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wiki_39991_chunk_1 | Eudicella gralli | Further reading
Vincent Allard, 1985 - The Beetles of the World, volume 6. Goliathini 2 (Cetoniidae), Sciences Nat, Venette
Vincent Allard, 1985 - Réhabilitation de Eudicella gralli pauperata Kolbe, bona species, (nec trilineata Quedf.) (Cetoniidae), Bulletin de la Société Sciences Nat, 46, p. 11.
Vincent Allard, 1985... | wikipedia |
wiki_39991_chunk_2 | Eudicella gralli | External links
Eudicella gralli elgonensis photos at Beetlespace.wz.cz
Eudicella gralli hubini photos at Beetlespace.wz.cz
Natural Worlds Cetoniinae
Beetles of Africa
Beetles described in 1836 | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_0 | Une jeune Pucelle | "Une jeune Pucelle" is a French folk song from 1557, which has a melody that is based loosely on an older French song entitled "Une jeune Fillette". | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_1 | Une jeune Pucelle | The French words were set to an earlier Italian ballad from the sixteenth century titled "La Monica", which is also known as a dance, in German sources called Deutscher Tanz, and in Italian, French, Flemish, and English sources labeled Alemana, Almande, Almagne, Almande nonette, Balletto alta morona, Balletto celeste G... | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_2 | Une jeune Pucelle | The words of the Huron Carol ("Jesous Ahatonhia"), written probably in 1642 by the Jesuit missionary Jean de Brébeuf for the Hurons at Ste. Marie, were set to an adaptation of this melody. | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_3 | Une jeune Pucelle | The melody of the closing chorale of Johann Sebastian Bach's Herr, wie du willt, so schicks mit mir, BWV 73, with the incipit "Das ist des Vaters Wille", is based on either "Une jeune Pucelle" or "Une jeune Fillette". Also Marc-Antoine Charpentier used the melody in his Quatrième Kyrie of the Messe de Minuit pour Noël ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_4 | Une jeune Pucelle | Lyrics
Une jeune pucelle de noble cœur,
Priant en sa chambrette son Créateur.
L'ange du Ciel descendant sur la terre
Lui conta le mystère de notre Salvateur.
La pucelle esbahie de ceste voix,
Elle se peint à dire pour ceste fois:
Comment pourra s'accomplir telle affaire?
Car jamais n'eus affaire à nul homme qui soyt. | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_5 | Une jeune Pucelle | Ne te soucie, Marie, aucunement,
Celui qui Seignerie au firmament,
Son Saint-Esprit te fera apparaître,
Dont tu ne pourras connaître tost cet enfantement.
Sans douleur et sans peine, et sans tourment,
Neuf moys seras enceinte de cet enfant;
Quand ce viendra à le poser sur terre,
Jésus faut qu'on l'appelle, le Roy sur t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_6 | Une jeune Pucelle | Lors fut tant consolée de ces beaux dits,
Qu'elle pensait quasi être en Paradis.
Se soubmettant du tout à lui complaire,
disant voicy l'ancelle du Sauveur Jésus-Christ.
Mon âme magnifie, Dieu mon sauveur,
Mon esprit glorifie son Créatuer,
Car il a eu egard à son ancelle;
Que terre universelle lui soit gloire et honneur... | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_7 | Une jeune Pucelle | 'Fear not, Mary, at all:
he who is Lord of the firmament will send you his Holy Spirit,
from whom you will soon learn of the Child to be born.
Without sorrow, without pain, without torment,
you will carry this Child for nine months;
when the time comes to give him birth,
you must call him Jesus,
the King triumphing ove... | wikipedia |
wiki_39992_chunk_8 | Une jeune Pucelle | Then she was so consoled by these fine words,
that she felt as though she were in Paradise.
She submitted entirely to comply with all he said,
saying 'Here is the handmaid of the Saviour Jesus Christ.
My soul glorifies God my Saviour,
my spirit praises its Creator,
for he has looked upon his handmaiden;
may the whole e... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_0 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | In applied mathematics, multimodal optimization deals with optimization tasks that involve finding all or most of the multiple (at least locally optimal) solutions of a problem, as opposed to a single best solution.
