe dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus infection three times in the past 4... | IL-2 receptor gamma chain defect | {
"A": "Integrin beta-2 defect",
"B": "Microtubular dysfunction",
"C": "WAS gene mutation",
"D": "IL-2 receptor gamma chain defect"
} | step1 | D | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"fast breathing",
"difficulty feeding",
"2 days",
"mother reports",
"recurrent pneumonia",
"hospitalized",
"severe dehydration secondary to acute gastroenteritis caused",
"rotavirus infection three times",
"past",
"months",
"3r... |
A 67-year-old woman who was diagnosed with cancer 2 months ago presents to her oncologist with a 6-day history of numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. She is concerned that these symptoms may be related to progression of her cancer even though she has been faithfully following her chemotherapy regimen. She is n... | Inhibit microtubule formation | {
"A": "Alkylation of DNA",
"B": "DNA strand breaking",
"C": "Inhibit folate metabolism",
"D": "Inhibit microtubule formation"
} | step1 | D | [
"67 year old woman",
"diagnosed",
"cancer",
"months",
"presents",
"oncologist",
"6-day history",
"numbness",
"tingling",
"hands",
"feet",
"concerned",
"symptoms",
"related to progression",
"cancer",
"following",
"chemotherapy regimen",
"not currently taking",
"medications",
"ne... |
A 24-year-old female comes to the physician because of flu-like symptoms and a new rash for 2 days. She denies contacts with sick individuals or recent travel abroad, but recently went camping in Vermont. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the lateral right thigh shows a circular red ring with central... | Mouse | {
"A": "Mouse",
"B": "Rabbit",
"C": "Tick",
"D": "Flea"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old female",
"physician",
"flu-like symptoms",
"new rash",
"days",
"denies contacts with sick individuals",
"recent travel abroad",
"recently",
"camping",
"Vermont",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination of",
"lateral right thigh shows",
"circular red ring",
"central clear... |
A 32-year-old female presents to her gynecologist complaining of heavy and irregular vaginal bleeding. One month ago, she underwent a dilation and curettage procedure to remove a hydatidiform mole. On examination, her uterus appears enlarged. Serum ß-hCG is highly elevated. Biopsy of her uterus reveals avillous prolife... | Pulmonary fibrosis | {
"A": "Hemorrhagic cystitis",
"B": "Pulmonary fibrosis",
"C": "Acoustic nerve damage",
"D": "Cardiotoxicity"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old female presents",
"gynecologist",
"heavy",
"irregular vaginal bleeding",
"One month",
"dilation",
"curettage procedure to remove",
"hydatidiform mole",
"examination",
"uterus appears enlarged",
"Serum",
"hCG",
"highly elevated",
"Biopsy of",
"uterus reveals",
"proliferation",... |
A day after percutaneous coronary intervention for stable angina, a 63-year-old woman develops severe pain in her right small toe. She has no history of a similar episode. She has had diabetes mellitus for 16 years. After the procedure, her blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg, the pulse is 65/min, the respiratory rate is 15... | Atheroembolism | {
"A": "Atheroembolism",
"B": "Burger’s syndrome",
"C": "Cellulitis",
"D": "Diabetic foot"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"day",
"percutaneous coronary intervention",
"stable angina",
"63 year old woman",
"severe pain in",
"right small toe",
"history of",
"similar episode",
"diabetes mellitus",
"years",
"procedure",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"65 min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temperatu... |
A 31-year-old female with a bacterial infection is prescribed a drug that binds the dipeptide D-Ala-D-Ala. Which of the following drugs was this patient prescribed? | Vancomycin | {
"A": "Penicillin",
"B": "Chloramphenicol",
"C": "Vancomycin",
"D": "Polymyxin B"
} | step1 | C | [
"31 year old female",
"bacterial infection",
"prescribed",
"drug",
"binds",
"dipeptide",
"Ala",
"Ala",
"following drugs",
"patient prescribed"
] |
A 40-year-old male with a history of chronic alcoholism recently received a liver transplant. Two weeks following the transplant, the patient presents with a skin rash and frequent episodes of bloody diarrhea. A colonoscopy is performed and biopsy reveals apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells. What is most likely media... | Donor T-cells | {
"A": "Donor T-cells",
"B": "Recipient T-cells",
"C": "Donor B-cells",
"D": "Recipient B-cells"
} | step1 | A | [
"40 year old male",
"history of chronic alcoholism recently received",
"liver transplant",
"Two weeks following",
"transplant",
"patient presents",
"skin rash",
"frequent episodes of bloody diarrhea",
"colonoscopy",
"performed",
"biopsy reveals apoptosis",
"colonic epithelial cells",
"most l... |
A 78-year-old woman presents to the ophthalmologist with complaints of painless, blurry vision that has worsened in the past year. She says that she sees halos around lights, and that she particularly has trouble driving at night because of the glare from headlights. On physical exam, the patient has an absence of a re... | Hardening of the lens | {
"A": "Corneal edema",
"B": "Degeneration of the retina",
"C": "Hardening of the lens",
"D": "Optic nerve head damage"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"ophthalmologist",
"complaints",
"painless",
"blurry vision",
"worsened",
"past year",
"sees halos around lights",
"driving",
"night",
"of",
"glare",
"headlights",
"physical exam",
"patient",
"absence",
"red reflex",
"most likely pathology",
"causing",
... |
A 48-year-old man comes to the emergency room for a persistent painful erection for the last 4 hours. Three weeks ago, he had a deep vein thrombosis following a 13-hour flight. He also has a history of sickle cell trait, gastroesophageal reflux disease, major depressive disorder, and hypertension. He has smoked 1 pack ... | Trazodone | {
"A": "Cigarette smoking",
"B": "Trazodone",
"C": "Sickle cell trait",
"D": "Citalopram"
} | step1 | B | [
"48 year old man",
"emergency room",
"persistent painful",
"hours",
"Three weeks",
"deep vein thrombosis following",
"hour flight",
"history",
"sickle cell trait",
"gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"major depressive disorder",
"hypertension",
"smoked 1 pack",
"cigarette daily",
"past",
... |
A microbiology student was given a swab containing an unknown bacteria taken from the wound of a soldier and asked to identify the causative agent. She determined that the bacteria was a gram-positive, spore-forming bacili, but had difficulty narrowing it down to the specific bacteria. The next test she performed was t... | Alpha toxin | {
"A": "Alpha toxin",
"B": "Tetanus toxin",
"C": "Exotoxin A",
"D": "Diphtheria toxin"
} | step1 | A | [
"microbiology student",
"given",
"swab containing",
"unknown bacteria taken",
"wound",
"soldier",
"to",
"causative agent",
"bacteria",
"gram positive",
"spore forming",
"difficulty narrowing",
"specific bacteria",
"next test",
"performed",
"test",
"bacteria",
"plate made",
"egg y... |
A 28-year-old male presents to trauma surgery clinic after undergoing an exploratory laparotomy, femoral intramedullary nail, and femoral artery vascular repair 3 months ago. He suffered multiple gunshot wounds as a victim of a drive-by shooting. He is progressing well with well-healed surgical incisions on examination... | Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | {
"A": "Normal reaction to trauma",
"B": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)",
"C": "Schizophrenia",
"D": "Schizophreniform disorder"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old male presents",
"trauma",
"exploratory laparotomy",
"femoral intramedullary nail",
"femoral artery vascular repair",
"months",
"suffered multiple",
"victim",
"drive",
"shooting",
"progressing well",
"healed surgical incisions",
"examination",
"states",
"clinic visit",
"experi... |
You are conducting a study comparing the efficacy of two different statin medications. Two groups are placed on different statin medications, statin A and statin B. Baseline LDL levels are drawn for each group and are subsequently measured every 3 months for 1 year. Average baseline LDL levels for each group were ident... | There is a 5% chance of observing a difference in reduction of LDL of 11 mg/dL or greater even if the two medications have identical effects | {
"A": "There is a 95% chance that the difference in reduction of LDL observed reflects a real difference between the two groups",
"B": "There is a 5% chance of observing a difference in reduction of LDL of 11 mg/dL or greater even if the two medications have identical effects",
"C": "Though A is more effective t... | step1 | B | [
"conducting",
"study comparing",
"efficacy",
"two different statin medications",
"groups",
"placed",
"different statin medications",
"statin",
"statin",
"Baseline",
"levels",
"drawn",
"group",
"measured",
"3 months",
"1 year",
"Average baseline",
"levels",
"group",
"identical",... |
A 33-year-old woman is brought to the the ED via ambulance for sudden onset of blindness. Her past medical history is significant only for smoking, and her only home medication is oral contraception pills. The patient is remarkably calm. On exam, her temperature is 98.2 deg F (36.8 deg C), and pulse is 95/min, blood pr... | Conversion disorder | {
"A": "Acute ischemic stroke",
"B": "Pituitary adenoma",
"C": "Conversion disorder",
"D": "Malingering"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"ED",
"ambulance",
"sudden onset",
"blindness",
"past medical history",
"significant only",
"smoking",
"only home medication",
"oral contraception pills",
"patient",
"calm",
"exam",
"temperature",
"98",
"deg F",
"36",
"pulse",
"95 min",
"blood pre... |
A 53-year-old diabetic man with cellulitis of the right lower limb presents to the emergency department because of symptoms of fever and chills. His pulse is 122/min, the blood pressure is 76/50 mm Hg, the respirations are 26/min, and the temperature is 40.0°C (104.0°F). His urine output is < 0.5mL/kg/h. He has warm pe... | WBC count: 16,670/mm3; low CVP; blood culture: gram-negative bacteremia; blood lactate level: 2.2 mmol/L | {
"A": "WBC count: 6670/mm3; low central venous pressure (CVP); blood culture: gram-positive bacteremia; blood lactate level: 1.1 mmol/L",
"B": "WBC count: 8880/mm3; high CVP; blood culture: gram-positive bacteremia; blood lactate level: 2.1 mmol/L",
"C": "WBC count: 16,670/mm3; low CVP; blood culture: gram-negat... | step2&3 | C | [
"year old diabetic man",
"cellulitis of",
"right lower limb presents",
"emergency department",
"symptoms",
"fever",
"chills",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"76 50 mm Hg",
"respirations",
"min",
"temperature",
"40",
"urine output",
"0",
"kg h",
"warm peripheral extremities",
... |
A 69-year-old man with hypertension and congestive heart failure is brought to the emergency department because of a 9-day history of worsening shortness of breath and swelling of his legs. His respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 160/98 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on 5 L O2 via nasal cannula shows an oxygen satura... | Pulmonary endothelium | {
"A": "Pulmonary endothelium",
"B": "Liver",
"C": "Atria",
"D": "Zona glomerulosa"
} | step1 | A | [
"69 year old man",
"hypertension",
"congestive heart failure",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of",
"day history",
"worsening shortness",
"breath",
"swelling of",
"legs",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"98 mm Hg",
"Pulse oximetry",
"O2",
"nasal cannula shows",
"oxyg... |
A 29-year-old man presents for the evaluation of infertility. He has a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, productive cough, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Physical examination reveals clubbing and bilateral crackles on chest auscultation. Chest X-ray reveals increased pulmonary markings and periphe... | Defective chloride transport | {
"A": "Bronchial hypersensitivity",
"B": "Defective chloride transport",
"C": "Abnormal ciliary motion",
"D": "Gluten hypersensitivity"
} | step1 | B | [
"29 year old man presents",
"evaluation",
"infertility",
"history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections",
"productive cough",
"abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"Physical examination reveals clubbing",
"bilateral crackles",
"chest auscultation",
"X-ray reveals increased pulmonary markings",... |
