question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 22-year-old man presents to a physician with a single painless ulcer on his glans penis that he first noticed 2 weeks ago. He mentions that he is sexually active with multiple partners. There is no history of fevers. Initially, he thought that the ulcer would go away on its own, but decided to come to the clinic beca... | Azithromycin | {
"A": "Azithromycin",
"B": "Chloramphenicol",
"C": "Ciprofloxacin",
"D": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"physician",
"single painless ulcer",
"glans",
"first",
"2 weeks",
"sexually active",
"multiple partners",
"history",
"fevers",
"Initially",
"thought",
"ulcer",
"go",
"to",
"clinic",
"ulcer",
"palpation",
"ulcer",
"edge",
"base",
"indurated",
"pur... |
A 5-year-old girl with an aortic stenosis correction comes to the office for a follow-up visit for acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. She initiated chemotherapy a week before through a peripherally inserted central line. She reports being ‘tired all the time’ and has been bruising easily. Her vital signs are within normal l... | Infective endocarditis | {
"A": "Bleeding diathesis secondary to thrombocytopenia",
"B": "Dilated cardiomyopathy",
"C": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy",
"D": "Infective endocarditis"
} | step1 | D | [
"5 year old girl",
"aortic stenosis correction",
"office",
"follow-up visit",
"acute lymphoblastic lymphoma",
"initiated chemotherapy",
"week",
"inserted central line",
"reports",
"tired",
"time",
"bruising easily",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows several tenders",
... |
A 40-year-old pregnant woman, G4 P3, visits your office at week 30 of gestation. She is very excited about her pregnancy and wants to be the healthiest she can be in preparation for labor and for her baby. What vaccination should she receive at this visit? | Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) | {
"A": "Live attenuated influenza vaccine",
"B": "Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap)",
"C": "Varicella vaccine",
"D": "Herpes zoster vaccine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"40 year old pregnant woman",
"P3",
"visits",
"office",
"week 30",
"gestation",
"very excited",
"pregnancy",
"to",
"healthiest",
"preparation",
"labor",
"baby",
"vaccination",
"receive",
"visit"
] |
A 62-year-old Caucasian male presents to your office with hemoptysis and hematuria. On physical exam you note a saddle nose deformity. Laboratory results show an elevated level of cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for this patient? | Corticosteroids | {
"A": "Smoking cessation",
"B": "IV immunoglobulin",
"C": "Corticosteroids",
"D": "Discontinuation of ibuprofen"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old Caucasian male presents",
"office",
"hemoptysis",
"hematuria",
"physical exam",
"note",
"saddle nose deformity",
"Laboratory results show",
"elevated level",
"cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody",
"following interventions",
"most appropriate",
"patient"
] |
A 54-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after the sudden onset of shortness of breath, severe chest pain, and sweating. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack and a half of cigarettes daily for 20 years. An ECG shows ST-segment elevations in leads II, III, and a... | Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin | {
"A": "Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin",
"B": "Prevention of thromboxane formation",
"C": "Inhibition of glutamic acid residue carboxylation",
"D": "Direct inhibition of thrombin activity"
} | step1 | A | [
"54 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hour",
"sudden onset of shortness",
"breath",
"severe chest",
"sweating",
"hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"smoked one pack",
"half",
"cigarettes daily",
"20 years",
"ECG shows ST-segment elevations",
"leads",
"III",
... |
A 70-year-old man presents to the outpatient clinic for a routine health checkup. He recently lost his hearing completely in both ears and has occasional flare-ups of osteoarthritis in his hands and hips. He is a non-diabetic and hypertensive for the past 25 years. His brother recently died due to prostate cancer. His ... | Paget's disease of the bone | {
"A": "Paget's disease of the bone",
"B": "Metastatic bone disease",
"C": "Plasmacytoma",
"D": "Primary hyperparathyroidism"
} | step1 | A | [
"70 year old man presents",
"outpatient clinic",
"routine health checkup",
"recently lost",
"hearing completely",
"ears",
"occasional flare-ups",
"osteoarthritis",
"hands",
"hips",
"non diabetic",
"hypertensive",
"past",
"years",
"brother recently died due to prostate cancer",
"current... |
A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after suffering a catastrophic fall while skiing during a training session. He was found unconscious by the aeromedical emergency services team, who established an airway and cervical spine control measures. Upon arrival at the emergency department, ventilatory support... | Central herniation | {
"A": "Uncal herniation",
"B": "Subfalcine herniation",
"C": "Central herniation",
"D": "Downward cerebellar herniation"
} | step1 | C | [
"35 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"suffering",
"fall",
"skiing",
"training session",
"found unconscious",
"emergency services team",
"established",
"airway",
"cervical spine control measures",
"arrival",
"emergency department",
"support",
"started followed by",
"evaluat... |
An 11-year-old boy with Burkitt lymphoma is brought to the emergency department because of nausea, vomiting, flank pain, and dark urine for 1 day. Two days ago, he began induction chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisolone, and doxorubicin. Urinalysis shows 3+ blood and abundant amber-colored, rhombo... | Alkalinization of the urine | {
"A": "Administration of ceftriaxone",
"B": "Alkalinization of the urine",
"C": "Administration of probenecid",
"D": "Administration of hydrochlorothiazide\n\""
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"Burkitt lymphoma",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"flank pain",
"dark urine",
"1 day",
"Two days",
"began induction chemotherapy",
"cyclophosphamide",
"vincristine",
"prednisolone",
"doxorubicin",
"Urinalysis shows 3",
"blood",
"abundant a... |
A 42-year-old male with a history significant for IV drug use comes to the emergency department complaining of persistent fatigue and malaise for the past three weeks. On physical exam, you observe a lethargic male with icteric sclera and hepatomegaly. AST and ALT are elevated at 600 and 750, respectively. HCV RNA is p... | Combined interferon and ribavirin | {
"A": "Interferon",
"B": "Ribavirin",
"C": "Lamivudine",
"D": "Combined interferon and ribavirin"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old male",
"history significant",
"IV drug use",
"emergency department",
"persistent fatigue",
"malaise",
"past three weeks",
"physical exam",
"observe",
"lethargic male",
"icteric sclera",
"hepatomegaly",
"AST",
"ALT",
"elevated",
"600",
"750",
"HCV RNA",
"positive",
"Al... |
A 41-year-old woman comes to the doctor because of gradually progressive weakness in her right hand over the past few weeks. She goes to the gym to lift weights 5 times a week. With the dorsum of the right hand on a flat surface, the patient is unable to move her thumb to touch a pen held 2 cm above the interphalangeal... | Abductor pollicis brevis | {
"A": "Adductor pollicis",
"B": "Flexor pollicis longus",
"C": "Abductor pollicis brevis",
"D": "Opponens pollicis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"doctor",
"of",
"progressive weakness",
"right hand",
"past",
"weeks",
"goes",
"lift weights",
"times",
"week",
"dorsum of",
"right hand",
"flat surface",
"patient",
"unable to move",
"thumb to touch",
"pen held 2",
"interphalangeal joint of",
"thumb",
"MRI"... |
A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because she started experiencing dyspnea and urticaria after dinner. Her symptoms began approximately 15 minutes after eating a new type of shellfish that she has never had before. On physical exam her breathing is labored, and pulmonary auscultation reveals whee... | Chemotaxis | {
"A": "Chemotaxis",
"B": "Clearance of immune complexes",
"C": "Direct cytolysis",
"D": "Opsonization of pathogens"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"started experiencing dyspnea",
"urticaria",
"dinner",
"symptoms began approximately 15 minutes",
"eating a new type",
"shellfish",
"never",
"before",
"physical exam",
"breathing",
"labored",
"pulmonary auscultation reveals wheezing",
"G... |
A previously healthy 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of 6 months of progressive fatigue and weight loss. His mother reports that during this time, he has had decreased energy and has become a “picky eater.” He often has loose stools and complains of occasional abdominal pain and nausea.... | Glucocorticoids | {
"A": "Levothyroxine",
"B": "Glucocorticoids",
"C": "Hyperbaric oxygen",
"D": "Deferoxamine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"months",
"progressive fatigue",
"weight loss",
"mother reports",
"time",
"decreased energy",
"picky eater",
"often",
"loose stools",
"occasional abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"family moved to",
"different house",
"months"... |
A 10-year-old girl presents to your office with a fever and rash. Her mother first noticed the rash 2 days ago after a camping trip. The rash began on her wrists and ankles and has now spread to her palms and the soles of her feet. This morning, she was feeling unwell and complaining of a headache. She had a fever of 1... | Cross-reactivity of serum with proteus antigens | {
"A": "Granulocytes with morulae in the cytoplasm",
"B": "Cross-reactivity of serum with proteus antigens",
"C": "Monocytes with morulae in the cytoplasm",
"D": "Positive Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies"
} | step1 | B | [
"A 10 year old girl presents",
"office",
"fever",
"rash",
"mother first",
"rash 2 days",
"camping trip",
"rash began",
"wrists",
"ankles",
"now spread",
"palms",
"soles of",
"feet",
"morning",
