question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a concern of having sprayed a chemical in his eye. He states he was working on his car when his car battery sprayed a chemical on his face and eye. He states his eye is currently burning. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 129/94 mmHg, pulse... | Irrigation | {
"A": "CT orbits",
"B": "Irrigation",
"C": "Surgical debridement",
"D": "Visual acuity test"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"concern",
"sprayed",
"chemical",
"eye",
"states",
"working",
"car",
"car battery sprayed",
"chemical",
"face",
"eye",
"states",
"eye",
"currently burning",
"temperature",
"99",
"blood pressure",
"mmHg",
"pulse",
"85 min",... |
A 45-year-old man presents with a persistent cough for the past month. He says it started off with a runny nose and fever, from which he recovered in a week, but he says that the cough persists after the resolution of the fever. The patient denies any expectoration, chest pain, weight loss, or breathlessness. He report... | Dextromethorphan | {
"A": "Codeine",
"B": "Dextromethorphan",
"C": "Pseudoephedrine",
"D": "Oxymetazoline"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"persistent cough",
"past month",
"started",
"runny nose",
"fever",
"recovered",
"week",
"cough",
"resolution",
"fever",
"patient denies",
"expectoration",
"chest pain",
"weight loss",
"breathlessness",
"reports",
"history of recent travel",
"sick contact... |
A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. He was at home cleaning his yard when his symptoms began. The patient is a farmer and does not have regular medical care. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes every day for the past 40 years. The patient lives alone and admits to feeling ... | Varenicline | {
"A": "Albuterol",
"B": "Magnesium",
"C": "Home oxygen",
"D": "Varenicline"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"65 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"shortness of breath",
"at home cleaning",
"yard",
"symptoms began",
"patient",
"farmer",
"not",
"regular medical care",
"smoked two packs",
"cigarettes",
"day",
"past 40 years",
"patient lives alone",
"admits",
"feeling lonely",
... |
A 26-year-old African American man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of fatigue, back pain, and dark urine. One week ago, he developed a headache and was treated with aspirin. He does not smoke or use illicit drugs. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor. A peripheral blood smear shows erythrocy... | Transaldolase | {
"A": "Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I",
"B": "Enolase",
"C": "Glucose-6-phosphatase",
"D": "Transaldolase"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old African American man",
"physician",
"3-day history",
"fatigue",
"back pain",
"dark urine",
"One week",
"headache",
"treated with aspirin",
"not smoke",
"use illicit",
"Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor",
"peripheral blood smear shows erythrocytes",
"inclusions",
"h... |
An investigator is studying the effect of a high-lipid diet on glucose metabolism in Wistar rats. The experimental rat group is fed a high-lipid diet while the control group is fed a low-lipid diet. Two month after initiation of the experiment, the rats in both groups are injected with insulin and serum glucose measure... | Increased activity of serine kinases | {
"A": "Decreased expression of TP53",
"B": "Increased activity of serine kinases",
"C": "Increased exposure of nuclear localization signal",
"D": "Decreased activation of caspase 8"
} | step1 | B | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"effect",
"a high lipid diet",
"glucose metabolism",
"Wistar rats",
"experimental rat group",
"fed",
"high-lipid diet",
"control group",
"fed a low lipid diet",
"Two month",
"initiation",
"experiment",
"rats",
"groups",
"injected",
"insulin",
"serum gl... |
A 26-year-old woman who is a medical student is undergoing evaluation after sticking herself with a needle while drawing blood from a patient. The patient’s medical history is unknown. A blood sample from the medical student is drawn and processed, and the results are presented below:
Anti-HAV IgM negative
Anti-HAV IgG... | She has not been vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus. | {
"A": "She has not been vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus.",
"B": "She is an asymptomatic carrier of the hepatitis B virus.",
"C": "She is infected with the hepatitis D virus.",
"D": "She can transmit the hepatitis A virus."
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"medical student",
"evaluation",
"sticking",
"needle",
"drawing blood",
"patient",
"patients medical history",
"unknown",
"blood sample",
"medical student",
"drawn",
"processed",
"results",
"presented",
"Anti IgM negative",
"IgG positive HBsAg",
"HBeAg",
"HBs",
... |
A 47-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a regular health check-up. She is currently asymptomatic but gives a history of recurrent bouts of right upper abdominal pain for 3 years. She further describes the pain as intermittent and localized. She denies any fever, vomiting, difficulty breathing, abnormal bowel hab... | Carcinoma of the gallbladder | {
"A": "Hepatocellular carcinoma",
"B": "Peritonitis secondary to hydatid cyst rupture",
"C": "Aortic aneurysm rupture",
"D": "Carcinoma of the gallbladder"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"regular health check-up",
"currently asymptomatic",
"gives",
"history",
"recurrent bouts",
"right upper abdominal pain",
"3 years",
"further",
"pain",
"intermittent",
"localized",
"denies",
"fever",
"vomiting",
"difficulty breathing",
"abnormal... |
A 51-year-old man presents to the emergency department with an episode of syncope. He was at a local farmer's market when he fainted while picking produce. He rapidly returned to his baseline mental status and did not hit his head. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes and hypertension but is not currently... | Prostate cancer | {
"A": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia",
"B": "Normal physical exam",
"C": "Prostate cancer",
"D": "Prostatitis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"episode of syncope",
"local farmer's market",
"fainted",
"picking",
"rapidly returned",
"baseline mental status",
"not hit",
"head",
"patient",
"past medical diabetes",
"hypertension",
"not currently taking",
"medications",
"temperature... |
A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with a 30 minute history of difficulty breathing. He was playing basketball in gym class when he suddenly felt pain in the right side of his chest that got worse when he tried to take a deep breath. Physical exam reveals a tall, thin boy taking rapid shallow brea... | Found near the pleura | {
"A": "Related to liver failure",
"B": "Related to smoking",
"C": "Found in the upper lobes",
"D": "Found near the pleura"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"30 minute history",
"difficulty breathing",
"playing basketball",
"class",
"pain",
"right side",
"chest",
"worse",
"to take",
"deep breath",
"Physical exam reveals",
"tall",
"thin boy taking rapid shallow breaths",
"decreased breath... |
A 40-year-old woman visits her physician’s office with her husband. Her husband says that she has been complaining of recurring headaches over the past few months. A year ago she was diagnosed with diabetes and is currently on treatment for it. About 6 months ago, she was diagnosed with high blood pressure and is also ... | Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) | {
"A": "Pituitary magnetic resonance image (MRI)",
"B": "Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)",
"C": "Glucose suppression test",
"D": "Chest X-ray"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"40 year old woman visits",
"physicians office",
"husband",
"husband",
"recurring headaches",
"past",
"months",
"year",
"diagnosed",
"diabetes",
"currently",
"treatment",
"months",
"diagnosed",
"high blood pressure",
"taking medication",
"husband",
"concerned",
"short span",
"g... |
A Caucasian 32-year-old woman has an uncomplicated vaginal delivery, giving birth to male and female fraternal twins at term. At 2 days of life, the twin sister develops abdominal distension without emesis, and the mother states that she has not noticed the passage of stool for this infant. Genetic testing identifies d... | 50% | {
"A": "25%",
"B": "50%",
"C": "67%",
"D": "100%"
} | step1 | B | [
"Caucasian",
"year old woman",
"uncomplicated vaginal",
"giving birth",
"male",
"female fraternal twins",
"term",
"2 days",
"life",
"twin sister",
"abdominal distension",
"emesis",
"mother states",
"not",
"passage",
"stool",
"infant",
"Genetic testing",
"deletion",
"amino acid"... |
A 14-year-old male is brought to your psychiatric clinic after he was caught stealing his peers’ belongings multiple times by his teacher. He is a straight-A student with many friends and is an outstanding football player. He describes his family as very loving and gets along with his older siblings. He also states tha... | Kleptomania | {
"A": "Manic episode",
"B": "Conduct disorder",
"C": "Kleptomania",
"D": "Schizophrenia"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old male",
"brought",
"psychiatric clinic",
"caught stealing",
"peers",
"multiple times",
"teacher",
"straight",
"student",
"friends",
"outstanding football",
"family",
"very loving",
"gets",
"older siblings",
"states",
"ill",
"stole",
"class",
"never caught",
"admits",... |
A 56-year-old postmenopausal woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of worsening pain and swelling in her left knee. She has a history of peptic ulcer disease for which she takes cimetidine. Examination shows palpable crepitus and limited range of motion of the left knee. Which of the following is th... | Celecoxib | {
"A": "Ketorolac",
"B": "Diclofenac",
"C": "Acetylsalicylic acid",
"D": "Celecoxib"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old postmenopausal woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"worsening pain",
