question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 66-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with lower extremity pain. She reports that she has had worsening pain in her left calf over the past year while walking. The pain improves with rest, but the patient notes that she now has to stop walking more frequently than in the past to relieve the pain. The... | Aspirin and atorvastatin | {
"A": "Aspirin only",
"B": "Aspirin and atorvastatin",
"C": "Atorvastatin only",
"D": "Atorvastatin and cilostazol"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"66 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"lower extremity pain",
"reports",
"worsening pain in",
"left calf",
"past year",
"walking",
"pain improves",
"rest",
"patient notes",
"now",
"to stop walking more frequently",
"past to relieve",
"pain",
"patients past medical histo... |
A 50-year-old man comes to the emergency department for evaluation of right-sided facial weakness that he noticed after waking up. One month ago, he also experienced right-sided neck pain and headache that began after returning from a hunting trip to New Hampshire the week before. He took ibuprofen to relieve symptoms,... | Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay | {
"A": "Polymerase chain reaction of the facial skin",
"B": "Cerebrospinal fluid analysis",
"C": "Enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay",
"D": "Noncontrast CT"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"50 year old man",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"right-sided facial weakness",
"waking",
"One month",
"right-sided neck pain",
"headache",
"began",
"returning",
"hunting trip",
"New Hampshire",
"week",
"took ibuprofen to relieve symptoms",
"week later",
"5 year history of hype... |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 10-day history of intermittent fevers and painful swelling of the right ankle. He has not had trauma to the ankle. He has a history of sickle cell disease and had an episode of dactylitis of his left index finger 3 years ago. Current medications include hydroxyu... | Salmonella enterica | {
"A": "Escherichia coli",
"B": "Streptococcus pyogenes",
"C": "Salmonella enterica",
"D": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"5 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"a 10 day history",
"intermittent fevers",
"painful swelling",
"right",
"not",
"trauma",
"ankle",
"history of sickle cell disease",
"episode of dactylitis",
"left index finger 3 years",
"Current medications include hydroxyurea",
"acetaminophen as... |
A 34-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with moderate right wrist pain after falling on her outstretched hand. She has numbness in the 3 medial digits. The patient has no known previous medical conditions. Her family history is not pertinent, and she currently takes no medications. Physical examination... | Lunate dislocation | {
"A": "Lunate dislocation",
"B": "Fracture of distal radius",
"C": "Palmar aponeurosis tear",
"D": "Interosseous ligament rupture"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"moderate right wrist pain",
"falling",
"hand",
"numbness in",
"medial digits",
"patient",
"known previous medical conditions",
"family history",
"not",
"currently takes",
"medications",
"Physical examination shows",
"blood pressure",
... |
A 28-year-old woman visits the clinic expressing a desire to become pregnant. She was seen for depressed mood and disinterest in her usual leisure activities a few months ago. She also had decreased sleep and appetite and was not able to concentrate at work. She was started on fluoxetine and has been compliant for the ... | It can cause anorgasmia. | {
"A": "It can cause anorgasmia.",
"B": "It is unsafe to take during pregnancy.",
"C": "It decreases levels of concurrent neuroleptics.",
"D": "Most side effects persist throughout therapy."
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman visits",
"clinic",
"desire to",
"pregnant",
"seen",
"depressed mood",
"usual leisure activities",
"few months",
"decreased sleep",
"appetite",
"not able to concentrate",
"work",
"started",
"fluoxetine",
"compliant",
"months",
"experiencing",
"side effects",
"now f... |
A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care provider because of fatigue and loss of appetite. He is also concerned that his legs are swollen below the knee. He has had type 2 diabetes for 35 years, for which he takes metformin and glyburide. Today his temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), the blood pressure is 165/82 mm H... | Cellular casts in urinalysis | {
"A": "Nephrotic range proteinuria",
"B": "Diabetic retinopathy",
"C": "Cellular casts in urinalysis",
"D": "Normal-to-large kidneys on ultrasound"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"67 year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"fatigue",
"loss of appetite",
"concerned",
"legs",
"swollen",
"knee",
"type 2 diabetes",
"35 years",
"takes metformin",
"glyburide",
"Today",
"temperature",
"36",
"97",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"pulse",
"88 min",
"Presen... |
A 33-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of yellowish discoloration of her skin and eyes, mild fever, and body aches. She has had this problem for 6 months, but it has become worse over the past few weeks. She also complains of repeated bouts of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. The past medical history... | Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) | {
"A": "Anti-endomysial IgA",
"B": "Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)",
"C": "Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP)",
"D": "Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA)"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"of",
"discoloration",
"skin",
"eyes",
"mild fever",
"body aches",
"problem",
"months",
"worse",
"past",
"weeks",
"repeated bouts",
"bloody diarrhea",
"abdominal pain",
"past medical history",
"takes",
"medication",
"parents",
"alive",
"... |
An 11-year-old male presents to the pediatrician with his mother for evaluation of difficulty walking. His mother reports that the patient was walking normally until about a year ago, when he started to complain of weakness in his legs. He seems to be less steady on his feet than before, and he has fallen twice at home... | Trinucleotide (GAA) repeat expansion on chromosome 9 | {
"A": "Infection with gram-negative rods",
"B": "Trinucleotide (CGG) repeat expansion on chromosome X",
"C": "Trinucleotide (CTG) repeat expansion on chromosome 19",
"D": "Trinucleotide (GAA) repeat expansion on chromosome 9"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old male presents",
"pediatrician",
"mother",
"evaluation",
"difficulty walking",
"mother reports",
"patient",
"walking",
"year",
"started to",
"weakness",
"legs",
"to",
"less steady",
"feet",
"before",
"fallen twice",
"home",
"year",
"patient",
"difficulty walking",
... |
A 4-month-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of a 4-day history of vomiting, poor feeding, and more frequent napping. She appears lethargic. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a bulging, tense anterior fontanelle. Fundoscopic exam shows bilateral retinal hemorrh... | Shearing head injury | {
"A": "Malnutrition",
"B": "Shearing head injury",
"C": "Inherited connective tissue disorder",
"D": "Bleeding from the germinal matrix"
} | step1 | B | [
"4 month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"4-day history",
"vomiting",
"poor feeding",
"more frequent napping",
"appears lethargic",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows",
"bulging",
"tense anterior fontanelle",
"Fundoscopic exam shows bilateral retinal hemorr... |
A 27-year-old G1P0 at 12 weeks estimated gestational age presents for prenatal care. The patient says she has occasional nausea and vomiting and a few episodes of palpitations and diarrhea this last week. Physical examination is unremarkable, except for a heart rate of 145/min. Basic thyroid function tests are shown in... | Free thyroxine (T4) levels | {
"A": "Total triiodothyronine (T3) levels",
"B": "Free thyroxine (T4) levels",
"C": "Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies",
"D": "Thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb)"
} | step1 | B | [
"27 year old",
"weeks estimated gestational age presents",
"prenatal care",
"patient",
"occasional nausea",
"vomiting",
"few episodes of palpitations",
"diarrhea",
"last week",
"Physical examination",
"unremarkable",
"except for",
"heart rate of",
"min",
"Basic thyroid function tests",
... |
A 1-year-old girl is brought to the physician for follow-up examination 1 week after admission to the hospital for bacterial pneumonia. She has had multiple episodes of purulent otitis media and infectious diarrhea since the age of 6 months. She underwent treatment for oral thrush 1 month ago. There is no family histor... | Decreased circulating T cells | {
"A": "Decreased circulating parathyroid hormone",
"B": "Increased circulating IgE",
"C": "Decreased circulating T cells",
"D": "Increased circulating neutrophils"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"follow-up examination 1 week",
"admission",
"hospital",
"bacterial pneumonia",
"multiple episodes of purulent otitis media",
"infectious diarrhea",
"age",
"months",
"treatment",
"oral",
"month",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"height",
... |
A 30-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor for a 2 month follow-up appointment. He had recently separated from his male partner of 10 years and has been struggling to maintain his weight and the rigors of work in a new start-up company. At his initial visit, he was prescribed escitalopram. 2 weeks later, the... | Continue escitalopram on day of surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months | {
"A": "Continue escitalopram on day of surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months",
"B": "Discontinue escitalopram",
"C": "Hold escitalopram the day before surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months",
"D": "Hold escitalopram the day of surgery and continue afterwards for 4 more months"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"30 year old man presents",
"primary care doctor",
"2 month follow-up appointment",
"recently separated",
"male partner",
"10 years",
"to maintain",
"weight",
"rigors",
"work",
"new start-up company",