Evolutionary multimodal optimization is a branch of evolutionary computation, which is closely related t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_1 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | Motivation
Knowledge of multiple solutions to an optimization task is especially helpful in engineering, when due to physical (and/or cost) constraints, the best results may not always be realizable. In such a scenario, if multiple solutions (locally and/or globally optimal) are known, the implementation can be quick... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_2 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | Background | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_3 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | Classical techniques of optimization would need multiple restart points and multiple runs in the hope that a different solution may be discovered every run, with no guarantee however. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) due to their population based approach, provide a natural advantage over classical optimization technique... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_4 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | The field of Evolutionary algorithms encompasses genetic algorithms (GAs), evolution strategy (ES), differential evolution (DE), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and other methods. Attempts have been made to solve multi-modal optimization in all these realms and most, if not all the various methods implement niching... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_5 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | De Jong's crowding method, Goldberg's sharing function approach, Petrowski's clearing method, restricted mating, maintaining multiple subpopulations are some of the popular approaches that have been proposed by the community. The first two methods are especially well studied, however, they do not perform explicit sepa... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_6 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | The application of multimodal optimization within ES was not explicit for many years, and has been explored only recently.
A niching framework utilizing derandomized ES was introduced by Shir, proposing the CMA-ES as a niching optimizer for the first time. The underpinning of that framework was the selection of a peak ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_7 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | Recently, an evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) approach was proposed, in which a suitable second objective is added to the originally single objective multimodal optimization problem, so that the multiple solutions form a weak pareto-optimal front. Hence, the multimodal optimization problem can be solved ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_8 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | An approach that does not use any radius for separating the population into subpopulations (or species) but employs the space topology instead is proposed in. References Bibliography | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_9 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | D. Goldberg and J. Richardson. (1987) "Genetic algorithms with sharing for multimodal function optimization". In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms on Genetic algorithms and their application table of contents, pages 41–49. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc. Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1987.
A. P... | wikipedia |
wiki_39993_chunk_10 | Evolutionary multimodal optimization | External links
Multi-modal optimization using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Niching in Evolution Strategies (ES)
Multimodal optimization page at Chair 11, Computer Science, TU Dortmund University
IEEE CIS Task Force on Multi-modal Optimization Cybernetics
Evolutionary algorithms
Machine learning algorithms
Art... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_0 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | In physics and chemistry, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system. The set of all states of a system is known as the system's phase space, and the degrees of freedom of the system are the dimensions of the phase space. | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_1 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | The location of a particle in three-dimensional space requires three position coordinates. Similarly, the direction and speed at which a particle moves can be described in terms of three velocity components, each in reference to the three dimensions of space. If the time evolution of the system is deterministic, where... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_2 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | In classical mechanics, the state of a point particle at any given time is often described with position and velocity coordinates in the Lagrangian formalism, or with position and momentum coordinates in the Hamiltonian formalism. In statistical mechanics, a degree of freedom is a single scalar number describing the mi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_3 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | It is often useful to specify quadratic degrees of freedom. These are degrees of freedom that contribute in a quadratic function to the energy of the system. Depending on what one is counting, there are several different ways that degrees of freedom can be defined,
each with a different value. Thermodynamic degrees of ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_4 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | By the equipartition theorem, internal energy per mole of gas equals cv T,
where T is temperature in kelvins and the specific heat at constant volume is cv = (f)(R/2).
R = 8.314 J/(K mol) is the universal gas constant, and "f" is the number of thermodynamic (quadratic) degrees of freedom,
counting the number of ways in... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_5 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Any atom or molecule has three degrees of freedom associated with translational motion (kinetic energy) of the center of mass with respect to the x, y, and z axes. These are the only degrees of freedom for noble gases (helium, neon, argon, etc.), which do not form molecules. | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_6 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | A molecule (two or more joined atoms) can have rotational kinetic energy.
A linear molecule, where all atoms lie along a single axis,
such as any diatomic molecule and some other molecules like carbon dioxide (CO2),
has two rotational degrees of freedom, because it can rotate about either of two axes perpendicular to t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_7 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | A molecule can also vibrate. A diatomic molecule has one molecular vibration mode, where the two atoms oscillate back and forth with the chemical bond between them acting as a spring. A molecule with atoms has more complicated modes of molecular vibration, with vibrational modes for a linear molecule and modes for a... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_8 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Both the rotational and vibrational modes are quantized, requiring a minimum temperature to be activated. The "rotational temperature" to activate the rotational degrees of freedom is less than 100 K for many gases. For N2 and O2, it is less than 3 K.