"swelling",
"left",
"history of peptic ulcer disease",
"takes cimetidine",
"Examination shows palpable crepitus",
"limited range of motion",
"left knee",
"following",
"most appropriate pharmacotherapy",
"patie... |
A 33-year-old man is brought into the emergency department with fever, lethargy, and confusion. He is a cachectic man in acute distress, unable to respond to questions or follow commands. His friend confides that the patient has been sexually active with multiple male partners and was diagnosed with HIV several months ... | Neurological exam with fundoscopy | {
"A": "Recheck CD4 and HIV viral load serologies",
"B": "Lumbar puncture",
"C": "CT head without contrast",
"D": "Neurological exam with fundoscopy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"lethargy",
"confusion",
"cachectic man",
"acute distress",
"unable to",
"questions",
"follow commands",
"friend",
"patient",
"sexually active",
"multiple male partners",
"diagnosed",
"HIV",
"months",
"lost to follow up"... |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician’s office with complaints of being tired constantly, which has limited his ability to walk or play with his friends. Physical examination in the physician’s office is normal. Further testing reveals that the patient has a genetic mutation in an enzyme and muscle biopsy shows ... | Vitamin B1 | {
"A": "NADH",
"B": "Carbon dioxide",
"C": "Vitamin B6",
"D": "Vitamin B1"
} | step1 | D | [
"5 year old boy",
"brought",
"physicians office",
"complaints",
"tired constantly",
"limited",
"ability to walk",
"play",
"friends",
"Physical examination",
"physicians office",
"normal",
"Further testing reveals",
"patient",
"genetic mutation",
"enzyme",
"muscle biopsy shows high le... |
A 57-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-week history of constipation, episodic bloody stools, progressive fatigue, and a 5-kg (10.2-lb) weight loss. Digital rectal examination shows a hard, 1.5-cm rectal mass. A biopsy confirms the diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma. The patient begins treatment with a c... | Vascular endothelial growth factor | {
"A": "Epidermal growth factor",
"B": "Metalloproteinase",
"C": "Interferon-alpha",
"D": "Vascular endothelial growth factor"
} | step1 | D | [
"57 year old man",
"physician",
"4 week history",
"constipation",
"episodic bloody stools",
"progressive fatigue",
"5 kg",
"10",
"weight loss",
"Digital rectal examination shows",
"hard",
"rectal mass",
"biopsy confirms",
"diagnosis",
"colorectal carcinoma",
"patient begins treatment",... |
A 17-year-old high school student presents to your office for recent mood and skin changes. The patient is a high school senior who is competing on the wrestling team and recently has lost weight to drop two weight classes over the past several months. He states he has dry, cracking, and irritated skin, as well as a se... | Water soluble vitamin deficiency | {
"A": "Water soluble vitamin deficiency",
"B": "Anabolic steroid use",
"C": "Dermatologic fungal infection",
"D": "Viral infection"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old high school student presents",
"office",
"recent mood",
"skin changes",
"patient",
"high school senior",
"wrestling team",
"recently",
"lost weight to drop two weight classes",
"past",
"months",
"states",
"dry",
"cracking",
"skin",
"sensation",
"tingling",
"hands",
"fee... |
A 13-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician due to a 4-month history of heavy vaginal bleeding during menstrual periods. She endorses episodes of bleeding gums after brushing her teeth and experienced prolonged bleeding after tonsillectomy 6 years ago. Her mother states that she bled significantly during childbir... | Bernard-Soulier syndrome | {
"A": "von Willebrand disease (vWD)",
"B": "Aspirin or NSAID use",
"C": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia",
"D": "Bernard-Soulier syndrome"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"pediatrician due to",
"month history",
"heavy vaginal bleeding",
"menstrual periods",
"episodes of bleeding gums",
"brushing",
"teeth",
"experienced prolonged bleeding",
"tonsillectomy",
"years",
"mother states",
"bled",
"childbirth",
"girls older brother",... |
A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance from a long term nursing facility complaining of severe shortness of breath. He suffers from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and lives at the nursing home full time. He has had the disease for 2 years and it has been getting harder to breath over the l... | Sternocleidomastoid muscles | {
"A": "Sternocleidomastoid muscles",
"B": "Muscles of anterior abdominal wall",
"C": "Trapezium muscle",
"D": "Internal intercostal muscles"
} | step1 | A | [
"55 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"ambulance",
"long term nursing facility",
"of severe shortness",
"breath",
"suffers",
"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
"lives",
"nursing home full time",
"disease",
"2 years",
"getting harder",
"breath",
"last month",
"placed",
... |
A 14-year-old girl is presented by her mother who says she has trouble focusing. The patient’s mother says that, over the past 2 months, the patient has lost interest in her normal activities and has become more withdrawn. She no longer participates in activities she enjoys and says that she has contemplated suicide. T... | Lithium | {
"A": "Chlorpromazine",
"B": "Lithium",
"C": "Ramelteon",
"D": "Amitriptyline"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old girl",
"presented",
"mother",
"trouble focusing",
"patients mother",
"past",
"months",
"patient",
"lost interest",
"normal activities",
"more withdrawn",
"longer",
"activities",
"suicide",
"patients mother",
"times",
"hyperactive",
"cant",
"to",
"onset",
"depression... |
A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of urinary hesitancy and poor urinary stream. Digital rectal examination shows a symmetrically enlarged, nontender prostate. Serum studies show a prostate-specific antigen concentration of 2 ng/mL (N < 4). Pharmacotherapy with finasteride is initiate... | Increased prostatic apoptosis | {
"A": "Decreased internal urethral sphincter tone",
"B": "Increased prostatic apoptosis",
"C": "Increased penile blood flow",
"D": "Decreased bladder contractions"
} | step1 | B | [
"63 year old man",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"urinary hesitancy",
"poor urinary stream",
"Digital rectal examination shows",
"enlarged",
"nontender prostate",
"Serum studies show",
"prostate-specific antigen concentration",
"ng/mL",
"N",
"4",
"Pharmacotherapy",
"finasteride",
"in... |
An 85-year-old man presents to his primary care provider after feeling "lightheaded." He said he helped his wife in the garden for the first time, but that while moving some bags of soil he felt like he was going to faint. He had a big breakfast of oatmeal and eggs prior to working in the garden. He has no significant ... | Calcification | {
"A": "Congenital defect",
"B": "Calcification",
"C": "Infection",
"D": "Malnutrition"
} | step1 | B | [
"85 year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"feeling",
"lightheaded",
"helped",
"wife",
"garden",
"first time",
"moving",
"bags",
"soil",
"felt",
"faint",
"big breakfast",
"oatmeal",
"eggs prior to working",
"garden",
"significant past medical history",
"takes",
"baby ... |
A 32-year-old woman presents to the office with complaints of intense anal pain every time she has a bowel movement. The pain has been present for the past 4 weeks, and it is dull and throbbing in nature. It is associated with mild bright red bleeding from the rectum that is aggravated during defection. She has no rele... | Local anal trauma | {
"A": "Deterioration of the connective tissue that anchors hemorrhoids",
"B": "Rectal prolapse and paradoxical contraction of the puborectalis muscle",
"C": "Local anal trauma",
"D": "Inflammatory bowel disease"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"office",
"complaints",
"intense anal pain",
"time",
"bowel movement",
"pain",
"present",
"past 4 weeks",
"dull",
"throbbing",
"nature",
"associated with mild bright red bleeding",
"rectum",
"aggravated",
"relevant past medical history",
"sexual history",
... |
A 53 year-old woman with history of ulcerative colitis presents to the emergency department with a severe flare. The patient reports numerous bloody loose stools, and has been febrile for two days. Vital signs are: T 101.9 HR 98 BP 121/86 RR 17 Sat 100%. Abdominal exam is notable for markedly distended abdomen with tym... | IV hydrocortisone | {
"A": "Oral prednisone",
"B": "IV hydrocortisone",
"C": "IV Metoclopramide",
"D": "IV Ondansetron"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"history of ulcerative colitis presents",
"emergency department",
"severe flare",
"patient reports numerous bloody loose",
"febrile",
"two days",
"Vital signs",
"T",
"98 BP",
"RR",
"Sat 100",
"Abdominal exam",
"notable",
"markedly distended abdomen",
"tympani",
"ten... |
A 26-year-old man presents into the emergency department complaining of hemoptysis for the past day. He has also experienced fatigue, weight loss (10 kg (22 lb) over the last 2 months), and occasional dry cough. He is a college student and works part-time as a cashier in a bookstore. He is sexually active with his girl... | Testicular malignancy | {
"A": "Orchitis",
"B": "Spermatocele",
"C": "Testicular malignancy",
"D": "Hydrocele"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"hemoptysis",
"past day",
"fatigue",
"weight loss",
"10 kg",
"last",
"months",
"occasional dry cough",
"college student",
"works part-time",
"sexually active",
"girlfriend",
"uses condoms occasionally",
"smokes 23 cigarettes",
"weekend... |
A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician with a 4-month history of lethargy. She has had joint pain for the past 15 years and does not have a primary care physician. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), pulse is 97/min, and blood pressure is 132/86 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pallor of the oral mucosa and nonten... | Anti-CCP antibody | {