"feeling unwell",
"complaining of a headache",
"fever",
"prompting",
"mother to",
"... |
A 54-year-old man suffered an anterior wall myocardial infarction that was managed in the cath lab with emergent coronary stenting and revascularization. The patient states that his wife, adult children, and cousins may be disclosed information regarding his care and health information. The patient has been progressing... | Discuss the patient's hospital course and expected prognosis with the woman | {
"A": "Direct the woman to discuss these issues with the patient himself",
"B": "Discuss the patient's hospital course and expected prognosis with the woman",
"C": "Decline to comment per HIPAA patient confidentiality regulations",
"D": "Ask the patient if it is acceptable to share information with this indivi... | step2&3 | B | [
"54 year old man suffered",
"anterior wall myocardial infarction",
"managed",
"lab",
"emergent coronary stenting",
"revascularization",
"patient states",
"wife",
"adult children",
"cousins",
"information",
"care",
"health information",
"patient",
"progressing well",
"further complicati... |
An otherwise healthy 28-year-old primigravid woman at 30 weeks' gestation comes to the physician with a 5-day history of epigastric pain and nausea that is worse at night. Two years ago, she was diagnosed with a peptic ulcer and was treated with a proton pump inhibitor and antibiotics. Medications include folic acid an... | Stretching of Glisson capsule | {
"A": "Bacterial infection of the kidney",
"B": "Inflammation of the lower esophageal mucosa",
"C": "Stretching of Glisson capsule",
"D": "Acute inflammation of the pancreas"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old primigravid woman",
"30 weeks",
"estation ",
"hysician ",
"-day istory ",
"pigastric pain ",
"ausea ",
"orse ",
"ight.",
"wo ears ",
"iagnosed ",
"eptic ulcer ",
"reated with ",
"roton pump inhibitor ",
"ntibiotics.",
"edications nclude olic acid ",
"ultivi... |
A 54-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of progressive tingling and weakness in both of his legs for the past two days. The patient reports that his symptoms interfere with his ability to walk. Two weeks ago, he had an upper respiratory tract infection, which resolved spontaneously. His vital s... | Respiratory failure | {
"A": "Thymoma",
"B": "Urinary incontinence",
"C": "Respiratory failure",
"D": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"54 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"progressive tingling",
"weakness in both",
"legs",
"past two days",
"patient reports",
"symptoms interfere",
"ability to walk",
"Two weeks",
"upper respiratory tract infection",
"resolved",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examinat... |
A 44-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of productive cough, fever, and lethargy. He also has several skin lesions over his body. His symptoms began 3 weeks after he returned from a camping trip in Kentucky. Three years ago, he underwent kidney transplantation for polycystic kidney disease.... | Blastomycosis | {
"A": "Mucormycosis",
"B": "Coccidioidomycosis",
"C": "Cryptococcosis",
"D": "Blastomycosis"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"3 week history",
"productive cough",
"fever",
"lethargy",
"several skin lesions",
"body",
"symptoms began 3 weeks",
"returned",
"camping trip",
"Kentucky",
"Three years",
"kidney",
"polycystic",
"disease",
"Current include sirolimus",
"prednisone",
"... |
A 47-year-old woman presents for a routine wellness checkup. She complains of general fatigue and lethargy for the past 6 months. She does not have a significant past medical history and is currently not taking any medications. The patient reports that she drinks “socially” approx. 6 nights a week. She says she also en... | Iron deficiency anemia | {
"A": "Iron deficiency anemia",
"B": "Chronic alcohol abuse",
"C": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)",
"D": "Aplastic anemia"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"routine wellness checkup",
"general fatigue",
"lethargy",
"past 6 months",
"not",
"significant past medical history",
"currently not taking",
"medications",
"patient reports",
"drinks",
"nights",
"week",
"glasses",
"wine",
"bed",
"night",
"denies",
"hi... |
A 39-year-old male is rushed to the emergency department after he developed a sudden-onset severe headache with ensuing nausea, vomiting, vision changes, and loss of consciousness. Past medical history is unattainable. He reports that the headache is worse than any he has experienced before. Noncontrast CT of the head ... | Kidney ultrasound showing numerous bilateral renal cysts | {
"A": "Brain MRI showing a butterfly glioma with a central necrotic core",
"B": "Abdominal CT suggestive of renal cell carcinoma",
"C": "Kidney ultrasound showing numerous bilateral renal cysts",
"D": "History of renal transplantation at 8 years of age"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old male",
"rushed",
"emergency department",
"sudden-onset severe headache",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"vision changes",
"loss of consciousness",
"Past medical history",
"reports",
"headache",
"worse",
"experienced before",
"CT of",
"head",
"significant",
"intracranial hemorrhage",... |
A 15-year-old girl comes to the physician for a well-child examination. She feels well. Her father has coronary artery disease and hypertension. Her mother has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and had a myocardial infarction at the age of 52 years. She is at the 25th percentile for height and above the 9... | Reduced-calorie diet | {
"A": "Niacin therapy",
"B": "Reduced-calorie diet",
"C": "Atorvastatin therapy",
"D": "Metformin therapy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old girl",
"physician",
"well",
"feels well",
"father",
"coronary artery disease",
"hypertension",
"mother",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"myocardial infarction",
"age",
"years",
"percentile",
"height",
"95th percentile",
"weight",
"BMI",
"kg/m2",
"... |
A 55-year-old woman who is an established patient presents to your office. She is complaining of increased urination and increased thirst. She has recently began taking several over-the-counter vitamins and supplements. On further review, she reports she has also been having abdominal pain and constipation. She denies ... | Calcium level | {
"A": "Pyridoxine levels",
"B": "Niacin levels",
"C": "Calcium level",
"D": "Free T4 levels"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"55 year old woman",
"established patient presents",
"office",
"increased urination",
"increased thirst",
"recently began taking several over-the-counter vitamins",
"supplements",
"further review",
"reports",
"abdominal pain",
"constipation",
"denies significant weight changes",
"fingerstick... |
A 9-year-old boy is brought to his primary care physician after his mom noticed that he was limping. He says that he has been experiencing significant hip and knee pain over the last 2 months but thought he may have just strained a muscle. Radiographs show a collapse of the femoral head, and he is diagnosed with Legg-C... | Polyubiquitination of proteins | {
"A": "Decreased formation of double membrane bound vesicles",
"B": "Increased formation of double membrane bound vesicles",
"C": "Monoubiquitination of proteins",
"D": "Polyubiquitination of proteins"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"primary care physician",
"mom",
"limping",
"experiencing significant hip",
"knee pain",
"months",
"thought",
"strained",
"muscle",
"Radiographs show",
"collapse of",
"femoral head",
"diagnosed",
"Legg-Calve-Perthes disease",
"surgery",
"placed",
"cast"... |
A 36-year-old African American G1P0010 presents to her gynecologist for an annual visit. She has a medical history of hypertension, for which she takes hydrochlorothiazide. The patient’s mother had breast cancer at age 68, and her sister has endometriosis. At this visit, the patient’s temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), bl... | Iron deficiency anemia | {
"A": "Infertility",
"B": "Uterine prolapse",
"C": "Endometrial cancer",
"D": "Iron deficiency anemia"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"36 year old African American",
"presents",
"gynecologist",
"annual visit",
"medical",
"takes hydrochlorothiazide",
"patients mother",
"breast cancer",
"age 68",
"sister",
"endometriosis",
"visit",
"patients temperature",
"98",
"blood pressure",
"74 mmHg",
"pulse",
"80 min",
"res... |
A 56-year-old previously healthy woman with no other past medical history is post-operative day one from an open reduction and internal fixation of a fractured right radius and ulna after a motor vehicle accident. What is one of the primary ways of preventing postoperative pneumonia in this patient? | Incentive spirometry | {
"A": "In-hospital intravenous antibiotics",
"B": "Hyperbaric oxygenation",
"C": "Incentive spirometry",
"D": "Shallow breathing exercises"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old",
"healthy woman",
"past medical history",
"post-operative day one",
"open reduction",
"internal fixation",
"fractured",
"ulna",
"motor vehicle accident",
"one",
"primary",
"preventing postoperative pneumonia",
"patient"
] |
A 28-year-old gravida-2-para-1 at 12 weeks gestation presents for a prenatal visit. Over the past week, she has felt increasingly tired, even after waking up in the morning. She is vegan and avoids all animal products. She was diagnosed with Graves’ disease 6 months ago. Before conception, methimazole was switched to p... | Drug-induced marrow failure | {
"A": "Autoimmune hemolysis",
"B": "Drug-induced marrow failure",
"C": "Hemodilution of pregnancy",
"D": "Vitamin B12 deficiency"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old gravida",
"weeks presents",
"prenatal visit",
"past week",
"felt",
"tired",
"waking",
"morning",
"vegan",
"animal products",
"diagnosed",
"Graves disease",
"months",
"conception",
"methimazole",
"switched",
"propylthiouracil",
"medications include folic acid",
"multivit... |
