question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A first-year medical student is analyzing data in a nationwide cancer registry. She identified a group of patients who had recently undergone surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer and achieved a complete clinical response to chemotherapy. Some of these patients had been scheduled to receive annual abdominal CTs while o... | Lead-time bias | {
"A": "Observer bias",
"B": "Lead-time bias",
"C": "Length-time bias",
"D": "Surveillance bias"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"first year medical student",
"data",
"cancer registry",
"identified a group",
"patients",
"recently",
"surgery",
"epithelial ovarian cancer",
"complete clinical response",
"chemotherapy",
"patients",
"scheduled to receive annual abdominal CTs",
"patients",
"not",
"scheduled",
"routine... |
A 43-year-old man is brought to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has a history of epilepsy that has been treated with a stable dose of phenytoin for 15 years. He was recently seen by another physician who added a drug to his medications, but he cannot recall the name. Shortly after, he started noticing occ... | Cimetidine | {
"A": "Modafinil",
"B": "Nafcillin",
"C": "Cimetidine",
"D": "St. John's wort"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"history of epilepsy",
"treated with",
"stable dose",
"phenytoin",
"years",
"recently seen by",
"physician",
"added",
"drug",
"medications",
"recall",
"name",
"started",
"occasional double vision",
"Physical examina... |
A 28-year-old man presents to his psychiatrist for continuing cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder. At this session, he reveals that he has had fantasies of killing his boss because he feels he is not treated fairly at work. He says that he has been stalking his boss and has made detailed plans for how to ... | Contact the police to warn them about this threat against the patient's wishes | {
"A": "Ask for the patient's permission to share this information and share only if granted",
"B": "Contact the police to warn them about this threat against the patient's wishes",
"C": "Respect patient confidentiality and do not write down this information",
"D": "Write the information in the note but do not ... | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"psychiatrist",
"continuing cognitive behavioral therapy",
"bipolar disorder",
"session",
"reveals",
"fantasies",
"killing",
"boss",
"feels",
"not treated",
"work",
"stalking",
"boss",
"made detailed plans",
"to kill",
"about",
"week",
"then",
"psychiat... |
A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with headache, photophobia, vomiting without nausea, and fever, which have evolved over the last 12 hours. She was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus at 30 years of age and is on immunosuppressive therapy, which includes oral methylprednisolone. She has received ... | Listeria monocytogenes growth in the CSF culture | {
"A": "Lymphocytic pleocytosis",
"B": "Haemophilus influenzae growth is the CSF culture",
"C": "Decrease in CSF protein level",
"D": "Listeria monocytogenes growth in the CSF culture"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"headache",
"photophobia",
"vomiting without nausea",
"fever",
"evolved",
"12 hours",
"diagnosed",
"systemic lupus erythematosus",
"30 years",
"age",
"immunosuppressive therapy",
"includes oral methylprednisolone",
"received",
"pneumococcal v... |
A 45-year-old female presents to the emergency room as a trauma after a motor vehicle accident. The patient was a restrained passenger who collided with a drunk driver traveling approximately 45 mph. Upon impact, the passenger was able to extricate herself from the crushed car and was sitting on the ground at the scene... | CT cervical spine | {
"A": "CT cervical spine",
"B": "Remove the patient’s cervical collar immediately",
"C": "Discharge home and start physical therapy",
"D": "Initiate rapid sequence intubation."
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old female presents",
"emergency room",
"trauma",
"motor vehicle",
"patient",
"restrained passenger",
"drunk driver traveling approximately",
"mph",
"impact",
"passenger",
"able to",
"crushed car",
"sitting",
"accident",
"stable",
"physical exam",
"alert",
"oriented",
"spea... |
A 41-year-old man presents to the emergency department with several days of hand tremor, vomiting, and persistent diarrhea. His wife, who accompanies him, notes that he seems very “out of it.” He was in his usual state of health last week and is now having difficulties at work. He has tried several over-the-counter med... | Decreased salt intake | {
"A": "Decreased salt intake",
"B": "Large amounts of caffeine intake",
"C": "Addition of fluoxetine to lithium therapy",
"D": "Addition of lurasidone to lithium therapy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"several days of hand tremor",
"vomiting",
"persistent diarrhea",
"wife",
"notes",
"very out",
"usual state of health",
"week",
"now",
"difficulties",
"work",
"over-the-counter medications",
"success",
"past medical history",
"signific... |
A 45-year-old man presents for a routine checkup. He says he has arthralgia in his hands and wrists. No significant past medical history. The patient takes no current medications. Family history is significant for his grandfather who died of liver cirrhosis from an unknown disease. He denies any alcohol use or alcoholi... | A triad of cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, and skin pigmentation is characteristic | {
"A": "The arthropathy is due to iron deposition in the joints.",
"B": "A hypersensitivity reaction to blood transfusions causes the iron to accumulate",
"C": "Increased ferritin activity results in excess iron accumulation",
"D": "A triad of cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, and skin pigmentation is characteristi... | step1 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"routine checkup",
"arthralgia",
"hands",
"wrists",
"significant past medical history",
"patient takes",
"current medications",
"Family history",
"significant",
"grandfather",
"died of liver cirrhosis",
"unknown disease",
"denies",
"alcohol use",
"alcoholism in... |
A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of upper abdominal pain that occurs immediately after eating. The pain is sharp, localized to the epigastrium, and does not radiate. He reports that he has been eating less frequently to avoid the pain and has had a 4-kg (8.8-lb) weight loss during t... | Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | {
"A": "Malignant transformation",
"B": "Biliary tract infection",
"C": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage",
"D": "Subhepatic abscess formation"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"35 year old man",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"upper abdominal pain",
"occurs immediately",
"eating",
"pain",
"sharp",
"localized",
"epigastrium",
"not radiate",
"reports",
"eating less frequently to",
"pain",
"4 kg",
"8.8",
"weight loss",
"time",
"smoked",
"pack",
"ciga... |
A 47-year-old female with a history of poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease undergoes an allogeneic renal transplant. Her immediate post-operative period is unremarkable and she is discharged from the hospital on post-operative day 4. Her past medical history is also notable for major ... | Pancytopenia | {
"A": "Hyperlipidemia",
"B": "Osteoporosis",
"C": "Cytokine storm",
"D": "Pancytopenia"
} | step1 | D | [
"year",
"female",
"history of poorly",
"type I diabetes mellitus",
"end-stage renal disease",
"allogeneic renal",
"immediate post-operative period",
"unremarkable",
"discharged from",
"hospital",
"post-operative day 4",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"major depressive disorder",
"obe... |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of coughing and difficulty breathing that started shortly after his mother found him in the living room playing with his older brother's toys. He appears anxious. Respirations are 33/min and pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 88%. Physical exami... | Right-to-left shunt | {
"A": "Alveolar dead space",
"B": "Diffusion limitation",
"C": "Alveolar hypoventilation",
"D": "Right-to-left shunt"
} | step1 | D | [
"2 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"coughing",
"difficulty breathing",
"started",
"mother found",
"living room playing",
"older brother's toys",
"appears anxious",
"Respirations",
"min",
"pulse oximetry",
"room air shows",
"oxygen",
"88",
"Physical examination shows nasal flar... |
A 26-year-old man undergoing surgical correction of his deviated septum experiences excessive bleeding on the operating room table. Preoperative prothrombin time and platelet count were normal. The patient’s past medical history is significant for frequent blue blemishes on his skin along with easy bruising since he wa... | Desmopressin and tranexamic acid | {
"A": "Desmopressin and tranexamic acid",
"B": "Cryoprecipitate",
"C": "Recombinant factor IX",
"D": "Red blood cell transfusion"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"surgical correction",
"deviated septum experiences excessive bleeding",
"operating room table",
"Preoperative prothrombin time",
"platelet count",
"normal",
"patients past medical history",
"significant",
"frequent blue blemishes",
"skin",
"easy bruising",
"child",
"indica... |
A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine examination. She has no history of serious medical illness. She appears well. Physical examination shows several hundred pigmented lesions on the back and upper extremities. A photograph of the lesions is shown. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormali... | S100-positive epithelioid cells with fine granules | {
"A": "Atypical keratinocytes forming keratin pearls",
"B": "S100-positive epithelioid cells with fine granules",
"C": "Mucin-filled cells with peripheral nuclei",
"D": "Pale, round cells with palisading nuclei"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"routine examination",
"history of serious medical illness",
"appears well",
"Physical examination shows several",
"pigmented",
"back",
"upper extremities",
"photograph",
"lesions",
"shown",
"examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"patient",
"increased risk... |