A 3-week-old male infant is brought to the physician for evaluation of poor feeding and recurrent episodes of facial grimacing. He was delivered at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy. He is at the 3rd percentile for length and 5th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows yellow discoloration of skin, a broa... | Absence of peroxisomes | {
"A": "Presence of eosinophilic apoptotic bodies",
"B": "Absence of peroxisomes",
"C": "Accumulation of foam cells",
"D": "Absence of bile ducts"
} | step1 | B | [
"3 week old male infant",
"brought",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"poor",
"recurrent episodes of facial grimacing",
"delivered",
"term",
"uncomplicated pregnancy",
"3rd percentile",
"length",
"5th percentile",
"weight",
"Physical examination shows yellow discoloration of skin",
"broad nasa... |
A 24-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with a 3 day history of pain with urination. She says that this pain has been accompanied by abdominal pain as well as a feeling like she always needs to use the restroom. She has no past medical history and no family history that she can recall. She is current... | Coagulase negative and novobiocin resistant | {
"A": "Catalase negative and beta-hemolytic",
"B": "Catalase positive and coagulase positive",
"C": "Coagulase negative and novobiocin resistant",
"D": "Coagulase negative and novobiocin sensitive"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"3 day history",
"pain",
"urination",
"pain",
"abdominal pain",
"feeling",
"always needs to use",
"restroom",
"past medical history",
"family history",
"recall",
"currently sexually active",
"new partner",
"tested negative",
"sexua... |
A 3-year-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She was born at term and has been healthy since. She can climb up and down the stairs and can pedal a tricycle. She has difficulty using a spoon to feed herself but can copy a line. She speaks in 2- to 3-word sentences that can be understood by... | Fine motor: Delayed | Gross motor: Normal | Language: Normal | Social skills: Delayed | {
"A": "Fine motor: Delayed | Gross motor: Delayed | Language: Normal | Social skills: Normal",
"B": "Fine motor: Normal | Gross motor: Delayed | Language: Normal | Social skills: Delayed",
"C": "Fine motor: Delayed | Gross motor: Normal | Language: Normal | Social skills: Delayed",
"D": "Fine motor: Normal | G... | step2&3 | C | [
"3 year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"well",
"born",
"term",
"healthy",
"climb",
"down",
"stairs",
"pedal",
"tricycle",
"difficulty using",
"spoon to feed",
"copy",
"line",
"speaks",
"3 word sentences",
"understood",
"people",
"selfish",
"playing",
"children",
"ag... |
A 22-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of fever and abdominal pain. She says that the pain is located in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen and feels crampy in nature. The pain has been associated with bloody diarrhea and joint tenderness. She has no past medical history but s... | Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies | {
"A": "Gram-negative rod",
"B": "Noncaseating granulomas",
"C": "Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies",
"D": "Severe aortic stenosis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"3-day history",
"fever",
"abdominal pain",
"pain",
"left lower quadrant of",
"abdomen",
"feels crampy",
"nature",
"pain",
"associated with bloody diarrhea",
"joint tenderness",
"past medical history",
"returned 2 weeks",
"vacation",
... |
A 45-year-old man presents with a 2-week history of night sweats, cough, and a fever. Past medical history includes HIV infection diagnosed 10 years ago, managed with HAART. He says he hasn’t been compliant with his HAART therapy as prescribed because it is too expensive and he is currently unemployed without insurance... | M. tuberculosis | {
"A": "Mycobacterium avium complex",
"B": "Cytomegalovirus",
"C": "M. tuberculosis",
"D": "Histoplasmosis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"2-week history",
"night sweats",
"cough",
"fever",
"Past medical history includes HIV infection diagnosed 10 years",
"managed",
"HAART",
"hasnt",
"compliant",
"HAART therapy",
"prescribed",
"expensive",
"currently unemployed",
"insurance",
"chest radiograph",
... |
Research is being conducted on embryoblasts. The exact date of fertilization is unknown. There is the presence of a cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, marking the time when implantation into the uterus would normally occur. Within the embryoblast, columnar and cuboidal cells are separated by a membrane. Which of ... | Hypoblast | {
"A": "Epiblast",
"B": "Hypoblast",
"C": "Endoderm",
"D": "Syncytiotrophoblast"
} | step1 | B | [
"Research",
"conducted",
"embryoblasts",
"exact date",
"fertilization",
"unknown",
"presence",
"cytotrophoblast",
"syncytiotrophoblast",
"marking",
"time",
"implantation",
"uterus",
"occur",
"embryoblast",
"columnar",
"cuboidal cells",
"separated",
"membrane",
"cell layers begi... |
A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of right-sided weakness and subjective decreased sensation that started 30 minutes ago. The patient reports that his symptoms started to ease 5 minutes after onset and have now completely resolved. He has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes ... | Antiplatelet therapy | {
"A": "Carotid endarterectomy",
"B": "Transthoracic echocardiogram",
"C": "Antiplatelet therapy",
"D": "Intravenous alteplase therapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"right-sided weakness",
"subjective decreased sensation",
"started 30 minutes",
"patient reports",
"symptoms started to ease 5 minutes",
"onset",
"now completely resolved",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"... |
A 6-year-old girl with no significant past medical, surgical, social, or family history presents to urgent care for a new itchy rash on the fingers of her right hand. When questioned, the patient notes that she recently received a pair of beloved silver rings from her aunt as a birthday present. She denies any history ... | Nickel | {
"A": "Cobalt",
"B": "Mercury",
"C": "Thorium",
"D": "Nickel"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl",
"significant past medical",
"surgical",
"social",
"family history presents",
"urgent care",
"new itchy rash",