A 29-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has no history of serious illness. His mother has hypertension and his father died of testicular cancer at the age of 51 years. He does not smoke or drink. He is sexually active and uses condoms consistently. He takes no medicatio... | Hepatitis A vaccine | {
"A": "Malaria chemoprophylaxis",
"B": "Rabies vaccine",
"C": "Yellow fever vaccine",
"D": "Hepatitis A vaccine"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"29 year old man",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"history",
"serious illness",
"mother",
"hypertension",
"father died of testicular cancer",
"age",
"years",
"not smoke",
"drink",
"sexually active",
"uses condoms",
"takes",
"medications",
"immunization records... |
A 39-year-old woman seeks evaluation from her gynecologist due to recent changes in her menstrual cycle. Her last menstrual period was greater than 12 months ago. She has 2 children and had regular menstrual periods in the past. She also complains of difficulty in falling and staying asleep, occasional hot flashes, vag... | Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) | {
"A": "Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)",
"B": "Pituitary adenoma",
"C": "Hyperthyroidism",
"D": "Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"evaluation",
"gynecologist due to recent changes",
"menstrual cycle",
"last menstrual period",
"greater than 12 months",
"has",
"children",
"regular menstrual periods",
"past",
"difficulty",
"falling",
"asleep",
"occasional hot flashes",
"vaginal dryness",
"decreased... |
A 52-year-old female was found upon mammography to have branching calcifications in the right lower breast. Physical exam revealed a palpable nodularity in the same location. A tissue biopsy was taken from the lesion, and the pathology report diagnosed the lesion as comedocarcinoma. Which of the following histological ... | Pleomorphic cells surrounding areas of caseous necrosis | {
"A": "Orderly rows of cells surrounding lobules",
"B": "Disordered glandular cells invading the ductal basement membrane",
"C": "Halo cells in epidermal tissue",
"D": "Pleomorphic cells surrounding areas of caseous necrosis"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old female",
"found",
"mammography to",
"branching calcifications",
"right lower breast",
"Physical exam revealed",
"palpable nodularity",
"same location",
"tissue biopsy",
"taken",
"lesion",
"pathology report diagnosed",
"lesion",
"comedocarcinoma",
"following histological finding... |
A 6-year-old male presents to the pediatrician with seizures. His mother reports that the patient has had two seizures lasting about 30 seconds each over the last three days. She reports that the patient has previously had seizures a few times per year since he was 12 months of age. The patient’s past medical history i... | Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15 | {
"A": "Chromosomal macrodeletion on chromosome 5",
"B": "Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15",
"C": "Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15",
"D": "Trinucleotide repeat disorder"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old male presents",
"pediatrician",
"seizures",
"mother reports",
"patient",
"two seizures lasting",
"30 seconds",
"last three days",
"reports",
"patient",
"seizures",
"few times",
"year",
"months",
"age",
"patients past medical history",
"notable",
"intellectual disability",... |
A 29-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of progressive loss of vision in her left eye and gradual blurring of vision in her right eye over the past 2 months. She also says that she has had occasional headaches and has noticed a decrease in her sense of smell lately. The patient's only medication i... | Meningioma | {
"A": "Pseudotumor cerebri",
"B": "Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy",
"C": "Meningioma",
"D": "Multiple sclerosis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"29 year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation of progressive loss",
"vision",
"left eye",
"gradual blurring of vision",
"right eye",
"past",
"months",
"occasional headaches",
"decrease",
"sense of smell",
"patient's only medication",
"fexofenadine",
"seasonal allergies",
"5 ft 2",
"t... |
A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient is a healthy young man with no significant past medical history. He is a MD/PhD student and lives in New York City. He exercises frequently and is doing very well in school. He is currently sexually active with multiple female p... | Decreased GnRH | {
"A": "Decreased bone density",
"B": "Decreased GnRH",
"C": "Increased HDL",
"D": "Increased sperm count"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"general checkup",
"patient",
"healthy young man",
"significant past medical history",
"PhD student",
"lives",
"New York City",
"exercises frequently",
"very well",
"school",
"currently sexually active",
"multiple female partners",
"not ... |
A 72-year-old man presents to the physician with blood in his sputum for 3 days. He also mentions that he has had a cough for the last 3 months but thought that it was because of the winter season. He also has often experienced fatigue recently. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the respiratory rate is 15/min, the pu... | Platinum-based chemotherapy plus etoposide and thoracic radiation therapy | {
"A": "Lobectomy with adjuvant topotecan-based chemotherapy",
"B": "Pneumonectomy with adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy and thoracic radiation therapy",
"C": "Platinum-based chemotherapy plus etoposide and thoracic radiation therapy",
"D": "Topotecan-based chemotherapy plus thoracic radiation therapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"72 year old man presents",
"physician",
"blood",
"sputum",
"3 days",
"cough",
"months",
"thought",
"of",
"winter season",
"often experienced fatigue recently",
"temperature",
"98",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"pulse",
"67 min",
"blood pressure",
"98 mm Hg",
"Auscultation",
"c... |
A 34-year-old man is brought to a psychiatric hospital by friends for erratic behavior. He has been up for the past several nights painting his apartment walls purple and reading the Bible out loud, as well as talking fast and making sexually provocative comments. Collateral information from family reveals 2 similar ep... | Continue lithium lifelong | {
"A": "Continue lithium lifelong",
"B": "Continue lithium until a therapeutic serum lithium level is reached, then taper it",
"C": "Cross-taper lithium to aripiprazole for maintenance therapy",
"D": "Discontinue lithium, but re-start in the future if the patient has another manic episode"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"psychiatric hospital",
"friends",
"behavior",
"past",
"nights painting",
"apartment walls purple",
"reading",
"Bible out loud",
"talking fast",
"making sexually provocative comments",
"Collateral information",
"family reveals 2 similar episodes last year",
"Me... |
A 70-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination of diffuse exertional chest pain which he has successfully been treating with sublingual nitroglycerin for the past year. The patient has been taking lisinopril daily for essential hypertension. His pulse is 75/min and regular, and blood pressure is 1... | End-diastolic pressure | {
"A": "Peripheral arterial resistance",
"B": "Electrical conduction speed",
"C": "Venous pooling",
"D": "End-diastolic pressure"
} | step1 | D | [
"70 year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination of diffuse exertional chest pain",
"treating",
"sublingual nitroglycerin",
"past year",
"patient",
"taking lisinopril daily",
"essential hypertension",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"regular",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg",
"Cardiac",
"pulmona... |
A 78-year-old woman living in New Jersey is brought to the emergency department in July with a fever for 5 days. Lethargy is present. She has had bloody urine over the last 48 hours but denies any nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She has not traveled a... | Babesiosis | {
"A": "Babesiosis",
"B": "Malaria",
"C": "Plague",
"D": "Leishmaniasis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman living",
"New Jersey",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"July",
"fever",
"5 days",
"Lethargy",
"present",
"bloody urine",
"48 hours",
"denies",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"abdominal pain",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"not traveled",
"out... |
A 26-year-old woman is referred to a reproduction specialist because of an inability to conceive. She comes with her husband, who was previously examined for causes of male infertility, but was shown to be healthy. The patient has a history of 2 pregnancies at the age of 15 and 17, which were both terminated in the fir... | The patient can make the decision about the treatment herself because she does not show signs of decision-making incapability. | {
"A": "The patient can make the decision about the treatment herself because she does not show signs of decision-making incapability.",
"B": "The decision must be made by both the wife and the husband because of the patient’s mental illness.",
"C": "Because of the patient’s mental disease, the consent should be ... | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"referred",
"reproduction specialist",
"to",
"husband",
"examined",
"causes",
"male infertility",
"shown to",
"healthy",
"patient",
"history of",
"pregnancies",
"age",
"terminated",
"first trimester",
"menarche at",
"age",
"menstrual cycles began to",
"regular... |
A 28-year-old man is referred to the dermatologist for 2 months of increasing appearance of multiple smooth, circular patches of complete hair loss on his scalp. He says that the patches have associated pruritus and a burning sensation, and are not improving with the over-the-counter products recommended by his hair st... | Alopecia areata | {
"A": "Tinea capitis",
"B": "Telogen effluvium",
"C": "Androgenic alopecia",
"D": "Alopecia areata"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"referred",
"dermatologist",
"2 months of increasing appearance",
"multiple smooth",
"circular",
"complete hair",
"scalp",
"patches",
"associated pruritus",