A 51-year-old man comes to the physician because of progressive shortness of breath, exercise intolerance, and cough for the past 6 months. He is no longer able to climb a full flight of stairs without resting and uses 3 pillows to sleep at night. He has a history of using cocaine in his 30s but has not used any illici... | Decreased lung compliance | {
"A": "Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance",
"B": "Decreased lung compliance",
"C": "Increased carbon dioxide production",
"D": "Increased residual volume\n\""
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of progressive shortness",
"breath",
"exercise intolerance",
"cough",
"past 6 months",
"longer able to climb",
"full flight",
"stairs",
"resting",
"uses 3 pillows to sleep",
"night",
"history",
"using cocaine",
"30s",
"not used",
"illicit drugs",
"pa... |
A 15-year-old teenager presents for a sports physical. His blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), and heart rate is 100/min. On cardiac auscultation, an early diastolic heart sound is heard over the cardiac apex while the patient is in the left lateral decubitus position. A transthoracic echoca... | 40 mL | {
"A": "50 mL",
"B": "60 mL",
"C": "40 mL",
"D": "120 mL"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old teenager presents",
"sports physical",
"blood pressure",
"70 mm Hg",
"temperature",
"36",
"97",
"heart rate",
"100 min",
"cardiac auscultation",
"early diastolic heart sound",
"heard",
"cardiac apex",
"patient",
"left lateral decubitus position",
"transthoracic echocardiogram... |
A 41-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider reporting abdominal pain. She reports a three-hour history of right upper quadrant sharp pain that started an hour after her last meal. She denies nausea, vomiting, or changes in her bowel habits. She notes a history of multiple similar episodes of pain over the... | Promote relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi | {
"A": "Increase pancreatic bicarbonate secretion",
"B": "Promote gallbladder relaxation",
"C": "Promote migrating motor complexes",
"D": "Promote relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care provider reporting abdominal pain",
"reports",
"three hour history",
"right upper quadrant sharp pain",
"started",
"hour",
"meal",
"denies nausea",
"vomiting",
"changes in",
"bowel habits",
"notes",
"history of multiple similar episodes",
"pain",
... |
A 1-year-old boy brought in by his mother presents to his physician for a routine checkup. On examination, the child is happy and playful and meets normal cognitive development markers. However, the child’s arms and legs are not meeting development goals, while his head and torso are. The mother states that the boy get... | Overactivation of FGFR3 | {
"A": "Underactivation of FGFR3",
"B": "GAA repeat",
"C": "Deletion of DMD",
"D": "Overactivation of FGFR3"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy brought",
"mother presents",
"physician",
"routine checkup",
"examination",
"child",
"happy",
"playful",
"meets normal cognitive development markers",
"childs arms",
"legs",
"not meeting development goals",
"head",
"torso",
"mother states",
"boy gets",
"father",
"foll... |
A 33-year-old man is being evaluated for malaise and fatigability. He says that he hasn’t been able to perform at work, can’t exercise like before, and is constantly tired. He also says that his clothes have ‘become larger’ in the past few months. Past medical history is significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease,... | Adriamycin | {
"A": "Adriamycin",
"B": "Vinblastine",
"C": "Dacarbazine",
"D": "Rituximab"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"evaluated",
"malaise",
"fatigability",
"hasnt",
"able to perform",
"work",
"cant exercise",
"constantly tired",
"clothes",
"larger",
"past",
"months",
"medical history",
"significant",
"gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"control",
"lifestyle changes",
"blood pres... |
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe substernal pain at rest, which radiates to his left arm and jaw. He reports that he has had similar but milder pain several times in the past during strenuous exercise. He had heart transplantation due to dilatory cardiomyopathy 5 years ago with an acut... | Obliterative arteriopathy | {
"A": "Vasospasm of distal coronary arteries branches",
"B": "Left ventricular hypertrophy",
"C": "Obliterative arteriopathy",
"D": "Increased oxygen demand due to tachycardia"
} | step1 | C | [
"27 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"severe",
"pain at rest",
"radiates",
"left arm",
"jaw",
"reports",
"similar",
"milder pain",
"times",
"past",
"strenuous exercise",
"heart transplantation due to",
"cardiomyopathy",
"years",
"acute rejection reaction",
"treated w... |
A 24-hour-old neonate girl is brought to the clinic by her mother because of a blue-spotted skin rash. Her mother says she is from a rural area. She did not receive any prenatal care including vaccinations and prenatal counseling. The neonate does not react to sounds or movements, and on physical examination, a continu... | Patent ductus arteriosus | {
"A": "Coarctation of the aorta",
"B": "Mitral valve prolapse",
"C": "Patent ductus arteriosus",
"D": "Tetralogy of Fallot"
} | step1 | C | [
"hour old neonate girl",
"brought",
"clinic",
"mother",
"blue",
"skin",
"mother",
"rural area",
"not receive",
"prenatal care including vaccinations",
"prenatal counseling",
"neonate",
"not react",
"sounds",
"movements",
"physical examination",
"continuous murmur",
"heard",
"left... |
A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because his wife has noticed that his left eye looks smaller than his right. He has had worsening left shoulder and arm pain for 3 months. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Examination shows left-sided ptosis. The pupils are unequal but reactive to light;... | Compression of the stellate ganglion | {
"A": "Thrombosis of the cavernous sinus",
"B": "Aneurysm of the posterior cerebral artery",
"C": "Compression of the stellate ganglion",
"D": "Infiltration of the cervical plexus"
} | step1 | C | [
"60 year old man",
"physician",
"wife",
"left eye looks smaller",
"right",
"worsening left shoulder",
"arm pain",
"months",
"smoked two packs",
"cigarettes daily",
"35 years",
"Examination shows left-sided ptosis",
"pupils",
"unequal",
"reactive to light",
"measured",
"dim light",
... |
A 22-year-old male presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. The patient is conscious and communicating with hospital personnel. He is in pain and covered in bruises and scrapes. The patient was the driver in a head-on motor vehicle collision. The patient's temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pul... | Midshaft humerus | {
"A": "Humeral neck",
"B": "Midshaft humerus",
"C": "Ulnar",
"D": "Radial"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"motor vehicle accident",
"patient",
"conscious",
"communicating",
"hospital personnel",
"pain",
"covered",
"bruises",
"scrapes",
"patient",
"driver",
"head",
"motor vehicle",
"patient's temperature",
"99",
"pulse",
"min",
"bloo... |
A 58-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of diffuse muscle pain, malaise, pain in both knees, recurrent episodes of abdominal and chest pain. He has also had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss over the past 4 months. Four years ago, he was diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B infection and was starte... | Polyarteritis nodosa | {
"A": "Giant cell arteritis",
"B": "Polyarteritis nodosa",
"C": "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis",
"D": "Thromboangiitis obliterans"
} | step1 | B | [
"58 year old man",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"diffuse muscle",
"malaise",
"pain in both knees",
"recurrent episodes of abdominal",
"chest pain",
"5 kg",
"weight loss",
"past",
"months",
"Four years",
"diagnosed",
"chronic",
"started",
"tenofovir",
"several ulcerations",
"an... |
A 28-year-old woman presents to a physician with complaints of fever, cough, and cold for the last 2 days. She does not have any other symptoms and she has no significant medical history. She has recently started using combined oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) for birth control. On physical examination, the temperature ... | Smoking is likely to increase the risk of developing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in women taking OCPs | {
"A": "Smoking inhibits CYP1A2, therefore there is an increased risk of estrogen-related side effects of OCPs",
"B": "Smoking induces CYP1A2, therefore OCPs would be ineffective",
"C": "Smoking inhibits CYP3A4, therefore there is an increased risk of progestin-related side effects of OCPs",
"D": "Smoking is li... | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"complaints",
"fever",
"cough",
"cold",
"2 days",
"not",
"symptoms",
"significant medical history",
"recently started using combined oral contraceptive pills",
"for birth control",
"physical examination",
"temperature",
"3C",
"pulse",
"98 min",... |
A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department shortly after sustaining injuries in a building fire. On arrival, he appears agitated and has shortness of breath. Examination shows multiple second-degree burns over the chest and abdomen and third-degree burns over the upper extremities. Treatment with intraven... | Inhibition of protein synthesis | {
"A": "Inhibition of phagocytosis",
"B": "Increase in fluid secretion",
"C": "Inhibition of protein synthesis",
"D": "Inhibition of neurotransmitter release\n\""
} | step1 | C | [
"27 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"sustaining injuries",
"building fire",
"arrival",
"appears agitated",
"shortness of breath",
"Examination shows multiple second-degree burns",
"chest",
"abdomen",
"third-degree burns",
"upper extremities",
"Treatment",
"intravenous f... |
A 32-day-old boy is brought to the emergency department because he is found to be febrile and listless. He was born at home to a G1P1 mother without complications, and his mother has no past medical history. On presentation he is found to be febrile with a bulging tympanic membrane on otoscopic examination. Furthermore... | Neutrophil migration | {
"A": "Antibody class switching",
"B": "Microtubule organization",
