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wiki_0_chunk_0 | Critical flow | In marine hydrodynamic applications, the Froude number is usually referenced with the notation Fn and is defined as: where u is the relative flow velocity between the sea and ship, g is in particular the acceleration due to gravity, and L is the length of the ship at the water line level, or Lwl in some notations. It i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_1_chunk_0 | Dead reckoning | More modern methods include pit log referencing engine speed (e.g. in rpm) against a table of total displacement (for ships) or referencing one's indicated airspeed fed by the pressure from a pitot tube. This measurement is converted to an equivalent airspeed based upon known atmospheric conditions and measured errors ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_2_chunk_0 | Dead reckoning | This change is then converted to ship's speed. Distance is determined by multiplying the speed and the time. This initial position can then be adjusted resulting in an estimated position by taking into account the current (known as set and drift in marine navigation). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_3_chunk_0 | Controllable pitch propeller | In marine propulsion, a variable-pitch propeller is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. Reversible propellers—those where the pitch can be set to negative values—can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need to change the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_4_chunk_0 | Controllable pitch propeller | By varying the propeller blades to the optimal pitch, higher efficiency can be obtained, thus saving fuel. A vessel with a VPP can accelerate faster from a standstill and can decelerate much more effectively, making stopping quicker and safer. A CPP can also improve vessel maneuverability by directing a stronger flow o... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_5_chunk_0 | Controllable pitch propeller | Vessels with medium or high speed diesel or gasoline engines use a reduction gear to reduce the engine output speed to an optimal propeller speed—although the large low speed diesels, whose cruising RPM is in the 80 to 120 range, are usually direct drive with direct-reversing engines. While an FVPP-equipped vessel need... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_6_chunk_0 | Controllable pitch propeller | Compared to an FPP, a CPP is more efficient in reverse as the blades' leading edges remain as such in reverse also, so that the hydrodynamic cross-sectional shape is optimal for forward propulsion and satisfactory for reverse operations. In the mid-1970s, Uljanik Shipyard in Yugoslavia produced four VLCCs with CPPs – a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_7_chunk_0 | Controllable pitch propeller | For these vessels, fixed variable-pitch propellers would have been more appropriate.Controllable-pitch propellers are usually found on harbour or ocean-going tugs, dredgers, cruise ships, ferries, cargo vessels and larger fishing vessels. Prior to the development of CPPs, some vessels would alternate between "speed whe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_8_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | In marine systems, ocean currents have a key role determining which areas are effective as habitats, since ocean currents transport the basic nutrients needed to support marine life. Plankton are the life forms that inhabit the ocean that are so small (less than 2 mm) that they cannot effectively propel themselves thro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_9_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | In turn, as the population of drifting phytoplankton grows, the water becomes a suitable habitat for zooplankton, which feed on the phytoplankton. While phytoplankton are tiny drifting plants, zooplankton are tiny drifting animals, such as the larvae of fish and marine invertebrates. If sufficient zooplankton establish... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_10_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | And then if sufficient forage fish move to the area, it becomes a candidate habitat for larger predatory fish and other marine animals that feed on the forage fish. In this dynamic way, the current itself can, over time, become a moving habitat for multiple types of marine life. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_11_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | Ocean currents can be generated by differences in the density of the water. How dense water is depends on how saline or warm it is. If water contains differences in salt content or temperature, then the different densities will initiate a current. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_12_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | Ocean currents are also generated by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon (tides), and seismic activity (tsunami). The rotation of the Earth affects the direction ocean currents take, and explains which way the large circular ocean gyres rotate in the image above left. Suppose a current at the equator is heading ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_13_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | The Earth rotates eastward, so the water possesses that rotational momentum. But the further the water moves north, the slower the earth moves eastward. If the current could get to the North Pole, the earth would not be moving eastward at all. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_14_chunk_0 | Aquatic habitat | To conserve its rotational momentum, the further the current travels north the faster it must move eastward. So the effect is that the current curves to the right. This is the Coriolis effect. It is weakest at the equator and strongest at the poles. The effect is opposite south of the equator, where currents curve left... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_15_chunk_0 | Collision | In maritime law, it is occasionally desirable to distinguish between the situation of a vessel striking a moving object, and that of it striking a stationary object. The word "allision" is then used to mean the striking of a stationary object, while "collision" is used to mean the striking of a moving object. Thus, whe... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_16_chunk_0 | Seaplane carrier | These were used to ferry crews, stores and supplies between shore and the aircraft, to maintain the buoys used to mark out "taxiways" and "runways" and to keep these clear of debris to prevent foreign object damage, and in the case of emergency to act as rescue craft and airport crash tenders. All those functions that ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_17_chunk_0 | Nautical date line | In maritime usage, GMT retains its historical meaning of UT1, the mean solar time at Greenwich, which is empirically adjusted to track unpredictable variations in the Earth's rotational period. UTC, atomic time at Greenwich, makes these adjustments on a coarser granularity than GMT. Establishing latitude by local obser... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_18_chunk_0 | Solar Guerrilla | In market rate net metering systems the user's energy use is priced dynamically according to some function of wholesale electric prices. The users' meters are programmed remotely to calculate the value and are read remotely. Net metering applies such variable pricing to excess power produced by a qualifying system. Mar... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_19_chunk_0 | Solar Guerrilla | Under California law the payback for surplus electricity sent to the grid must be equal to the (variable, in this case) price charged at that time. Net metering enables small systems to result in zero annual net cost to the consumer provided that the consumer is able to shift demand loads to a lower price time, such as... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_20_chunk_0 | Observational techniques | In marketing and the social sciences, observational research (or field research) is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting. This differentiates it from experimental research in which a quasi-artificial environment is created to control for spurious factors... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_21_chunk_0 | Product lining | In comparison to product bundling, which is a strategy of offering more than one product for promotion as one combined item to create differentiation and greater value, product lining consists of selling different related products individually. The products in the product line can come in various sizes, colours, qualit... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_22_chunk_0 | Hot cognition | In marketing research, an audience's energy takes the form of psychological heat: hot cognition is an emotional thought process and cold cognition is a cognitive thought process. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_23_chunk_0 | Bayesian inference in marketing | Often when deciding between strategies based on a decision, they are interpreted as: where there is evidence X that shows condition A might hold true, is misread by judging A's likelihood by how well the evidence X matches A, but crucially without considering the prior frequency of A. In alignment with Falsification, w... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_24_chunk_0 | First mover advantage | In marketing strategy, first-mover advantage (FMA) is the competitive advantage gained by the initial ("first-moving") significant occupant of a market segment. First-mover advantage enables a company or firm to establish strong brand recognition, customer loyalty, and early purchase of resources before other competito... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_25_chunk_0 | Value creation | In marketing, a company’s value proposition is the full mix of benefits or economic value which it promises to deliver to the current and future customers (i.e., a market segment) who will buy their products and/or services. It is part of a company's overall marketing strategy which differentiates its brand and fully p... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_26_chunk_0 | Internet coupon | In marketing, a coupon is a ticket or document that can be redeemed for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product. Customarily, coupons are issued by manufacturers of consumer packaged goods or by retailers, to be used in retail stores as a part of sales promotions. They are often widely distributed thro... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_27_chunk_0 | Branded entertainment | In marketing, branded content (also known as branded entertainment) is content produced by an advertiser or content whose creation was funded by an advertiser. In contrast to content marketing (in which content is presented first and foremost as a marketing ploy for a brand) and product placement (where advertisers pay... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_28_chunk_0 | Complement goods | In marketing, complementary goods give additional market power to the producer. It allows vendor lock-in by increasing switching costs. A few types of pricing strategy exist for a complementary good and its base good: Pricing the base good at a relatively low price - this approach allows easy entry by consumers (e.g. l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_29_chunk_0 | Customer lifetime value | In marketing, customer lifetime value (CLV or often CLTV), lifetime customer value (LCV), or life-time value (LTV) is a prognostication of the net profit contributed to the whole future relationship with a customer. The prediction model can have varying levels of sophistication and accuracy, ranging from a crude heuris... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_30_chunk_0 | Customer lifetime value | Customer lifetime value is an important concept in that it encourages firms to shift their focus from quarterly profits to the long-term health of their customer relationships. Customer lifetime value is an important metric because it represents an upper limit on spending to acquire new customers. For this reason it is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_31_chunk_0 | Fuzzy clustering | In marketing, customers can be grouped into fuzzy clusters based on their needs, brand choices, psycho-graphic profiles, or other marketing related partitions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_32_chunk_0 | Linear Discriminant Analysis | In marketing, discriminant analysis was once often used to determine the factors which distinguish different types of customers and/or products on the basis of surveys or other forms of collected data. Logistic regression or other methods are now more commonly used. The use of discriminant analysis in marketing can be ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_33_chunk_0 | Linear Discriminant Analysis | Survey questions ask the respondent to rate a product from one to five (or 1 to 7, or 1 to 10) on a range of attributes chosen by the researcher. Anywhere from five to twenty attributes are chosen. They could include things like: ease of use, weight, accuracy, durability, colourfulness, price, or size. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_34_chunk_0 | Linear Discriminant Analysis | (This step is the same as in Factor analysis). Estimate the Discriminant Function Coefficients and determine the statistical significance and validity—Choose the appropriate discriminant analysis method. The direct method involves estimating the discriminant function so that all the predictors are assessed simultaneous... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_35_chunk_0 | Linear Discriminant Analysis | The stepwise method enters the predictors sequentially. The two-group method should be used when the dependent variable has two categories or states. The multiple discriminant method is used when the dependent variable has three or more categorical states. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_36_chunk_0 | Linear Discriminant Analysis | Use Wilks's Lambda to test for significance in SPSS or F stat in SAS. The most common method used to test validity is to split the sample into an estimation or analysis sample, and a validation or holdout sample. The estimation sample is used in constructing the discriminant function. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_37_chunk_0 | Linear Discriminant Analysis | The validation sample is used to construct a classification matrix which contains the number of correctly classified and incorrectly classified cases. The percentage of correctly classified cases is called the hit ratio. Plot the results on a two dimensional map, define the dimensions, and interpret the results. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_38_chunk_0 | Product Configurator | In marketing, manufacturing, call centre operations, and management, mass customization makes use of flexible computer-aided systems to produce custom output. Such systems combine the low unit costs of mass production processes with the flexibility of individual customization.Mass customization is the new frontier in b... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_39_chunk_0 | Product Configurator | At its best, it provides strategic advantage and economic value. It is one of the product design strategies and is currently used with both techniques (delay differentiation and modular design) together with effective innovative climate to enhance the value delivered to customers.Mass customization is the method of "ef... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_40_chunk_0 | Product Configurator | They found that users perceive greater usefulness and enjoyment with a mass customization interface vs. a more typical shopping interface, particularly in a task of moderate complexity. From collaborative engineering perspective, mass customization can be viewed as collaborative efforts between customers and manufactur... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_41_chunk_0 | Customer segmentation | Business-to-business (B2B) sellers might segment the market into different types of businesses or countries, while business-to-consumer (B2C) sellers might segment the market into demographic segments, such as lifestyle, behavior, or socioeconomic status. Market segmentation assumes that different market segments requi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_42_chunk_0 | Multivariate testing in marketing | In marketing, multivariate testing or multi-variable testing techniques apply statistical hypothesis testing on multi-variable systems, typically consumers on websites. Techniques of multivariate statistics are used. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_43_chunk_0 | Promotional mix | Direct Marketing is a channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits to communicate directly to the customer, with methods such as mobile messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising. Corporate... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_44_chunk_0 | Unique selling proposition | In marketing, the unique selling proposition (USP), also called the unique selling point, or the unique value proposition (UVP) in the business model canvas, is the marketing strategy of informing customers about how one's own brand or product is superior to its competitors (in addition to its other values).It was used... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_45_chunk_0 | Loss aversion | In marketing, the use of trial periods and rebates tries to take advantage of the buyer's tendency to value the good more after the buyer incorporates it in the status quo. In past behavioral economics studies, users participate up until the threat of loss equals any incurred gains. Recent methods established by Botond... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_46_chunk_0 | Loss aversion | The same change in price framed differently, for example as a $5 discount or as a $5 surcharge avoided, has a significant effect on consumer behavior. Although traditional economists consider this "endowment effect", and all other effects of loss aversion, to be completely irrational, it is important to the fields of m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_47_chunk_0 | Factor of production | Equity, which is regarded as part of capital, was divided into equity and intequity. Intequity means capital of ideas. Entrepreneurship was divided into network-related matters and creating-related matters. Network-related matters function in the sphere of equity, and creating-related matters in spheres of intequities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_48_chunk_0 | Knifehand strike | In martial arts, a knifehand strike is a strike using the part of the hand opposite the thumb (from the little finger to the wrist), familiar to many people as a karate chop (in Japanese, shutō-uchi). This refers to strikes performed with the side of the knuckle of the small finger. Suitable targets for the knifehand s... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_49_chunk_0 | Hard and soft techniques | In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the East Asian martial arts, the corresponding hard technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō, pinyin: yìng) and 柔 (Japanese: jū, pinyin: róu), ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_50_chunk_0 | Seismic retrofit | In reinforced concrete buildings, masonry infill walls are considered non-structural elements, but damage to infills can lead to large repair costs and change the behaviour of a structure, even leading to aforementioned soft-storey or beam-column joint shear failures. Local failure of the infill panels due to in and ou... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_51_chunk_0 | Mortar joint | In masonry, mortar joints are the spaces between bricks, concrete blocks, or glass blocks, that are filled with mortar or grout. If the surface of the masonry remains unplastered, the joints contribute significantly to the appearance of the masonry. Mortar joints can be made in a series of different fashions, but the m... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_52_chunk_0 | Computer media | In mass communication, digital media is any communication media that operate in conjunction with various encoded machine-readable data formats. Digital content can be created, viewed, distributed, modified, listened to, and preserved on a digital electronics device, including digital data storage media (in contrast to ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_53_chunk_0 | 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol | In mass spectrometry this compound is often abbreviated as "3-NBA" or "m-NBA." It has been used as a liquid matrix for fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. In electrospray ionization 3-NBA is doped into low surface tension spray solvents to increase analyte charging. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_54_chunk_0 | Orbitrap | In mass spectrometry, Orbitrap is an ion trap mass analyzer consisting of an outer barrel-like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that traps ions in an orbital motion around the spindle. The image current from the trapped ions is detected and converted to a mass spectrum using the Fourier transform of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_55_chunk_0 | Matrix (mass spectrometry) | In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_56_chunk_0 | De novo sequencing | In mass spectrometry, de novo peptide sequencing is the method in which a peptide amino acid sequence is determined from tandem mass spectrometry. Knowing the amino acid sequence of peptides from a protein digest is essential for studying the biological function of the protein. In the old days, this was accomplished by... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_57_chunk_0 | Direct analysis in real time | In mass spectrometry, direct analysis in real time (DART) is an ion source that produces electronically or vibronically excited-state species from gases such as helium, argon, or nitrogen that ionize atmospheric molecules or dopant molecules. The ions generated from atmospheric or dopant molecules undergo ion-molecule ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_58_chunk_0 | Mass spectroscopy | Hard ionization techniques are processes which impart high quantities of residual energy in the subject molecule invoking large degrees of fragmentation (i.e. the systematic rupturing of bonds acts to remove the excess energy, restoring stability to the resulting ion). Resultant ions tend to have m/z lower than the mol... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_59_chunk_0 | Liquid junction interface | In mass spectrometry, liquid junction interface is an ion source or set-up that couples peripheric devices, such as capillary electrophoresis, to mass spectrometry. See the IUPAC recommendation definition as a means of coupling capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry in which a liquid reservoir surrounds the sep... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_60_chunk_0 | Liquid junction interface | Electrolysis effects have to be controlled. Liquid junction interfaces have been used for on-line desalting in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Thereby, chromatographic material such as C18 phase was directly placed in the flow path coming from a pump or an HPLC device. In a variation of the method, fine capillaries... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_61_chunk_0 | Inlet ionization | In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted ionization (also inlet ionization) is a low fragmentation (soft) ionization technique which involves the transfer of particles of the analyte and matrix sample from atmospheric pressure (AP) to the heated inlet tube connecting the AP region to the vacuum of the mass analyzer.Initia... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_62_chunk_0 | Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization | In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrate... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_63_chunk_0 | Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization | First, the sample is mixed with a suitable matrix material and applied to a metal plate. Second, a pulsed laser irradiates the sample, triggering ablation and desorption of the sample and matrix material. Finally, the analyte molecules are ionized by being protonated or deprotonated in the hot plume of ablated gases, a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_64_chunk_0 | Formula mass | In mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of a small molecule is usually reported as the monoisotopic mass, that is, the mass of the molecule containing only the most common isotope of each element. Note that this also differs subtly from the molecular mass in that the choice of isotopes is defined and thus is a single ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_65_chunk_0 | Formula mass | The average molecular mass is often used for larger molecules since molecules with many atoms are unlikely to be composed exclusively of the most abundant isotope of each element. A theoretical average molecular mass can be calculated using the standard atomic weights found on a typical periodic table, since there is l... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_66_chunk_0 | Single-Cell Analysis | In mass spectroscopy based proteomics there are three major steps needed for peptide identification: sample preparation, separation of peptides, and identification of peptides. Several groups have focused on oocytes or very early cleavage-stage cells since these cells are unusually large and provide enough material for... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_67_chunk_0 | Single-Cell Analysis | The sensitivity and consistency of these methods have been further improved by prioritization, and massively parallel sample preparation in nanoliter size droplets. Another direction for single-cell protein analysis is based on a scalable framework of multiplexed data-independent acquisition (plexDIA) enables time savi... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_68_chunk_0 | Single-Cell Analysis | This step gives order to the peptides before quantification using tandem mass-spectroscopy (MS/MS). The major difference between quantification methods is some use labels on the peptides such as tandem mass tags (TMT) or dimethyl labels which are used to identify which cell a certain protein came from (proteins coming ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_69_chunk_0 | Sieving coefficient | In mass transfer, the sieving coefficient is a measure of equilibration between the concentrations of two mass transfer streams. It is defined as the mean pre- and post-contact concentration of the mass receiving stream divided by the pre- and post-contact concentration of the mass donating stream. S = C r C d {\displa... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_70_chunk_0 | Sieving coefficient | Systems with sieving coefficient that are greater than one require an external energy source, as they would otherwise violate the laws of thermodynamics. Sieving coefficients less than one represent a mass transfer process where the concentrations have not equilibrated. Contact time between mass streams is important in... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_71_chunk_0 | Pulmonary embolus | In massive and submassive PE, dysfunction of the right side of the heart may be seen on echocardiography, an indication that the pulmonary artery is severely obstructed and the right ventricle, a low-pressure pump, is unable to match the pressure. Some studies (see below) suggest that this finding may be an indication ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_72_chunk_0 | Replay value | In massively multiplayer online games and other types of online game, the other human-controlled players give the gameplay a greater variety than permitted by the AI of computer-controlled bots, as well as allowing chatting and other interaction between players, thus increasing the length of time the player will spend ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_73_chunk_0 | Key relevance | Key relevance is the measure of similarity between the key and the optimal size needed to fit the lock, or it is the similarity between a duplicate key and the original it is seeking to replicate. Key relevance cannot be deduced from a key code, since the key code merely refers to a central authoritative source for des... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_74_chunk_0 | Stroke Index | The 7th to the 10th stroke index holes should be allocated so that a player receiving 10 strokes does not receive strokes on three consecutive holes.In Stableford, par and bogey competitions using stroke play, where an even distribution of strokes is not so important, if the club uses a different stroke index for these... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_75_chunk_0 | Orthotropic material | In material science and solid mechanics, orthotropic materials have material properties at a particular point which differ along three orthogonal axes, where each axis has twofold rotational symmetry. These directional differences in strength can be quantified with Hankinson's equation. They are a subset of anisotropic... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_76_chunk_0 | Orthotropic material | It is usually least stiff in the radial direction (between the growth rings), and is intermediate in the circumferential direction. This anisotropy was provided by evolution, as it best enables the tree to remain upright. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_77_chunk_0 | Glutaraldehyde | In material science glutaraldehyde application areas range from polymers to metals and biomaterials. Glutaraldehyde is commonly used as fixing agent before characterization of biomaterials for microscopy. Glutaraldehyde is a powerful crosslinking agent for many polymers containing primary amine groups.. Glutaraldehdye ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_78_chunk_0 | Layered materials | In material science, layered materials are solids with highly anisotropic bonding, in which two-dimensional sheets are internally strongly bonded, but only weakly bonded to adjacent layers. Owing to their distinctive structures, layered materials are often suitable for intercalation reactions.One large family of layere... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_79_chunk_0 | Resilience (materials science) | In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is def... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_80_chunk_0 | Resilience (materials science) | It can be calculated by integrating the stress–strain curve from zero to the elastic limit. In uniaxial tension, under the assumptions of linear elasticity, U r = σ y 2 2 E = σ y ε y 2 {\displaystyle U_{r}={\frac {\sigma _{y}^{2}}{2E}}={\frac {\sigma _{y}\varepsilon _{y}}{2}}} where Ur is the modulus of resilience, σy ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_81_chunk_0 | Rubber toughening | In material selection it is important to look at the interaction between the matrix and the secondary phase. For example, crosslinking within the rubber phase promotes high strength fibril formation that toughens the rubber, preventing particle fracture.Carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) is often used t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_82_chunk_0 | Rubber toughening | To do so it is important to match refractive indices of both phases. Traditional rubber particles do not offer this quality. Modifying the surface of nanoparticles with polymers of comparable refractive indices is an interest of current research. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_83_chunk_0 | Binary phase | In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungst... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_84_chunk_0 | Quaternary phase | In materials chemistry, a quaternary phase is a chemical compound containing four elements. Some compounds can be molecular or ionic, examples being chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3H). More typically quaternary phase refers to extended solids. A famous example are the yttrium barium copper oxide... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_85_chunk_0 | Crack growth resistance curve | In materials modeled by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), crack extension occurs when the applied energy release rate G {\displaystyle G} exceeds G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} , where G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} is the material's resistance to crack extension. Conceptually G {\displaystyle G} can be thought of as the... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_86_chunk_0 | Crack growth resistance curve | A complication to this process is that in some materials, G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} is not a constant value during the crack extension process. A plot of crack growth resistance G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} versus crack extension Δ a {\displaystyle \Delta a} is called a crack growth resistance curve, or R-curve. A plot of... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_87_chunk_0 | Crack growth resistance curve | The nature of the applied driving force curve relative to the material's R-curve determines the stability of a given crack. The usage of R-curves in fracture analysis is a more complex, but more comprehensive failure criteria compared to the common failure criteria that fracture occurs when G ≥ G c {\displaystyle G\geq... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_88_chunk_0 | Radiation length | In materials of high atomic number (e.g. tungsten, uranium, plutonium) the electrons of energies >~10 MeV predominantly lose energy by bremsstrahlung, and high-energy photons by e+e− pair production. The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these related interactions is called the radiation length X0, usually ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_89_chunk_0 | Radiation length | The radiation length for a given material consisting of a single type of nucleus can be approximated by the following expression: where Z is the atomic number and A is mass number of the nucleus. For Z > 4, a good approximation is where na is the number density of the nucleus, ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } denotes the reduc... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_90_chunk_0 | Rod mill | In materials processing a grinder is a machine for producing fine particle size reduction through attrition and compressive forces at the grain size level. See also crusher for mechanisms producing larger particles. In general, grinding processes require a relatively large amount of energy; for this reason, an experime... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_91_chunk_0 | Cocrystal | In materials science (specifically crystallography), cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline, single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of tw... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_92_chunk_0 | Functionally graded material | In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the ... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_93_chunk_0 | Giant magnetoimpedance | In materials science Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) is the effect that occurs in some materials where an external magnetic field causes a large variation in the electrical impedance of the material. It should not be confused with the separate physical phenomenon of Giant Magnetoresistance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_94_chunk_0 | Particle size | In materials science and colloidal chemistry, the term colloidal particle refers to a small amount of matter having a size typical for colloids and with a clear phase boundary. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers. Colloids are heterogeneous in nature, invisible to t... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_95_chunk_0 | Viscoelasticity | In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched a... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_96_chunk_0 | Viscous forces | In materials science and engineering, one is often interested in understanding the forces or stresses involved in the deformation of a material. For instance, if the material were a simple spring, the answer would be given by Hooke's law, which says that the force experienced by a spring is proportional to the distance... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_97_chunk_0 | Viscous forces | These are called viscous stresses. For instance, in a fluid such as water the stresses which arise from shearing the fluid do not depend on the distance the fluid has been sheared; rather, they depend on how quickly the shearing occurs. Viscosity is the material property which relates the viscous stresses in a material... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_98_chunk_0 | Viscous forces | Each layer of fluid moves faster than the one just below it, and friction between them gives rise to a force resisting their relative motion. In particular, the fluid applies on the top plate a force in the direction opposite to its motion, and an equal but opposite force on the bottom plate. An external force is there... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
wiki_99_chunk_0 | Viscous forces | In many fluids, the flow velocity is observed to vary linearly from zero at the bottom to u {\displaystyle u} at the top. Moreover, the magnitude of the force, F {\displaystyle F} , acting on the top plate is found to be proportional to the speed u {\displaystyle u} and the area A {\displaystyle A} of each plate, and i... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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