"burning sensation",
"not improving",
"the over",
"counter products recommended",
"hair",
"denies pulling",
"ha... |
A 71-year-old woman presents to her hematologist-oncologist for follow up after having begun doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in addition to radiation therapy for the treatment of her stage 3 breast cancer. Her past medical history is significant for preeclampsia, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and hypercho... | Doxorubicin has a maximum lifetime dose, due to the risk of cardiac toxicity | {
"A": "Doxorubicin frequently causes an acneiform rash",
"B": "Doxorubicin will increase her risk for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)",
"C": "Doxorubicin has a maximum lifetime dose, due to the risk of cardiac toxicity",
"D": "Doxorubicin has a maximum lifetime dose, due to the risk of p... | step2&3 | C | [
"71 year old woman presents",
"hematologist oncologist",
"follow up",
"begun doxorubicin",
"cyclophosphamide in addition to radiation",
"treatment",
"stage 3 breast cancer",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"preeclampsia",
"hypertension",
"polycystic ovarian syndrome",
"hypercholestero... |
A 34-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of left testicular swelling. He has no pain. He underwent a left inguinal hernia repair as a child. He takes no medications. He appears healthy. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows an enlarged, nontender left testicle. When the... | Seminoma | {
"A": "Spermatocele of testis",
"B": "Choriocarcinoma",
"C": "Yolk sac tumor",
"D": "Seminoma"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"3 week history",
"left testicular swelling",
"pain",
"left",
"child",
"takes",
"medications",
"appears healthy",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows",
"enlarged",
"nontender left",
"patient",
"to cough",
"bulge present",
"scrot... |
A 33-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with pain in her right wrist. She says she was walking on the sidewalk a few hours ago when she suddenly slipped and landed forcefully on her outstretched right hand with her palm facing down. The patient is afebrile, and vital signs are within normal limits. Phy... | Bone labeled 'D' | {
"A": "Bone labeled 'A'",
"B": "Bone labeled 'B'",
"C": "Bone labeled 'D'",
"D": "Bone labeled 'E'"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"pain in",
"right wrist",
"walking",
"sidewalk",
"few hours",
"slipped",
"landed",
"right hand",
"palm",
"patient",
"afebrile",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Physical examination of",
"right wrist shows mild edema",
"tenderness"... |
A 24-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for regular prenatal care at 31 weeks gestation . She has no complaints and the antepartum course has been uncomplicated. Her pre-gestational history is significant for obesity (BMI = 30.5 kg/m2). She has gained a total of 10 kg (22.4 lb) during pregnancy,; and 2 k... | Observation in the outpatient settings | {
"A": "Admission to hospital for observation",
"B": "Treatment in outpatient settings with labetalol",
"C": "Observation in the outpatient settings",
"D": "Treatment in the outpatient settings with nifedipine"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old primigravida presents",
"physician",
"regular prenatal care",
"31 weeks gestation",
"complaints",
"antepartum",
"course",
"uncomplicated",
"pre",
"significant",
"obesity",
"BMI",
"30",
"kg/m2",
"gained",
"total",
"10 kg",
"pregnancy",
"2 kg",
"4 48",
"last visit",
... |
A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of fever, congestion, and malaise for the past 2 days. He reports a sensation of pressure over his nose and cheeks. Over the past year, he has had an intermittent cough productive of green sputum and lately has noticed some streaks of blood in the sput... | Immotile sperm | {
"A": "Defective interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain",
"B": "Increased forced expiratory volume",
"C": "Increased sweat chloride levels",
"D": "Immotile sperm"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"father",
"fever",
"congestion",
"malaise",
"past 2 days",
"reports",
"sensation of pressure",
"nose",
"cheeks",
"past year",
"intermittent cough productive",
"green sputum",
"streaks",
"blood",
"sputum",
"over 10 episodes of sinusitis",
... |
A 26-year-old woman presents with episodes of intermittent fever, arthralgias, constant fatigue, weight loss, and plaque-like rash on sun-exposed areas, which have been gradually increasing over the last 6 months. On presentation, her vital signs include: blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 87/min, respirator... | Ineffective clearance of cellular debris | {
"A": "Base-excision repair",
"B": "DNA transcription",
"C": "Protein folding",
"D": "Ineffective clearance of cellular debris"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"episodes of intermittent fever",
"arthralgias",
"constant fatigue",
"weight loss",
"plaque-like rash",
"sun-exposed areas",
"increasing",
"months",
"presentation",
"vital signs include",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"87 min",
"respiratory rate... |
A medical student is reviewing dose-response curves of various experimental drugs. She is specifically interested in the different factors that cause the curve to shift in different directions. From her study, she plots the following graph (see image). She marks the blue curve for drug A, which acts optimally on a rece... | Lower potency | {
"A": "Lower potency",
"B": "Higher potency",
"C": "Increased affinity",
"D": "Decreased efficacy"
} | step1 | A | [
"medical student",
"reviewing dose-response curves",
"various experimental drugs",
"interested",
"different factors",
"cause",
"curve to shift",
"different directions",
"study",
"following graph",
"see image",
"marks",
"blue curve",
"drug",
"acts",
"receptor",
"drawing",
"second",
... |
A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of a lump on her neck. The lump is mildly painful. She appears healthy. Examination shows a swelling on the left side of her neck that moves on swallowing. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Her TSH is 3.6 μU/mL. Ultrasound shows a... | Thyroid lobectomy | {
"A": "Watchful waiting",
"B": "Thyroid lobectomy",
"C": "Radioiodine therapy",
"D": "Total thyroidectomy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"40 year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"lump",
"neck",
"lump",
"mildly painful",
"appears healthy",
"Examination shows",
"swelling",
"the left side of",
"neck",
"moves",
"swallowing",
"Cardiopulmonary examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"3.6 U/mL",
"Ultrasound shows"... |
A 46-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider for itching. She reports that she has always had dry skin but that the itching has gotten significantly worse over the last few years. The patient also endorses fatigue and dull abdominal pain. Her past medical history includes Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, mitral va... | Hyperlipidemia | {
"A": "Hyperlipidemia",
"B": "Skin hyperpigmentation",
"C": "Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies",
"D": "Personality changes"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care provider",
"itching",
"reports",
"always",
"dry skin",
"itching",
"gotten",
"worse",
"years",
"patient",
"fatigue",
"dull abdominal",
"past medical history includes Hashimotos thyroiditis",
"mitral valve prolapse",
"osteoarthritis",
"takes lev... |
A 67-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus and benign prostatic hyperplasia comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of sneezing and clear nasal discharge. He has had similar symptoms occasionally in the past. His current medications include metformin and tamsulosin. Examination of the nasal cavity shows ... | Desloratadine | {
"A": "Desloratadine",
"B": "Theophylline",
"C": "Nizatidine",
"D": "Amoxicillin"
} | step1 | A | [
"67 year old man",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"benign prostatic hyperplasia",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"sneezing",
"clear nasal discharge",
"similar symptoms occasionally",
"past",
"current medications include metformin",
"tamsulosin",
"Examination of",
"nasal cavity shows red",
"swo... |
A 24-year-old man presents with recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea with fatty porridge-like stools and occasional blood up to 8 times per day, joint pain, and weight loss. Ileocolonoscopy shows regions of erythema, swelling, and cobblestone-like appearance of the ascending colon and terminal ileum. Targeted biopsies ar... | Cryptitis | {
"A": "Crypt ulcer",
"B": "Cryptitis",
"C": "Granuloma",
"D": "Epithelial cell dysplasia"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"recurrent abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"porridge",
"stools",
"occasional blood",
"times",
"day",
"joint pain",
"weight loss",
"shows regions",
"erythema",
"swelling",
"appearance",
"ascending colon",
"terminal ileum",
"Targeted biopsies",
"taken",
"evalu... |
A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of progressively worsening shortness of breath and fever for 2 days. He also has a nonproductive cough. He does not have chest pain or headache. He has chronic myeloid leukemia and had a bone marrow transplant 3 months ago. His current medications include busu... | Ganciclovir | {
"A": "Levofloxacin",
"B": "Acyclovir",
"C": "Ganciclovir",
"D": "Azithromycin"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"worsening shortness of breath",
"fever",
"2 days",
"nonproductive cough",
"not",
"chest pain",
"headache",
"chronic myeloid leukemia",
"bone marrow transplant",
"months",
"current medications include busulfan",
"mycophenolate mofetil",
"tacrolimus... |
A 20-year-old student is referred to his college's student health department because his roommates are concerned about his recent behavior. He rarely leaves his room, has not showered in several days, appears to be praying constantly even though he is not religious, and has not been studying despite previously being an... | Associated with development of retinal deposits | {