"C": "Neutrophil migration",
"D": "Reactive oxygen species production"
} | step1 | C | [
"day old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"found to",
"febrile",
"listless",
"born at home",
"G1P1 mother",
"complications",
"mother",
"past medical history",
"presentation",
"found to",
"febrile",
"bulging tympanic membrane",
"otoscopic examination",
"found to",
"abscess",... |
A 37-year-old woman, G1P0, visits her gynecologist’s office for a routine prenatal checkup. During her quadruple screening test, her alpha-fetoprotein levels were increased while the β-hCG and pregnancy-associated plasma protein were decreased. There is also evidence of increased nuchal translucency on the scanning of ... | Nondisjunction of chromosomes | {
"A": "In utero infections",
"B": "Error in metabolism",
"C": "Nondisjunction of chromosomes",
"D": "Autosomal dominant genes"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"visits",
"gynecologists office",
"routine prenatal checkup",
"quadruple screening test",
"alpha-fetoprotein levels",
"increased",
"hCG",
"pregnancy associated plasma",
"decreased",
"evidence",
"increased nuchal translucency",
"scanning",
"male fetus",
"confirmatory tes... |
A 16-year-old boy comes to the emergency department because of painful urination and urethral discharge for 3 days. He has multiple sexual partners and only occasionally uses condoms. His vital signs are within normal limits. The result of nucleic acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is positive. The pa... | Administer intramuscular and oral antibiotics | {
"A": "Perform urethral swab culture for antibiotic sensitivities",
"B": "Request parental consent prior to prescribing antibiotics",
"C": "Discuss results with patient's primary care physician",
"D": "Administer intramuscular and oral antibiotics"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"emergency department",
"painful urination",
"urethral discharge",
"3 days",
"multiple sexual partners",
"only occasionally uses condoms",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"result",
"nucleic acid amplification testing",
"Neisseria gonorrhoeae",
"positive",
"patient requests"... |
A 30-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of fever and productive cough for the past 4 days. During this period, he has had shortness of breath and chest pain that is worse on inspiration. He also reports fatigue and nausea. He has refractory schizophrenia and recurrent asthma attacks. He used to atte... | Clozapine | {
"A": "Clozapine",
"B": "Haloperidol",
"C": "Risperidone",
"D": "Chlorpromazine"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"30 year old man",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"productive cough",
"past 4 days",
"period",
"shortness of breath",
"chest pain",
"worse",
"inspiration",
"reports fatigue",
"nausea",
"refractory schizophrenia",
"recurrent asthma attacks",
"used to attend college",
"to",
"one",
... |
A 27-year-old woman comes to the clinic for blisters on both hands. The patient has a past medical history of asthma, eczema, and a car accident 2 years ago where she sustained a concussion. She also reports frequent transient episodes of blurred vision that clear with artificial tears. When asked about her blisters, t... | Syringomyelia at the cervico-thoracic region | {
"A": "Brain contusion",
"B": "Multiple sclerosis",
"C": "Syringomyelia at the cervico-thoracic region",
"D": "Syringomyelia at the lumbar region"
} | step1 | C | [
"27 year old woman",
"clinic",
"blisters",
"hands",
"patient",
"past medical",
"eczema",
"car accident",
"years",
"sustained",
"concussion",
"reports frequent transient episodes of blurred vision",
"clear",
"artificial tears",
"blisters",
"patient",
"forgot to take",
"pan out",
"... |
A 30-year-old man presents with heartburn for the past couple of weeks. He says he feels a burning sensation in his chest, at times reaching his throat, usually worse after eating spicy foods. He is overweight and actively trying to lose weight. He also has tried other lifestyle modifications for the past couple of mon... | Start omeprazole. | {
"A": "Start omeprazole.",
"B": "Start sucralfate.",
"C": "Start oral antacids.",
"D": "H. pylori screening"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old man presents",
"heartburn",
"past couple",
"weeks",
"feels",
"burning sensation",
"chest",
"times reaching",
"throat",
"usually worse after eating spicy foods",
"overweight",
"to",
"weight",
"lifestyle modifications",
"past couple",
"months",
"symptoms",
"not improved"... |
A 62-year-old man is brought to his primary care physician by his wife because she is concerned that he has become more confused over the past month. Specifically, he has been having difficulty finding words and recently started forgetting the names of their friends. She became particularly worried when he got lost in ... | Placement of shunt | {
"A": "Galantamine",
"B": "Placement of shunt",
"C": "Selegiline",
"D": "Tetrabenazine"
} | step1 | B | [
"62 year old man",
"brought",
"primary care physician",
"wife",
"concerned",
"more confused",
"past month",
"difficulty finding words",
"recently started forgetting",
"names",
"friends",
"worried",
"got lost",
"neighborhood",
"morning walk",
"several episodes of incontinence",
"tripp... |
A 65-year-old veteran with a history of hypertension, diabetes, and end-stage renal disease presents with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The patient was found to have a small bowel obstruction on CT imaging. He is managed conservatively with a nasogastric tube placed for decompression. After several days in the ... | Activated partial thromboplastin time | {
"A": "Prothrombin time",
"B": "Activated partial thromboplastin time",
"C": "Internationalized Normal Ratio (INR)",
"D": "Creatinine level"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"65-year-old veteran",
"history of hypertension",
"diabetes",
"end-stage renal disease presents",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"abdominal pain",
"patient",
"found to",
"small bowel obstruction",
"CT imaging",
"managed",
"nasogastric tube placed",
"decompression",
"several days in",
"hospital"... |
A 30-year-old gravida 2 para 2 presents to a medical clinic to discuss contraception options. She had a normal vaginal delivery of a healthy baby boy with no complications 2 weeks ago. She is currently doing well and is breastfeeding exclusively. She would like to initiate a contraceptive method other than an intrauter... | Breastfeeding | {
"A": "Breastfeeding",
"B": "History of epilepsy",
"C": "Elevated blood pressure",
"D": "Mild liver fibrosis"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old gravida 2 para",
"presents",
"medical clinic to discuss contraception options",
"normal vaginal delivery",
"healthy baby boy",
"complications",
"weeks",
"currently",
"well",
"breastfeeding",
"to initiate",
"contraceptive method",
"intrauterine device",
"few years",
"intraute... |
A 31-year-old African American woman with a history of Addison's disease presents with widespread, symmetric hypopigmented patches and macules overlying her face and shoulders. After a thorough interview and using a Wood’s lamp to exclude fungal etiology, vitiligo is suspected. Complete blood count shows leukocytes 6,3... | The course usually is slowly progressive with spontaneous repigmentation in 15% of patients. | {
"A": "The course usually is slowly progressive with spontaneous repigmentation in 15% of patients.",
"B": "The disease is relapsing and remitting with complete interval repigmentation.",
"C": "Keloid formation is associated with regions of depigmentation.",
"D": "Topical corticosteroids are inappropriate for ... | step2&3 | A | [
"31 year old African American woman",
"history of",
"disease presents",
"widespread",
"symmetric hypopigmented patches",
"macules",
"face",
"shoulders",
"interview",
"using",
"Woods lamp to exclude fungal etiology",
"vitiligo",
"suspected",
"Complete blood count shows leukocytes 6 300",
... |
A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after a Pap smear showed atypical squamous cells. A colposcopy-directed biopsy of the cervix shows evidence of squamous cell carcinoma. The malignant cells from this lesion are most likely to drain into which of the following group of lymph nodes? | Internal iliac | {
"A": "Internal iliac",
"B": "Inferior mesenteric",
"C": "Superficial inguinal",
"D": "Left supraclavicular"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"Pap smear showed atypical squamous cells",
"colposcopy directed biopsy of",
"cervix shows evidence",
"squamous cell carcinoma",
"malignant cells",
"lesion",
"most likely to drain",
"following group",
"lymph nodes"
] |
A 29-year-old G2P1001 presents to her obstetrician’s office complaining of dyspareunia. She endorses ongoing vaginal dryness resulting in uncomfortable intercourse over the last month. In addition, she has noticed a gritty sensation in her eyes as well as difficulty tasting food and halitosis. She denies pain with urin... | Heart block | {
"A": "Macrosomia",
"B": "Heart block",
"C": "Pulmonary hypertension",
"D": "Meconium aspiration"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"29 year old",
"presents",
"obstetricians office",
"dyspareunia",
"ongoing vaginal dryness resulting in",
"intercourse",
"last month",
"addition",
"gritty sensation",
"eyes",
"difficulty tasting food",
"halitosis",
"denies pain",
"urination",
"defecation",
"medications include",
"dai... |
A healthy mother gives birth to a child at 40 weeks of gestation. On examination, the child has ambiguous genitalia. A karyotype analysis reveals the presence of a Y chromosome. Additional workup reveals the presence of testes and a normal level of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. Which of the following... | 5-alpha reductase deficiency | {
"A": "Androgen receptor deficiency",
"B": "Failed migration of neurons producing gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)",
"C": "Presence of two X chromosomes",
"D": "5-alpha reductase deficiency"
} | step1 | D | [
"healthy mother gives birth",
"child",
"40 weeks of gestation",
"examination",
"child",
"ambiguous genitalia",
"karyotype analysis reveals",
"presence",
"Y chromosome",
"Additional workup reveals",
"presence",
"testes",
"normal level",
"serum luteinizing hormone",
"testosterone",
"foll... |