"A": "Anti-CCP antibody",
"B": "Anti-Sm antibody",
"C": "Rheumatoid factor",
"D": "Anti-U1-RNP antibody\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"lethargy",
"joint pain",
"past",
"years",
"not",
"primary care physician",
"temperature",
"4C",
"99",
"pulse",
"97 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows pallor",
"oral",
"nontender subcutaneous nodules",
... |
A 59-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea that began 12 hours ago. Three days ago, she ate undercooked chicken at a local restaurant. Blood cultures grow spiral and comma-shaped, oxidase-positive organisms at 42°C. This patient is at greatest risk for which of t... | Segmental myelin degeneration | {
"A": "Segmental myelin degeneration",
"B": "Seizures",
"C": "Erythema nodosum",
"D": "Peyer patch necrosis"
} | step1 | A | [
"59 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"abdominal pain",
"bloody diarrhea",
"began",
"hours",
"Three days",
"ate",
"chicken",
"local restaurant",
"Blood cultures",
"spiral",
"shaped",
"oxidase positive organisms",
"42C",
"patient",
"greatest risk",
"following complications"
] |
An 80-year-old woman presents with fatigue and a 30-lb weight loss over the past 3 months. The patient states that her symptoms started with mild fatigue about 4 months ago, which have progressively worsened. She noticed that the weight loss started about 1 month later, which has continued despite no changes in diet or... | Axillary lymphadenopathy | {
"A": "Axillary lymphadenopathy",
"B": "Increased age",
"C": "ER positive",
"D": "HER-2/neu positive"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"80 year old woman presents",
"fatigue",
"30",
"weight loss over",
"past 3 months",
"patient states",
"symptoms started",
"mild fatigue",
"4 months",
"worsened",
"weight loss started",
"month later",
"continued",
"changes",
"diet",
"activity level",
"past medical history",
"signifi... |
A 55-year-old caucasian man presents to his primary care physician with a complaint of double vision, which started suddenly with no precipitating trauma. Twelve years ago, he presented to his physician with painful vision loss, which has since resolved. Since that initial episode, he had numerous episodes early-on in ... | Initial presenting symptoms | {
"A": "Age at onset",
"B": "Race",
"C": "Initial presenting symptoms",
"D": "Number of episodes early in the disease"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"55 year old caucasian man presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaint",
"double vision",
"started",
"precipitating trauma",
"Twelve years",
"presented",
"physician",
"painful vision loss",
"since resolved",
"initial episode",
"numerous episodes early",
"his disease course",
"two add... |
A 30-year-old man presents with weakness in his right hand. He says he has been an avid cyclist since the age of 20. He denies any recent trauma. Physical examination reveals decreased sensations over the 4th and 5th digits with difficulty extending the 4th and 5th phalanges. Strength is 4 out of 5 in the extensor musc... | Ulnar nerve | {
"A": "Ulnar nerve",
"B": "Radial nerve",
"C": "Median nerve",
"D": "Axillary nerve"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old man presents",
"weakness",
"right hand",
"avid",
"age",
"20",
"denies",
"recent trauma",
"Physical examination reveals decreased sensations",
"4th",
"5th digits",
"difficulty extending",
"4th",
"5th phalanges",
"Strength",
"4 out of 5",
"extensor muscles",
"right hand"... |
A 28-year-old homeless male with a past medical history significant for asthma comes to your clinic complaining of a chronic rash on his scalp and feet. He describes the rash as “dry and flaky,” and reports it has been present for at least a year. He was using a new dandruff shampoo he got over the counter, with little... | Culture in Sabouraud liquid medium | {
"A": "Wood's lamp",
"B": "Culture in Sabouraud liquid medium",
"C": "KOH preparation of scalp scraping",
"D": "CBC and total serum IgE"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old homeless male",
"past medical history significant",
"asthma",
"clinic complaining of a chronic rash",
"scalp",
"feet",
"rash",
"dry",
"flaky",
"reports",
"present",
"year",
"using",
"new dandruff shampoo",
"got over the counter",
"little improvement",
"patient reports",
"... |
A 40-year-old gravida 4 para 2 woman presents with urinary incontinence requesting definitive treatment. She started experiencing urinary incontinence when coughing, laughing, or exercising about three months ago. Symptoms have not improved with behavioral changes or Kegel exercises. Past medical history is significant... | Anatomic elevation of the urethra | {
"A": "Oral estrogen therapy",
"B": "Inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase",
"C": "Dilation of a urethral or ureteral stricture",
"D": "Anatomic elevation of the urethra"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"40 year old gravida 4 para 2 woman presents",
"urinary incontinence requesting definitive treatment",
"started experiencing urinary incontinence",
"coughing",
"laughing",
"exercising",
"three months",
"Symptoms",
"not improved",
"behavioral changes",
"Kegel exercises",
"Past medical history",... |
A vaccination campaign designed to increase the uptake of HPV vaccine was instituted in chosen counties of a certain state in order to educate parents not only about the disease itself, but also about why children should be vaccinated against this viral sexually transmitted disease. At the end of the campaign, children... | Family income appears to be an effect modifier. | {
"A": "Family income appears to be an effect modifier.",
"B": "The vaccination campaign appears to have been ineffective.",
"C": "The vaccine uptake is the study exposure.",
"D": "The vaccination campaign is the study outcome."
} | step1 | A | [
"vaccination campaign designed to increase",
"uptake",
"HPV vaccine",
"instituted",
"chosen counties",
"certain state",
"order",
"educate parents not only",
"disease",
"children",
"vaccinated",
"viral sexually transmitted disease",
"end",
"children living",
"counties",
"conducted",
"... |
A 20-year-old male presents with confusion, asterixis, and odd behavior. Very early in the morning, his mother found him urinating on the floor of his bedroom. A detailed history taken from the mother revealed that he has been a vegetarian his entire life but decided to "bulk up" by working out and consuming whey prote... | Citrulline | {
"A": "Uridine monophosphate",
"B": "Citrulline",
"C": "Homocysteine",
"D": "Fructose-1-phosphate"
} | step1 | B | [
"20 year old male presents",
"confusion",
"asterixis",
"odd behavior",
"Very early",
"morning",
"mother found",
"floor",
"bedroom",
"detailed history taken",
"mother revealed",
"vegetarian",
"entire life",
"bulk",
"working out",
"whey protein",
"times",
"day",
"blood test reveale... |
A 48-year-old woman visits the clinic with unintentional weight loss for the past 3 months. She is also concerned about difficulty swallowing solid food. She also has early satiety and mild abdominal discomfort. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is advised along with a biopsy. The histopathological report reveals gas... | Low-molecular weight heparin | {
"A": "Clopidogrel",
"B": "Low-molecular weight heparin",
"C": "Ticagrelor",
"D": "Aspirin"
} | step1 | B | [
"48 year old woman visits",
"clinic",
"unintentional weight loss",
"past 3 months",
"concerned",
"difficulty swallowing solid food",
"early satiety",
"mild abdominal discomfort",
"upper gastrointestinal endoscopy",
"biopsy",
"histopathological report reveals gastric adenocarcinoma",
"then",
... |
A 14-month-old boy has iron-deficiency anemia refractory to iron therapy. His stool is repeatedly positive for occult blood. The parents bring the child to the emergency room after they notice some blood in his stool. Which of the following is the diagnostic gold standard for this patient's most likely condition? | Technetium-99m pertechnetate scan | {
"A": "Abdominal CT with contrast",
"B": "Tagged red blood cell study",
"C": "Technetium-99m pertechnetate scan",
"D": "Colonoscopy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"month old boy",
"iron-deficiency anemia refractory",
"iron therapy",
"stool",
"repeatedly positive",
"occult blood",
"parents",
"child",
"emergency room",
"blood in",
"stool",
"following",
"diagnostic gold",
"patient's",
"likely condition"
] |
A 65-year-old man presents to the diabetes clinic for a check-up. He has been successfully managing his diabetes through diet alone, and has not experienced any complications related to retinopathy, neuropathy, or nephropathy. He recently started a new exercise regimen and is eager to see whether his weight has decline... | 25.0 - 29.9 | {
"A": "< 18.5",
"B": "25.0 - 29.9",
"C": "> 30.0",
"D": "> 40.0"
} | step1 | B | [
"65 year old man presents",
"diabetes clinic",
"check-up",
"managing",
"diabetes",
"diet alone",
"not experienced",
"complications related",
"retinopathy",
"neuropathy",
"nephropathy",
"recently started",
"new exercise regimen",
"eager to see",
"weight",
"last visit",
"nurse measures... |
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of difficulty swallowing. During this time, he has also had a 7-kg (15-lb) weight loss. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows an exophytic mass in the distal third of the esophagus. Histological examination of a biopsy specimen shows a well-differentiated... | Vagus nerve | {
"A": "Vagus nerve",
"B": "Inferior vena cava",
"C": "Thoracic duct",
"D": "Right phrenic nerve"
} | step1 | A | [
"68 year old man",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"difficulty swallowing",
"time",
"kg",
"weight loss",
"Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows",
"exophytic mass",
"distal third of",
"esophagus",
"Histological examination",
"biopsy shows",
"well-differentiated adenocarcinoma",
"patient",
"s... |