"fingers of",
"right hand",
"questioned",
"patient notes",
"recently received",
"pair",
"silver rings",
"aunt",
"present",
"denies",
"history",
"similar ... |
An investigator is studying a drug that acts on the thyroid hormone pathway. Levels of serum free T3 and T4 in healthy participants are measured before and after administration of the drug. After administration, there is a decrease in the average serum free T3 level, while the average serum free T4 level is increased c... | Peripheral 5'-deiodinase | {
"A": "Follicular thyroid proteases",
"B": "Thyroid-stimulating hormone",
"C": "Follicular iodotyrosine deiodinase",
"D": "Peripheral 5'-deiodinase"
} | step1 | D | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"drug",
"acts",
"thyroid hormone pathway",
"Levels",
"serum free T3",
"healthy participants",
"measured",
"administration",
"drug",
"administration",
"decrease",
"average serum free T3 level",
"average serum free T4 level",
"increased compared",
"initial s... |
A 9-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department for sudden-onset slurring of speech and weakness of her right arm and leg. She has a mild intellectual disability. She is at the 10th percentile for weight and at the 85th percentile for height. Physical examination shows bilateral inferonasal subluxation of the ... | Supplementation of vitamin B6 | {
"A": "Supplementation of methionine",
"B": "Restriction of phenylalanine",
"C": "Supplementation of vitamin B6",
"D": "Restriction of cysteine"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"sudden-onset slurring",
"speech",
"weakness of",
"right arm",
"leg",
"mild intellectual disability",
"percentile",
"weight",
"percentile",
"height",
"Physical examination shows bilateral",
"subluxation of",
"lens",
"high-arched pal... |
A 23-year-old G1P0 woman presents to the emergency department with regular and painful contractions that occur every 3 minutes. She was at home cooking dinner when she experienced a deluge of clear fluid between her legs followed by painful contractions. The patient has a past medical history of obesity. Her pregnancy ... | Discontinue current drug infusion | {
"A": "CT scan of the head",
"B": "Discontinue current drug infusion",
"C": "Remove retained fetal parts",
"D": "Ultrasound"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"23 year old",
"woman presents",
"emergency department",
"regular",
"painful contractions",
"occur",
"3 minutes",
"at home cooking dinner",
"experienced",
"clear fluid",
"legs followed by painful contractions",
"patient",
"past medical",
"pregnancy",
"not followed by",
"obstetrician",
... |
A 50-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with mild chest pressure that does not radiate to her left arm or jaw. These episodes have been ongoing several times over the last 24 hours. Her medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type II and HTN for which she takes metformin and lisinopril. He... | AV node | {
"A": "SA node",
"B": "AV node",
"C": "Atrial myocardium",
"D": "Purkinje fibers"
} | step1 | B | [
"50 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"mild chest pressure",
"not radiate",
"left arm",
"jaw",
"episodes",
"ongoing",
"times",
"hours",
"medical history",
"significant",
"diabetes mellitus type II",
"HTN",
"takes metformin",
"lisinopril",
"physical exam",
"significa... |
A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 25 minutes after the sudden onset of severe pain in the middle of his chest. He describes the pain as tearing in quality; it radiates to his jaw. He has hypertension. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the 25 years. Current medications include enalapr... | Truncus arteriosus | {
"A": "Truncus arteriosus",
"B": "Bulbus cordis",
"C": "Primitive atrium",
"D": "Right horn of sinus venosus"
} | step1 | A | [
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"emergency department",
"minutes",
"sudden onset",
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"jaw",
"hypertension",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"years",
"Current medications include enalapril",
"blood pressur... |
A tall, 25-year-old man is brought to the ED by his friend after sudden difficulty breathing while smoking a cigarette. In the trauma bay he is tachypneic, but able to talk to you. Vital signs show that he is afebrile and tachycardic with blood pressure of 115/60. Physical exam reveals hyperresonance and absent breath ... | Spontaneous pneumothorax | {
"A": "Tension pneumothorax",
"B": "Left lower lobe pneumonia",
"C": "Spontaneous pneumothorax",
"D": "Nondiagnostic, further imaging required"
} | step1 | C | [
"tall",
"year old man",
"brought",
"ED",
"friend",
"sudden difficulty breathing",
"smoking",
"cigarette",
"trauma bay",
"tachypneic",
"able to talk",
"Vital signs show",
"afebrile",
"tachycardic",
"blood pressure",
"60",
"Physical exam reveals hyperresonance",
"absent breath sounds... |
A 23-year-old woman makes an appointment with a dermatologist for treatment of acne. As a result, she feels uncomfortable in public and feels as though everyone is looking at the pimples on her face. She cleans her face several times a day with face wash and avoids using make-up. She has tried many face creams and scar... | Oral contraceptives | {
"A": "Oral contraceptives",
"B": "Folic acid",
"C": "Antihypertensives",
"D": "Vitamin B6"
} | step1 | A | [
"23 year old woman makes",
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"dermatologist",
"treatment",
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"times",
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"face wash",
"using make",
"face creams",
"scar removal creams to help",
"condition",
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"worked"... |
A group of environmental health scientists recently performed a nationwide cross-sectional study that investigated the risk of head and neck cancers in patients with a history of cigar and pipe smoking. In collaboration with three teams of epidemiologists that have each conducted similar cross-sectional studies in thei... | The likelihood of type II errors is decreased. | {
"A": "It is able to provide evidence of causality.",
"B": "The results are less precise.",
"C": "The likelihood of type II errors is decreased.",
"D": "The level of clinical evidence is lower."