A 30-year-old man who was recently placed on TMP-SMX for a urinary tract infection presents to urgent care with a new rash. The vital signs include: blood pressure 121/80 mm Hg, pulse 91/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and temperature 36.7°C (98.2°F). Physical examination reveals a desquamative skin covering both of his ... | Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) | {
"A": "Dermatitis herpetiformis",
"B": "Steven-Johnson syndrome (SJS)",
"C": "Seborrheic dermatitis",
"D": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"30 year old man",
"recently placed",
"TMP-SMX",
"urinary tract infection presents",
"urgent care",
"new rash",
"vital signs include",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temperature 36",
"98",
"Physical examination reveals",
"desquamative skin c... |
A 40-year-old man with a history of type I diabetes presents to the emergency room in respiratory distress. His respirations are labored and deep, and his breath odor is notably fruity. Which of the following laboratory results would you most expect to find in this patient? | Increased urine H2PO4- | {
"A": "Decreased serum H+",
"B": "Decreased urine H+",
"C": "Increased urine HCO3-",
"D": "Increased urine H2PO4-"
} | step1 | D | [
"A 40 year old man",
"history",
"type I diabetes presents",
"emergency room",
"respiratory distress",
"respirations",
"labored",
"deep",
"breath odor",
"fruity",
"following laboratory results",
"most",
"to find",
"patient"
] |
A 4-year-old boy presents to the ED with a one day history of severe right eye pain accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and headache. He is afebrile and he appears to be alert despite being irritable. Three days ago an ophthalmologist prescribed eye drops for his right eye but his parents do not know the name of the medic... | Muscarinic antagonist inhibiting pupillary sphincter muscle contraction | {
"A": "Muscarinic antagonist inhibiting pupillary sphincter muscle contraction",
"B": "Iris neovascularization",
"C": "Agonist of prostaglandin F receptor increasing aqueous fluid production",
"D": "Alpha-adrenergic agonist increasing aqueous fluid production"
} | step1 | A | [
"4 year old boy presents",
"ED",
"one day history of severe right eye pain",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"headache",
"afebrile",
"appears to",
"alert",
"irritable",
"Three days",
"ophthalmologist prescribed eye",
"right",
"parents",
"not",
"name",
"medication",
"exam",
"right eye",
"... |
A 33-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of a 9-month history of weight loss, fatigue, and a general sense of malaise. She additionally complains of an unusual sensation in her chest upon rapidly rising from a supine to a standing position. Current vitals include a temperature of 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse of... | Tumor within the left atria | {
"A": "Tumor within the right atria",
"B": "Fistula between the right and left atria",
"C": "Normal cardiac imaging",
"D": "Tumor within the left atria"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"of",
"month history",
"weight loss",
"fatigue",
"general sense",
"malaise",
"unusual sensation",
"chest",
"rapidly rising",
"supine",
"standing position",
"Current",
"include",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"pulse",
"72 min",
"blood pressure... |
A 38-year-old man presents to the physician with fever and malaise for 4 days. He has headaches and joint pain. A pruritic rash appeared on the trunk yesterday. He had blood in his ejaculate twice. His hearing has become partially impaired. There is no history of serious illnesses or the use of medications. Ten days ag... | Zika virus disease | {
"A": "Chagas disease",
"B": "Malaria",
"C": "Rocky Mountain spotted fever",
"D": "Zika virus disease"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"physician",
"fever",
"malaise",
"4 days",
"headaches",
"joint pain",
"pruritic rash appeared",
"trunk",
"blood",
"ejaculate twice",
"hearing",
"impaired",
"history",
"serious illnesses",
"use of medications",
"Ten days",
"traveled",
"Brazil",
"spent mo... |
A 30-year-old Japanese female presents with flu-like symptoms and weak pulses in her upper extremities. An angiogram reveals granulomatous inflammation of the aortic arch. Which of the following disease processes is most similar to this patient's disease? | Temporal arteritis | {
"A": "Temporal arteritis",
"B": "Polyarteritis nodosa",
"C": "Buerger's disease",
"D": "Infectious vasculitis"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old Japanese female presents",
"flu-like symptoms",
"weak pulses",
"upper extremities",
"angiogram reveals granulomatous inflammation of the aortic arch",
"following disease processes",
"most similar",
"patient's disease"
] |
A 3-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department in respiratory distress after her parents noticed that she was having difficulty breathing. They say that she developed a fever 2 days ago and subsequently developed increasing respiratory difficulty, lethargy, and productive cough. On presentation, her temperat... | Mannose | {
"A": "Ceremide",
"B": "Dermatan sulfate",
"C": "Galactocerebroside",
"D": "Mannose"
} | step1 | D | [
"3 month old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"respiratory distress",
"parents",
"difficulty breathing",
"fever",
"days",
"increasing respiratory difficulty",
"lethargy",
"productive cough",
"presentation",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"84 58 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"re... |
A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of intermittent lower abdominal cramps associated with diarrhea, bloating, and mild nausea. During this period, she has had a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss. She feels like she cannot fully empty her bowels. She has no history of serious illness. She has... | Crohn disease | {
"A": "Ulcerative colitis",
"B": "Celiac disease",
"C": "Intestinal carcinoid tumor",
"D": "Crohn disease"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"intermittent lower abdominal cramps associated with diarrhea",
"bloating",
"mild nausea",
"period",
"5 kg",
"weight loss",
"feels",
"empty",
"bowels",
"history",
"serious illness",
"high-fiber diet",
"father",
"Ashkenazi Jewish desce... |
A 67-year-old man with dilated cardiomyopathy is admitted to the cardiac care unit (CCU) because of congestive heart failure exacerbation. A medical student wants to determine the flow velocity across the aortic valve. She estimates the cross-sectional area of the valve is 5 cm2and the volumetric flow rate is 55 cm3/s.... | 0.11 m/s | {
"A": "0.0009 m/s",
"B": "2.75 m/s",
"C": "0.11 m/s",
"D": "0.09 m/s"
} | step1 | C | [
"67 year old man",
"dilated cardiomyopathy",
"admitted",
"cardiac care unit",
"congestive heart failure exacerbation",
"medical student",
"to",
"flow velocity",
"aortic valve",
"estimates",
"cross-sectional area",
"valve",
"5",
"volumetric flow rate",
"55 cm3",
"following best represen... |
A 24-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 10 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department for vaginal bleeding, cramping lower abdominal pain, and dizziness. She also has had fevers, chills, and foul-smelling vaginal discharge for the past 2 days. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condom... | Intravenous clindamycin and gentamicin followed by suction and curettage | {
"A": "Oral clindamycin followed by outpatient follow-up in 2 weeks",
"B": "Intravenous clindamycin and gentamicin followed by suction and curettage",
"C": "Intravenous clindamycin and gentamycin followed by close observation",
"D": "Oral clindamycin followed by suction curettage"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"10 weeks",
"gestation",
"emergency department",
"vaginal bleeding",
"cramping lower abdominal pain",
"dizziness",
"fevers",
"chills",
"foul-smelling vaginal discharge",
"past 2 days",
"sexually active",
"one male partner",
"use condoms",
"Pre... |
A 17-year-old girl presents to the family doctor with fever, headache, sore throat, dry cough, myalgias, and weakness. Her symptoms began acutely 2 days ago. On presentation, her blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 86/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, and temperature is 39.0°C (102.2°F). Physical examination r... | After somatic hypermutation, only a small amount of B cells antigen receptors have increased affinity for the antigen. | {
"A": "The first event that occurs after B lymphocyte activation is V(D)J recombination.",
"B": "During antibody class switching, variable region of antibody heavy chain changes, and the constant one stays the same.",
"C": "Deletions are the most common form of mutations that occur during somatic hypermutation i... | step1 | D | [
"year old girl presents",
"family doctor",
"fever",
"headache",
"sore throat",
"dry cough",
"myalgias",
"weakness",
"symptoms began",
"days",
"presentation",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"temperature",
"Physical examination reveals... |
A 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of a whistling sound during respiration for the past 3 weeks. He reports that the whistling is becoming louder, and is especially loud when he exercises. He says the noise is frustrating for him. Six months ago, the patient underwent outpatient treatment for an uncomplic... | Nasal septal hematoma drainage | {
"A": "Nasal septal hematoma drainage",
"B": "Antibiotic therapy",
"C": "Rhinoplasty",
"D": "Septoplasty"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"23 year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"whistling sound",
"respiration",
"past",
"weeks",
"reports",
"whistling",
"louder",
"loud",
"exercises",
"noise",
"Six months",
"patient",
"outpatient treatment",
"uncomplicated nasal fracture",
"hit",
"nose",
"high velocity",
"baseball"... |
A 17-year-old boy with behavioral changes is brought in by his concerned parents. The patient’s parents say that he has been acting very odd and having difficulty academically for the past 4 months. The patient says that he has been worried and distracted because he is certain the government is secretly recording him a... | Schizophreniform disorder | {
"A": "Schizophreniform disorder",
"B": "Schizophrenia",
"C": "Schizoaffective disorder",