"A": "Associated with development of retinal deposits",
"B": "Higher affinity for receptors than comparable drugs",
"C": "Less sedation and hypotension than comparable drugs",
"D": "More extrapyramidal symptoms than comparable drugs"
} | step1 | A | [
"20 year old student",
"referred",
"college's student health department",
"roommates",
"concerned",
"recent behavior",
"rarely leaves",
"room",
"not showered",
"days",
"appears to",
"praying constantly",
"not religious",
"not",
"studying",
"extremely good student",
"evaluating",
"p... |
A researcher is investigating the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage associated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment in severe ischemic stroke. The outcomes of a large randomized controlled trial of ischemic stroke patients, some of whom were randomized to tPA, is shown:
Symptomatic intracerebral... | 100 | {
"A": "6",
"B": "13",
"C": "1.2",
"D": "100"
} | step1 | D | [
"researcher",
"investigating",
"risk",
"symptomatic intracerebral associated with tissue plasminogen activator",
"treatment",
"severe ischemic stroke",
"outcomes",
"large randomized controlled trial",
"ischemic stroke patients",
"randomized",
"tPA",
"shown",
"Symptomatic intracerebral hemorr... |
An 31-year-old Israeli male with a history of heavy smoking presents to your office with painful ulcerations on his hands and feet. Upon examination, he is found to have hypersensitivity to intradermally injected tobacco extract. Which of the following processes is most likely responsible for his condition? | Segmental vasculitis of small and medium-sized arteries | {
"A": "Increased endothelial permeability",
"B": "Necrotizing inflammation involving renal arteries",
"C": "Segmental vasculitis of small and medium-sized arteries",
"D": "Concentric thickening of the arteriolar wall"
} | step1 | C | [
"31 year old Israeli male",
"history of heavy smoking presents",
"office",
"painful ulcerations",
"hands",
"feet",
"examination",
"found to",
"hypersensitivity",
"injected tobacco extract",
"following processes",
"most likely responsible",
"condition"
] |
A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of increasing swelling of his legs and generalized fatigue for 1 month. During this period he has also had a productive cough and shortness of breath. He has been unable to carry out his daily activities. He has a history of recurrent respiratory tract infections an... | Cystic fibrosis | {
"A": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy",
"B": "Protein malnutrition",
"C": "Goodpasture syndrome",
"D": "Cystic fibrosis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"of increasing swelling",
"legs",
"generalized fatigue",
"month",
"period",
"productive cough",
"shortness of breath",
"unable to carry out",
"daily activities",
"history",
"recurrent respiratory tract infections",
"chronic nasal",
"childhood",
... |
A 49-year-old female with a long history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus visits her primary care physician with 2+ non-pitting edema in her legs. The patient has a serum creatinine of 2.9 mg/dL and a blood urea nitrogen of 61 mg/dL. A 24-hour urine collection reveals 8.5 grams of protein. A renal biopsy is obtai... | Nodular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane | {
"A": "Normal glomeruli",
"B": "Nodular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane",
"C": "Crescentic proliferation in Bowman’s space",
"D": "Lymphocytic infiltration of glomerular tufts"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old female",
"long history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus visits",
"primary care physician",
"2",
"non pitting edema",
"legs",
"patient",
"serum creatinine",
"mg dL",
"blood urea nitrogen",
"61 mg/dL",
"24-hour urine collection reveals 8.5 grams",
"protein",
"renal biopsy",
... |
A 72-year-old man with longstanding history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension presents to the emergency department with sudden-onset numbness. On your neurological exam, you note that he has loss of sensation on the left side of his face, arm, and leg. His motor strength exam is normal, as are his cranial nerves. W... | Thalamic stroke | {
"A": "Middle cerebral artery stroke",
"B": "Conversion disorder",
"C": "Thalamic stroke",
"D": "Basilar artery stroke"
} | step1 | C | [
"72 year old man",
"history of diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension presents",
"emergency department",
"sudden-onset numbness",
"neurological exam",
"note",
"loss of sensation",
"left side of",
"face",
"arm",
"leg",
"motor strength exam",
"normal",
"cranial nerves",
"following",
"most l... |
A 24-year-old graduate student is brought to the emergency department by her boyfriend because of chest pain that started 90 minutes ago. Her boyfriend says she has been taking medication to help her study for an important exam and has not slept in several days. On examination, she is diaphoretic, agitated, and attempt... | Lorazepam | {
"A": "Dantrolene",
"B": "Activated charcoal",
"C": "Ketamine",
"D": "Lorazepam"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old graduate student",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"boyfriend",
"of chest pain",
"started 90 minutes",
"boyfriend",
"taking medication to help",
"study",
"important exam",
"not slept",
"days",
"examination",
"diaphoretic",
"agitated",
"attempts to remove",
"IV lines",
... |
A 19-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for 4 hours. Initially, the pain was dull and located diffusely around his umbilicus, but it has now become sharper and moved towards his lower right side. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. H... | Perform laparoscopic appendectomy | {
"A": "Begin bowel rest and nasogastric aspiration",
"B": "Perform percutaneous drainage",
"C": "Prescribe oral amoxicillin and clavulanic acid",
"D": "Perform laparoscopic appendectomy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"hours",
"Initially",
"pain",
"dull",
"umbilicus",
"now",
"sharper",
"moved",
"lower right side",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"temperature",
"100",
"blood pressure",
"8... |
A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 2 hours after the onset of severe nausea and vomiting. He also has cramping abdominal pain and feels fatigued. Two months ago, he injured his lumbar spine in a car accident and lost complete motor and sensory function below the level of injury. He has been bedrid... | Bisphosphonates | {
"A": "Reduced calcium intake",
"B": "Hemodialysis",
"C": "Bisphosphonates",
"D": "Glucocorticoids"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"57 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hours",
"onset",
"severe nausea",
"vomiting",
"cramping abdominal",
"feels fatigued",
"Two months",
"injured",
"lumbar spine",
"car accident",
"lost complete motor",
"sensory function",
"level of injury",
"bedridden ever",
"car... |
A 49-year-old homeless man comes to the emergency department because of fatigue, cough, and worsening shortness of breath for 2 weeks. He was diagnosed with HIV-infection 25 years ago but has never had any symptoms. He has always refused to take antiretroviral medication. Pulmonary examination shows diffuse crackles ov... | CCR5 | {
"A": "ICAM-1",
"B": "CCR5",
"C": "Gp120",
"D": "CD4"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old homeless man",
"emergency department",
"fatigue",
"cough",
"worsening shortness of breath",
"2 weeks",
"diagnosed",
"HIV-infection",
"years",
"never",
"symptoms",
"always refused to take antiretroviral medication",
"Pulmonary examination shows diffuse crackles",
"bilateral lower ... |
A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of red, pinkish urine in the morning. He adds that he has been feeling some abdominal pain. The patient is not taking any medication, and his laboratory test results are as follows:
Hb 11.0 g/dL
RBC 3.7 x 1012/L
WBC 4,000/mm3
PLT 100,000/mm3
Reticul... | Eculizumab can be used to treat this condition | {
"A": "Eculizumab can be used to treat this condition",
"B": "Patient is at great risk for bleeding",
"C": "Rituximab therapy is effective",
"D": "Urinary hemosiderin testing will be negative"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"complaints",
"red",
"urine",
"morning",
"adds",
"feeling",
"abdominal pain",
"patient",
"not taking",
"medication",
"laboratory test results",
"follows",
"Hb",
"0 g/dL RBC",
"L WBC",
"mm3 PLT 100",
"Reticulocytes 17",
"red ce... |
A 15-year-old man presents with his father to the urgent care with 5 days of frequent diarrhea, occasionally with streaks of blood mixed in. Stool cultures are pending, but preliminary stool samples demonstrate fecal leukocytes and erythrocytes. His vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 126/83 mm Hg, heart rate... | Oral TMP-SMX | {
"A": "IV erythromycin",
"B": "Oral vancomycin",
"C": "Oral doxycycline",
"D": "Oral TMP-SMX"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"father",
"urgent care",
"5 days of frequent diarrhea",
"occasionally",
"streaks",
"blood mixed",
"Stool cultures",
"preliminary stool samples",
"fecal leukocytes",
"erythrocytes",
"vital signs",
"follows",
"blood pressure",
"83 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"97 min"... |
During subject selection for an infant neurological development study, a child is examined by the primary investigator. She is at the 80th percentile for length and weight. She has started crawling. She looks for dropped objects. She says mama and dada non-specifically. She can perform the pincer grasp. Which of the fo... | Pulls up to stand | {
"A": "Pulls up to stand",
"B": "Points to 3 body parts",
"C": "Says at least 1 word clearly",
"D": "Turns pages in a book"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"subject selection",
"infant neurological development study",
"child",
"examined",
"primary investigator",
"80th percentile",
"length",
"weight",
"started crawling",
"looks",
"dropped objects",
"mama",
"non",
"perform",
"grasp",
"following additional skills",
"behaviors",
"expected... |