A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of difficulty swallowing, low-grade fever, and weight loss. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows an esophageal mass just distal to the upper esophageal sphincter. Histological examination confir... | Inferior thyroid artery | {
"A": "Esophageal branch of thoracic aorta",
"B": "Left inferior phrenic artery",
"C": "Inferior thyroid artery",
"D": "Bronchial branch of thoracic aorta"
} | step1 | C | [
"63 year old man",
"physician",
"month history",
"difficulty swallowing",
"low-grade fever",
"weight loss",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"30 years",
"esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows",
"esophageal mass",
"distal",
"upper esophageal sphincter",
"Histological examination confirms",... |
A 36-year-old G4P3 is admitted to the obstetrics floor at 35 weeks gestation with painless vaginal spotting for a week. She had 2 cesarean deliveries. An ultrasound examination at 22 weeks gestation showed a partial placenta previa, but she was told not to worry. Today, her vital signs are within normal limits, and a p... | Cesarean hysterectomy should be considered for the management of this patient | {
"A": "With such placental position, she should be managed with a scheduled cesarean in the lower uterine segment at 37 weeks’ pregnancy",
"B": "She can be managed with an unscheduled vaginal delivery with a switch to cesarean delivery if needed",
"C": "Any decision regarding the mode of delivery in this patient... | step2&3 | D | [
"36 year old",
"admitted",
"obstetrics floor",
"35 weeks gestation",
"painless vaginal spotting",
"week",
"2 cesarean deliveries",
"ultrasound examination",
"weeks gestation showed",
"partial placenta previa",
"not",
"worry",
"Today",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"physical examinati... |
A 32-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for evaluation of a 3-month history of insomnia, odynophagia, and irritability. He works in a metal refinery. He appears distracted and irritable. Oral examination shows inflammation of the gums and buccal mucosa with excessive salivation. Neurological examination shows a b... | Mercury | {
"A": "Lead",
"B": "Mercury",
"C": "Iron",
"D": "Copper"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"evaluation",
"month history",
"insomnia",
"odynophagia",
"irritability",
"works",
"metal",
"appears distracted",
"irritable",
"Oral examination shows inflammation of",
"gums",
"buccal mucosa",
"excessive salivation",
"Neurological examination ... |
A 31-year-old female presents to the emergency room complaining of fever and difficulty breathing. She first noticed these symptoms 3 days prior to presentation. Her past medical history is notable for well-controlled asthma. She does not smoke and drinks alcohol socially. Upon further questioning, she reports that her... | Inactivation of C3 convertase | {
"A": "Inactivation of C3 convertase",
"B": "Inactivation of C5 convertase",
"C": "Erythrocyte cytoskeletal formation",
"D": "Aminolevulinic acid metabolism"
} | step1 | A | [
"31 year old female presents",
"emergency room",
"fever",
"difficulty breathing",
"first",
"symptoms 3 days prior to presentation",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"well-controlled asthma",
"not smoke",
"drinks alcohol",
"further questioning",
"reports",
"urine",
"tea colored",
"wak... |
A 36-year-old G2-P1 woman in week 33 of gestation presents to the emergency department in acute respiratory distress. She works as a secretary for a local law firm, and she informs you that she recently returned from a trip to the beach. She currently smokes half-a-pack of cigarettes/day, drinks 1 glass of red wine/day... | Consult IR for IVC filter placement | {
"A": "Initiate long term heparin",
"B": "Initiate dabigatran",
"C": "Initiate apixaban",
"D": "Consult IR for IVC filter placement"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"36 year old G2 P1 woman",
"week",
"gestation presents",
"emergency department",
"acute respiratory distress",
"works",
"secretary",
"local law firm",
"informs",
"recently returned",
"trip",
"beach",
"currently smokes half",
"pack",
"cigarettes day",
"drinks 1 glass",
"red wine day",... |
An 81-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents to his cardiologist because he has been feeling increasingly short of breath while lying down. Specifically, he says that he is now no longer able to sleep flat on the bed and instead has to be propped up on multiple pillows. In addition, he has bee... | Amiloride | {
"A": "Amiloride",
"B": "Furosemide",
"C": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"D": "Spironolactone"
} | step1 | A | [
"81 year old man",
"history of congestive heart failure presents",
"cardiologist",
"feeling",
"short of breath",
"lying",
"now",
"longer able to sleep flat",
"bed",
"to",
"multiple pillows",
"addition",
"experiencing increased swelling",
"legs",
"reports",
"experiencing muscle cramping... |
A 34-year-old primigravida presents with progressive shortness of breath on exertion and while sleeping. The patient says that she uses 2 pillows to breathe comfortably while sleeping at night. These symptoms started in the 3rd week of the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. She does not have any chronic health problems. She d... | Loop diuretics | {
"A": "No therapy is required",
"B": "Loop diuretics",
"C": "Open valve commissurotomy",
"D": "Valve replacement"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old primigravida presents",
"progressive shortness of breath",
"exertion",
"sleeping",
"patient",
"uses 2 pillows to",
"sleeping",
"night",
"symptoms started",
"3rd week",
"2nd",
"pregnancy",
"not",
"chronic health problems",
"denies smoking",
"alcohol intake",
"Vital signs inc... |
A 28-year-old primigravid woman comes to the physician at 27 weeks' gestation with increased urinary frequency, a burning sensation when urinating, flank pain, and nausea. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. Glucose tolerance testing performed at 25 weeks' gestation was normal. She is sexually active with her husband... | Decreased ureteral smooth muscle tone | {
"A": "Decreased ureteral smooth muscle tone",
"B": "Increased body temperature",
"C": "Decreased urine volume",
"D": "Increased urinary pH"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old primigravid woman",
"physician",
"27 weeks",
"gestation",
"increased urinary frequency",
"burning sensation",
"flank pain",
"nausea",
"pregnancy",
"uncomplicated",
"Glucose testing performed",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"normal",
"sexually active",
"husband",
"only medication",
... |
A 27-year-old Hispanic G2P1 presents for a routine antepartum visit at 26 weeks gestation. She has no complaints. The vital signs are normal, the physical examination is within normal limits, and the gynecologic examination corresponds to 25 weeks gestation. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with a 75-g glucose lo... | Dietary and lifestyle modification | {
"A": "Dietary and lifestyle modification",
"B": "Insulin",
"C": "Glyburide",
"D": "Sitagliptin"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old Hispanic",
"presents",
"routine antepartum visit",
"weeks gestation",
"complaints",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"physical examination",
"normal limits",
"gynecologic examination",
"weeks gestation",
"oral glucose tolerance test",
"75-g",
"load",
"significant",
"glucose level"... |
A 65-year-old man presents to a physician with a cough and dyspnea on exertion for 1 week. His symptoms worsen at night and he has noticed that his sputum is pink and frothy. He has a history of hypertension for the past 20 years and takes losartan regularly. There is no history of fever or chest pain. The pulse is 124... | Furosemide | {
"A": "Captopril",
"B": "Digoxin",
"C": "Furosemide",
"D": "Tolvaptan"
} | step1 | C | [
"65 year old man presents",
"physician",
"cough",
"dyspnea on exertion",
"1 week",
"symptoms worsen",
"night",
"sputum",
"pink",
"frothy",
"history of hypertension",
"past 20 years",
"takes losartan",
"history",
"fever",
"chest pain",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"95 mm Hg... |
A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of difficulty sleeping. She worries that the lack of sleep will ruin her career prospects as a model. She has been coming to the physician multiple times over the past year for minor problems. She is dressed very extravagantly and flirts with the rec... | Histrionic personality disorder | {
"A": "Dependent personality disorder",
"B": "Histrionic personality disorder",
"C": "Narcissistic personality disorder",
"D": "Borderline personality disorder"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"difficulty sleeping",
"worries",
"lack",
"sleep",
"career prospects",
"model",
"physician multiple times",
"past year",
"minor problems",
"dressed very",
"receptionist",
"to sit down",
"waiting room",
"begins",
"cry",
"listens",
... |
A mother brings her 3-year-old daughter to the pediatrician because she is concerned about her development. She states that her daughter seemed to regress in her motor development. Furthermore, she states she has been having brief episodes of uncontrollable shaking, which has been very distressing to the family. During... | Heteroplasmy | {
"A": "Allelic heterogeneity",
"B": "Phenotypic heterogeneity",
"C": "Genetic heterogeneity",
"D": "Heteroplasmy"
} | step1 | D | [
"mother",
"year old daughter",
"pediatrician",
"concerned",
"development",
"states",
"daughter",
"to regress",
"motor development",
"states",
"brief episodes of",
"shaking",
"very distressing",
"family",
"subsequent work-up",
"muscle biopsy",
"obtained",
"demonstrates red",
"fibe... |
A 13-year-old girl is brought to a medical clinic with a complaint of a left foot deformity since birth. The clinical and radiologic evaluation suggested partial simple syndactyly between the 2nd and 3rd toes of the left foot. A radiograph revealed a bony fusion between the proximal phalanges of the 2nd and 3rd toes. T... | Apoptosis | {
"A": "Chemotaxis",
"B": "Necrosis",
"C": "Phagocytosis",