"initial visit",
"prescribed escitalopram",
"2 weeks later",
"patient",
"to continue ... |
A 66-year-old man comes to the physician because of difficulty walking for the past year. He reports that his gait has become slower and that initiating steps has become more challenging. During the past 6 months, his family has noticed that he is starting to forget important family meetings and holidays. On a number o... | Decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption | {
"A": "Normal changes associated with aging",
"B": "Decreased cerebrospinal fluid absorption",
"C": "Obstructed passage of cerebrospinal fluid",
"D": "Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the temporal lobe"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"66 year old man",
"physician",
"of difficulty walking",
"past year",
"reports",
"gait",
"slower",
"initiating steps",
"more challenging",
"past 6 months",
"family",
"starting",
"forget important family meetings",
"holidays",
"number",
"occasions",
"not",
"able to get",
"bathroom... |
A 67-year-old woman presents with right leg pain and swelling of 5 days’ duration. She has a history of hypertension for 15 years and had a recent hospitalization for pneumonia. She had been recuperating at home but on beginning to mobilize and walk, the right leg became painful and swollen. Her temperature is 37.1°C (... | Wells’ clinical probability tool | {
"A": "Wells’ clinical probability tool",
"B": "Computerized tomography (CT) with contrast",
"C": "International randomized ratio (INR)",
"D": "Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"67 year old woman presents",
"right leg pain",
"swelling",
"5 days duration",
"history of hypertension",
"years",
"recent hospitalization",
"pneumonia",
"at home",
"beginning to mobilize",
"walk",
"right leg",
"painful",
"swollen",
"temperature",
"98",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg"... |
A 71-year-old man with Hodgkin lymphoma is admitted to the hospital with lower back pain and no urine output over the last 12 hours. Physical examination shows inguinal lymphadenopathy. There is no suprapubic fullness or tenderness. Serum creatinine is elevated compared to 1 week prior. A contrast-enhanced CT scan of t... | Perform ureteral stenting | {
"A": "Place a urethral catheter",
"B": "Perform ureteral stenting",
"C": "Initiate oxybutynin therapy",
"D": "Place a suprapubic catheter"
} | step1 | B | [
"71 year old man",
"Hodgkin lymphoma",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"lower back pain",
"urine output",
"12 hours",
"Physical examination shows inguinal lymphadenopathy",
"suprapubic fullness",
"tenderness",
"Serum creatinine",
"elevated compared",
"1 week prior",
"contrast-enhanced CT scan",
... |
A 30-year-old African-American woman comes to the physician for a routine checkup. She feels well. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus that is well-controlled with metformin. Her mother died of a progressive lung disease at the age of 50 years. The patient is sexually active with her husband, and they use con... | Monitoring | {
"A": "ANCA testing",
"B": "Oral methotrexate therapy",
"C": "Monitoring",
"D": "Oral isoniazid monotherapy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"30 year old African-American woman",
"physician",
"routine checkup",
"feels well",
"history of type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"well-controlled",
"metformin",
"mother died of",
"progressive lung disease",
"age",
"50 years",
"patient",
"sexually active",
"husband",
"use condoms",
"smoked on... |
A research scientist attempts to understand the influence of carbon dioxide content in blood on its oxygen binding. The scientist adds carbon dioxide to dog blood and measures the uptake of oxygen in the blood versus oxygen pressure in the peripheral tissue. He notes in one dog that with the addition of carbon dioxide ... | High partial pressure of CO2 in tissues facilitates O2 unloading in peripheral tissues | {
"A": "Binding of O2 to hemoglobin in lungs drives release of CO2 from hemoglobin",
"B": "The sum of the partial pressures of CO2 and O2 cannot exceed a known threshold in blood",
"C": "High partial pressure of CO2 in tissues facilitates O2 unloading in peripheral tissues",
"D": "High partial pressure of CO2 i... | step1 | C | [
"research scientist attempts to understand",
"influence",
"carbon dioxide content",
"blood",
"oxygen binding",
"scientist adds carbon dioxide",
"dog blood",
"measures",
"uptake",
"oxygen",
"blood",
"oxygen pressure",
"peripheral tissue",
"notes",
"one dog",
"addition",
"carbon dioxid... |
A young man about to leave for his freshman year of college visits his physician in order to ensure that his immunizations are up-to-date. Because he is living in a college dormitory, his physician gives him a vaccine that prevents meningococcal disease. What type of vaccine did this patient likely receive? | Conjugated polysaccharide | {
"A": "Live, attenuated",
"B": "Killed, inactivated",
"C": "Toxoid",
"D": "Conjugated polysaccharide"
} | step1 | D | [
"young man",
"to leave",
"freshman year",
"college visits",
"physician",
"order to ensure",
"immunizations",
"date",
"living",
"college dormitory",
"physician gives",
"vaccine",
"prevents meningococcal disease",
"type",
"vaccine",
"patient likely receive"
] |
A 29-year-old woman comes to the military physician because of a 2-day history of fever, joint pain, dry cough, chest pain, and a painful red rash on her lower legs. Two weeks ago, she returned from military training in Southern California. She appears ill. Her temperature is 39°C (102.1°F). Physical examination shows ... | Spherules filled with endospores | {
"A": "Spherules filled with endospores",
"B": "Broad-based budding yeast",
"C": "Septate hyphae with acute-angle branching",
"D": "Round yeast surrounded by budding yeast cells"
} | step1 | A | [
"29 year old woman",
"military physician",
"2-day history",
"fever",
"joint pain",
"dry cough",
"chest pain",
"painful red rash",
"lower legs",
"Two weeks",
"returned",
"military training",
"Southern California",
"appears ill",
"temperature",
"Physical examination shows diffuse inspira... |
a 34-year-old G2P2 woman presents to her obstetrician because of new onset discharge from her breast. She first noticed it in her bra a few days ago, but now she notes that at times she's soaking through to her blouse, which is mortifying. She was also concerned about being pregnant because she has not gotten her perio... | Cabergoline | {
"A": "Tamoxifine",
"B": "Haloperidol",
"C": "Cabergoline",
"D": "Carbidopa-levodopa"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old",
"woman presents",
"obstetrician",
"of new onset discharge",
"breast",
"first",
"bra",
"few days",
"now",
"notes",
"times she",
"soaking",
"blouse",
"concerned",
"pregnant",
"not gotten",
"period",
"months",
"office",
"HCG",
"negative",
"patient's nipple",
"gua... |
A 65-year-old woman returns to the outpatient oncology clinic to follow up on her recently diagnosed breast cancer. A few months ago, she noticed a lump during a breast self-exam that was shown to be breast cancer. A lumpectomy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma that was estrogen- and progesterone receptor-positive wit... | Inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen | {
"A": "Cell cycle arrest",
"B": "Antagonist for estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus",
"C": "Inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen",
"D": "Estrogen receptors downregulation in the breast"
} | step1 | C | [
"65-year-old woman returns",
"outpatient oncology clinic to follow up",
"recently diagnosed breast cancer",
"few months",
"lump",
"breast self-exam",
"shown to",
"breast cancer",
"lumpectomy revealed invasive ductal carcinoma",
"estrogen",
"progesterone receptor-positive",
"nodal metastases",
... |
A 17-year-old girl comes to the emergency department because of numbness around her mouth and uncontrolled twitching of the mouth for the past 30 minutes. Her symptoms began while she was at a concert. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 69/min, and respirations are 28/min. When the blood pressure cuff is inflat... | Decreased cerebral blood flow | {
"A": "Decreased cerebral blood flow",
"B": "Increased peripheral oxygen unloading from hemoglobin",
"C": "Decreased total serum calcium concentration",
"D": "Increased serum phosphate concentration"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old girl",
"emergency department",
"of numbness",
"mouth",
"uncontrolled twitching",
"mouth",
"past 30 minutes",
"symptoms began",
"temperature",
"98",
"pulse",
"69 min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure cuff",
"painful contractions of",
"hand muscles occur",
"Arterial ... |
A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after being found unresponsive in her bedroom in a nursing home facility. Her past medical history is relevant for hypertension, diagnosed 5 years ago, for which she has been prescribed a calcium channel blocker and a thiazide diuretic. Upon admission, she is f... | Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm rupture | {
"A": "Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm rupture",
"B": "Arteriovenous malformation rupture",
"C": "Dural arteriovenous fistula",
"D": "Venous sinus thrombosis"
} | step1 | A | [
"68 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"found unresponsive",
"bedroom",
"nursing facility",
"past medical history",
"relevant",
"hypertension",
"diagnosed 5 years",
"prescribed",
"calcium channel blocker",
"thiazide diuretic",
"admission",
"found",
"blood pressure",
... |
An 11-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with muscle cramps and fatigue that have progressively worsened over the past year. His mom says that he has always had occasional symptoms including abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and mild paresthesias; however, since starting middle school these symptoms have started ... | Hydrochlorothiazide | {
"A": "Amiloride",
"B": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"C": "Mannitol",
"D": "Spironolactone"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy presents",
"pediatrician",
"muscle cramps",
"fatigue",
"worsened",
"past year",
"mom",
"always",
"occasional symptoms including abdominal pain",
"muscle weakness",
"mild paresthesias",
"starting middle school",
"symptoms",
"started interfering",