} | step1 | C | [
"A group",
"environmental health scientists recently performed",
"cross-sectional study",
"investigated the risk of head and neck cancers",
"patients",
"history",
"cigar",
"pipe smoking",
"collaboration",
"three teams",
"epidemiologists",
"conducted similar cross-sectional studies",
"countri... |
A 2-month-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She was born at 32 weeks' gestation and weighed 1616 g (3 lb 9 oz); she currently weighs 2466 g (5 lb 7 oz). She is exclusively breastfed and receives vitamin D supplementation. Physical examination shows no abnormalities apart from low height... | Iron deficiency anemia | {
"A": "Iron deficiency anemia",
"B": "Intussusception",
"C": "Subacute combined degeneration",
"D": "Hemorrhage"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"2 month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
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"born",
"weeks",
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"oz",
"currently",
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"receives vitamin",
"supplementation",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"low height",
"weight",
"patient",
"increased risk",
"foll... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 3-day history of a pruritic skin rash on his chest. His mother says that he has no history of dermatological problems. He was born at term and has been healthy except for recurrent episodes of otitis media. His immunizations are up-to-date. He appears pale. His ... | Bullous impetigo | {
"A": "Bullous impetigo",
"B": "Dermatitis herpetiformis",
"C": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome",
"D": "Pemphigus vulgaris"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"3-day history",
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"mother",
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"dermatological problems",
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"term",
"healthy",
"recurrent episodes of otitis media",
"immunizations",
"date",
"appears pale",
"temperature",
"98",
"pulse",
"min... |
A 37-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 6-month history of headaches, anorexia, and vomiting. She has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss during this period. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus for which she takes insulin. The patient's mother and sister have hypothyroidism. Her blood pressure is 80/60 mm Hg. Physica... | Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 | {
"A": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B",
"B": "Sheehan syndrome",
"C": "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2",
"D": "Cushing syndrome\n\""
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"month history of headaches",
"anorexia",
"vomiting",
"a 10 kg",
"weight loss",
"period",
"type 1 diabetes mellitus",
"takes insulin",
"patient's mother",
"sister",
"hypothyroidism",
"blood pressure",
"80 60 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows hyperpigmen... |
A 2350-g (5-lb 3-oz) male newborn delivered at 28 weeks’ gestation develops rapid breathing, grunting, and subcostal retractions 2 hours after delivery. The mother did not receive prenatal care. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 168/min, respirations are 88/min, and blood pressure is 70/40 mm Hg. Physical ex... | Low concentration of lamellar bodies | {
"A": "Abnormal budding of the foregut",
"B": "Low concentration of lamellar bodies",
"C": "Defect in α1 antitrypsin",
"D": "Aspiration of meconium"
} | step1 | B | [
"g",
"oz",
"male newborn delivered",
"weeks gestation",
"rapid breathing",
"grunting",
"subcostal retractions",
"hours",
"delivery",
"mother",
"not receive prenatal care",
"temperature",
"36",
"97",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"88 min",
"blood pressure",
"70 40 mm Hg",
"P... |
A 9-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for evaluation of blue discoloration of the fingernails. His parents recently immigrated from Venezuela. No prior medical records are available. His mother states that during breastfeeding, he sweats and his lips turn blue. Recently, he has begun to crawl and she has not... | Increased systemic vascular resistance | {
"A": "Decreased obstruction of the choanae",
"B": "Decreased systemic vascular resistance",
"C": "Increased systemic vascular resistance",
"D": "Increased systemic venous return"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"evaluation",
"blue discoloration",
"fingernails",
"parents recently",
"Venezuela",
"prior medical records",
"available",
"mother states",
"breastfeeding",
"sweats",
"lips turn blue",
"Recently",
"begun",
"crawl",
"similar blue discolorat... |
A 26-day-old newborn is brought to the physician because of poor feeding and lethargy for 2 weeks. During this period, he has had a raspy cry. The child was delivered at term at home and has not yet been evaluated by a physician. He is at the 90th percentile for head circumference, 50th percentile for length, and 60th ... | Thyroid dysgenesis | {
"A": "Thyroid dysgenesis",
"B": "Acid maltase deficiency",
"C": "Trisomy 21",
"D": "Chromosome 11p alteration"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"day old newborn",
"brought",
"physician",
"poor feeding",
"lethargy",
"2 weeks",
"period",
"raspy cry",
"child",
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"not",
"evaluated",
"physician",
"90th percentile",
"head circumference",
"50th percentile",
"length",
"percentile",
"weight",
"Vital... |