"D": "Schizotypal personality disorder"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old boy",
"behavioral changes",
"brought",
"parents",
"patients parents",
"acting very odd",
"difficulty",
"past",
"months",
"patient",
"worried",
"certain",
"government",
"recording",
"provide",
"reason",
"feel depressed sometimes",
"longer gets joy out",
"playing",
"pre... |
A 1-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents for recent episodes of non-bilious projectile vomiting and refusal to eat. The boy had no problem with passing meconium or eating at birth; he only started having these episodes at 3 weeks old. Further history reveals that the patient is a first bo... | Hypertrophy of smooth muscle | {
"A": "Hypertrophy of smooth muscle",
"B": "Intestinal vascular accident",
"C": "Neural crest cell migration failure",
"D": "Pancreatic fusion abnormality"
} | step1 | A | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"parents",
"recent episodes of non bilious projectile vomiting",
"to eat",
"boy",
"problem",
"meconium",
"eating",
"birth",
"only started",
"episodes",
"weeks old",
"Further history reveals",
"patient",
"first born male",
"boys mo... |
A 24-year-old man presents with difficulty breathing and blurred vision in the left eye. No significant past medical history or current medications. He has had more than 6 sexual partners (both men and women) and did not use any form of protection during sexual intercourse. No significant family history. Upon physical ... | Guanosine analog that preferably inhibits viral DNA polymerase | {
"A": "Blocks CCR5 receptor preventing viral entry",
"B": "Guanosine analog that preferably inhibits viral DNA polymerase",
"C": "A neuraminidase inhibitor preventing release of viral progeny",
"D": "Prevents viral uncoating"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"difficulty breathing",
"blurred vision",
"left eye",
"significant past medical history",
"current medications",
"more",
"sexual partners",
"men",
"women",
"not use",
"form",
"protection",
"sexual intercourse",
"significant family history",
"physical examinatio... |
A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by ambulance due to difficulty breathing. On presentation he is found to be straining to breathe. Physical exam reveals bilateral prolonged expiratory wheezing, difficulty speaking, and belly breathing. Radiographs also reveal hyperinflation of the lungs. He is gi... | Distal most extent of smooth muscle | {
"A": "Contains c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings",
"B": "Contains mucous producing goblet cells",
"C": "Distal most extent of smooth muscle",
"D": "Lined by type I and type II pneumocytes"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"ambulance due to difficulty breathing",
"presentation",
"found to",
"straining",
"Physical exam reveals bilateral prolonged expiratory wheezing",
"difficulty speaking",
"belly breathing",
"Radiographs",
"reveal hyperinflation of",
"lungs",
... |
A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of fatigue, polyuria, and blurry vision. His BMI is 33 kg/m2 and his blood pressure is 147/95 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show a serum glucose concentration of 192 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c concentration of 7.2%. Urinalysis shows 1+ glucose, 1+ protein,... | Lisinopril therapy | {
"A": "Lisinopril therapy",
"B": "Sleeve gastrectomy",
"C": "Aspirin therapy",
"D": "Gemfibrozil therapy"
} | step1 | A | [
"48 year old man",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"fatigue",
"polyuria",
"blurry vision",
"BMI",
"kg/m2",
"blood pressure",
"95 mm Hg",
"Laboratory studies show",
"serum glucose concentration",
"mg dL",
"hemoglobin concentration",
"Urinalysis shows 1",
"glucose",
"1",
"protein",
... |
Background and Methods:
Aldosterone is important in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In a double-blind study, we enrolled 1,663 patients who had NYHA class III or IV heart failure, a left ventricular ejection fraction of no more than 35%, and who were being treated with an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ... | A 56-year-old male with NYHA class III heart failure with an LVEF of 32%, current taking lisinopril, furosemide, and digoxin | {
"A": "An 82-year-old female with NYHA class II heart failure with an LVEF of 22%, taking lisinopril, furosemide, and digoxin",
"B": "A 65-year-old male with newly diagnosed NYHA class IV heart failure and a LVEF of 21%, about to begin medical therapy",
"C": "A 56-year-old male with NYHA class III heart failure ... | step2&3 | C | [
"Background",
"Methods",
"Aldosterone",
"important",
"pathophysiology",
"heart",
"double-blind study",
"enrolled 1",
"patients",
"NYHA class III",
"IV heart failure",
"left ventricular ejection fraction",
"35",
"treated with",
"angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor",
"loop diuretic",... |
A 56-year-old man presents for an annual checkup. He has no complaints at the moment of presentation. He was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus a year ago and takes metformin 1000 mg per day. The patient also has a history of postinfectious myocarditis that occurred 15 years ago with no apparent residual heart failure. H... | Fosinopril | {
"A": "No management is required since the patient is asymptomatic",
"B": "Diltiazem",
"C": "Furosemide",
"D": "Fosinopril"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"annual checkup",
"complaints",
"presentation",
"diagnosed",
"diabetes mellitus",
"year",
"takes metformin",
"mg",
"day",
"patient",
"history of",
"myocarditis",
"occurred",
"years",
"apparent residual heart failure",
"family history",
"unremarkable",
"pa... |
A 6-year-old male presents to the emergency department after falling from his scooter. The patient reports that he fell sideways off the scooter as he rounded a curve in the road, and he describes dull, aching pain along his left side where he hit the ground. The patient’s parents report that he has never had any serio... | Factor VIII deficiency | {
"A": "Factor VIII deficiency",
"B": "Factor VIII antigen deficiency",
"C": "GP1b deficiency",
"D": "Anti-platelet antibodies"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"falling",
"patient reports",
"fell",
"rounded",
"curve",
"road",
"dull",
"aching pain",
"left",
"hit",
"patients parents report",
"never",
"serious injury",
"always",
"to bruise easily",
"started playing youth soccer",
"fall",
... |
A 38-year-old man comes to the physician because of fever, malaise, cough, and shortness of breath for 2 months. He has had a 4-kg (9-lb) weight loss during the same period. He works at a flour mill and does not smoke cigarettes. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F) and pulse oximetry shows 95% on room air. Diffuse fine... | Interferon gamma and interleukin-2 | {
"A": "Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-4",
"B": "Interferon gamma and interleukin-2",
"C": "Interferon alpha and interleukin-1",
"D": "Transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-12"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"fever",
"malaise",
"cough",
"shortness of breath",
"2 months",
"4 kg",
"weight loss",
"same period",
"works",
"flour mill",
"not smoke cigarettes",
"temperature",
"100",
"pulse oximetry shows 95",
"room air",
"Diffuse fine crackles",
"heard",
"lung... |
A group of investigators is examining the effect of the drug orlistat as an adjunct therapy to lifestyle modification on weight loss in obese volunteers. 800 obese participants were randomized to receive orlistat in addition to counseling on lifestyle modification and 800 obese participants were randomized to receive c... | Attrition bias | {
"A": "Error in randomization",
"B": "Attrition bias",
"C": "Nonresponse bias",
"D": "Confounding bias"
} | step1 | B | [
"A group",
"investigators",
"examining",
"effect of",
"drug orlistat",
"therapy",
"lifestyle modification",
"weight loss",
"obese volunteers",
"800",
"participants",
"randomized to receive orlistat in addition to counseling",
"lifestyle modification",
"800 obese participants",
"randomize... |
A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 1-week history of malaise and chest pain. Three weeks ago, she had a sore throat that resolved without treatment. Her temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F). Examination shows several subcutaneous nodules on her elbows and wrist bilaterally and a new-onset early syst... | Fibrinoid necrosis with histiocytic infiltrate | {
"A": "Coagulative necrosis with neutrophilic infiltrate",
"B": "Fibrinoid necrosis with histiocytic infiltrate",
"C": "Deposits of misfolded protein aggregates",
"D": "Myocardial infiltration with eosinophilic proteins"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"1-week history",
"malaise",
"chest pain",
"Three weeks",
"sore throat",
"resolved",
"treatment",
"temperature",
"Examination shows several subcutaneous",
"elbows",
"wrist",
"new-onset early systolic murmur best heard",
"apex",
"left lateral p... |
A study of a new antihypertensive drug that affects glomerular filtration rate is being conducted. Infusion of drug X causes constriction of the efferent arteriole. After infusion of the drug, the following glomerular values are obtained from an experimental subject: hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillary (PG... | 15 mm Hg | {
"A": "15 mm Hg",
"B": "35 mm Hg",
"C": "0 mm Hg",
"D": "81 mm Hg"
} | step1 | A | [
"study",
"new antihypertensive drug",
"affects glomerular filtration rate",
"conducted",
"Infusion of drug",
"causes constriction",
"efferent arteriole",
"infusion of",
"drug",
"following glomerular values",
"obtained",
"experimental subject",
"hydrostatic pressure of",
"glomerular capilla... |
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of worsening mental status over the past month. Her husband reports that she was initially experiencing lapses in memory but has recently started having difficulties performing activities of daily living. She appears withdrawn and avoids eye contact. Examination shows ... | Spongiform vacuolation of the cortex | {
"A": "Marked atrophy of caudate and putamen",
"B": "Focal inflammatory demyelination and gliosis",
"C": "Deposits of amyloid beta peptides",
"D": "Spongiform vacuolation of the cortex"
} | step1 | D | [
"62 year old woman",
"physician",
"of worsening mental status",