"daily activities",
"addit... |
A 67-year-old man with a 55-pack-year smoking history, diabetes type II, and hyperlipidemia presents to his primary care clinic for an annual exam. He has no complaints. He reports that his blood glucose has been under tight control and that he has not smoked a cigarette for the past 5 months. His temperature is 97.5°F... | Renal ultrasound with Doppler | {
"A": "CT abdomen/pelvis",
"B": "Increase dose of current blood pressure medications",
"C": "Lisinopril",
"D": "Renal ultrasound with Doppler"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"67 year old man",
"55 pack",
"smoking history",
"diabetes type II",
"hyperlipidemia presents",
"primary care clinic",
"annual exam",
"complaints",
"reports",
"blood glucose",
"tight control",
"not smoked",
"cigarette",
"past",
"months",
"temperature",
"97",
"36 4C",
"blood press... |
A 7-year-old girl presents to a new pediatrician with fever, shortness of breath, and productive cough. She had similar symptoms a few weeks ago. The girl was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. A further review of h... | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes containing giant inclusion bodies | {
"A": "Predominance of band leukocytes",
"B": "Downey cells",
"C": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes containing giant inclusion bodies",
"D": "Significant basophil predominance"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl presents",
"new pediatrician",
"fever",
"shortness of breath",
"productive cough",
"similar symptoms",
"few weeks",
"girl",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"date",
"vaccines",
"meeting",
"developmental milestones",
"further review",
"history ... |
A 16-year-old female presents to her pediatrician's office requesting to be started on an oral contraceptive pill. She has no significant past medical history and is not currently taking any medications. The physician is a devout member of the Roman Catholic church and is strongly opposed to the use of any type of arti... | Explain that he will refer the patient to one of his partners who can fulfill this request | {
"A": "The physician is obligated to prescribe the oral contraceptives regardless of his personal beliefs",
"B": "Refuse to prescribe the oral contraceptive",
"C": "Explain that he will refer the patient to one of his partners who can fulfill this request",
"D": "Tell the patient that he is unable to prescribe... | step1 | C | [
"year old female presents",
"pediatrician's office requesting to",
"started",
"oral contraceptive pill",
"significant past medical history",
"not currently taking",
"medications",
"physician",
"member",
"Roman Catholic church",
"use of",
"type",
"artificial contraception",
"following",
"... |
A 14-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with an intractable nosebleed. Pinching of the nose has failed to stop the bleed. The patient is otherwise healthy and has no history of trauma or hereditary bleeding disorders. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/64 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, res... | Kiesselbach plexus | {
"A": "Carotid artery",
"B": "Ethmoidal artery",
"C": "Kiesselbach plexus",
"D": "Sphenopalatine artery"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy presents",
"emergency department",
"intractable nosebleed",
"Pinching",
"nose",
"failed to stop",
"bleed",
"patient",
"healthy",
"history",
"trauma",
"hereditary bleeding disorders",
"temperature",
"98 9F",
"blood pressure",
"64 mmHg",
"pulse",
"85 min",
"respiratio... |
A 27-year-old male arrives in the emergency department with a stab wound over the precordial chest wall. The patient is in distress and is cold, sweaty, and pale. Initial physical examination is significant for muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, and a 3 cm stab wound near the left sternal border. Breath sounds... | 15 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure with inspiration | {
"A": "Elevated blood pressure to 170/110",
"B": "Steadily decreasing heart rate to 60 beats per minute",
"C": "15 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure with inspiration",
"D": "Decrease in central venous pressure by 5 mmHg with inspiration"
} | step1 | C | [
"27 year old male",
"emergency department",
"stab wound",
"precordial chest wall",
"patient",
"distress",
"cold",
"sweaty",
"pale",
"Initial physical examination",
"significant",
"heart sounds",
"distended neck",
"3 cm stab wound",
"left sternal border",
"Breath sounds",
"present",
... |
A 51-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of worsening shortness of breath, nonproductive cough, and sharp substernal chest pain. The chest pain worsens on inspiration and on lying down. The patient was diagnosed with breast cancer 2 months ago and was treated with mastectomy followed by adj... | Neutrophilic infiltration of the pericardium | {
"A": "Embolic occlusion of a pulmonary artery",
"B": "Neutrophilic infiltration of the pericardium",
"C": "Subendothelial fibrosis of coronary arteries",
"D": "Fibrotic thickening of the pericardium"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"3-day history",
"worsening shortness",
"breath",
"nonproductive cough",
"sharp",
"chest pain",
"chest pain worsens",
"inspiration",
"lying",
"patient",
"diagnosed",
"breast cancer",
"months",
"treated with mastectomy followed by adjuvant radiatio... |
A 45-year-old man is brought into the clinic by his wife. She reports that her husband has been feeling down since he lost a big project at work 2 months ago. The patient says he feels unmotivated to work or do things around the house. He also says he is not eating or sleeping as usual and spends most of his day pacing... | Lightheadedness | {
"A": "Lightheadedness",
"B": "Dry mouth",
"C": "Respiratory depression",
"D": "Sleepwalking"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"clinic",
"wife",
"reports",
"husband",
"feeling",
"lost",
"big project",
"work 2 months",
"patient",
"feels",
"to work",
"things",
"house",
"not eating",
"sleeping",
"usual",
"spends most",
"day pacing",
"room",
"feels guilty",
"project",
"la... |
A 35-year-old African-American female presents to the emergency room complaining of chest pain. She also complains of recent onset arthritis and increased photosensitivity. Physical examination reveals bilateral facial rash. Which of the following is most likely to be observed in this patient? | Pain relieved by sitting up and leaning forward | {
"A": "Pain improves with inspiration",
"B": "Pain relieved by sitting up and leaning forward",
"C": "High-pitched diastolic murmur",
"D": "Mid-systolic click"
} | step1 | B | [
"35 year old African-American female presents",
"emergency room",
"of chest pain",
"recent onset arthritis",
"increased photosensitivity",
"Physical examination reveals bilateral facial rash",
"following",
"most likely to",
"observed",
"patient"
] |
A 61-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor with her son who reports that his mother is not acting like herself. She has gotten lost while driving several times in the past 2 months and appears to be talking to herself frequently. Of note, the patient’s husband died from a stroke 4 months ago. The patient r... | Rivastigmine | {
"A": "Bromocriptine",
"B": "Reserpine",
"C": "Rivastigmine",
"D": "Selegiline"
} | step1 | C | [
"61 year old woman presents",
"primary care doctor",
"son",
"reports",
"mother",
"not acting",
"gotten lost",
"driving several times",
"past 2 months",
"appears to",
"talking",
"frequently",
"note",
"patients husband died",
"stroke",
"months",
"patient reports feeling sad",
"guilty... |
A 32-year-old female with Crohn's disease diagnosed in her early 20s comes to your office for a follow-up appointment. She is complaining of headaches and fatigue. Which of the following arterial blood findings might you expect? | Normal Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), low 02 content (Ca02) | {
"A": "Normal Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), normal 02 content (Ca02)",
"B": "Low Pa02, low 02 saturation (Sa02), low 02 content (Ca02)",
"C": "Low Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), normal 02 content (Ca02)",
"D": "Normal Pa02, normal 02 saturation (Sa02), low 02 content (Ca02)"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old female",
"Crohn's disease diagnosed",
"early 20s",
"office",
"follow-up appointment",
"headaches",
"fatigue",
"following arterial blood findings"
] |
Four days into hospitalization for severe pneumonia, a 76-year-old woman suddenly becomes unresponsive. She has no history of heart disease. She is on clarithromycin and ceftriaxone. Her carotid pulse is not detected. A single-lead ECG strip is shown. Previous ECG shows QT prolongation. Laboratory studies show:
Serum
N... | Clarithromycin | {
"A": "Hypercalcemia",
"B": "Thyrotoxicosis",
"C": "Clarithromycin",
"D": "Septic shock"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Four days",
"hospitalization",
"severe pneumonia",
"76 year old woman",
"unresponsive",
"history of heart disease",
"clarithromycin",
"ceftriaxone",
"carotid pulse",
"not detected",
"single lead ECG strip",
"shown",
"Previous ECG shows QT prolongation",
"Laboratory studies show",
"Serum... |
A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She is doing well. She is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 75 kg (165 lb); BMI is 27 kg/m2. Her BMI had previously been stable at 24 kg/m2. The patient states that she has had decreased appetite over the past month. The patient's... | Decreased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y | {
"A": "Decreased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y",
"B": "Potentiation of cholecystokinin",
"C": "Increased fatty acid oxidation",
"D": "Inhibition of proopiomelanocortin neurons"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"well",
"5 ft 6",
"tall",
"75 kg",
"BMI",
"27 kg/m2",
"BMI",
"stable",
"kg/m2",
"patient states",
"decreased appetite",
"past month",
"patient's change in appetite",
"most likely mediated"
] |
A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure. According to his girlfriend, he has had fatigue for the last 3 days and became confused this morning, after which he started having uncontrollable convulsions throughout his entire body. He was unconscious throughout the episode, whi... | Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin | {
"A": "Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin",
"B": "CT-guided stereotactic aspiration",
"C": "Albendazole",
"D": "Glucocorticoids"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"35 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"experiencing",
"seizure",
"girlfriend",
"fatigue",
"3 days",
"confused",
"morning",
"started",
"convulsions",
"entire body",
"unconscious",
"episode",
"lasted",
"minutes",
"not visited",
"physician",
"10 years",
"smoked o... |
A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue and flu-like symptoms. She says her symptoms started 5 days ago with a low-grade fever and myalgia, which have not improved. For the past 4 days, she has also had chills, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. She works as a kindergarten teacher and says several children in her class hav... | Reticulocyte count | {
"A": "Reticulocyte count",
"B": "Serum folate level",
"C": "Serum ferritin level",
"D": "Hemoglobin electrophoresis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"55 year old woman presents",
"fatigue",
"flu-like symptoms",
"symptoms started 5 days",
"low-grade fever",
"myalgia",
"not improved",
"past",
"days",
"chills",
"sore throat",
"rhinorrhea",
"works",
"kindergarten teacher",
"several children",
"class",
"similar symptoms",
"past medi... |
An investigator is studying collagen synthesis in human fibroblast cells. Using a fluorescent tag, α-collagen chains are identified and then monitored as they travel through the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and eventually into the extracellular space. Which of the following steps in collagen synthe... | Cleavage of procollagen C- and N-terminals | {
"A": "Glycosylation of pro-α chains",
"B": "Cleavage of procollagen C- and N-terminals",
"C": "Triple-helix formation",
"D": "Translation of pro-α chains"
} | step1 | B | [
"investigator",
"studying collagen synthesis",
"human fibroblast",
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"fluorescent tag",
"collagen chains",
"identified",
"then monitored",
"travel",
"rough endoplasmic reticulum",
"Golgi apparatus",
"extracellular space",
"following steps",
"collagen synthesis occurs"
] |
An 8-year-old boy is brought in by his mother due to complaints of a headache with diminished vision of his temporal field. It has been previously recorded that the patient has poor growth velocity. On imaging, a cystic calcified mass is noted above the sella turcica. From which of the following is this mass most likel... | Oral ectoderm | {
"A": "Oral ectoderm",
"B": "Neuroectoderm",
"C": "Neurohypophysis",
"D": "Paraxial mesoderm"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"mother due to complaints",
"headache",
"diminished vision of",
"temporal field",
"recorded",
"patient",
"poor growth velocity",
"imaging",
"cystic calcified mass",
"noted",
"sella turcica",
"following",
"mass",
"likely derived"
] |
A 65-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 10-month history of crampy left lower extremity pain that is exacerbated by walking and relieved by rest. The pain is especially severe when he walks on an incline. He has a 20-year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, for which he takes metformin. He has smoked 1 p... | Intimal plaque in the posterior tibial artery | {
"A": "Thrombosing vasculitis of the popliteal artery",
"B": "Intimal plaque in the posterior tibial artery",
"C": "Fibrin clot in the left popliteal vein",
"D": "Systemic hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis"
} | step1 | B | [
"65 year old man",
"physician",
"a 10 month history",
"crampy left",
"exacerbated",
"walking",
"relieved by rest",
"pain",
"severe",
"walks",
"20 year history of type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"takes metformin",
"smoked 1 pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"40 years",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
... |
A 65-year-old African-American man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after presenting with elevated blood pressure readings during his last visit. He has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. He is 180 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 68 kg (150 lb); BMI is 22 kg/m2. His pulse is ... | Chlorthalidone | {
"A": "Metoprolol",
"B": "Chlorthalidone",
"C": "Aliskiren",
"D": "Captopril"
} | step1 | B | [
"65 year old African-American man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"presenting",
"elevated blood pressure readings",
"visit",
"history of major medical illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"5 ft 9",
"tall",
"68 kg",
"BMI",
"kg/m2",
"pulse",
"80 min",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg... |
A 7-month-old boy is brought in to his pediatrician’s office due to concern for recurrent infections. The parents state that over the last 3-4 months, the boy has had multiple viral respiratory infections, along with a fungal pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Currently he is without complaints; however, the parents ... | Accumulation of deoxyadenosine | {
"A": "Accumulation of deoxyadenosine",
"B": "Dysfunctional cell chemotaxis",
"C": "Negative nitroblue-tetrazolium test",
"D": "Nonfunctional common gamma chain"
} | step1 | A | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"pediatricians office due to concern",
"recurrent infections",
"parents state",
"last",
"months",
"boy",
"multiple viral",
"fungal pneumonia",
"hospitalization",
"Currently",
"complaints",
"parents",
"concerned",
"continues to",
"loose stools",
"falling"... |
A 51-year-old woman with a history of palpitations is being evaluated by a surgeon for epigastric pain. It is discovered that she has an epigastric hernia that needs repair. During her preoperative evaluation, she is ordered to receive lab testing, an electrocardiogram (ECG), and a chest X-ray. These screening studies ... | Try to obtain previous chest radiographs for comparison | {
"A": "Obtain a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest",
"B": "Send sputum for cytology",
"C": "Perform a flexible bronchoscopy with biopsy",
"D": "Try to obtain previous chest radiographs for comparison"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"history of palpitations",
"evaluated",
"surgeon",
"epigastric pain",
"discovered",
"epigastric hernia",
"needs repair",
"preoperative evaluation",
"ordered to receive lab testing",
"electrocardiogram",
"chest X-ray",
"screening studies",
"unremarkable",
"chest X-ray",
... |
You are currently employed as a clinical researcher working on clinical trials of a new drug to be used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Currently, you have already determined the safe clinical dose of the drug in a healthy patient. You are in the phase of drug development where the drug is studied in patients... | Phase 2 | {
"A": "Phase 2",
"B": "Phase 3",
"C": "Phase 4",
"D": "Phase 0"
} | step1 | A | [
"currently employed",
"clinical researcher working",
"clinical trials",
"new drug to",
"used",
"treatment of Parkinson's disease",
"Currently",
"safe clinical dose",
"drug",
"healthy patient",
"phase",
"drug development",
"drug",
"studied",
"patients",
"target disease to",
"efficacy"... |
A 37-year-old man is presented to the emergency department by paramedics after being involved in a serious 3-car collision on an interstate highway while he was driving his motorcycle. On physical examination, he is responsive only to painful stimuli and his pupils are not reactive to light. His upper extremities are i... | CT scan | {
"A": "More than a 30% decrease in pulse oximetry",
"B": "Lumbar puncture and CSF culture",
"C": "Electromyography with nerve conduction studies",
"D": "CT scan"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"presented",
"emergency department",
"paramedics",
"involved",
"serious",
"car collision",
"highway",
"driving",
"motorcycle",
"physical examination",
"responsive only",
"painful stimuli",
"pupils",
"not reactive to light",
"upper extremities",
"flexed",
"hands clen... |
A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care provider with an abnormal gait. He was hospitalized one week prior for acute cholecystitis and underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He received post-operative antibiotics via intramuscular injection. He recovered well and he was discharged on post-operative day #3. H... | Superomedial quadrant of the buttock | {
"A": "Anteromedial thigh",
"B": "Superomedial quadrant of the buttock",
"C": "Superolateral quadrant of the buttock",
"D": "Inferolateral quadrant of the buttock"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old male presents",
"primary care provider",
"abnormal gait",
"hospitalized one week prior",
"acute cholecystitis",
"laparoscopic cholecystectomy",
"received post-operative antibiotics",
"intramuscular",
"recovered well",
"discharged",
"post-operative day",
"3",
"started walking",
"o... |
A 22-year-old woman in the intensive care unit has had persistent oozing from the margins of wounds for 2 hours that is not controlled by pressure bandages. She was admitted to the hospital 13 hours ago following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. Initial focused assessment with sonography for trauma was negative. A... | Transfuse packed RBC, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet concentrate in a 1:1:1 ratio | {
"A": "Transfuse packed RBC, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet concentrate in a 1:1:1 ratio",
"B": "Transfuse fresh frozen plasma and platelet concentrate in a 1:1 ratio",
"C": "Transfuse packed RBC",
"D": "Transfuse packed RBC and fresh frozen plasma in a 1:1 ratio"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"intensive care unit",
"persistent oozing",
"margins",
"wounds",
"2 hours",
"not controlled by pressure bandages",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"hours",
"following",
"high speed motor vehicle",
"Initial focused assessment",
"sonography",
"trauma",
"negative",
"x-ray surv... |
A 13-month-old boy with sickle cell anemia is brought to the emergency department because of continuous crying and severe left-hand swelling. His condition started 2 hours earlier without any preceding trauma. The child was given diclofenac syrup at home with no relief. The temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure ... | Intravenous morphine | {
"A": "Intravenous morphine",
"B": "Joint aspiration",