A 49-year-old man with HIV comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of intermittent diarrhea and abdominal pain. Abdominal examination shows mild, diffuse tenderness throughout the lower quadrants. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 180/mm3 (normal ≥ 500/mm3). Colonoscopy shows multiple hemorrhagic nodules in th... | Spindle-shaped cells with leukocytic infiltration | {
"A": "Cords of atypical cells with extracellular mucin",
"B": "Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies",
"C": "Polygonal cells with racket-shaped organelles",
"D": "Spindle-shaped cells with leukocytic infiltration"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
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"physician",
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"abdominal pain",
"examination shows mild",
"diffuse tenderness",
"lower quadrants",
"CD4",
"lymphocyte count",
"mm3",
"normal",
"500 mm3",
"Colonoscopy shows multiple hemorrhagic nodules",
"rectum",
"desce... |
A 36-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for tremor. She reports that she has always had a mild tremor but that she has begun noticing it more since learning to paint. She feels that she has trouble dipping her paintbrush in the paint and making precise strokes on the canvas. She has taken to painting... | Primidone | {
"A": "Topiramate",
"B": "Propranolol",
"C": "Primidone",
"D": "Alprazolam"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"36 year old female presents",
"primary care provider",
"tremor",
"reports",
"always",
"mild tremor",
"begun",
"more since learning",
"paint",
"feels",
"dipping",
"paint",
"making precise strokes",
"canvas",
"taken",
"painting",
"drinking wine",
"wine",
"to",
"tremor",
"tempe... |
A 62-year-old woman presents to her oncologist to discuss the chemotherapy options for her newly diagnosed breast cancer. During the meeting, they discuss a drug that inhibits the breakdown of mitotic spindles in cells. Her oncologist explains that this will be more toxic to cancer cells because those cells are dividin... | Peripheral neuropathy | {
"A": "Hemorrhagic cystitis",
"B": "Paralytic ileus",
"C": "Peripheral neuropathy",
"D": "Photosensitivity"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old woman presents",
"oncologist to discuss",
"chemotherapy options",
"newly diagnosed breast",
"meeting",
"discuss",
"drug",
"inhibits",
"breakdown",
"mitotic spindles",
"cells",
"oncologist",
"more toxic",
"cancer cells",
"cells",
"dividing more rapidly",
"following side e... |
A 15-year-old female presents to her family physician for an annual school physical exam and check-up. She is accompanied by her mother to the visit and is present in the exam room. The patient has no complaints, and she does not have any past medical problems. She takes no medications. The patient reports that she rem... | Ask the mother to step outside into the hall for a portion of the visit | {
"A": "Ask the patient the questions directly, with her mother still in the exam room",
"B": "Ask the mother to step outside into the hall for a portion of the visit",
"C": "Speak softly to the patient so that the mother does not hear and the patient is not embarrased",
"D": "Disallow the mother to be present ... | step1 | B | [
"year old female presents",
"family physician",
"annual school physical exam",
"check-up",
"mother",
"visit",
"present",
"exam room",
"patient",
"complaints",
"not",
"past medical problems",
"takes",
"medications",
"patient reports",
"active",
"exercising 5 times",
"week",
"eats"... |
A 56-year-old man with a history of HIV presents with diarrhea. The patient has had diarrhea for the past week and it has been gradually worsening. The patient describes it as profuse and watery. He has lost 15 pounds during this time frame and feels very weak. The patient is not currently taking his antiretroviral med... | Nitazoxanide | {
"A": "Mesalamine enema",
"B": "Metronidazole",
"C": "Nitazoxanide",
"D": "Supportive therapy only"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"history",
"HIV presents",
"diarrhea",
"patient",
"diarrhea",
"past week",
"worsening",
"patient",
"watery",
"lost",
"pounds",
"time frame",
"feels very weak",
"patient",
"not currently taking",
"antiretroviral medications",
"non-compliant",
"medications",
"temp... |
A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasingly severe lower back pain for the past week. The pain is constant, and she describes it as 9 out of 10 in intensity. Six months ago, she underwent a lumpectomy for hormone receptor-negative lobular carcinoma of the right breast. She has undergone multiple ... | MRI of the spine | {
"A": "Positron emission tomography",
"B": "X-ray of the spine",
"C": "MRI of the spine",
"D": "Bone scintigraphy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"severe lower back pain",
"past week",
"pain",
"constant",
"out",
"10",
"intensity",
"Six months",
"lumpectomy",
"hormone receptor negative lobular carcinoma of the right breast",
"multiple cycles",
"radiotherapy",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Exami... |
A 28-year-old woman with a past medical history of fibromyalgia presents to her primary care provider for her annual well visit. She reports that her pain has become more severe over the last several weeks and is no longer well-controlled by NSAIDs. She notes that the pain is beginning to interfere with her sleep and t... | Ask the patient if she has an idea about how she might hurt herself | {
"A": "Add acetaminophen and gabapentin to the patient’s pain regimen",
"B": "Ask the patient if she would voluntarily enter a psychiatric hospital",
"C": "Ask the patient if she has an idea about how she might hurt herself",