A 52-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of abdominal distention, yellow coloring of the skin, and dark urine. He also reports malaise and progressive shortness of breath, associated with slight exertion, for several weeks. The patient is a chronic drinker, and he was diagnosed wi... | Hepatorenal syndrome | {
"A": "Acute tubular necrosis",
"B": "Chronic kidney disease",
"C": "Hepatorenal syndrome",
"D": "Pyelonephritis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"3 week history",
"abdominal distention",
"yellow coloring of",
"skin",
"dark urine",
"reports malaise",
"progressive shortness of breath",
"associated with slight exertion",
"several weeks",
"patient",
"chronic drinker",
"diagnosed",
"cirrhosis",
... |
A 73-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of fever and a productive cough for 2 days. He has had increasing fatigue and dyspnea for the past 2 weeks. During this time he has lost 3 kg (6.6 lb). He received chemotherapy for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) 1 year ago. He is currently on supportive t... | Acute myeloid leukemia | {
"A": "Acute myeloid leukemia",
"B": "Burkitt lymphoma",
"C": "Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema",
"D": "Small cell lung cancer"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"productive cough",
"2 days",
"increasing fatigue",
"dyspnea",
"past 2 weeks",
"time",
"lost 3 kg",
"6.6",
"received chemotherapy",
"myelodysplastic syndrome",
"year",
"currently",
"supportive treatment",
"regular blood tr... |
A 1-year-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She has no history of serious illness. She receives a vaccine in which a polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. Which of the following pathogens is the most likely target of this vaccine? | Streptococcus pneumoniae | {
"A": "Hepatitis A virus",
"B": "Varicella zoster virus",
"C": "Streptococcus pneumoniae",
"D": "Bordetella pertussis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"well",
"history",
"serious illness",
"receives",
"vaccine",
"polysaccharide",
"conjugated",
"a carrier protein",
"following pathogens",
"most likely target",
"vaccine"
] |
A 27-year-old G1P1001 is recovering in the postpartum unit three days after a Caesarean section. Her surgery was indicated for breech presentation of the infant. She was at 40 weeks and 2 days gestation at the time of delivery. The patient is now complaining of purulent discharge and continued heavy bleeding. She also ... | Clindamycin and gentamicin | {
"A": "Urinalysis and urine culture",
"B": "Endometrial culture",
"C": "Clindamycin and gentamicin",
"D": "Ceftriaxone"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"27 year old",
"recovering",
"postpartum unit three days",
"Caesarean section",
"surgery",
"indicated",
"breech presentation",
"infant",
"40 weeks",
"2 gestation",
"time of delivery",
"patient",
"now",
"purulent discharge",
"continued heavy bleeding",
"notes difficulty",
"discomfort"... |
One week after admission to the hospital for an extensive left middle cerebral artery stroke, a 91-year-old woman is unable to communicate, walk, or safely swallow food. She has been without nutrition for the duration of her hospitalization. The patient's sister requests placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrosto... | Encourage a family meeting | {
"A": "Consult the hospital ethics committee",
"B": "Initiate total parenteral nutrition",
"C": "Encourage a family meeting",
"D": "Transfer to a physician specialized in hospice care"
} | step1 | C | [
"One week",
"admission",
"hospital",
"extensive left middle cerebral artery stroke",
"year old woman",
"unable",
"communicate",
"walk",
"swallow food",
"nutrition",
"duration",
"hospitalization",
"patient's sister requests placement of",
"percutaneous endoscopic",
"nutrition",
"patient... |
A 59-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of severe flank pain. He says that the pain came on suddenly while he was at home and is located on his right side. He also says that he has had fever and chills for the last 2 days, but he did not seek medical attention because he assumed that it was just ... | Pain medicine | {
"A": "Alcohol",
"B": "Antihypertensives",
"C": "Pain medicine",
"D": "Proton pump inhibitor"
} | step1 | C | [
"59 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"severe flank",
"pain",
"at home",
"right side",
"fever",
"chills",
"2 days",
"not",
"medical attention",
"assumed",
"cold",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"intermittent kidney stones",
"hypertension",
"peptic ulcer diseas... |
A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for severe right hip pain that suddenly started about 2 hours ago. The parents are extremely anxious and feel overwhelmed because the boy has been hospitalized several times in the past for similar episodes of pain. The boy was born at 39 weeks of ... | Legg-Calve-Perthes disease | {
"A": "Iliotibial band syndrome",
"B": "Osgood-Schlatter disease",
"C": "Legg-Calve-Perthes disease",
"D": "Developmental dysplasia of the hip"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"parents",
"severe right hip pain",
"started",
"hours",
"parents",
"extremely anxious",
"feel",
"boy",
"hospitalized",
"times",
"past",
"similar episodes of pain",
"boy",
"born",
"weeks of gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal deliver... |
A 21-year-old woman is diagnosed with a rare subtype of anti-NMDA encephalitis. During the diagnostic workup, she was found to have an ovarian teratoma. Her physician is curious about the association between anti-NMDA encephalitis and ovarian teratomas. A causal relationship between this subtype of anti-NMDA encephalit... | Case-control study | {
"A": "Case series",
"B": "Case-control study",
"C": "Randomized controlled trial",
"D": "Retrospective cohort study"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"21-year-old woman",
"diagnosed",
"a rare subtype",
"anti NMDA encephalitis",
"diagnostic workup",
"found to",
"ovarian teratoma",
"physician",
"curious",
"association",
"NMDA encephalitis",
"ovarian teratomas",
"A causal relationship",
"subtype",
"anti NMDA encephalitis",
"ovarian ter... |
A 29-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. He works as a nurse at a local hospital in the city. Three days ago, he had a needlestick injury from a patient whose serology is positive for hepatitis B. He completed the 3-dose regimen of the hepatitis B vaccine 2 y... | Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin and 3-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccine | {
"A": "Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin and single dose hepatitis B vaccine",
"B": "Revaccinate with two doses of hepatitis B vaccine",
"C": "Revaccinate with 3-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccine",
"D": "Administer hepatitis B immunoglobulin and 3-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccine"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"29 year old man",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"feels well",
"works",
"nurse",
"local hospital in",
"city",
"Three days",
"needlestick injury",
"patient",
"serology",
"positive",
"hepatitis B",
"completed",
"3 dose regimen",
"hepatitis B vaccine 2 years",
... |
A previously healthy 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department 1 hour after falling from a ladder. She is conscious. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. There is no family history of serious illness. Her pulse is 72/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg. Physica... | Reassurance | {
"A": "Reassurance",
"B": "Follow-up CT scan of the chest in 6–12 months",
"C": "Follow-up x-ray of the chest in 6–12 months",
"D": "CT-guided transthoracic biopsy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"hour",
"falling from",
"ladder",
"conscious",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"use illicit",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"pulse",
"72 min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"72 mm Hg",
"Physical examination show... |
A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of multiple episodes of headache over the past 3 months. The headaches last the entire day and are unilateral and throbbing. During the headaches, she has severe nausea and is unable to work and perform her daily activities. She has noticed that she becomes unusually h... | Propranolol | {
"A": "Fluoxetine",
"B": "Ergotamine",
"C": "Propranolol",
"D": "Sumatriptan"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"36 year old woman",
"physician",
"of multiple episodes",
"headache",
"past 3 months",
"headaches last",
"entire day",
"unilateral",
"throbbing",
"headaches",
"severe nausea",
"unable to work",
"perform",
"daily activities",
"hungry prior to",
"onset",
"headache",
"locks",
"dark ... |
A 24-year-old man presents with a painless genital ulcer for the past 2 weeks. He reports that he recently has been having unprotected sex with multiple partners. Past medical history is unremarkable. On physical examination, a single ulcer is present on the dorsal shaft of the penis which is circumscribed, indurated, ... | Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test | {
"A": "Viral and rickettsial disease research laboratory (VDRL) test",
"B": "Swab the chancre and perform a saline wet mount",
"C": "Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test",
"D": "Frei test"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"painless genital ulcer",
"past 2 weeks",
"reports",
"recently",
"unprotected sex",
"multiple partners",
"Past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"physical examination",
"single ulcer",
"present",
"dorsal shaft of",
"penis",
"circumscribed",
"indurated",
"heal... |
Background: Aldosterone blockade reduces mortality and morbidity among patients with severe heart failure. Researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction compl... | 1/(0.167 - 0.144) | {
"A": "1/(0.136 - 0.118)",
"B": "1/(0.300 - 0.267)",
"C": "1/(0.167 - 0.144)",
"D": "1/(0.267 - 0.300)"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Background",
"Aldosterone blockade",
"mortality",
"morbidity",
"patients",
"severe heart failure",
"Researchers conducted",
"double-blind",
"placebo-controlled evaluating",
"effect",