"C": "Incentive spirometry",
"D": "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the affected joint"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"month old boy",
"sickle cell anemia",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"continuous crying",
"severe left-hand swelling",
"condition started 2 hours earlier",
"preceding trauma",
"child",
"given diclofenac syrup at home",
"relief",
"temperature",
"98",
"blood pressure",
"100 60 mm Hg",... |
A 31-year-old male comedian presents to your mental health clinic for a psychotherapy appointment. He is undergoing psychodynamic psychotherapy for depressive symptoms. During the therapy session, you discuss his job as a successful comedian and identify ways that he channels his emotions about his abusive childhood in... | Splitting | {
"A": "Denial",
"B": "Reaction formation",
"C": "Splitting",
"D": "Suppression"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"31 year old male comedian presents",
"mental health clinic",
"psychotherapy appointment",
"psychodynamic psychotherapy",
"depressive symptoms",
"therapy session",
"discuss",
"job",
"successful comedian",
"channels",
"emotions",
"childhood",
"comedy routines",
"job overall",
"coworkers",... |
An investigator is studying the physiological response during congestive heart failure exacerbations in patients with systolic heart failure. A hormone released by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased wall stress is isolated from a patient's blood sample. The intracellular mechanism by which this hormone... | Nitric oxide | {
"A": "Nitric oxide",
"B": "Human chorionic gonadotropin",
"C": "Aldosterone",
"D": "Platelet-derived growth factor"
} | step1 | A | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"physiological response",
"congestive heart failure exacerbations",
"patients",
"systolic heart failure",
"hormone released",
"ventricular cardiomyocytes",
"response to increased wall stress",
"isolated",
"patient's blood sample",
"intracellular mechanism",
"hormo... |
An asymptomatic 15-year-old high school wrestler with no family history of renal disease is completing his preseason physical exam. He submits a urine sample for a dipstick examination, which tests positive for protein. What is the next appropriate step in management? | Repeat dipstick on a separate occasion | {
"A": "Repeat dipstick on a separate occasion",
"B": "Urine culture",
"C": "Renal ultrasound",
"D": "Spot urine-protein-to-creatinine ratio"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"asymptomatic",
"high school",
"family disease",
"completing",
"physical exam",
"submits",
"urine sample",
"dipstick examination",
"tests positive",
"protein",
"next appropriate step",
"management"
] |
A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter for a 1-week history of right leg weakness, unsteady gait, and multiple falls. During the past 6 months, he has become more forgetful and has sometimes lost his way along familiar routes. He has been having difficulties operating simple kitchen ap... | Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy | {
"A": "Vascular dementia",
"B": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy",
"C": "Primary CNS lymphoma",
"D": "Cerebral toxoplasmosis"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"daughter",
"1-week history of right leg weakness",
"unsteady gait",
"multiple falls",
"past 6 months",
"more forgetful",
"sometimes lost",
"familiar routes",
"difficulties operating simple kitchen appliances",
"coffee maker",
"recently",
... |
A 70 year-old man comes to the emergency department for sudden loss of vision in the right eye over the last 24 hours. He has noticed progressive bilateral loss of central vision over the last year. He has had difficulty reading his newspaper and watching his television. He has smoked 1 pack daily for 50 years. Ophthal... | Ranibizumab | {
"A": "Etanercept",
"B": "Thermal laser photocoagulation",
"C": "Ranibizumab",
"D": "Macular translocation surgery"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"70 year old man",
"emergency department",
"sudden loss of vision",
"right eye",
"24 hours",
"progressive bilateral loss of central vision",
"last year",
"difficulty reading",
"newspaper",
"watching",
"television",
"smoked 1 pack daily",
"50 years",
"Ophthalmologic examination shows visual... |
A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department with confusion. The patient is generally healthy, but his wife noticed him becoming progressively more confused as the day went on. The patient is not currently taking any medications and has no recent falls or trauma. His temperature is 102°F (38.9°C), blood press... | Acyclovir | {
"A": "Acyclovir",
"B": "CT angiogram of the head and neck",
"C": "PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid",
"D": "Vancomycin, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, and dexamethasone"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"67 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"confusion",
"patient",
"healthy",
"wife",
"more confused",
"day",
"patient",
"not currently taking",
"medications",
"recent falls",
"trauma",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"64 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
... |
A 70-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for ear pain. The patient states he has had ear pain for the past several days that seems to be worsening. The patient lives in a retirement home and previously worked as a banker. The patient currently is active, swims every day, and drinks 3 to 4 glasses of whi... | Ciprofloxacin | {
"A": "Acetic acid drops",
"B": "Amoxicillin",
"C": "Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid",
"D": "Ciprofloxacin"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"70 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"ear pain",
"patient states",
"ear pain",
"past",
"days",
"to",
"worsening",
"patient lives",
"retirement home",
"worked",
"patient currently",
"active",
"swims",
"day",
"drinks 3",
"4 glasses of whiskey",
"night",
"multiple... |
A 53-year-old woman with endometriosis comes to the physician because of bilateral flank pain and decreased urine output for 1-week. She has not had any fevers, chills, or dysuria. Physical examination shows several surgical scars on her abdomen. Laboratory studies show a serum creatinine concentration of 3.5 mg/dL. A ... | Hydrostatic pressure in the tubules | {
"A": "Hydrostatic pressure in the tubules",
"B": "Osmotic pressure in the glomeruli",
"C": "Hydrostatic pressure in the efferent arteriole",
"D": "Osmotic pressure in the tubules"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"endometriosis",
"physician",
"bilateral flank pain",
"decreased urine output",
"1-week",
"not",
"fevers",
"chills",
"dysuria",
"Physical examination shows several surgical scars",
"abdomen",
"Laboratory studies show",
"serum creatinine concentration",
"mg dL",
"CT sc... |
A 43-year-old male visits the emergency room around 4 weeks after getting bitten by a bat during a cave diving trip. After cleansing the wound with water, the patient reports that he felt well enough not to seek medical attention immediately following his trip. He does endorse feeling feverish in the past week but a ne... | Negri bodies | {
"A": "Psammoma bodies",
"B": "Pick bodies",
"C": "Negri bodies",
"D": "Howell-Jolly bodies"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old male visits",
"emergency room",
"weeks",
"getting bitten",
"bat",
"cave diving trip",
"cleansing",
"wound",
"water",
"patient reports",
"felt well",
"not to",
"medical attention immediately following",
"trip",
"feeling feverish",
"past week",
"new onset",
"photophobia",
... |
A 65-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband who found her lying unconscious at home. He says that the patient has been complaining of progressively worsening weakness and confusion for the past week. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, an... | Fluid restriction | {
"A": "Fluid restriction",
"B": "Rapid resuscitation with hypertonic saline",
"C": "Desmopressin",
"D": "Tolvaptan"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"65 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"husband",
"found",
"lying unconscious",
"home",
"patient",
"worsening weakness",
"confusion",
"past week",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"systemic lupus erythematosus",
"trigeminal neuralgia",
"medicati... |
A 22-year-old primigravid woman at 12 weeks' gestation comes to the physician because of several hours of abdominal cramping and passing of large vaginal blood clots. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.3°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 110/65 mmHg. The uterus is consistent in size with a 12-week gestation. Specul... | Expectant management | {
"A": "Expectant management",
"B": "Methotrexate therapy",
"C": "Serial beta-hCG measurement",
"D": "Oxytocin therapy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old primigravid woman",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"physician",
"several hours",
"abdominal cramping",
"large vaginal blood clots",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"pulse",
"75 min",
"blood pressure",
"65 mmHg",
"uterus",
"consistent",
"size",
"week gestation",
"Speculum exam shows",... |
A surgeon is interested in studying how different surgical techniques impact the healing of tendon injuries. In particular, he will compare 3 different types of suture repairs biomechanically in order to determine the maximum load before failure of the tendon 2 weeks after repair. He collects data on maximum load for 9... | ANOVA | {
"A": "ANOVA",
"B": "Chi-squared",
"C": "Student t-test",
"D": "Wilcoxon rank sum"
} | step1 | A | [
"surgeon",
"interested",
"studying",
"different surgical techniques impact",
"healing of tendon injuries",
"compare 3 different types of suture repairs",
"order to",
"maximum load",
"failure",
"tendon 2 weeks",
"repair",
"collects data",
"maximum load",
"90 different repaired tendons",
"... |
A 67-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of generalized fatigue. On examination, he appears pale. He also has multiple pinpoint, red, nonblanching spots on his extremities. His spleen is significantly enlarged. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration of 8.3 g/dL, a leukocyte coun... | Acute myelogenous leukemia | {
"A": "Myelodysplastic syndrome",