"D": "Apoptosis"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"medical clinic",
"complaint of",
"left foot deformity",
"birth",
"clinical",
"radiologic evaluation suggested partial simple syndactyly",
"2nd",
"3rd toes of",
"left foot",
"radiograph revealed",
"bony fusion",
"proximal phalanges of",
"2nd",
"3rd toes",
... |
A 77-year-old woman is brought by ambulance to the emergency department after she developed weakness of her right arm along with a right-sided facial droop. By the time the ambulance arrived, she was having difficulty speaking. Past medical history is significant for hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, and hyperl... | Obtain noncontrast CT of the brain | {
"A": "Intubate the patient",
"B": "Obtain noncontrast CT of the brain",
"C": "Obtain transcranial doppler",
"D": "Consult cardiology"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"ambulance",
"emergency department",
"weakness of",
"right arm",
"right-sided facial droop",
"time",
"ambulance arrived",
"difficulty speaking",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"diabetes mellitus type II",
"hyperlipidemia",
"takes lis... |
A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after sustaining high-voltage electrical burns over his left upper limb. On examination, the tip of his left middle finger is charred, and there are 2nd-degree burns involving the whole of the left upper limb. Radial and ulnar pulses are strong, and there are no ... | Rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and renal injury | {
"A": "Fluid and electrolyte loss and hypovolemia",
"B": "Rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and renal injury",
"C": "Direct visceral electrical injury to the kidneys",
"D": "Septicemia leading to acute pyelonephritis"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"sustaining high voltage electrical burns",
"left upper limb",
"examination",
"tip of",
"left middle finger",
"charred",
"2nd degree burns involving",
"whole",
"left",
"Radial",
"ulnar pulses",
"strong",
"signs",
"compartment syndrom... |
A 23-year-old man comes to the physician for frequent and painful urination. He has also had progressive painful swelling of his right knee over the past week. He is sexually active with two female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. His mother has an autoimmune disease that involves a malar rash. Examination sho... | HLA-B27 positive genotype | {
"A": "Hiking trip two months ago",
"B": "Positive anti-dsDNA antibodies",
"C": "Chondrocalcinosis of the left knee",
"D": "HLA-B27 positive genotype"
} | step1 | D | [
"23 year old man",
"physician",
"frequent",
"painful urination",
"progressive painful swelling of",
"right knee",
"past week",
"sexually active",
"two female partners",
"uses condoms",
"mother",
"autoimmune disease",
"malar rash",
"Examination shows conjunctivitis",
"right knee",
"warm... |
A 28-year-old man makes an appointment with his general practitioner for a regular check-up. He has recently been diagnosed with asthma and was given a short-acting β2-agonist to use during acute exacerbations. He said he usually uses the medication 1–2 times per week. Which of the following is the most appropriate tre... | He should continue with current treatment. | {
"A": "Inhalatory corticosteroids should replace β2-agonists.",
"B": "He should continue with current treatment.",
"C": "Long-acting β2-agonists should be added to his treatment regimen.",
"D": "He should start using a short-acting β2-agonist every day, not just when he has symptoms."
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man makes",
"appointment",
"general practitioner",
"regular check-up",
"recently",
"diagnosed",
"asthma",
"given",
"short acting",
"agonist to use",
"acute exacerbations",
"usually uses",
"medication",
"times",
"week",
"following",
"most appropriate treatment",
"case"
] |
A 29-year-old man presents to the clinic complaining of fatigue and loss of sensation in his lower legs. The patient notes no history of trauma or chronic disease but states that he spends a lot of time outside and often encounters wild animals. On examination, the patient has multiple dark lesions over the skin of his... | An acid-fast, intracellular bacillus | {
"A": "An acid-fast, intracellular bacillus",
"B": "Gram-positive, branching anaerobe",
"C": "Maltose-fermenting gram-negative diplococci",
"D": "Reactivation of latent viral infection"
} | step1 | A | [
"29 year old man presents",
"clinic",
"fatigue",
"loss of sensation",
"lower legs",
"patient notes",
"history",
"trauma",
"chronic disease",
"states",
"spends",
"lot",
"time outside",
"often encounters wild animals",
"examination",
"patient",
"multiple dark lesions",
"the skin of",... |
A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a wellness checkup. The patient has a past medical history of alcohol abuse and is currently attending alcoholics anonymous with little success. He is currently drinking roughly 1L of hard alcohol every day and does not take his disulfiram anymore. Which of t... | Dysdiadochokinesia | {
"A": "Constipation",
"B": "Decreased CNS NMDA activity",
"C": "Dysdiadochokinesia",
"D": "Microcytic anemia"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"55 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"wellness checkup",
"patient",
"past medical history of alcohol abuse",
"currently attending alcoholics anonymous",
"little success",
"currently drinking",
"hard alcohol",
"day",
"not take",
"disulfiram",
"following findings",
"most lik... |
A 22-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of a light greenish, milky discharge from both breasts. There is no mastalgia. She has hypothyroidism and migraine headaches. Her mother has breast cancer and is currently undergoing chemotherapy. Menses occur at regular 28-day intervals with moder... | Reassurance and recommend avoidance of nipple stimulation | {
"A": "Galactography of both breasts",
"B": "Mammogram of both breasts",
"C": "Ultrasound of both breasts",
"D": "Reassurance and recommend avoidance of nipple stimulation"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"1-month history",
"light",
"milky discharge",
"breasts",
"mastalgia",
"hypothyroidism",
"migraine headaches",
"mother",
"breast cancer",
"currently",
"chemotherapy",
"Menses occur",
"regular",
"day intervals",
"moderate flow",
"last menstrual period"... |
A 35-year-old woman is brought to the inpatient psychiatric unit by the police after she was found violating the conditions of her restraining order by parking on the side street of her "lover’s" home every night for the past week. Her "lover", a famous hometown celebrity, has adamantly denied any relationship with the... | Symptoms must be present for at least 4 weeks. | {
"A": "The patient will have concurrent psychotic disorders.",
"B": "Patients may have a contributing medical condition.",
"C": "The disorder must meet 2 out of the 5 core criteria.",
"D": "Symptoms must be present for at least 4 weeks."
} | step1 | D | [
"35 year old woman",
"brought",
"inpatient",
"police",
"found",
"conditions",
"restraining order",
"parking",
"side street",
"lovers",
"home",
"night",
"past week",
"lover",
"famous",
"celebrity",
"denied",
"relationship",
"patient",
"past 6 months",
"patient",
"ever",
"s... |
A 22-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of diplopia, slurred speech, progressive upper extremity weakness, and difficulty swallowing for the past several hours. She had mild abdominal pain that resolved spontaneously after returning from her father's farm yesterday. Her temperature is 37°C (9... | Oral ingestion of preformed toxin | {
"A": "Oral ingestion of preformed toxin",
"B": "Exposure to bacterial spores",
"C": "Lack of immunization with polysaccharide fragments",
"D": "Gastroenteritis caused by comma-shaped rod"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"diplopia",
"slurred speech",
"progressive upper extremity weakness",
"difficulty swallowing",
"past",
"hours",
"mild abdominal",
"resolved",
"returning",
"father's farm",
"temperature",
"98",
"respirations",
"min",
"labored",
... |
A 48-year-old male dies in the intensive care unit following a severe Streptococcus pneumonia pneumonia and septic shock. Autopsy of the lung reveals a red, firm left lower lobe. What would you most likely find on microscopic examination of the lung specimen? | Alveolar exudate containing neutrophils, erythrocytes, and fibrin | {
"A": "Eosinophilia in the alveolar septa",
"B": "Vascular dilation and noncaseating granulomas",
"C": "Fragmented erythrocytes",
"D": "Alveolar exudate containing neutrophils, erythrocytes, and fibrin"
} | step1 | D | [
"48 year old male",
"intensive care unit following",
"severe Streptococcus pneumonia pneumonia",
"septic",
"Autopsy",
"lung reveals",
"red",
"firm left lower lobe",
"most likely find",
"microscopic examination",
"lung specimen"
] |
A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a severe headache. The patient reports that it started approx. 2 hours ago and has steadily worsened. He describes it as a stabbing pain localized behind his left eye. The patient reports that he has been having similar headaches several times a day for the pa... | Administer subcutaneous sumatriptan | {
"A": "Verapamil",
"B": "CT angiography",
"C": "Administer subcutaneous sumatriptan",
"D": "Deep brain stimulation of the posterior inferior hypothalamus"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"50 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"severe headache",
"patient reports",
"started",
"hours",
"worsened",
"stabbing pain localized",
"left eye",
"patient reports",
"similar headaches",
"times",
"day",
"past",
"most often",
"night",
"denies",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
... |
A 24-year-old primigravid woman at 38 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. At the last two prenatal visits, transabdominal ultrasound showed the fetus in breech presentation. She has no medical conditions and only takes prenatal vitamins. Her pulse is 95/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood ... | Offer external cephalic version | {