The "vibrational temperature" necessary for substantial vibration is... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_9 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Because room temperature (≈298 K) is over the typical rotational temperature but lower than the typical vibrational temperature, only the translational and rotational degrees of freedom contribute, in equal amounts, to the heat capacity ratio. This is why ≈ for monatomic gases and ≈ for diatomic gases at room temperatu... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_10 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Because air is dominated by diatomic gases nitrogen and oxygen, its molar internal energy is close to cv T = (5/2)RT, determined by the 5 degrees of freedom exhibited by diatomic gases.
See the graph at right. For 140 K < T < 380 K, cv differs from (5/2) Rd by less than 1%.
Only at temperatures well above temperatures ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_11 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Counting the minimum number of co-ordinates to specify a position | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_12 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | One can also count degrees of freedom using the minimum number of coordinates required to specify a position. This is done as follows:
For a single particle we need 2 coordinates in a 2-D plane to specify its position and 3 coordinates in 3-D space. Thus its degree of freedom in a 3-D space is 3.
For a body consistin... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_13 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | results in one equation with one unknown, in which we can solve for .
One of , , , , , or can be unknown. Contrary to the classical equipartition theorem, at room temperature, the vibrational motion of molecules typically makes negligible contributions to the heat capacity. This is because these degrees of freedom are... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_14 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | example: if and are two degrees of freedom, and is the associated energy:
If , then the two degrees of freedom are independent.
If , then the two degrees of freedom are not independent. The term involving the product of and is a coupling term that describes an interaction between the two degrees of freedom. For ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_15 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | The internal energy of the system is the sum of the average energies associated with each of the degrees of freedom: Quadratic degrees of freedom
A degree of freedom is quadratic if the energy terms associated with this degree of freedom can be written as
, where is a linear combination of other quadratic degrees of ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_16 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | example: if and are two degrees of freedom, and is the associated energy:
If , then the two degrees of freedom are not independent and non-quadratic.
If , then the two degrees of freedom are independent and non-quadratic.
If , then the two degrees of freedom are not independent but are quadratic.
If , then the t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_17 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Quadratic and independent degree of freedom
are quadratic and independent degrees of freedom if the energy associated with a microstate of the system they represent can be written as: Equipartition theorem In the classical limit of statistical mechanics, at thermodynamic equilibrium, the internal energy of a system of... | wikipedia |
wiki_39994_chunk_18 | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) | Generalizations
The description of a system's state as a point in its phase space, although mathematically convenient, is thought to be fundamentally inaccurate. In quantum mechanics, the motion degrees of freedom are superseded with the concept of wave function, and operators which correspond to other degrees of freed... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_0 | Field (physics) | In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or another tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time. For example, on a weather map, the surface temperature is described by assigning a number to each point on the map; the temperature can be considered at a certain point in time or ov... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_1 | Field (physics) | In the modern framework of the quantum theory of fields, even without referring to a test particle, a field occupies space, contains energy, and its presence precludes a classical "true vacuum". This has led physicists to consider electromagnetic fields to be a physical entity, making the field concept a supporting par... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_2 | Field (physics) | A field can be classified as a scalar field, a vector field, a spinor field or a tensor field according to whether the represented physical quantity is a scalar, a vector, a spinor, or a tensor, respectively. A field has a consistent tensorial character wherever it is defined: i.e. a field cannot be a scalar field some... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_3 | Field (physics) | History
To Isaac Newton, his law of universal gravitation simply expressed the gravitational force that acted between any pair of massive objects. When looking at the motion of many bodies all interacting with each other, such as the planets in the Solar System, dealing with the force between each pair of bodies separa... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_4 | Field (physics) | The development of the independent concept of a field truly began in the nineteenth century with the development of the theory of electromagnetism. In the early stages, André-Marie Ampère and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb could manage with Newton-style laws that expressed the forces between pairs of electric charges or e... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_5 | Field (physics) | The independent nature of the field became more apparent with James Clerk Maxwell's discovery that waves in these fields propagated at a finite speed. Consequently, the forces on charges and currents no longer just depended on the positions and velocities of other charges and currents at the same time, but also on thei... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_6 | Field (physics) | Maxwell, at first, did not adopt the modern concept of a field as a fundamental quantity that could independently exist. Instead, he supposed that the electromagnetic field expressed the deformation of some underlying medium—the luminiferous aether—much like the tension in a rubber membrane. If that were the case, the ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_7 | Field (physics) | In the late 1920s, the new rules of quantum mechanics were first applied to the electromagnetic field. In 1927, Paul Dirac used quantum fields to successfully explain how the decay of an atom to a lower quantum state led to the spontaneous emission of a photon, the quantum of the electromagnetic field. This was soon fo... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_8 | Field (physics) | Classical fields There are several examples of classical fields. Classical field theories remain useful wherever quantum properties do not arise, and can be active areas of research. Elasticity of materials, fluid dynamics and Maxwell's equations are cases in point. Some of the simplest physical fields are vector force... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_9 | Field (physics) | Any body with mass M is associated with a gravitational field g which describes its influence on other bodies with mass. The gravitational field of M at a point r in space corresponds to the ratio between force F that M exerts on a small or negligible test mass m located at r and the test mass itself:
Stipulating tha... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_10 | Field (physics) | where is a unit vector lying along the line joining M and m and pointing from M to m. Therefore, the gravitational field of M is The experimental observation that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal to an unprecedented level of accuracy leads to the identity that gravitational field strength is identical to... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_11 | Field (physics) | Michael Faraday first realized the importance of a field as a physical quantity, during his investigations into magnetism. He realized that electric and magnetic fields are not only fields of force which dictate the motion of particles, but also have an independent physical reality because they carry energy. These idea... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_12 | Field (physics) | A charged test particle with charge q experiences a force F based solely on its charge. We can similarly describe the electric field E so that . Using this and Coulomb's law tells us that the electric field due to a single charged particle is The electric field is conservative, and hence can be described by a scalar po... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_13 | Field (physics) | A steady current I flowing along a path ℓ will create a field B, that exerts a force on nearby moving charged particles that is quantitatively different from the electric field force described above. The force exerted by I on a nearby charge q with velocity v is
where B(r) is the magnetic field, which is determined f... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_14 | Field (physics) | In general, in the presence of both a charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), there will be both an electric and a magnetic field, and both will vary in time. They are determined by Maxwell's equations, a set of differential equations which directly relate E and B to ρ and J. Alternatively, one can describe... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_15 | Field (physics) | At the end of the 19th century, the electromagnetic field was understood as a collection of two vector fields in space. Nowadays, one recognizes this as a single antisymmetric 2nd-rank tensor field in spacetime. Gravitation in general relativity Einstein's theory of gravity, called general relativity, is another exampl... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_16 | Field (physics) | Waves as fields
Waves can be constructed as physical fields, due to their finite propagation speed and causal nature when a simplified physical model of an isolated closed system is set . They are also subject to the inverse-square law. For electromagnetic waves, there are optical fields, and terms such as near- and fa... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_17 | Field (physics) | It is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena, so that a classical field theory should, at least in principle, permit a recasting in quantum mechanical terms; success yields the corresponding quantum field theory. For example, quantizing classical electrodynamics gives quantum electro... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_18 | Field (physics) | In quantum chromodynamics, the color field lines are coupled at short distances by gluons, which are polarized by the field and line up with it. This effect increases within a short distance (around 1 fm from the vicinity of the quarks) making the color force increase within a short distance, confining the quarks withi... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_19 | Field (physics) | These three quantum field theories can all be derived as special cases of the so-called standard model of particle physics. General relativity, the Einsteinian field theory of gravity, has yet to be successfully quantized. However an extension, thermal field theory, deals with quantum field theory at finite temperature... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_20 | Field (physics) | As above with classical fields, it is possible to approach their quantum counterparts from a purely mathematical view using similar techniques as before. The equations governing the quantum fields are in fact PDEs (specifically, relativistic wave equations (RWEs)). Thus one can speak of Yang–Mills, Dirac, Klein–Gordon ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_21 | Field (physics) | Field theory
Field theory usually refers to a construction of the dynamics of a field, i.e. a specification of how a field changes with time or with respect to other independent physical variables on which the field depends. Usually this is done by writing a Lagrangian or a Hamiltonian of the field, and treating it as... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_22 | Field (physics) | The dynamics of a classical field are usually specified by the Lagrangian density in terms of the field components; the dynamics can be obtained by using the action principle. | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_23 | Field (physics) | It is possible to construct simple fields without any prior knowledge of physics using only mathematics from several variable calculus, potential theory and partial differential equations (PDEs). For example, scalar PDEs might consider quantities such as amplitude, density and pressure fields for the wave equation and ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_24 | Field (physics) | In a general setting, classical fields are described by sections of fiber bundles and their dynamics is formulated in the terms of jet manifolds (covariant classical field theory). In modern physics, the most often studied fields are those that model the four fundamental forces which one day may lead to the Unified Fie... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_25 | Field (physics) | Fields are often classified by their behaviour under transformations of spacetime. The terms used in this classification are:
scalar fields (such as temperature) whose values are given by a single variable at each point of space. This value does not change under transformations of space.