"B": "Acute myelogenous leukemia",
"C": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia",
"D": "Hairy cell leukemia"
} | step1 | B | [
"67 year old man",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"generalized fatigue",
"examination",
"appears pale",
"multiple pinpoint",
"red",
"spots",
"extremities",
"spleen",
"enlarged",
"Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin concentration",
"3 g/dL",
"leukocyte count",
"81",
"mm3",
"platel... |
An investigator is studying the effect that mutations in different parts of the respiratory tract have on susceptibility to infection. A mutation in the gene encoding for the CD21 protein is induced in a sample of cells obtained from the nasopharyngeal epithelium. This mutation is most likely to prevent infection with ... | Epstein-Barr virus | {
"A": "Rhinovirus",
"B": "Epstein-Barr virus",
"C": "Cytomegalovirus",
"D": "Parvovirus"
} | step1 | B | [
"investigator",
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"mutations",
"different parts of",
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"susceptibility",
"infection",
"mutation",
"gene encoding",
"CD21 protein",
"induced",
"sample",
"cells obtained",
"nasopharyngeal epithelium",
"mutation",
"most likely to prevent infection"... |
A 33-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for gradually worsening pain in both wrists that began several months ago. The pain originally did not bother her, but it has recently begun to affect her daily functioning. She states that the early morning stiffness in her hands is severe and has made it diff... | Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide | {
"A": "Rheumatoid factor",
"B": "Anti-Scl-70",
"C": "c-ANCA",
"D": "Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"worsening pain in",
"wrists",
"began several months",
"pain",
"not",
"recently begun to affect",
"daily functioning",
"states",
"early morning",
"hands",
"severe",
"made",
"difficult to",
"rose garden",
"occasionally takes ibuprof... |
A 22-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up evaluation for chronic lower back pain. He has back stiffness that lasts all morning and slowly improves throughout the day. He has tried multiple over-the-counter medications, including ibuprofen, without any improvement in his symptoms. Physical examination sho... | TNF-α | {
"A": "Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase",
"B": "TNF-α",
"C": "NF-κB",
"D": "mTOR kinase"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up evaluation",
"chronic lower back pain",
"back stiffness",
"lasts",
"morning",
"slowly improves",
"day",
"multiple over-the-counter medications",
"including ibuprofen",
"improvement",
"symptoms",
"Physical shows tenderness",
"iliac crest",
"limite... |
A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of bizarre and agitated behavior for the last 6 weeks. He thinks that the NSA is spying on him and controlling his mind. His wife reports that the patient has become withdrawn and at times depressed for the past 3 months. He lost his job becau... | Schizophreniform disorder | {
"A": "Schizophreniform disorder",
"B": "Schizophrenia",
"C": "Brief psychotic disorder",
"D": "Schizotypal personality disorder"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"agitated behavior",
"weeks",
"thinks",
"controlling",
"mind",
"wife reports",
"patient",
"withdrawn",
"times depressed",
"past 3 months",
"lost",
"job",
"stopped",
"to work 4 weeks",
"then",
"working",
"invention",
... |
A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care provider because of shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. He reports that in high school, he occasionally had shortness of breath and would wheeze after running. His symptoms have progressively worsened over the past 6 months and are now occurring daily. He also finds ... | A low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist | {
"A": "A long-acting beta-agonist alone",
"B": "A low-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist",
"C": "A medium-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist",
"D": "A high-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta-agonist"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"of shortness",
"breath",
"cough",
"wheezing",
"reports",
"high school",
"occasionally",
"shortness of breath",
"wheeze",
"running",
"symptoms",
"worsened",
"past 6 months",
"now occurring daily",
"finds",
"woken up",
"sleep",
"... |
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a dry cough and worsening shortness of breath with exertion for the past 6 months. She used to go running three times each week but had to stop because of decreased exercise tolerance and pain in the bilateral ankles. Two months ago, she was in Nigeria for several w... | Granulomatous inflammation | {
"A": "Granulomatous inflammation",
"B": "Neoplastic transformation",
"C": "Viral infection",
"D": "Air trapping"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"35 year old woman",
"physician",
"dry cough",
"worsening shortness of breath",
"exertion",
"past 6 months",
"used to go running three times",
"week",
"to stop",
"decreased exercise tolerance",
"pain in",
"bilateral ankles",
"Two months",
"Nigeria",
"several weeks to visit",
"family",
... |
A 78-year-old male presents to the emergency department after passing out. His wife reports that she and the patient were walking their dog when he suddenly lost consciousness. On physical exam, he has a loud crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur and is subsequently diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis. The patient un... | Intravenous antibiotics and debridement of surgical wound | {
"A": "Surgical repair of esophageal perforation",
"B": "Surgical repair of aortic injury",
"C": "Intravenous antibiotics and observation",
"D": "Intravenous antibiotics and debridement of surgical wound"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"out",
"wife reports",
"patient",
"walking",
"dog",
"lost consciousness",
"physical exam",
"loud crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur",
"diagnosed",
"severe aortic stenosis",
"patient",
"open aortic valve replacement",
"uncomplicated pos... |
A 66-year-old G3P3 presents with an 8-year-history of back pain, perineal discomfort, difficulty urinating, recurrent malaise, and low-grade fevers. These symptoms have recurred regularly for the past 5–6 years. She also says that there are times when she experiences a feeling of having a foreign body in her vagina. Wi... | Hydronephrosis | {
"A": "Renal tumor",
"B": "Hydronephrosis",
"C": "Urinary bladder polyp",
"D": "Renal cyst"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"66 year old",
"presents",
"year history of back pain",
"perineal discomfort",
"difficulty urinating",
"recurrent malaise",
"low-grade fevers",
"symptoms",
"recurred",
"past",
"years",
"times",
"experiences",
"feeling",
"foreign body in",
"vagina",
"onset",
"symptoms",
"evaluated... |
A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of diarrhea and vomiting for the last 2 days. During this period, he has had about 12 watery, non-bloody bowel movements and has vomited three times. He came back from a trip to India 3 days ago, where he and his family were visiting relatives. ... | Decreased renal perfusion | {
"A": "Decreased renal perfusion",
"B": "IgA complex deposition",
"C": "Glomerulonephritis",
"D": "Urinary tract obstruction"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"2 days",
"period",
"about",
"watery",
"non bloody bowel movements",
"vomited three times",
"back",
"trip",
"India",
"days",
"family",
"visiting relatives",
"not",
"able to eat",
"since",... |
A previously healthy 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever, joint and body pain, diffuse headache, and pain behind the eyes. This morning he noticed that his gums bled when he brushed his teeth. He returned from a backpacking trip to the Philippines 4 days ago. His temperature is 39... | Dengue virus | {
"A": "Ebola virus",
"B": "Hanta virus",
"C": "Lassa virus",
"D": "Dengue virus"
} | step1 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old man",
"physician",
"4-day history",
"fever",
"joint",
"body pain",
"diffuse headache",
"pain",
"eyes",
"morning",
"gums bled",
"brushed",
"teeth",
"returned",
"trip",
"Philippines",
"days",
"temperature",
"4C",
"Physical examination shows",
"diffuse mac... |
You are reviewing the protocol for a retrospective case-control study investigating risk factors for mesothelioma among retired factory workers. 100 cases of mesothelioma and 100 age and sex matched controls are to be recruited and interviewed about their exposure to industrial grade fiberglass by blinded interviewers.... | Recall bias | {
"A": "Interviewer bias",
"B": "Recall bias",
"C": "Observer bias",
"D": "Lead-time bias"
} | step1 | B | [
"reviewing",
"protocol",
"retrospective case-control study",
"risk factors",
"mesothelioma",
"retired factory workers",
"100 cases",
"mesothelioma",
"100 age",
"sex matched controls",
"to",
"interviewed",
"exposure",
"industrial grade fiberglass",
"blinded interviewers",
"investigators... |
A 40-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of abdominal pain. The patient reports a dull pain that has been present for 4 weeks now. The patient states that the pain is located to his right upper quadrant and does not change with eating. The patient denies any alcohol or illicit substance use, ... | Sheets of normal hepatocytes without portal tracts or central veins | {
"A": "Columnar cells with acinar structures",
"B": "Hypervascular lesion lined by normal endothelial cells",
"C": "Multifocal tumor with multiple layers of hepatocytes with hemorrhage and necrosis",
"D": "Sheets of normal hepatocytes without portal tracts or central veins"
} | step1 | D | [
"40 year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"abdominal pain",
"patient reports",
"dull pain",
"present",
"weeks now",
"patient states",
"pain",
"right upper quadrant",
"not change",
"eating",
"patient denies",
"alcohol",
"illicit substance use",
"stating",
"eating healthy",
... |
A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of worsening shortness of breath and cough productive of frothy, whitish sputum. One year ago, he had a similar episode lasting 6 months. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. Physical examination shows bluish discoloration of the to... | Increased serum hematocrit | {