"past month",
"husband reports",
"initially experiencing lapses",
"memory",
"recently started",
"difficulties performing activities of daily living",
"appears withdrawn",
"eye",
"Examination shows diffuse involuntary muscle jerkin... |
A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and nausea for 1 week. Over the past six months, he has had to get up twice every night to urinate. Occasionally, he has had discomfort during urination. He has arterial hypertension. His father died of renal cell carcinoma. Current medications include ramipri... | Renal ultrasonography | {
"A": "CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis",
"B": "Transrectal ultrasonography",
"C": "Renal ultrasonography",
"D": "Ureteral stenting"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"65 year old man",
"physician",
"fatigue",
"nausea",
"1 week",
"past six months",
"to get",
"twice",
"night to",
"Occasionally",
"discomfort",
"urination",
"arterial hypertension",
"father died",
"renal cell carcinoma",
"Current medications include ramipril",
"temperature",
"3C",
... |
A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of right-sided painless scrotal swelling that he noticed yesterday while taking a shower. He is currently sexually active with two female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. He immigrated to the US from Argentina 2 years ago. His immunization records are unavailabl... | Testicular tumor | {
"A": "Orchitis",
"B": "Hydrocele testis",
"C": "Scrotal hernia",
"D": "Testicular tumor"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"right sided painless scrotal swelling",
"taking",
"shower",
"currently sexually active",
"two female partners",
"uses condoms",
"Argentina",
"years",
"immunization records",
"unavailable",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"last",
"years",
"5 ft",
... |
Two days after undergoing an emergency laparotomy following a motor vehicle collision, a 37-year-old man has increased thirst. Examination shows dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor. A review of his chart shows his urine output to be in excess of his fluid intake. Laboratory studies show a serum sodium concen... | Posterior pituitary | {
"A": "Posterior pituitary",
"B": "Adrenal cortex",
"C": "Collecting duct",
"D": "Supraoptic nucleus"
} | step1 | A | [
"Two days",
"emergency laparotomy following",
"motor vehicle collision",
"year old man",
"increased thirst",
"Examination shows dry mucous membranes",
"decreased skin turgor",
"review",
"chart shows",
"urine output to",
"excess",
"fluid",
"Laboratory studies show",
"serum concentration",
... |
A 10-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of lower abdominal pain for the past 12 hours. The pain has progressively worsened and was accompanied by occasional episodes of diarrhea. She has vomited twice. Her mother has Crohn disease. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 95/min, respirat... | Ultrasound of the abdomen | {
"A": "Ultrasound of the abdomen",
"B": "CT scan of the abdomen",
"C": "X-ray of the abdomen",
"D": "MRI of the abdomen"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"A 10 year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of lower abdominal pain",
"past 12 hours",
"pain",
"worsened",
"occasional episodes of diarrhea",
"vomited twice",
"mother",
"Crohn disease",
"temperature",
"100",
"pulse",
"95 min",
"respirations",
"20 min",
"blood pressure... |
A 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department with fatigue and palpitations for several weeks. An ECG shows atrial fibrillation. Echocardiography shows thrombus formation in the left atrium. Which of the following organs is most likely to continue to function in the case of an embolic event? | Liver | {
"A": "Spleen",
"B": "Kidney",
"C": "Liver",
"D": "Colon"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old man",
"emergency department",
"fatigue",
"palpitations",
"weeks",
"ECG shows atrial fibrillation",
"Echocardiography shows thrombus formation",
"left atrium",
"following organs",
"most likely to continue to function",
"case",
"embolic event"
] |
A 28-year-old female patient with a history of schizophrenia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypothyroidism comes to clinic stating she would like to be put back on a medication. She recently stopped taking her haloperidol as it made it hard for her to "sit still." She requests to be put on olanzapine as a friend from a... | The patient has type 2 diabetes | {
"A": "There is a high risk for retinopathy",
"B": "The patient has type 2 diabetes",
"C": "The patient may develop galactorrhea",
"D": "Tardive dyskinesia will likely result from the prolonged use of olanzapine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old female patient",
"history of schizophrenia",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypothyroidism",
"clinic stating",
"to",
"put back",
"medication",
"recently stopped taking",
"haloperidol",
"made",
"hard",
"sit",
"requests to",
"put",
"olanzapine",
"friend",
"support group",
"... |
A 16-year-old girl presents to her physician with itching, soreness, and irritation in the vulvar region. She reports that these episodes have occurred 6–7 times a year since the age of 5. She used to treat these symptoms with topical ketoconazole cream, but this time it failed to help. She also has had several episode... | The patient is likely to have another immune impairment besides the one for which she was tested. | {
"A": "The patient’s phagocytes are unable to generate an oxidative burst to kill intracellular bacteria.",
"B": "The patient is likely to have another immune impairment besides the one for which she was tested.",
"C": "The patient should receive prophylactic courses of wide spectrum antibiotics to prevent infec... | step1 | B | [
"year old girl presents",
"physician",
"itching",
"soreness",
"irritation",
"vulvar region",
"reports",
"episodes",
"occurred 67 times",
"year",
"age",
"used to treat",
"symptoms",
"topical ketoconazole cream",
"time",
"failed to help",
"several episodes of oral candidiasis",
"past... |
A 46-year-old man comes to the physician with chronic abdominal pain. He has a 3-year history of severe peptic ulcer disease and esophagitis. Two months ago, he took omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin for 14 days. His medical history is otherwise unremarkable. Currently, he takes omeprazole 60 mg/day. He is a ... | Surgical resection | {
"A": "Adjuvant therapy with octreotide",
"B": "Biological therapy with interferon-alpha",
"C": "Smoking cessation",
"D": "Surgical resection"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"chronic abdominal pain",
"3 year history of severe peptic ulcer disease",
"esophagitis",
"Two months",
"took omeprazole",
"clarithromycin",
"amoxicillin",
"days",
"medical history",
"unremarkable",
"Currently",
"takes omeprazole 60 mg/day",
"a 10 pack-year s... |
A 16-day-old male newborn is brought to the emergency department because of fever and poor feeding for 2 days. He became very fussy the previous evening and cried for most of the night. He was born at 36 weeks' gestation and weighed 2430 g (5 lb 3 oz). The pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. The mother does not ... | Lumbar puncture | {
"A": "MRI of the head",
"B": "Reassurance",
"C": "CT scan of the head",
"D": "Lumbar puncture"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"day old male newborn",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"poor feeding",
"2 days",
"very fussy",
"previous evening",
"cried",
"night",
"born",
"36 weeks",
"gestation",
"g",
"oz",
"pregnancy",
"delivery",
"uncomplicated",
"mother",
"not recall",
"sick contacts at ho... |
A 24-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of left shoulder pain hours after suffering a fall from a height of approximately 10 feet while rock climbing about 5 hours ago. He initially thought the pain would resolve with rest but it became more severe over the last 2 hours. Last year while rock climbin... | CT scan of the abdomen | {
"A": "Serial vital signs for at least nine hours",
"B": "CT scan of the abdomen",
"C": "Radiographs of the left shoulder",
"D": "MRI of the left shoulder"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"of left shoulder pain hours",
"suffering",
"fall",
"height of approximately 10 feet",
"rock climbing",
"hours",
"initially thought",
"pain",
"resolve",
"rest",
"more severe",
"hours",
"year",
"rock climbing",
"fell",
"right shoulder",
"nee... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of persistent fever and cough. Three days ago, he was diagnosed with pneumonia and acute otitis media. He was started on ampicillin-sulbactam and clarithromycin, but his symptoms did not improve. The mother reports that her son has been hospitalized 3 time... | Tyrosine kinase gene mutation | {
"A": "Defective NADPH oxidase",
"B": "Defective IL-2R gamma chain",
"C": "WAS gene mutation",
"D": "Tyrosine kinase gene mutation"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"persistent fever",
"cough",
"Three days",
"diagnosed",
"pneumonia",
"acute otitis media",
"started",
"ampicillin-sulbactam",
"clarithromycin",
"symptoms",
"not",
"mother reports",
"son",
"hospitalized 3 times due to pneumonia",
... |
A 70-year-old woman is brought to her physician by her daughter who reports that the patient has been increasingly confused and forgetful over the past year. The daughter reports that the patient has difficulty finding words, remembering names, and maintaining a conversation. She has gotten lost twice while driving. He... | Decreased intracellular calcium | {
"A": "Decreased intracellular calcium",
"B": "Increased intracellular sodium",
"C": "Increased intracellular acetylcholine",
"D": "Decreased intracellular acetylcholine"
} | step1 | A | [
"70 year old woman",
"brought",
"physician",
"daughter",
"reports",
"patient",
"confused",
"forgetful",
"past year",
"daughter reports",
"patient",
"difficulty finding words",
"remembering names",
"maintaining",
"conversation",
"gotten lost twice",
"driving",
"past medical history"... |
A 67-year-old farmer presents to the emergency department with a chief complaint of unusual behavior. His wife states that since this morning he has experienced dryness and flushing of his skin while working outside. As the day went on, the patient found it exceedingly difficult to urinate and had to create significant... | Medication | {