"D": "Initiate pharmacotherapy with duloxetine and refer for psychotherapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"past medical history of fibromyalgia presents",
"primary care provider",
"annual well visit",
"reports",
"pain",
"more severe",
"weeks",
"longer well controlled by NSAIDs",
"notes",
"pain",
"beginning to interfere",
"sleep",
"feels",
"longer",
"energy to take care of... |
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of yellow eyes and malaise for the past several hours. His symptoms began after he had cried at his father’s funeral this morning. He says that his father’s death was unexpected. He had a similar episode a year ago when he returned from a 2-day hiking trip. He has no his... | Reassurance | {
"A": "Prednisone",
"B": "Packed cell transfusion",
"C": "Phenobarbital",
"D": "Reassurance"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"yellow eyes",
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"past",
"hours",
"symptoms began",
"cried",
"fathers funeral",
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"fathers death",
"unexpected",
"similar episode",
"year",
"returned",
"2-day hiking trip",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"v... |
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by paramedics with a seizure lasting over 30 minutes. The patient's neighbors found him outside his apartment with all four limbs flailing and not responding to his name. No significant past medical history. On physical examination, the patient continues to be un... | Increase in frequency of chloride channel opening | {
"A": "Prolongation of chloride channel opening",
"B": "Increase in frequency of chloride channel opening",
"C": "Blockage of voltage-gated calcium channels",
"D": "Inactivation of sodium channels"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"paramedics",
"seizure",
"30 minutes",
"patient's neighbors found",
"outside",
"apartment",
"four limbs flailing",
"not",
"name",
"significant past medical history",
"physical examination",
"patient continues to",
"unresponsive",
"sl... |
A 26-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of intractable, 10/10 abdominal pain without nausea or vomiting. His CT is unremarkable, and other aspects of his history and physical examination suggest that his complaints may not be organic in etiology. His medical record is notable for previous... | Malingering | {
"A": "Antisocial personality disorder",
"B": "Conversion disorder",
"C": "Malingering",
"D": "Münchhausen syndrome"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"complaints",
"intractable",
"10",
"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"CT",
"unremarkable",
"aspects",
"history",
"physical examination suggest",
"complaints",
"not",
"organic",
"etiology",
"medical record",
"notable",
"prev... |
A healthy, full-term 1-day-old female infant is evaluated after birth. She is noted to have a cleft palate and a systolic ejection murmur at the left intercostal space. Low-set ears and micrognathia are also noted on examination. A chest radiograph is obtained which reveals a boot-shaped heart and absence of thymus. Vi... | Seizures | {
"A": "Seizures",
"B": "Catlike cry",
"C": "Hyperthyroidism",
"D": "Webbing of the neck"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"healthy",
"full-term",
"day old female infant",
"evaluated after birth",
"noted to",
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"systolic ejection murmur",
"left intercostal space",
"Low-set ears",
"micrognathia",
"noted",
"examination",
"chest radiograph",
"obtained",
"reveals",
"boot shaped heart",
"absence... |
A scientist is trying to design a drug to modulate cellular metabolism in the treatment of obesity. Specifically, he is interested in understanding how fats are processed in adipocytes in response to different energy states. His target is a protein within these cells that catalyzes catabolism of an energy source. The p... | It is stimulated by epinephrine | {
"A": "It is inhibited by acetylcholine",
"B": "It is inhibited by cortisol",
"C": "It is stimulated by epinephrine",
"D": "It is stimulated by insulin"
} | step1 | C | [
"scientist",
"to design",
"drug to modulate cellular metabolism",
"treatment",
"obesity",
"interested",
"understanding",
"fats",
"processed",
"adipocytes",
"response",
"different energy states",
"target",
"a protein",
"cells",
"catabolism of",
"energy source",
"products",
"reacti... |
A scientist is studying the anatomy and function of bone growth. He is able to create a cell line of osteocytes with a mutation that prevents the osteocytes from exchanging nutrients and waste products within neighboring lamellae. This mutation most likely affected which of the following cell structures? | Gap junctions | {
"A": "Gap junctions",
"B": "Plasma membrane",
"C": "Dynein",
"D": "Endoplasmic reticulum"
} | step1 | A | [
"scientist",
"studying",
"anatomy",
"function",
"bone",
"able to create",
"cell line",
"osteocytes",
"mutation",
"prevents",
"osteocytes",
"exchanging nutrients",
"waste products",
"neighboring lamellae",
"mutation",
"likely affected",
"following cell structures"
] |
A 40-year-old woman presents to clinic with multiple complaints. She complains of swelling around her eyes (Image A) and generalized weakness. A complete blood count reveals eosinophilia. She recently returned from a trip to Asia where she reports having eaten street food, including pork. If this patient's disease is e... | Bendazole | {
"A": "Niridazole",
"B": "Diethylcarbamazine",
"C": "Praziquantel",
"D": "Bendazole"
} | step1 | D | [
"40 year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"multiple complaints",
"swelling",
"eyes",