"A": "Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure",
"B": "Normal FEV1",
"C": "Increased FEV1/FVC ratio",
"D": "Increased serum hematocrit"
} | step1 | D | [
"48 year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"3 month history",
"worsening shortness",
"breath",
"cough productive",
"frothy",
"sputum",
"One year ago",
"similar episode lasting",
"months",
"smoked",
"pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"years",
"Physical examination shows",
"discoloration",
"to... |
A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after she was found agitated and screaming for help in the middle of the street. She says she also has dizziness and tingling in the lips and hands. Her past medical history is relevant for general anxiety disorder, managed medically with paroxetine. At admission... | pH: increased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased | {
"A": "pH: increased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased",
"B": "pH: decreased, HCO3- : decreased, Pco2: decreased",
"C": "pH: decreased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased",
"D": "pH: increased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"found agitated",
"screaming",
"help",
"middle",
"street",
"dizziness",
"tingling",
"lips",
"hands",
"past medical history",
"relevant",
"general anxiety disorder",
"managed",
"paroxetine",
"admission",
"pulse",
"min",
"respira... |
A 42-year-old woman presents to a medical office with complaints of fatigue, weight loss, and low-grade fever for 1 week. She noticed bleeding spots on her feet this morning. The past medical history is significant for a recent dental appointment. She is a non-smoker and does not drink alcohol. She does not currently t... | Streptococcus viridans | {
"A": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"B": "Actinomyces israelii",
"C": "Streptococcus viridans",
"D": "Group B Streptococcus"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"medical office",
"complaints",
"fatigue",
"weight loss",
"low-grade fever",
"1 week",
"bleeding spots",
"feet",
"morning",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"recent dental appointment",
"non-smoker",
"not drink alcohol",
"not currently take",
"medicat... |
A 38-year-old G2P2 presents to her gynecologist to discuss the results of her diagnostic tests. She has no current complaints or concurrent diseases. She underwent a tubal ligation after her last pregnancy. Her last Pap smear showed a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and a reflex HPV test was positive. Colpo... | Loop electrosurgical excision procedure | {
"A": "Cryoablation",
"B": "Loop electrosurgical excision procedure",
"C": "Test for type 16 and 18 HPV",
"D": "Repeat cytology and HPV co-testing in 6 months"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old",
"presents",
"gynecologist to discuss",
"results",
"diagnostic tests",
"current complaints",
"concurrent diseases",
"tubal",
"pregnancy",
"last Pap smear showed",
"high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion",
"reflex HPV test",
"positive",
"Colposcopic examination reveals areas"... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after having been diagnosed with stage II adenocarcinoma of the left lower lung lobe without evidence of distant metastases 1 week ago following an evaluation for a chronic cough. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pac... | Schedule lobectomy | {
"A": "Schedule lobectomy",
"B": "Radiation therapy",
"C": "Schedule a wedge resection",
"D": "Administer cisplatin and etoposide"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"diagnosed",
"stage II adenocarcinoma of the left lower lung lobe",
"evidence",
"distant metastases 1 week",
"following",
"evaluation",
"chronic cough",
"hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily... |
An otherwise healthy 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of mild persistent bleeding from the site of a tooth extraction. He has no prior history of medical procedures or surgeries and no history of easy bruising. He appears well. Vital signs are within normal limits. Laboratory studies sh... | Factor VII | {
"A": "Factor VII",
"B": "Factor V",
"C": "Factor II",
"D": "Factor XIII"
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy 23 year old man",
"physician",
"3-day history",
"mild persistent bleeding",
"site of",
"tooth extraction",
"prior history of medical procedures",
"surgeries",
"history",
"easy bruising",
"appears well",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Laboratory studies show",
"Hemoglobin 12.4 ... |
A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care clinic for a regular checkup. He reports feeling depressed since his wife left him 6 months prior and is unable to recall why she left him. He denies any sleep disturbance, change in his eating habits, guilt, or suicidal ideation. His past medical history is notable for hy... | Anterior pillars of the fornix | {
"A": "Anterior pillars of the fornix",
"B": "Dorsal hippocampus",
"C": "Parahippocampal gyrus",
"D": "Posterior pillars of the fornix"
} | step1 | A | [
"64 year old man presents",
"primary care clinic",
"regular checkup",
"reports feeling depressed",
"wife left",
"months prior",
"unable to recall",
"left",
"denies",
"sleep disturbance",
"change in",
"eating habits",
"guilt",
"suicidal ideation",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"h... |
A 21-year-old man comes to the physician's office due to a 3-week history of fatigue and a rash, along with the recent development of joint pain that has moved from his knee to his elbows. The patient reports going camping last month but denies having been bitten by a tick. His past medical history is significant for a... | Cranial nerve palsy | {
"A": "Cranial nerve palsy",
"B": "Glomerular damage",
"C": "Heart valve stenosis",
"D": "Bone marrow failure"
} | step1 | A | [
"21-year-old man",
"physician's office due to",
"week history",
"fatigue",
"rash",
"recent development",
"joint pain",
"moved from",
"knee",
"elbows",
"patient reports",
"camping",
"month",
"denies",
"bitten",
"tick",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"asthma treated with",
... |
A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe chest pain and uneasiness. He says that symptoms onset acutely half an hour ago while he was watching television. He describes the pain as being 8/10 in intensity, sharp in character, localized to the center of the chest and retrosternal, and radiating ... | Aortic dissection | {
"A": "Aortic dissection",
"B": "Pulmonary embolism",
"C": "Acute myocardial infarction",
"D": "Aortic regurgitation"
} | step1 | A | [
"58 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"severe chest",
"uneasiness",
"symptoms onset",
"half",
"hour",
"watching television",
"pain",
"8/10",
"intensity",
"sharp",
"character",
"localized",
"center",
"chest",
"retrosternal",
"radiating to",
"back",
"shoulders",
"... |
A study on cholesterol levels is performed. There are 1000 participants. It is determined that in this population, the mean LDL is 200 mg/dL with a standard deviation of 50 mg/dL. If the population has a normal distribution, how many people have a cholesterol less than 300 mg/dL? | 975 | {
"A": "680",
"B": "840",
"C": "975",
"D": "997"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"study",
"cholesterol levels",
"performed",
"participants",
"population",
"mean",
"200 mg dL",
"standard deviation",
"50",
"dL",
"population",
"normal distribution",
"people",
"cholesterol",
"300 mg/dL"
] |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for evaluation of recurrent infections and easy bruising. He has been hospitalized 3 times for severe skin and respiratory infections, which responded to treatment with antibiotics. Examination shows sparse silvery hair. The skin is hypopigmented and there are ... | Defective lysosomal trafficking regulator gene | {
"A": "Defective CD40 ligand",
"B": "WAS gene mutation",
"C": "Defective NADPH oxidase",
"D": "Defective lysosomal trafficking regulator gene"
} | step1 | D | [
"2 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"evaluation",
"recurrent infections",
"easy bruising",
"hospitalized 3",
"severe skin",
"respiratory infections",
"treatment",
"antibiotics",
"Examination shows sparse silvery hair",
"skin",
"hypopigmented",
"diffuse petechiae",
"La... |
To protect against a potentially deadly infection, a 19-year-old female receives a vaccine containing capsular polysaccharide. This vaccine will stimulate her immune system to produce antibodies against which organism? | Neisseria meningitidis | {
"A": "Smallpox",
"B": "Neisseria meningitidis",
"C": "Corynebacterium diphtheriae",
"D": "Clostridium tetani"
} | step1 | B | [
"To",
"infection",
"year old female receives",
"vaccine containing capsular polysaccharide",
"vaccine",
"immune system to",
"antibodies",
"organism"
] |
A 6-year-old African American boy presents with fever, jaundice, normochromic normocytic anemia and generalized bone pain. He has a history of similar recurrent bone pain in the past which was partially relieved by analgesics. His vital signs include: blood pressure 120/70 mm Hg, pulse 105/min, respiratory rate 40/min,... | Sickle cell disease | {
"A": "Sickle cell disease",
"B": "Von-Gierke’s disease",
"C": "G6PD deficiency",
"D": "HbC"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old African American boy presents",
"fever",
"jaundice",
"normochromic normocytic anemia",
"generalized bone",
"history",
"similar recurrent bone pain",
"past",
"relieved by analgesics",
"vital signs include",
"blood pressure",
"70 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respiratory rate 40 min",... |
A 69-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with substernal, crushing chest pain. She is emergently moved to the cardiac catheterization lab where she undergoes cardiac angiography. Angiography reveals that the diameter of her left anterior descending artery (LAD) is 50% of normal. If her blood pressure, LAD length... | Decreased by 93.75% | {
"A": "Increased by 25%",
"B": "Decreased by 93.75%",
"C": "Decreased by 87.5%",
"D": "Decreased by 25%"
} | step1 | B | [
"69 year old woman",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"crushing chest pain",
"moved to",
"cardiac catheterization lab",
"cardiac angiography",
"reveals",
"diameter",
"left anterior descending artery",
"50",
"normal",
"blood pressure",