"A": "Medication",
"B": "Insecticide exposure",
"C": "Alcohol",
"D": "Heat stroke"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"67 year old farmer presents",
"emergency department",
"chief complaint",
"unusual behavior",
"wife states",
"morning",
"dryness",
"flushing",
"skin",
"working outside",
"day",
"patient found",
"difficult to",
"to create significant abdominal pressure",
"weak stream of urine to",
"Curr... |
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of progressive lethargy and confusion during the past 2 days. His wife reports that he has been complaining of nausea and increased urination for the past 5 days. He also developed a cough 1 week ago. He has a history of a cerebrovascular acci... | Blood glucose measurement | {
"A": "Chest x-ray",
"B": "Broad-spectrum antibiotics",
"C": "Blood glucose measurement",
"D": "Arterial blood gas analysis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"65 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"progressive lethargy",
"confusion",
"past 2 days",
"wife reports",
"nausea",
"increased urination",
"past 5 days",
"cough",
"week",
"history of",
"cerebrovascular accident",
"years",
"diagnosed",
"hypertension 10 years"... |
A 59-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of progressively worsening chest pain and nausea that started while visiting a local bar 30 minutes ago. The pain radiates to the epigastric area. He has a 10-year history of untreated hypertension. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. The pa... | Propranolol | {
"A": "Propranolol",
"B": "Diazepam",
"C": "Prasugrel",
"D": "Diltiazem"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"59 year old man",
"emergency department",
"worsening chest pain",
"nausea",
"started",
"visiting",
"local",
"30 minutes",
"pain radiates",
"epigastric area",
"a 10 year history of untreated hypertension",
"smoked 1 pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"35 years",
"patient",
"diaphoretic",
"ma... |
A 25-year-old female presents with recent muscle weakness, fatigue, and constipation. Physical examination reveals a bradycardic patient with cool, dry skin. Which of the following lab values would be most likely to be present with this patient's presentation? | Elevated serum CK | {
"A": "Elevated serum calcitonin",
"B": "Elevated serum CK",
"C": "Low serum TSH",
"D": "Activating TSH-receptor immunoglobulins"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old female presents",
"recent muscle",
"fatigue",
"constipation",
"Physical examination reveals",
"bradycardic patient",
"cool",
"dry skin",
"following lab values",
"most likely to",
"present",
"patient's presentation"
] |
A 26-year-old gravida 2 para 1 presents to her physician at 12 weeks gestation. She has no complaints. Her previous pregnancy 5 years ago had an uncomplicated course with vaginal delivery of a healthy boy at 39 + 1 weeks gestation. Her weight is 75 kg (165 lb) and the height is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in). On presentation, the ... | Indirect Coombs test | {
"A": "Direct Coombs test",
"B": "White blood cell differential",
"C": "Indirect Coombs test",
"D": "Measurement of serum vitamin B12"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old gravida 2 para 1 presents",
"physician",
"weeks gestation",
"complaints",
"previous pregnancy 5 years",
"uncomplicated course",
"vaginal",
"healthy boy",
"weeks gestation",
"weight",
"75 kg",
"height",
"5 ft 6",
"presentation",
"blood pressure",
"70 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
... |
A 34-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with frequent urination. He was recently hospitalized following a severe motorcycle accident in which he suffered multiple injuries to his head and extremities. He reports that he has been constantly thirsty and has been urinating four to five times per night sin... | Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus | {
"A": "Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus",
"B": "Lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus",
"C": "Anterior pituitary",
"D": "Posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"frequent urination",
"recently hospitalized following",
"severe motorcycle accident",
"suffered multiple injuries",
"head",
"extremities",
"reports",
"constantly thirsty",
"four",
"five times",
"night",
"discharged from",
"hospital one ... |
An 88-year-old man presents to his primary care physician due to insomnia. The patient’s wife states that she often sees him sitting awake at night, seemed visibly irritated. This has persisted for years but worsened recently when the patient attended a funeral for one of his friends in the military. The patient states... | Escitalopram | {
"A": "Bupropion",
"B": "Buspirone",
"C": "Clonazepam",
"D": "Escitalopram"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"88 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"insomnia",
"patients wife states",
"often sees",
"sitting awake",
"night",
"years",
"worsened recently",
"patient attended",
"funeral",
"one",
"friends",
"military",
"patient states",
"trouble sleeping",
"finds",
"slight sound ... |
A 66-year-old man presents to the office complaining of abdominal pain. He reports that the pain is mid-epigastric and “gnawing.” It worsens after meals but improves “somewhat” with antacids. The patient’s medical history is significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gout. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, atorvasta... | Antacid use | {
"A": "Alcohol use",
"B": "Allopurinol",
"C": "Antacid use",
"D": "Ibuprofen"
} | step1 | C | [
"66 year old man presents",
"office",
"abdominal pain",
"reports",
"pain",
"mid epigastric",
"gnawing",
"worsens",
"meals",
"improves somewhat",
"antacids",
"patients medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"gout",
"takes aspirin",
"lisinopril",
"atorva... |
A 17-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his brother after losing consciousness 1 hour ago. The brother reports that the patient was skateboarding outside when he fell on the ground and started to have generalized contractions. There was also some blood coming from his mouth. The contractions stopped... | CT scan of the head | {
"A": "Lorazepam therapy",
"B": "Lumbar puncture",
"C": "CT scan of the head",
"D": "Electroencephalography\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"brother",
"consciousness",
"hour",
"brother reports",
"patient",
"skateboarding outside",
"fell",
"started to",
"generalized contractions",
"blood",
"mouth",
"contractions stopped",
"about",
"minute",
"unconscious",
"minutes",
... |
A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of urinary frequency and perineal pain for the past 3 days. During this time, he has also had pain with defecation. He is sexually active with his wife only. His temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F). His penis and scrotum appear normal. Digital rectal examination shows a swol... | Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting rods in pink colonies | {
"A": "Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting rods in pink colonies",
"B": "Gram-negative, oxidase-positive rods in green colonies",
"C": "Gram-negative, encapsulated rods in mucoid colonies",
"D": "Gram-negative, aerobic, intracellular diplococci"
} | step1 | A | [
"59 year old man",
"physician",
"urinary frequency",
"perineal pain",
"past 3 days",
"time",
"pain",
"defecation",
"sexually active",
"wife only",
"temperature",
"penis",
"scrotum appear normal",
"Digital rectal examination shows",
"swollen",
"tender prostate",
"leukocyte count",
"... |
A 32-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of burn injuries that she sustained after stumbling into a bonfire 1 hour ago. The patient has severe pain in her left leg and torso, and minimal pain in her right arm. She does not smoke cigarettes. She takes no medications. She is tearful a... | Monitoring of peripheral pulses and capillary filling | {
"A": "Serial arterial blood gas analysis",
"B": "Soft-tissue ultrasound",
"C": "Intravenous ampicillin therapy",
"D": "Monitoring of peripheral pulses and capillary filling"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"burn",
"sustained",
"stumbling",
"hour",
"patient",
"severe pain in",
"left leg",
"torso",
"minimal pain in",
"right arm",
"not smoke cigarettes",
"takes",
"medications",
"tearful",
"moderate distress",
"temper... |
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department after falling from a trampoline and landing on his left arm. On presentation, he is found to be holding his left arm against his chest and says that his arm is extremely painful just above the elbow. Radiographs are obtained showing the finding in figure A. The b... | Thumb flexion | {
"A": "Finger crossing",
"B": "Finger extension",
"C": "Shoulder abduction",
"D": "Thumb flexion"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"falling",
"trampoline",
"landing",
"left arm",
"presentation",
"found to",
"holding",
"left arm",
"chest",
"arm",
"extremely painful",
"elbow",
"Radiographs",
"obtained showing",
"finding",
"boy's arm",
"reduced",
"placed",
... |
A 30-year-old woman came to her OBGYN for an infertility consultation. The patient reports having intercourse with her husband at least 3 times per week with increasing frequency during the periods. The lab reports of her husband revealed an adequate sperm count. After the work-ups was complete, her OBGYN prescribed a ... | Leuprolide | {
"A": "Leuprolide",
"B": "Anastrazole",
"C": "Clomiphene",
"D": "Mestranol"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old woman",
"OBGYN",
"infertility consultation",
"patient reports",
"intercourse",
"husband",
"times per week",
"increasing frequency",
"periods",
"lab reports",
"husband revealed",
"adequate sperm count",
"work-ups",
"complete",
"OBGYN prescribed",
"medication similar",
"Gn... |
A 51-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for recurrent epigastric pain. He reports a 3-month history of gnawing epigastric and chest pain that is worse after meals and after lying down. His past medical history is notable for obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. He takes lisinopril and rosuvastatin... | Cimetidine | {
"A": "Cimetidine",
"B": "Famotidine",
"C": "Lansoprazole",