"A": "Recommend cesarean section",
"B": "Observe until spontaneous labor",
"C": "Repeat ultrasound in one week",
"D": "Offer external cephalic version"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old primigravid woman",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"physician",
"prenatal visit",
"last two prenatal visits",
"transabdominal ultrasound showed",
"fetus",
"breech presentation",
"medical conditions",
"only takes prenatal vitamins",
"pulse",
"95 min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pres... |
A 58-year-old man is rushed to the ER in the middle of the night with severe chest pain. He arrives in the ER short of breath, sweating, and looking terrified. His blood pressure is noted to be 250/140, and he is immediately administered nitroprusside. His blood pressure is controlled, but he soon develops confusion an... | Cyanide toxicity | {
"A": "Cough",
"B": "Hyperkalemia",
"C": "Hypoventilation",
"D": "Cyanide toxicity"
} | step1 | D | [
"58 year old man",
"rushed",
"ER",
"middle",
"night",
"severe chest",
"ER",
"breath",
"sweating",
"looking terrified",
"blood pressure",
"noted to",
"immediately administered nitroprusside",
"blood pressure",
"controlled",
"confusion",
"lactic acidosis",
"following",
"potential s... |
During a clinical study evaluating the effects of exercise on muscle perfusion, 15 healthy individuals perform a 20-minute treadmill run at submaximal effort. Before and after the treadmill session, perfusion of the quadriceps muscle is evaluated with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The study shows a sign... | Increase in adenosine | {
"A": "Increase in thromboxane A2",
"B": "Decrease in prostacyclin",
"C": "Increase in endothelin",
"D": "Increase in adenosine"
} | step1 | D | [
"clinical study evaluating",
"effects",
"exercise",
"muscle perfusion",
"healthy individuals perform",
"20 minute treadmill run",
"effort",
"treadmill session",
"perfusion",
"quadriceps muscle",
"evaluated with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging",
"study shows",
"significant increa... |
A 1-month-old infant is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. His mother reports that she had previously breastfed her son every 2 hours for 15 minutes but is now feeding him every 4 hours for 40 minutes. She says that the infant sweats a lot and is uncomfortable during feeds. He has 6 wet diapers and ... | Indomethacin infusion | {
"A": "Prostaglandin E1 infusion",
"B": "Percutaneous surgery",
"C": "Digoxin and furosemide",
"D": "Indomethacin infusion"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"month old infant",
"brought",
"physician",
"well",
"mother reports",
"breastfed",
"son",
"2 hours",
"15 minutes",
"now feeding",
"4 hours",
"40 minutes",
"infant sweats",
"lot",
"feeds",
"wet diapers",
"2 stools daily",
"born",
"36 weeks",
"gestation",
"currently",
"3500 g... |
A 43-year-old man with HIV comes to the physician because of fever and night sweats over the past 15 days. During this period, he has also had headaches and generalized weakness. He has no cough or shortness of breath. He has hypertension controlled with lisinopril and is currently receiving triple antiretroviral thera... | Pulmonary embolism | {
"A": "Pulmonary embolism",
"B": "Painful nodules on pads of the fingers",
"C": "Hemorrhages underneath fingernails",
"D": "Retinal hemorrhages"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"HIV",
"physician",
"fever",
"night sweats",
"past",
"days",
"period",
"headaches",
"generalized weakness",
"cough",
"shortness of breath",
"hypertension controlled",
"lisinopril",
"currently receiving triple antiretroviral therapy",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes dai... |
A 36-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 30 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for evaluation of increased urinary frequency. She has no history of major medical illness. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show an increased serum C-peptide concentration. Ultrasonography shows polyhyd... | Human placental lactogen | {
"A": "Estrogen",
"B": "Human placental lactogen",
"C": "Adrenocorticotropic hormone",
"D": "Progesterone"
} | step1 | B | [
"36 year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"30 weeks",
"gestation",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"increased urinary frequency",
"history of major medical illness",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Laboratory studies show",
"increased serum C-peptide concentration",
"Ultrasono... |
For which patient would isoniazid monotherapy be most appropriate? | 37-year-old male with positive PPD and no clinical signs or radiographic evidence of disease | {
"A": "37-year-old male with positive PPD and no clinical signs or radiographic evidence of disease",
"B": "41-year-old female with positive PPD and a Ghon complex on chest radiograph",
"C": "25-year-old female with positive PPD and acid-fast bacilli on sputum stain",
"D": "50-year-old male with positive PPD, ... | step1 | A | [
"patient",
"isoniazid",
"most appropriate"
] |
A 32-year-old woman presents with progressive shortness of breath and a dry cough. She says that her symptoms onset recently after a 12-hour flight. Past medical history is unremarkable. Current medications are oral estrogen/progesterone containing contraceptive pills. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/60 mm ... | 1.3 | {
"A": "0.5",
"B": "1.3",
"C": "0.8",
"D": "1"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"progressive shortness of breath",
"dry cough",
"symptoms onset recently",
"12-hour flight",
"Past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"Current medications",
"oral estrogen progesterone containing contraceptive pills",
"vital signs include",
"blood pressure",
"60 mm Hg... |
A 77-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with lightheadedness and a feeling that he is going to "pass out". He has a history of hypertension that is treated with captopril. In the office, his temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), the pulse is 65/min, and the respiratory rate is 19/min. His sitting blood pres... | Right bundle branch block | {
"A": "Captopril",
"B": "Hypertension",
"C": "Left bundle branch block",
"D": "Right bundle branch block"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"lightheadedness",
"feeling",
"pass out",
"history of hypertension",
"treated with captopril",
"office",
"temperature",
"3C",
"100 9F",
"pulse",
"65 min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"sitting blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"supine blood ... |
A 31-year-old woman returns to her primary care provider for a follow-up visit. At a routine health maintenance visit 2 months ago, her blood pressure (BP) was 181/97 mm Hg. She has adhered to a low-salt diet and exercises regularly. On repeat examination 1 month later, her BP was 178/93, and she was prescribed hydroch... | Balloon angioplasty | {
"A": "Intravenous phentolamine",
"B": "Surgical reconstruction",
"C": "Stenting",
"D": "Balloon angioplasty"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"31 year old woman returns",
"primary care provider",
"follow-up visit",
"routine health maintenance visit",
"months",
"blood pressure",
"97 mm Hg",
"adhered",
"low-salt diet",
"exercises",
"repeat examination",
"month later",
"BP",
"prescribed hydrochlorothiazide",
"lisinopril",
"pati... |
A 68-year-old woman with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) presents to her hematologist for routine follow-up. She has been on chronic corticosteroids for her ITP, in addition to several treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and rituximab. Her labs today reveal a white blood cell count of 8,... | Vaccinate: 2 weeks prior to surgery; Penicillin: at time of surgery for 5 years | {
"A": "Vaccinate: 2 weeks prior to surgery; Penicillin: 2 weeks prior to surgery for an indefinite course",
"B": "Vaccinate: 2 weeks prior to surgery; Penicillin: at time of surgery for 5 years",
"C": "Vaccinate: at the time of surgery; Penicillin: 2 weeks prior to surgery for an indefinite course",
"D": "Vacc... | step2&3 | B | [
"68 year old woman",
"chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura",
"presents",
"hematologist",
"routine follow-up",
"chronic corticosteroids",
"ITP",
"in addition to",
"treatments",
"intravenous immunoglobulin",
"rituximab",
"labs today reveal",
"white blood cell count",
"hematocrit",
"... |
A 76-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with an intense, throbbing, right-sided headache. She has a history of migraine headaches and tried her usual medications this afternoon with no alleviation of symptoms. She states that this headache feels different because she also has pain in her jaw that is ... | High dose steroids | {
"A": "Antibiotics",
"B": "Thrombolytics",
"C": "High dose steroids",
"D": "Craniotomy"
} | step1 | C | [
"76 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"intense",
"throbbing",
"right-sided headache",
"history of migraine headaches",
"usual medications",
"afternoon",
"symptoms",
"states",
"headache feels different",
"pain in",
"jaw",
"worse",
"chewing",
"pain",
"getting worse",
... |
A person is exercising strenuously on a treadmill for 1 hour. An arterial blood gas measurement is then taken. Which of the following are the most likely values? | pH 7.36, PaO2 100, PCO2 40, HCO3 23 | {
"A": "pH 7.36, PaO2 100, PCO2 40, HCO3 23",
"B": "pH 7.32, PaO2 42, PCO2 50, HCO3 27",
"C": "pH 7.56, PaO2 100, PCO2 44, HCO3 38",
"D": "pH 7.57 PaO2 100, PCO2 23, HCO3 21"
} | step1 | A | [
"person",
"exercising",
"treadmill",
"1 hour",
"arterial blood gas measurement",
"then taken",
"following",
"most likely values"
] |
A professional golfer tees off on the first day of a tournament. On the first hole, his drive slices to the right and drops in the water. He yells at his caddy, then takes his driver and throws it at his feet, blaming it for his poor swing. Notably, the golfer had had a long fight with his wife last night over problems... | Displacement | {