"eplerenone",
"selective aldosterone",
"morbidity",
"mortality",
"patients",
"acute myocardial infarct... |
A 54-year-old woman presents to the emergency ward with a chief complaint of chest pain. The pain is sharp and present in the anterior part of the chest. There is no radiation of the pain; however, the intensity is decreased while sitting and leaning forward. There is no associated shortness of breath. Vital signs are ... | Constrictive pericarditis | {
"A": "Constrictive pericarditis",
"B": "Pleurisy",
"C": "Cardiac tamponade",
"D": "Right ventricular myocardial infarction"
} | step1 | A | [
"54 year old woman presents",
"emergency ward",
"chief complaint of chest pain",
"pain",
"sharp",
"present",
"anterior part of",
"chest",
"radiation",
"pain",
"intensity",
"decreased",
"sitting",
"forward",
"associated shortness of breath",
"Vital signs",
"following",
"blood pressu... |
A 54-year-old man with lymphoma presents to his oncologist with severe abdominal pain and flank pain. He says that the pain started 2 days ago and has gotten worse over time. He has also not been able to urinate over the same time period. On presentation, his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/72 mmHg,... | Bilateral stenting of the ureters | {
"A": "Administration of a loop diuretic",
"B": "Bilateral stenting of the renal arteries",
"C": "Bilateral stenting of the ureters",
"D": "Catheterization of the bladder"
} | step1 | C | [
"54 year old man",
"lymphoma presents",
"oncologist",
"severe abdominal",
"flank pain",
"pain started 2 days",
"gotten worse",
"time",
"not",
"able to",
"same time period",
"presentation",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"72 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"Physi... |
A 47-year-old man presents with recurrent epigastric pain and diarrhea. He has had these symptoms for the last year or so and has been to the clinic several times with similar complaints. His current dosage of omeprazole has been steadily increasing to combat his symptoms. The pain seems to be related to food intake. H... | Fasting serum gastrin levels | {
"A": "Serum calcium levels",
"B": "Fasting serum gastrin levels",
"C": "CT scan of the abdomen",
"D": "Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"recurrent epigastric pain",
"diarrhea",
"symptoms",
"year",
"so",
"clinic",
"times",
"similar complaints",
"current dosage",
"omeprazole",
"increasing to",
"symptoms",
"pain",
"to",
"related",
"food intake",
"diarrhea",
"watery",
"unrelated",
"meals"... |
A mother brings her 7-year-old son to the pediatrician because she is worried about his sleep. She reports that the child has repeatedly woken up in the middle of the night screaming and thrashing. Although she tries to reassure the child, he does not respond to her or acknowledge her presence. Soon after she arrives, ... | Delta waves | {
"A": "Beta waves",
"B": "Theta waves",
"C": "Delta waves",
"D": "Sleep spindles"
} | step1 | C | [
"mother",
"year old son",
"pediatrician",
"worried",
"sleep",
"reports",
"child",
"repeatedly woken up",
"middle",
"night screaming",
"to",
"child",
"not",
"presence",
"stops screaming",
"appears confused",
"lethargic",
"falling back asleep",
"events",
"child reports",
"recal... |
A 27-year-old man presents to a physician for evaluation of 3 months of increased vertigo. He says that occasionally he will experience several seconds of intense vertigo that makes him lose his balance. He came in for evaluation because this symptom is affecting his ability to drive to work. He has also been occasiona... | Internal auditory meatus | {
"A": "Cribriform plate",
"B": "Foramen ovale",
"C": "Foramen rotundum",
"D": "Internal auditory meatus"
} | step1 | D | [
"27 year old man presents",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"months",
"increased vertigo",
"occasionally",
"experience several seconds",
"intense vertigo",
"makes",
"balance",
"evaluation",
"symptom",
"affecting",
"ability to drive to work",
"occasionally experiencing tinnitus",
"Physical e... |
A 55-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of joint pain and stiffness for the past year. The pain is mainly concentrated in her hands and is usually worse towards the late afternoon. It is described with a burning quality that surrounds the joint with some numbness and tingling. The stiffness is especially wo... | Acetaminophen | {
"A": "Acetaminophen",
"B": "Aspirin",
"C": "Hydroxychloroquine",
"D": "Infliximab"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"55 year old woman",
"clinic",
"joint",
"stiffness",
"past year",
"pain",
"concentrated",
"hands",
"usually worse",
"late afternoon",
"described",
"burning quality",
"surrounds",
"joint",
"numbness",
"tingling",
"stiffness",
"worse",
"morning",
"lasts approximately",
"15 minu... |
A 2-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician because he became somnolent and felt cold after breastfeeding. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. He was born at 40 weeks' gestation and weighed 3538 g (7 lb 13 oz); he currently weighs 3311 g (7 lb 5 oz). Examination shows generalized hypotonia. Serum studie... | Decreased γ-aminobutyric acid concentration | {
"A": "Increased succinyl-CoA concentration",
"B": "Increased glutamate concentration",
"C": "Decreased acylcarnitine concentration",
"D": "Decreased γ-aminobutyric acid concentration"
} | step1 | D | [
"2-day old male newborn",
"brought",
"physician",
"somnolent",
"felt cold",
"breastfeeding",
"Pregnancy",
"delivery",
"uncomplicated",
"born",
"40 weeks",
"gestation",
"g",
"oz",
"currently",
"g",
"oz",
"Examination shows generalized hypotonia",
"Serum studies show",
"ammonia c... |
A 31-year-old man comes to the physician because of several months of recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea. Six months ago, he traveled to Lake Superior for a fishing trip with his friends, during which they often ate their day's catch for dinner. Physical examination shows pallor. Laboratory studies show macrocytic a... | Increased calcium influx into the sarcoplasm | {
"A": "Increased calcium influx into the sarcoplasm",
"B": "Increased sodium efflux from the sarcoplasm",
"C": "Increased potassium efflux from the sarcoplasm",
"D": "Phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate"
} | step1 | A | [
"31 year old man",
"physician",
"several months",
"recurrent abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"Six months",
"traveled to Lake Superior",
"fishing trip",
"friends",
"often ate",
"day's catch",
"dinner",
"Physical examination shows pallor",
"Laboratory studies show macrocytic anemia",
"eosinop... |
A 25-year-old male is brought to the emergency department by his friends after a camping trip. He and his friends were in the woods camping when the patient started experiencing severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain after foraging and ingesting some wild mushrooms about 3 hours earlier. The patient is lethargic on... | RNA polymerase II | {
"A": "RNA polymerase II",
"B": "RNA polymerase III",
"C": "Prokaryote RNA polymerase",
"D": "Topoisomerase"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old male",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"friends",
"camping trip",
"friends",
"woods camping",
"patient started experiencing severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain",
"ingesting",
"wild mushrooms",
"hours earlier",
"patient",
"lethargic",
"exam",
"appears jaundiced",
"sc... |
An otherwise healthy 39-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider because of right-leg swelling, which started 4 months ago following travel to Kenya. The swelling has been slowly progressive and interferes with daily tasks. She denies smoking or alcohol use. Family history is irrelevant. Vital signs include... | Obstruction of lymphatic channels | {
"A": "Persistent elevation of venous pressures",
"B": "Lymphatic hypoplasia",
"C": "Obstruction of lymphatic channels",
"D": "Venous thromboembolism"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old woman presents",
"primary care provider",
"right",
"started 4 months",
"following travel",
"Kenya",
"swelling",
"slowly progressive",
"interferes with daily tasks",
"denies smoking",
"alcohol use",
"Family history",
"Vital signs include",
"temperature",
"100",
"b... |
A 13-day-old male is brought in by his mother for eye redness and ocular discharge. Additionally, the mother reports that the patient has developed a cough and nasal discharge. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, but during the third trimester, the mother had limited prenatal care. Immediately after delivery, th... | Oral erythromycin | {
"A": "Artificial tears",
"B": "Topical erythromycin",
"C": "Oral erythromycin",
"D": "Intravenous acyclovir"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"day old male",
"brought",
"mother",
"eye redness",
"ocular discharge",
"mother reports",
"patient",
"cough",
"nasal discharge",
"Pregnancy",
"delivery",
"uncomplicated",
"third trimester",
"mother",
"limited prenatal care",
"Immediately",
"delivery",
"baby",
"given silver drops"... |
A 12-year-old girl presents to her primary care physician with left knee pain for the past 6 weeks. She recently joined the field hockey team at her school. The pain is the most severe when she is running up and down the stairs at the school stadium. The pain decreases when she goes home and rests after practice. She a... | Osgood-Schlatter disease | {
"A": "Osgood-Schlatter disease",
"B": "Patellofemoral pain syndrome",
"C": "Pes anserine bursitis",
"D": "Tibial plateau fracture"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old girl presents",
"primary care physician",
"left knee pain",
"past",
"weeks",
"recently",
"field hockey team",
"school",
"pain",
"most severe",
"running",
"down",
"stairs",
"school stadium",
"pain decreases",
"goes home",
"rests",
"practice",
"admits",
"tripping",
"l... |
An 80-year-old woman died due to the respiratory complications of lung cancer. She had been a heavy smoker, and battled COPD and adenocarcinoma of the lungs for the last 20 years. The autopsy also revealed a pathological finding in the mitral valve. Which of the following was most likely seen? | Non-destructive vegetations | {