"D": "Nizatidine"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"recurrent epigastric pain",
"reports",
"3 month history",
"gnawing epigastric",
"chest pain",
"worse",
"meals",
"lying",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"obesity",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"takes lisinopril",
"rosuvastati... |
A 22-year-old Caucasian G1 presents to her physician at 29 weeks gestation for a checkup. The medical history is unremarkable and the current pregnancy has been uncomplicated. Her weight is 81 kg (178.6 lb) and the height is 169 cm (5 ft 6 in). She has gained 13 kg (28.6 lb) during the pregnancy. She has no abnormalit... | Non-fasting oral glucose tolerance test with 50 g of glucose | {
"A": "Non-fasting oral glucose tolerance test with 50 g of glucose",
"B": "Fasting oral glucose test with 50 g of glucose",
"C": "Non-fasting oral glucose load test with 75 g of glucose",
"D": "Measurement of HbA1c"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old Caucasian G1 presents",
"physician",
"29 weeks gestation",
"checkup",
"medical history",
"unremarkable",
"current pregnancy",
"uncomplicated",
"weight",
"81 kg",
"height",
"5 ft 6",
"gained",
"kg",
"28.6",
"pregnancy",
"abnormalities",
"physical examination",
"following... |
A 45-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after falling off a staircase and hitting his head on the handrail. He was unconscious for 10 minutes and vomited twice. On arrival, he is drowsy. Examination shows a fixed, dilated left pupil and right-sided flaccid paralysis. A CT scan of the head sh... | Foramen spinosum | {
"A": "Foramen lacerum",
"B": "Jugular foramen",
"C": "Foramen magnum",
"D": "Foramen spinosum"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"falling",
"staircase",
"hitting",
"head",
"handrail",
"unconscious",
"10 minutes",
"vomited twice",
"arrival",
"drowsy",
"Examination shows",
"fixed",
"dilated left pupil",
"right-sided flaccid paralysis",
"CT scan of",... |
A 5-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician by his mother for the evaluation of progressive yellowing of his skin for 2 days. The mother reports that the yellowing started on the face and on the forehead before affecting the trunk and the limbs. She states that she breastfeeds every 2–3 hours and that the newb... | Reassurance | {
"A": "Exchange transfusion",
"B": "Abdominal sonography",
"C": "Intravenous immunoglobulin",
"D": "Reassurance"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"5 day old male newborn",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"the evaluation of progressive yellowing",
"skin",
"2 days",
"mother reports",
"yellowing started",
"face",
"forehead",
"affecting",
"trunk",
"limbs",
"states",
"breastfeeds",
"23 hours",
"newborn feeds well",
"not vomit... |
A previously healthy 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend after having a seizure. Earlier that day, he also experienced a nosebleed that took 30 minutes to stop when applying pressure. He has had no sick contacts or history of epilepsy or other seizure disorder. He does not take any ... | Plasma exchange therapy | {
"A": "Transfusion of packed red blood cells",
"B": "Plasma exchange therapy",
"C": "Platelet transfusion",
"D": "Intravenous tranexamic acid\n\""
} | step2&3 | B | [
"healthy",
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"girlfriend",
"seizure",
"Earlier",
"day",
"experienced",
"nosebleed",
"took 30 minutes to stop",
"applying pressure",
"sick contacts",
"history of epilepsy",
"seizure disorder",
"not take",
"medications",
"temperature",... |
A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a nonpruritic, painless rash that has been on her face for 5 days. She was born at term and has been healthy throughout childhood. Her 62-year-old maternal grandmother has bullous pemphigoid. Her development is adequate for her age and immunizations are up-to-dat... | Topical mupirocin therapy | {
"A": "Oral acyclovir therapy",
"B": "Oral cephalexin therapy",
"C": "Oral clindamycin therapy",
"D": "Topical mupirocin therapy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"4 year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"nonpruritic",
"painless rash",
"face",
"5 days",
"born",
"term",
"healthy",
"childhood",
"62 year old maternal grandmother",
"bullous pemphigoid",
"development",
"adequate",
"age",
"immunizations",
"date",
"appears healthy",
"well-nou... |
A 24-year-old female medical student presents to the emergency department after she develops sudden difficulty breathing and vague chest pain while preparing for exams. The chest pain is non-pleuritic without radiation. She denies any recent travel. She denies any hemoptysis, nausea, vomiting, or leg pain. She only tak... | Hypercoagulability | {
"A": "Venous stasis",
"B": "Endothelial injury",
"C": "Hypercoagulability",
"D": "Anxiety"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old female medical student presents",
"emergency department",
"sudden difficulty breathing",
"vague chest pain",
"preparing",
"exams",
"chest pain",
"non pleuritic",
"radiation",
"denies",
"recent travel",
"denies",
"hemoptysis",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"leg pain",
"only takes or... |
A 1-year-old immigrant girl has not received any recommended vaccines since birth. She attends daycare and remains healthy despite her daily association with several other children for the past 3 months at a home day-care facility. Which of the following phenomena explains why she has not contracted any vaccine-prevent... | Herd immunity | {
"A": "Genetic shift",
"B": "Tolerance",
"C": "Immune evasion",
"D": "Herd immunity"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old immigrant girl",
"not received",
"recommended vaccines",
"birth",
"attends daycare",
"healthy",
"daily association",
"several",
"children",
"past 3 months",
"home day care facility",
"following phenomena",
"not contracted",
"vaccine preventable diseases",
"measles",
"diphther... |
A 37-year-old woman presents to her physician with a decreased interest in her daily activities. She says that she has noticed a decreased motivation to participate in her daily routine. She says she feels sad and depressed on most days of the week. She reports her symptoms have been there for about two months but hav... | Bupropion | {
"A": "Venlafaxine",
"B": "Bupropion",
"C": "Fluoxetine",
"D": "Trazodone"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"decreased interest",
"daily activities",
"decreased motivation to",
"daily routine",
"feels sad",
"depressed",
"days of the week",
"reports",
"symptoms",
"two months",
"more severe",
"past",
"weeks",
"unable to sleep well",
"night",
"feels t... |
Two 19-year-old men are referred by their professor and mentor to a psychiatrist for substance abuse management. The two friends have both used different stimulants for 3 years—Drug A and Drug B, respectively. Both use these substances cyclically. Use of Drug A usually lasts for about 12 hours. The cycle for Drug B las... | Drug A predominantly acts by inhibiting the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) at the synapse, while Drug B does not. | {
"A": "Drug A transiently increases the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the reward circuit, while Drug B does not.",
"B": "Drug A predominantly acts by inhibiting the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) at the synapse, while Drug B does not.",
"C": "Drug A... | step2&3 | B | [
"Two",
"year old men",
"referred",
"professor",
"mentor",
"psychiatrist",
"substance management",
"two friends",
"used different stimulants",
"Drug",
"use",
"substances",
"Use of Drug",
"usually",
"12 hours",
"cycle",
"Drug",
"days",
"month",
"men visited",
"emergency room",
... |
A 45-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a routine examination. She has a chronic history of systemic lupus erythematosus, diagnosed at age 27. Medications include hydroxychloroquine and low-dose prednisone. She has had no recent flare-ups and is compliant with her medication. Anticardiolipin and anti-beta-2 glyc... | Anti-dsDNA antibody levels | {
"A": "Urinalysis and renal biopsy",
"B": "Anti-dsDNA antibody levels",
"C": "Anti-Smith antibody levels",
"D": "Arthrocentesis and synovial fluid analysis"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"routine examination",
"chronic history of systemic lupus erythematosus",
"diagnosed",
"age 27",
"Medications include hydroxychloroquine",
"low-dose prednisone",
"recent flare-ups",
"compliant",
"medication",
"anti-beta-2 glycoprotein-1 antibodies",
"nega... |
A 10-year-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his mother for evaluation of fever, malaise, and rash with severe itching all over his body for the past 5 days. His immunization history is unavailable. His vital signs include: pulse 110/min, temperature 37.8°C (100.0°F), and respiratory rate 26/min. On examination of... | It is a part of the healing process of acute inflammation. | {
"A": "The scars represent complete resolution of acute inflammation.",
"B": "It is a part of the healing process of acute inflammation.",
"C": "The scars are permanent and remain for life in all cases.",
"D": "Neutrophils, plasma cells, and macrophages are the predominant cells in these lesions."
} | step1 | B | [
"A 10 year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"mother",
"evaluation",
"fever",
"malaise",
"rash",
"severe itching all",
"body",
"past 5 days",
"immunization history",
"unavailable",
"vital signs include",
"pulse",
"min",
"temperature",
"100",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"exa... |
A 15-year-old girl is brought to her pediatrician's office complaining of frequent diarrhea, fatigue, and inability to gain weight. Her vital signs are within normal limits, and her BMI is 17. She describes her stools as pale, malodorous, and bulky. She often has abdominal bloating. Her symptoms are most prominent afte... | IgA | {
"A": "IgA",
"B": "IgM",
"C": "IgG",
"D": "IgD"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"pediatrician's office",
"of frequent diarrhea",
"fatigue",
"to gain weight",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"BMI",
"stools",
"pale",
"bulky",
"often",
"abdominal bloating",
"symptoms",
"most prominent",
"breakfast",
"cereal",
"several weeks",
"care... |
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