"A": "Sublimation",
"B": "Displacement",
"C": "Isolation of affect",
"D": "Rationalization"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"professional",
"tees",
"first day",
"first hole",
"drive slices",
"right",
"drops",
"water",
"then takes",
"driver",
"throws",
"feet",
"blaming",
"poor",
"long fight",
"wife",
"night",
"problems",
"family finances",
"actions",
"course represent",
"type",
"defense mechani... |
A 22-year-old medical student decides to fast for 24 hours after reading about the possible health benefits of fasting. She read that blood glucose levels are maintained by metabolic processes such as hepatic glycogenolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis during the initial 3 days of fasting. During the day, she did not su... | Citrate | {
"A": "Adenosine monophosphate",
"B": "Acetate",
"C": "Adenosine diphosphate",
"D": "Citrate"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old medical student",
"to fast",
"24 hours",
"reading",
"possible health benefits",
"fasting",
"read",
"blood glucose levels",
"maintained",
"metabolic processes",
"hepatic glycogenolysis",
"hepatic gluconeogenesis",
"initial 3 days",
"fasting",
"day",
"not suffer",
"symptoms",... |
A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room 30 minutes after being hit in the face with a baseball at high velocity. Examination shows left periorbital swelling, posterior displacement of the left globe, and tenderness to palpation over the left infraorbital rim. There is limited left upward gaze and normal hori... | Clouding of maxillary sinus | {
"A": "Injury to lacrimal duct system",
"B": "Clouding of maxillary sinus",
"C": "Pneumatization of frontal sinus",
"D": "Disruption of medial canthal ligament"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency room 30 minutes",
"hit",
"face",
"baseball",
"high velocity",
"Examination shows left periorbital swelling",
"posterior displacement",
"left globe",
"tenderness",
"palpation",
"left",
"rim",
"limited left upward gaze",
"normal horizontal eye moveme... |
A 56-year-old male comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of excessive sleepiness. He reports that he has been sleeping for an average of 10 to 12 hours at night and needs to take multiple naps during the day. Six months ago, he was diagnosed with small cell lung carcinoma and underwent prophylactic crania... | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | {
"A": "Ventromedial nucleus",
"B": "Suprachiasmatic nucleus",
"C": "Supraoptic nucleus",
"D": "Subthalamic nucleus\n\""
} | step1 | B | [
"year old male",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"excessive sleepiness",
"reports",
"sleeping",
"average",
"10",
"12 hours",
"night",
"needs to take multiple naps",
"day",
"Six months",
"diagnosed",
"small cell lung carcinoma",
"prophylactic cranial irradiation",
"patient's symptoms"... |
A 40-year-old man with AIDS comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of intermittent fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. He has also had a nonproductive cough and a 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss in this period. He was treated for pneumocystis pneumonia 2 years ago. He has had skin lesions on his chest for 6 mont... | Azithromycin and ethambutol | {
"A": "Amphotericin B and itraconazole",
"B": "Rifampin and isoniazid",
"C": "Erythromycin",
"D": "Azithromycin and ethambutol"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"40 year old man",
"AIDS",
"physician",
"3 week history",
"intermittent fever",
"abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"nonproductive cough",
"3.6 kg",
"weight loss",
"period",
"treated",
"pneumocystis",
"years",
"skin lesions",
"chest",
"months",
"Five weeks",
"week long hiking trip",
... |
A genetic counselor sees a family for the first time for genetic assessment. The 24-year-old businessman and his 19-year-old sister are concerned about having a mutant allele and have decided to get tested. Their grandfather and great aunt both have Huntington’s disease which became apparent when they turned 52. Their ... | Gel electrophoresis | {
"A": "Polymerase chain reaction",
"B": "Gel electrophoresis",
"C": "Pyrosequencing",
"D": "DNA isolation and purification"
} | step1 | B | [
"genetic counselor sees",
"family",
"first time",
"genetic assessment",
"year old",
"year old sister",
"concerned",
"mutant allele",
"to",
"tested",
"grandfather",
"great aunt",
"Huntingtons disease",
"apparent",
"turned",
"father",
"years old appears healthy",
"geneticist discusse... |
A 54-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-day history of fever, chills, and double vision. She also has a 2-week history of headache and foul-smelling nasal discharge. Her temperature is 39.4°C (103°F). Examination shows mild swelling around the left eye. Her left eye does not move past midline on far l... | Absent corneal reflex | {
"A": "Absent corneal reflex",
"B": "Jaw deviation",
"C": "Hypoesthesia of the earlobe",
"D": "Hemifacial anhidrosis"
} | step1 | A | [
"54 year old woman",
"physician",
"1-day history",
"fever",
"chills",
"double vision",
"2-week history of headache",
"smelling nasal discharge",
"temperature",
"4C",
"Examination shows mild swelling around the left eye",
"left eye",
"not move past midline",
"far left gaze",
"moves",
"l... |
A 10-year-old boy with bronchial asthma is brought to the physician by his mother because of a generalized rash for 2 days. He has also had a fever and sore throat for 4 days. The rash involves his whole body and is not pruritic. His only medication is a fluticasone-salmeterol combination inhaler. He has not received a... | Postinfectious glomerulonephritis | {
"A": "Coronary artery aneurysms",
"B": "Hemolytic anemia",
"C": "Hodgkin lymphoma",
"D": "Postinfectious glomerulonephritis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"A 10 year old boy",
"bronchial asthma",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"generalized rash",
"2 days",
"fever",
"sore throat",
"4 days",
"rash",
"whole body",
"not",
"only medication",
"fluticasone-salmeterol combination inhaler",
"not received",
"routine childhood vaccinations",
... |
A 45-year-old man undergoes an esophagogastroduodenoscopy for his recurrent episodes of epigastric pain. He also lost a significant amount of weight in the last 6 months. He says that he has been taking a number of dietary supplements "to cope". His past medical history is insignificant, and a physical examination is w... | Ascorbic acid | {
"A": "Folate",
"B": "Thiamine",
"C": "Ascorbic acid",
"D": "Tocopherol"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"esophagogastroduodenoscopy",
"recurrent episodes of epigastric pain",
"lost",
"significant amount",
"weight",
"last",
"months",
"taking",
"number",
"dietary supplements",
"to cope",
"past medical history",
"physical examination",
"normal limits",
"endoscopy shows",
"... |
A 25-year-old G1P0 woman at 22 weeks’ gestation presents to the emergency department with persistent vomiting over the past 8 weeks which has resulted in 5.5 kg (12.1 lb) of unintentional weight loss. She has not received any routine prenatal care to this point. She reports having tried diet modification and over-the-c... | Obtain a beta hCG and pelvic ultrasound | {
"A": "Obtain a basic electrolyte panel",
"B": "Obtain a beta hCG and pelvic ultrasound",
"C": "Begin treatment with vitamin B6",
"D": "Admit and begin intravenous rehydration"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old",
"woman",
"weeks presents",
"emergency department",
"persistent vomiting",
"past",
"weeks",
"resulted",
"kg",
"unintentional weight loss",
"not received",
"routine prenatal care",
"point",
"reports",
"diet modification",
"over-the-counter",
"improvement",
"patient's bloo... |
A 28-year-old man presents to the emergency department with lower extremity weakness. He was in his usual state of health until 10 days ago. He then began to notice his legs were “tiring out” during his workouts. This progressed to difficulty climbing the stairs to his apartment. He has asthma and uses albuterol as nee... | Plasmapheresis | {
"A": "Aspirin",
"B": "Azithromycin",
"C": "Doxycycline",
"D": "Plasmapheresis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"lower extremity weakness",
"usual state of health",
"10 days",
"then began to",
"legs",
"tiring out",
"progressed",
"difficulty climbing",
"stairs",
"apartment",
"asthma",
"uses albuterol as needed",
"significant surgical",
"family hist... |
A 72-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife for forgetfulness, confusion, and mood changes for the past 4 months. His symptoms started with misplacing items such as his wallet and keys around the house. Two months ago, he became unable to manage their finances as it became too difficult for him. Last week... | Vascular dementia | {
"A": "Vascular dementia",
"B": "Frontotemporal dementia",
"C": "Alzheimer disease",
"D": "Vitamin B12 deficiency"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"72 year old man",
"brought",
"physician",
"wife",
"forgetfulness",
"confusion",
"mood changes",
"past",
"months",
"symptoms started",
"items",
"house",
"Two months",
"unable to",
"finances",
"difficult",
"week",
"lost",
"returning home",
"grocery store",
"wife reports",
"s... |
A medical student is studying digestive enzymes at the brush border of the duodenum. He isolates and inactivates an enzyme in the brush border that has a high affinity for the pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen. When the enzyme is inactivated, trypsinogen is no longer converted to its active form. Which of the following ... | Cleavage of a propeptide from an N-terminus | {
"A": "Conjugation of ubiquitin to lysine residue",
"B": "Phosphorylation of an amino acid side chain",
"C": "Attachment of a carbohydrate to a side chain",
"D": "Cleavage of a propeptide from an N-terminus"
} | step1 | D | [
"medical student",
"studying digestive enzymes",
"brush border",
"duodenum",
"isolates",
"enzyme",