"Image",
"generalized weakness",
"complete blood count reveals eosinophilia",
"recently returned",
"trip",
"Asia",
"reports",
"eaten street food",
"including pork",
"patient's disease",
"parasite",
"ca... |
A 5-year-old girl is brought to the physician for evaluation of a pruritic rash on her face and extremities for the last year that increases with sun exposure. Her parents report that she often seems clumsy and has had several falls in the last two weeks. Physical examination shows an erythematous, scaly rash with hype... | Facial flushing | {
"A": "Nephrocalcinosis",
"B": "Facial flushing",
"C": "Irreversible retinopathy",
"D": "Calcium oxalate kidney stones"
} | step1 | B | [
"5 year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"pruritic rash",
"face",
"extremities",
"year",
"increases",
"sun exposure",
"parents report",
"often",
"clumsy",
"several falls",
"two weeks",
"Physical examination shows",
"erythematous",
"scaly rash",
"hyperpigmentation"... |
A 69-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive difficulty swallowing and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss over the past 3 months. He first had trouble swallowing solid foods and then also developed difficulty swallowing liquids over the past week. Endoscopy shows a large mass 3 cm proximal to the esophagogas... | Visceral obesity | {
"A": "Chronic alcohol use",
"B": "Visceral obesity",
"C": "Chewing of betel nuts",
"D": "Consumption of cured meats"
} | step1 | B | [
"69 year old man",
"physician",
"progressive difficulty swallowing",
"5 kg",
"weight loss over",
"past 3 months",
"first",
"swallowing solid",
"then",
"difficulty swallowing liquids",
"past week",
"Endoscopy shows",
"large mass",
"proximal",
"esophagogastric junction",
"Biopsy",
"mas... |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents because of facial swelling that has now progressed to total body swelling. He also complains of nausea and abdominal pain. The child was in his usual state of health a week ago when they first notice swelling around his eyes. A few days later his le... | Minimal change disease | {
"A": "Minimal change disease",
"B": "Acute glomerulonephritis",
"C": "Congestive heart failure",
"D": "Protein-losing enteropathy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"2 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"parents",
"facial swelling",
"now progressed",
"total body swelling",
"nausea",
"abdominal pain",
"child",
"usual state of health",
"week",
"first",
"swelling around",
"eyes",
"few days later",
"legs started to swell",
"boy",
... |
A 39-year-old man comes to the physician because of frequent urination for the past 2 months. He has been urinating 10–12 times during the day and 3–4 times during the night. He says he is drinking a lot of water to compensate for any dehydration. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Vital sig... | Desmopressin therapy | {
"A": "Desmopressin therapy",
"B": "Hydrochlorothiazide therapy",
"C": "Amiloride therapy",
"D": "Fluid restriction\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of frequent urination",
"past",
"months",
"times",
"day",
"times",
"night",
"drinking",
"lot",
"water to compensate",
"dehydration",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Physical examination shows",... |
An epidemiologist is evaluating the efficacy of Noxbinle in preventing HCC deaths at the population level. He examines the survival data featured in the Noxbinle advertisement and wants to estimate how likely it is that Noxbinle will help an individual HCC patient. Based on the information provided in the drug advertis... | 10 | {
"A": "50",
"B": "20",
"C": "100",
"D": "10"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"epidemiologist",
"evaluating",
"efficacy",
"preventing HCC deaths",
"population level",
"survival data featured",
"advertisement",
"to estimate",
"likely",
"help",
"individual HCC patient",
"Based",
"information provided",
"drug advertisement",
"patients need to",
"treated with",
"1... |
A 52-year-old man is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. He is on hemodialysis. The physicians have advised him that he needs a renal transplant. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype is A7/A5, B2/B9, and C8/C3. For each locus, the maternal allele is listed 1st and the paternal allele is listed 2nd. There are se... | Donor A: A7/A5, B8/B2, C3/C8 | {
"A": "Donor D: A4/A7, B1/B8, C8/C3",
"B": "Donor E: A7/A8, B9/B27, C3/C4",
"C": "Donor A: A7/A5, B8/B2, C3/C8",
"D": "Donor B: A5/A12, B22/9, C4/C3"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"diagnosed",
"chronic renal failure",
"hemodialysis",
"physicians",
"needs",
"renal transplant",
"human leukocyte antigen",
"genotype",
"A7",
"B2",
"C8 C3",
"locus",
"maternal allele",
"listed 1st",
"paternal allele",
"listed 2nd",
"several potential donors availabl... |
A 35-year-old woman presents with exertional dyspnea and fatigue for the past 3 weeks. She says there has been an acute worsening of her dyspnea in the past 5 days. On physical examination, the mucous membranes show pallor. Cardiac exam is significant for the presence of a mid-systolic murmur loudest in the 2nd left in... | Duodenum | {
"A": "Duodenum",
"B": "Jejunum",
"C": "Terminal ileum",
"D": "Body of the stomach"
} | step1 | A | [
"35 year old woman presents",
"exertional dyspnea",
"fatigue",
"past",
"weeks",
"acute worsening",
"dyspnea",
"past",
"days",
"physical examination",
"mucous membranes show pallor",
"Cardiac exam",
"significant",
"presence",
"systolic murmur loudest",
"2nd left intercostal space",
"C... |
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