"LAD length",
"blood viscosity",
"not changed",
"following... |
A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of generalized fatigue and malaise for 2 months. He has been unable to engage in his daily activities. Three months ago, he was treated for a urinary tract infection with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. He has hypertension, asthma, and chronic lower back pain. Current med... | Inhibition of prostacyclin production | {
"A": "Inhibition of prostacyclin production",
"B": "Excess amount of light chain production",
"C": "Precipitation of drugs within the renal tubules",
"D": "MUC1 gene mutation"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"63 year old man",
"physician",
"generalized fatigue",
"malaise",
"months",
"unable",
"daily activities",
"Three months",
"treated",
"urinary tract infection",
"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole",
"hypertension",
"asthma",
"chronic lower back pain",
"Current medications include hydrochloroth... |
A 60-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 3-month history of shortness of breath that worsens on exertion. She also complains of chronic cough that has lasted for 10 years. Her symptoms are worsened even with light activities like climbing up a flight of stairs. She denies any weight loss, lightheadedness, or f... | Decreased FEV1: FVC and increased total lung capacity | {
"A": "Increased FEV1: FVC and decreased total lung capacity",
"B": "Decreased FEV1: FVC and increased total lung capacity",
"C": "Increased FEV1: FVC and normal total lung capacity",
"D": "Normal FEV1: FVC and decreased total lung capacity"
} | step1 | B | [
"60 year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"3 month history of shortness",
"breath",
"worsens",
"exertion",
"chronic cough",
"lasted",
"10 years",
"symptoms",
"worsened",
"light activities",
"climbing",
"flight",
"stairs",
"denies",
"weight loss",
"lightheadedness",
"fever",
"medi... |
A 54-year-old male presents to clinic complaining that he is not sleeping well because he has to get up from bed to urinate multiple times throughout the night. He says that he strains to void, has terminal dribbling, and has urinary urgency. Past medical history is significant for orthostatic hypotension. On digital r... | 5-alpha reductase inhibition | {
"A": "Alpha-1 blockade",
"B": "Squalene epoxidase inhibition",
"C": "5-alpha reductase inhibition",
"D": "17,20-desmolase inhibition"
} | step1 | C | [
"54 year old male presents",
"clinic",
"not sleeping well",
"to get",
"bed to",
"multiple times",
"night",
"strains to void",
"terminal dribbling",
"urinary urgency",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"orthostatic hypotension",
"digital rectal exam",
"note symmetric firm enlargement... |
A 75-year-old man presents to the emergency department after an episode of syncope while walking outside with his wife. His wife states that he suddenly appeared pale and collapsed to the ground. She says he remained unconscious for 1 minute. He says noticed a fluttering in his chest and excessive sweating before the e... | Continuous loop recorder | {
"A": "Tilt-table test",
"B": "Continuous loop recorder",
"C": "Valsalva maneuver",
"D": "Cardiac enzymes"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"75 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"episode of syncope",
"walking outside",
"wife",
"wife states",
"appeared pale",
"collapsed",
"unconscious",
"minute",
"fluttering",
"chest",
"excessive sweating",
"episode",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"essential hypertension",
"ch... |
Two days after undergoing emergency cardiac catherization for myocardial infarction, a 68-year-old woman has pain in her toes. During the intervention, she was found to have an occluded left anterior descending artery and 3 stents were placed. She has hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and coronary artery disease. Pri... | Acute kidney injury | {
"A": "Acute kidney injury",
"B": "Basophilia",
"C": "Permanent flexion contracture",
"D": "Migratory thrombophlebitis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"Two days",
"emergency cardiac",
"myocardial infarction",
"68 year old woman",
"pain in",
"toes",
"intervention",
"found to",
"occluded left anterior descending artery",
"3 stents",
"placed",
"hypertension",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"coronary artery disease",
"admission",
"medications",... |
A novel PET radiotracer is being evaluated for its ability to aid in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study decides to use a sample size of 1,000 patients, and half of the patients enrolled have AD. In the group of patients with AD, 400 are found positive on the novel type of PET imaging examination. In t... | 400 / (400+50) | {
"A": "400 / (400+100)",
"B": "450 / (450 + 50)",
"C": "400 / (400+50)",
"D": "450 / (450 + 100)"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"novel PET radiotracer",
"evaluated",
"ability to aid",
"diagnosis",
"Alzheimers disease",
"study",
"to use",
"sample size",
"patients",
"half",
"patients enrolled",
"AD",
"group",
"patients",
"AD",
"400",
"found positive",
"novel type",
"PET imaging examination",
"control grou... |
A 17-year-old girl is brought in by her mother due to rapid weight loss over the past month. The patient says she has been having episodes of diarrhea, which she attributes to laxatives she takes regularly to keep her weight down. She also says she has not had her period yet. The patient’s mother adds that the patient ... | Synthesis requires vitamin B2 and B6 | {
"A": "It is derived from tyrosine",
"B": "Synthesis requires vitamin B1 and B6",
"C": "It is used to treat hypertension",
"D": "Synthesis requires vitamin B2 and B6"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"mother due to rapid weight loss",
"past month",
"patient",
"episodes of diarrhea",
"attributes to laxatives",
"takes",
"to keep",
"weight",
"not",
"period",
"patients mother adds",
"patient",
"school",
"acting very",
"home",
"current BMI",
"kg/m2",
... |
A 57-year-old man is admitted to the burn unit after he was brought to the emergency room following an accidental fire in his house. His past medical history is unknown due to his current clinical condition. Currently, his blood pressure is 75/40 mmHg, pulse rate is 140/min, and respiratory rate is 17/min. The patient ... | Cardiac output: ↓, systemic vascular resistance: ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↓ | {
"A": "Cardiac output: ↓, systemic vascular resistance: ↔, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↔",
"B": "Cardiac output: ↑, systemic vascular resistance: ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↔",
"C": "Cardiac output: ↓, systemic vascular resistance: ↑, pulmonary artery wedge pressure: ↓",
"D": "Cardiac output: ↔, ... | step1 | C | [
"57 year old man",
"admitted",
"burn unit",
"brought",
"emergency room following",
"accidental fire",
"house",
"past medical history",
"unknown due to",
"current clinical condition",
"Currently",
"blood pressure",
"75 40 mmHg",
"pulse rate",
"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"patie... |
A 35-year-old woman volunteers for a study on respiratory physiology. Pressure probes A and B are placed as follows:
Probe A: between the parietal and visceral pleura
Probe B: within the cavity of an alveoli
The probes provide a pressure reading relative to atmospheric pressure. To obtain a baseline reading, she is ask... | Probe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg | {
"A": "Probe A: 0 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg",
"B": "Probe A: -4 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg",
"C": "Probe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg",
"D": "Probe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg"
} | step1 | C | [
"35 year old woman volunteers",
"study",
"respiratory physiology",
"Pressure probes",
"placed",
"follows",
"Probe",
"parietal",
"visceral pleura Probe",
"cavity",
"alveoli",
"probes provide",
"pressure reading relative to atmospheric pressure",
"To obtain",
"baseline reading",
"to sit"... |
A 16-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 2-hour history of sudden-onset abdominal pain. He was playing football when his symptoms started. The patient’s past medical history is notable only for asthma. Social history is notable for unprotected sex with 4 women in the past month. His temperature is ... | Testicular torsion | {
"A": "Appendicitis",
"B": "Seminoma",
"C": "Testicular torsion",
"D": "Traumatic urethral injury"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"2-hour history",
"sudden abdominal",
"playing football",
"symptoms started",
"patients past medical history",
"notable only",
"asthma",
"Social history",
"notable",
"unprotected sex",
"4 women",
"past month",
"temperature",
"99",
"4C"... |
Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"
"Patient Information
Age: 23 years
Gender: F, self-identified
Ethnicity: unspecified
Site of Care: office
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “I can't run anymore because my knee hurts.... | Pain control and rest | {
"A": "Pain control and rest",
"B": "Physical therapy",
"C": "Arthroscopy of the knee",
"D": "Synovial fluid analysis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"refer",
"summary above to answer",
"question",
"following",
"most appropriate next step",
"management",
"Patient Age",
"23 years Gender",
"F",
"self identified Ethnicity",
"unspecified Site of Care",
"office History Reason for Visit",
"Concern",
"I",
"un ",
"nee ",
"istory of Presen... |
A 12-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for a 4-week history of fever, malaise, cough, and difficulty breathing. He has had recurrent episodes of gastroenteritis since birth. Cardiopulmonary examination shows subcostal retractions and crackles bilaterally. There is enlargement of the cervical, axi... | NADPH oxidase complex | {
"A": "B cell maturation",
"B": "Microtubule polymerization",
"C": "Actin filament assembly",
"D": "NADPH oxidase complex"
} | step1 | D | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"week history",
"fever",
"malaise",
"cough",
"difficulty breathing",
"recurrent episodes of gastroenteritis",
"birth",
"Cardiopulmonary examination shows subcostal retractions",
"crackles",
"enlargement",
"cervical",
"axillary",
"in... |
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