"brush border",
"high affinity",
"pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen",
"enzyme",
"trypsinogen",
"longer",
"active form",
"following",
"most likely underlying mechanism",
"enzyme"
] |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his grandmother because of difficulty breathing. Over the past two hours, the grandmother has noticed his voice getting progressively hoarser and occasionally muffled, with persistent drooling. He has not had a cough. The child recently immigrated from Africa, ... | Nasotracheal intubation | {
"A": "Nebulized albuterol",
"B": "Pharyngoscopy",
"C": "Intravenous administration of antibiotics",
"D": "Nasotracheal intubation"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"5 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"grandmother",
"difficulty breathing",
"past two hours",
"grandmother",
"voice getting",
"hoarser",
"occasionally",
"persistent drooling",
"not",
"cough",
"child recently",
"Africa",
"grandmother",
"unsure",
"immunizations",
"d... |
A 57-year-old man has worsening suprapubic discomfort 36 hours after undergoing a hemorrhoidectomy under spinal anesthesia. He reports that he has not urinated since the procedure. Examination shows a palpable bladder 4 cm above the symphysis pubis. He is treated with a drug that directly increases detrusor muscle tone... | Diaphoresis | {
"A": "Constipation",
"B": "Tachycardia",
"C": "Diaphoresis",
"D": "Mydriasis"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old man",
"worsening suprapubic discomfort 36 hours",
"hemorrhoidectomy",
"spinal anesthesia",
"reports",
"not",
"procedure",
"Examination shows",
"palpable bladder",
"symphysis pubis",
"treated with",
"drug",
"directly increases detrusor muscle tone",
"patient",
"increased risk... |
A 40-year-old woman presents with a lack of concentration at work for the last 3 months. She says that she has been working as a personal assistant to a manager at a corporate business company for the last 2 years. Upon asking why she is not able to concentrate, she answers that her colleagues are always gossiping abou... | Serum cobalamin level | {
"A": "Serum ethanol level",
"B": "Serum cobalamin level",
"C": "Serum thyroxine level",
"D": "Serum folate level"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"40 year old woman presents",
"lack of concentration",
"work",
"months",
"working",
"personal assistant",
"manager",
"corporate business company",
"last",
"years",
"not able to concentrate",
"answers",
"always gossiping",
"work hours",
"disrupts",
"concentration severely",
"husband w... |
A 64-year-old man comes to the emergency department complaining of fatigue and abdominal distension. He has a remote history of intravenous drug use. Vital signs include a normal temperature, blood pressure of 120/80 mm Hg, and a pulse of 75/min. Physical examination reveals jaundice and a firm liver. Abdominal ultraso... | Platelet sequestration | {
"A": "Bone marrow-based disorder",
"B": "Platelet sequestration",
"C": "Increased platelet clearance",
"D": "Genetic disorder"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"64 year old man",
"emergency department",
"fatigue",
"abdominal distension",
"remote history",
"intravenous drug use",
"Vital signs include",
"normal temperature",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"Physical examination reveals jaundice",
"firm liver",
"Abdominal ultrason... |
A 7-year-old boy is brought into the emergency department after he was found at home by his mother possibly drinking bleach from under the sink. The child consumed an unknown amount and appears generally well. The child has an unremarkable past medical history and is not currently taking any medications. Physical exam ... | Close observation and outpatient endoscopy in 2 to 3 weeks | {
"A": "Close observation and outpatient endoscopy in 2 to 3 weeks",
"B": "Nasogastric tube",
"C": "Titrate the alkali ingestion with a weak acid",
"D": "Urgent endoscopy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"found at home",
"mother possibly drinking bleach",
"sink",
"child",
"unknown amount",
"appears",
"well",
"child",
"unremarkable past medical history",
"not currently taking",
"medications",
"Physical exam reveals",
"normal cardiopulmo... |
A 55-year-old man is discharged from the hospital after being treated for a ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The patient became hypotensive to 87/48 mmHg with a pulse of 130/min. He was properly resuscitated, and a cardiac catheterization with stent placement was performed. Upon being discharged, the patient was sta... | Atorvastatin | {
"A": "Atorvastatin",
"B": "Ischemic hepatitis",
"C": "Lisinopril",
"D": "Nitroglycerin"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"55 year old man",
"discharged from",
"hospital",
"treated",
"ST-elevation myocardial infarction",
"patient",
"hypotensive",
"87 48 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"resuscitated",
"cardiac catheterization",
"stent placement",
"performed",
"discharged",
"patient",
"started",
"metoprolol",
... |
A 16-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician because he has noticed white plaques forming on his tongue over the last 5 days. He recently returned from a boy scout trip where he traveled across the country and hiked through the woods. His past medical history is significant for asthma for which he uses an inhaler as ... | Germ tube formation | {
"A": "Acute angle branching",
"B": "Broad-based budding",
"C": "Germ tube formation",
"D": "Virus"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy presents",
"pediatrician",
"white plaques forming",
"tongue",
"last",
"days",
"recently returned",
"boy",
"trip",
"traveled",
"country",
"woods",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"asthma",
"uses",
"inhaler as needed",
"trip",
"felt short of breath",
"times",... |
A 45-year-old male is brought into the emergency room by emergency medical services due to a stab wound in the chest. The wound is located superior and medial to the left nipple. Upon entry, the patient appears alert and is conversational, but soon becomes confused and loses consciousness. The patient's blood pressure ... | Pericardiocentesis | {
"A": "Intravenous fluids",
"B": "Heparin",
"C": "Aspirin",
"D": "Pericardiocentesis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old male",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"emergency medical services due to",
"stab wound",
"chest",
"wound",
"superior",
"medial",
"left nipple",
"entry",
"patient appears alert",
"conversational",
"confused",
"consciousness",
"patient's blood pressure",
"80 40 mmHg",
"pulse"... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought in by his mother because she is concerned that he has been “acting differently recently”. She says he no longer seems interested in playing with his friends from preschool, and she has noticed that he has stopped making eye contact with others. In addition, she says he flaps his hands when e... | Autism spectrum disorder | {
"A": "Autism spectrum disorder",
"B": "Asperger’s disorder",
"C": "Rett’s disorder",
"D": "Pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"mother",
"concerned",
"acting",
"recently",
"longer",
"interested",
"playing",
"friends",
"preschool",
"stopped making eye contact with others",
"addition",
"flaps",
"hands",
"excited",
"angry",
"only",
"playing",
"objects",
"place",
"rows",
... |
A 52 year-old woman comes to the physician because of intense retrosternal chest pain for the last three days. The pain is worse with breathing or coughing, and improves while sitting upright. She also reports a mild fever and shortness of breath. She was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease secondary to lupus nephrit... | Elevated serum levels of nitrogenous waste | {
"A": "Adverse effect of medication",
"B": "Serositis from an immunologic reaction",
"C": "Infarction of myocardial segment",
"D": "Elevated serum levels of nitrogenous waste"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of intense retrosternal chest pain",
"three days",
"pain",
"worse",
"breathing",
"coughing",
"improves",
"sitting upright",
"reports",
"mild fever",
"shortness of breath",
"diagnosed",
"chronic kidney disease secondary to lupus nephritis",
"years",
"he... |
An 83-year-old man presents to the gastroenterologist to follow-up on results from a biopsy of a pancreatic head mass, which the clinician was concerned could be pancreatic cancer. After welcoming the patient and his wife to the clinic, the physician begins to discuss the testing and leads into delivering the results, ... | "If that is your definite wish, then I must honor it" | {
"A": "\"If that is your definite wish, then I must honor it\"",
"B": "\"As a physician, I am obligated to disclose these results to you\"",
"C": "\"The cancer has spread to your liver\"",
"D": "\"Please, sir, I strongly urge you to reconsider your decision\""
} | step1 | A | [
"83 year old man presents",
"gastroenterologist to follow-up",
"results",
"biopsy",
"pancreatic head",
"clinician",
"concerned",
"pancreatic cancer",
"patient",
"wife",
"clinic",
"physician begins to discuss",
"testing",
"leads",
"delivering",
"results",
"showed metastatic pancreatic... |
A 45-year-old woman has a history of mild epigastric pain, which seems to have gotten worse over the last month. Her pain is most severe several hours after a meal and is somewhat relieved with over-the-counter antacids. The patient denies abnormal tastes in her mouth or radiating pain. She does not take any other over... | Urease breath test | {
"A": "Urease breath test",
"B": "Upper endoscopy with biopsy of gastric mucosa",
"C": "Esophageal pH monitoring",
"D": "Barium swallow"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"history",
"mild epigastric",
"to",
"gotten worse",
"month",
"pain",
"most severe",
"hours after",
"meal",
"somewhat relieved with over-the-counter antacids",
"patient denies abnormal",
"mouth",
"radiating pain",
"not take",
"over-the-counter medications",
"denies b... |
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