"A": "Destructive vegetations",
"B": "Non-destructive vegetations",
"C": "Ruptured papillary muscle",
"D": "Discoloration of leaflets"
} | step1 | B | [
"80 year old woman died due to the respiratory complications of lung cancer",
"heavy smoker",
"COPD",
"adenocarcinoma of the lungs",
"last 20 years",
"autopsy",
"revealed",
"pathological finding",
"mitral valve",
"following",
"most likely seen"
] |
A 34-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman at 16 weeks gestation presents for prenatal care. Her prenatal course has been uncomplicated. She takes no medications besides her prenatal vitamin which she takes every day, and she has been compliant with routine prenatal care. She has a 7-year-old daughter who is healthy. The res... | Amniocentesis | {
"A": "Amniocentesis",
"B": "Chorionic villus sampling",
"C": "Return to clinic in 4 weeks",
"D": "Ultrasound for nuchal translucency"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old gravida 1 woman",
"16 weeks presents",
"prenatal care",
"prenatal course",
"uncomplicated",
"takes",
"medications",
"prenatal vitamin",
"takes",
"day",
"compliant",
"routine prenatal care",
"year old daughter",
"healthy",
"results",
"recent quadruple screen",
"listed",
"L... |
A 26-year-old primigravida woman comes for her primary care physician for the second prenatal visit. She is 10 weeks pregnant. She has no current complaint except for occasional nausea. She does not have any chronic health problems. She denies smoking or alcohol intake. Her family history is positive for paternal colon... | Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer at the age of 40 | {
"A": "Glucose tolerance test for gestational diabetes mellitus",
"B": "Urine culture for asymptomatic bacteriuria",
"C": "Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer at the age of 40",
"D": "HbA1C for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old primigravida woman",
"primary care physician",
"second prenatal visit",
"10 weeks pregnant",
"current complaint",
"occasional nausea",
"not",
"chronic health problems",
"denies smoking",
"alcohol intake",
"family history",
"positive",
"paternal colon cancer",
"age",
"55",
"Vi... |
A 20-year-old college student presents to her college's mental health services department because her dean has been concerned about her academic performance. She was previously a straight A student; however, she has been barely passing her exams since the death of her younger brother in an accident 5 months ago. She re... | Delusions about her brother | {
"A": "Delusions about her brother",
"B": "Feelings of guilt",
"C": "Hallucinations about her brother",
"D": "Somatic symptoms"
} | step1 | A | [
"20 year old college student presents",
"college's mental health services department",
"concerned",
"academic performance",
"straight",
"student",
"passing",
"exams",
"death of",
"younger brother",
"accident",
"months",
"reveals",
"feels guilty",
"not spending more time",
"years leadin... |
A 65-year-old gentleman presents to his primary care physician for difficulties with his gait and recent fatigue. The patient works in a health food store, follows a strict vegan diet, and takes an array of supplements. He noticed that his symptoms have progressed over the past year and decided to see a physician when ... | Vitamin E | {
"A": "Vitamin B12",
"B": "Vitamin D",
"C": "Vitamin E",
"D": "Iron"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"65 year old",
"presents",
"primary care physician",
"difficulties",
"gait",
"recent fatigue",
"patient works",
"health",
"follows",
"vegan diet",
"takes",
"array",
"supplements",
"symptoms",
"progressed",
"past year",
"to see",
"physician",
"found",
"feeling",
"weak",
"dai... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and decreased urine output for 2 weeks. He has not been to the physician for many years and takes no medications. Serum studies show a urea nitrogen concentration of 42 mg/dL and a creatinine concentration of 2.3 mg/dL. Urinalysis shows heavy proteinuria. A ph... | Diabetes mellitus | {
"A": "Diabetes mellitus",
"B": "Amyloidosis",
"C": "Fibromuscular dysplasia",
"D": "Severe hypertension"
} | step1 | A | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"fatigue",
"decreased urine output",
"2 weeks",
"not",
"physician",
"years",
"takes",
"medications",
"Serum studies show",
"urea",
"mg/dL",
"creatinine concentration",
"2",
"mg dL",
"Urinalysis shows heavy proteinuria",
"photomicrograph",
"section"... |
A 31-year-old male comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of blisters and brownish discoloration of urine. His symptoms appeared after he returned from a 4-day trip with his friends in Florida. He has had similar episodes of blistering twice in the past three years. Each episode resolved spontaneously after ... | Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase | {
"A": "Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase",
"B": "Uroporphyrinogen III synthase",
"C": "Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase",
"D": "Aminolevulinic acid synthase"
} | step1 | C | [
"31 year old male",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"blisters",
"discoloration",
"urine",
"symptoms appeared",
"returned",
"4-day trip",
"friends",
"Florida",
"similar episodes of blistering twice",
"past three years",
"episode resolved",
"weeks",
"Examination shows vesicles",
"bullae"... |
A 21-year-old man presents with eye redness, itching, and watering; nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. He reports that these symptoms have been occurring every year in the late spring since he was 18 years old. The patient’s medical history is significant for endoscopic resection of a right maxillary sinus polyp at the ... | Excessive release of histamine by the mast cells | {
"A": "Production of specific IgM antibodies by B lymphocytes",
"B": "Secretion of granzymes and perforin by cytotoxic T lymphocytes",
"C": "Excessive release of histamine by the mast cells",
"D": "IL-2 secretion by Th1 lymphocytes"
} | step1 | C | [
"21-year-old man presents",
"eye redness",
"itching",
"watering",
"nasal congestion",
"rhinorrhea",
"reports",
"symptoms",
"occurring",
"year",
"late spring",
"years old",
"patients medical history",
"significant",
"endoscopic resection",
"right",
"age",
"16",
"father",
"younge... |
A medicine resident on her nephrology rotation notices that she has received more alerts of high serum potassium levels on her patients through the hospital electronic medical record despite her census not having changed. On inspection of the laboratory result reports, critical alert markers are seen for potassium valu... | Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased | {
"A": "Sensitivity decreased and specificity decreased",
"B": "Sensitivity decreased and specificity increased",
"C": "Sensitivity increased and specificity decreased",
"D": "Sensitivity increased and specificity unchanged"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"medicine resident",
"nephrology rotation",
"received more alerts",
"high serum potassium levels",
"patients",
"hospital electronic medical record",
"census not",
"changed",
"inspection",
"laboratory reports",
"critical alert markers",
"seen",
"potassium values greater than",
"mEq/L 3 days... |
A 53-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of blurry vision, headache, and multiple episodes of nosebleeds over the last few weeks. During this time, she has also been itching a lot, especially after getting ready for work in the mornings. She has had an 8-kg (17.6-lb) weight loss and increasing fati... | Mutated JAK2 gene | {
"A": "Mutated JAK2 gene",
"B": "Increased intracranial pressure",
"C": "Megakaryocyte proliferation",
"D": "Renal cell carcinoma"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"blurry vision",
"headache",
"multiple episodes of nosebleeds",
"last",
"weeks",
"time",
"itching",
"lot",
"getting ready",
"work",
"mornings",
"kg",
"weight loss",
"increasing fatigue",
"past 6 months",
"temperature",
"100",
"pulse",
... |
A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue, muscle weakness, paresthesias, headache, and palpitations. Her pulse is 75/min and blood pressure is 152/94 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show:
Sodium 144 mEq/L
Potassium 2.9 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 31 mEq/... | Aldosteronoma | {
"A": "Renal artery stenosis",
"B": "Cushing syndrome",
"C": "Aldosteronoma",
"D": "Pheochromocytoma\n\""
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"fatigue",
"muscle weakness",
"paresthesias",
"headache",
"palpitations",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Serum studies show",
"Sodium",
"mEq Potassium",
"Bicarbonate",
... |
A 42-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of fever and severe back pain. The fever is high-grade, continuous, without chills and rigors. The back pain is severe, localized to the thoracic region, and aggravated by deep breathing. The patient tried taking ibuprofen with little improveme... | Intravenous drug use | {
"A": "Increased BMI",
"B": "Inhaled steroid use",
"C": "Intravenous drug use",
"D": "Smoking"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"3-day history",
"fever",
"severe back pain",
"fever",
"high-grade",
"continuous",
"chills",
"rigors",
"back pain",
"severe",
"localized",
"thoracic region",
"aggravated",
"deep breathing",
"patient",
"taking ibuprofen",
"little im... |
A 33-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for left-sided knee pain. The patient has a history of osteoarthritis but states that he has been unable to control his pain with escalating doses of ibuprofen and naproxen. His past medical history includes diabetes mellitus and hypertension. His temperature is ... | Arthrocentesis | {
"A": "Antibiotics",
"B": "Arthrocentesis",
"C": "Colchicine",
"D": "IV steroids"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"left-sided knee pain",
"patient",
"history of osteoarthritis",
"states",
"unable to control",
"pain",
"escalating doses",
"ibuprofen",
"naproxen",
"past medical history includes diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"temperature",
"blood ... |
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