vector fields (such as the ma... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_26 | Field (physics) | Internal symmetries Fields may have internal symmetries in addition to spacetime symmetries. In many situations, one needs fields which are a list of spacetime scalars: (φ1, φ2, ... φN). For example, in weather prediction these may be temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. In particle physics, the color symmetry of the ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_27 | Field (physics) | If there is a symmetry of the problem, not involving spacetime, under which these components transform into each other, then this set of symmetries is called an internal symmetry. One may also make a classification of the charges of the fields under internal symmetries. Statistical field theory Statistical field theory... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_28 | Field (physics) | Much like statistical mechanics has some overlap between quantum and classical mechanics, statistical field theory has links to both quantum and classical field theories, especially the former with which it shares many methods. One important example is mean field theory. | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_29 | Field (physics) | Continuous random fields
Classical fields as above, such as the electromagnetic field, are usually infinitely differentiable functions, but they are in any case almost always twice differentiable. In contrast, generalized functions are not continuous. When dealing carefully with classical fields at finite temperature, ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_30 | Field (physics) | We can think about a continuous random field, in a (very) rough way, as an ordinary function that is almost everywhere, but such that when we take a weighted average of all the infinities over any finite region, we get a finite result. The infinities are not well-defined; but the finite values can be associated with t... | wikipedia |
wiki_39995_chunk_31 | Field (physics) | Conformal field theory
Covariant Hamiltonian field theory
Field strength
History of the philosophy of field theory
Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of a field
Scalar field theory
Velocity field Notes References Further reading
Landau, Lev D. and Lifshitz, Evgeny M. (1971). Classical Theory of Fields (3rd... | wikipedia |
wiki_39996_chunk_0 | Plenty of Power | Plenty of Power is the tenth studio album by Canadian heavy metal band Anvil, released in 2001. Track listing Personnel
Anvil
Steve "Lips" Kudlow – vocals, lead guitar
Ivan Hurd – lead guitar
Glenn Five – bass
Robb Reiner – drums Production
Pierre Rémillard – engineer, mixing
Andy Khrem – mastering
Torsten Hartmann – ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39997_chunk_0 | Africofusus ocelliferus | Africofusus ocelliferus, common name the long-siphoned whelk, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies. | wikipedia |
wiki_39997_chunk_1 | Africofusus ocelliferus | Spelling
The specific name was originally spelled "ocelliferus"; although this is not a correct latinization it is not liable to a justified emendation (cf. ICZN art. 32.5.1. "Incorrect transliteration or latinization ... are not to be considered inadvertent errors"). The spelling ocellifer is therefore an unjustified ... | wikipedia |
wiki_39997_chunk_2 | Africofusus ocelliferus | Lamarck J.B. (1816). Liste des objets représentés dans les planches de cette livraison. In: Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la Nature. Mollusques et Polypes divers. Agasse, Paris. 16 pp. | wikipedia |
wiki_39997_chunk_3 | Africofusus ocelliferus | External links
Branch, G.M. et al. (2002). Two Oceans. 5th impression. David Philip, Cate Town & Johannesburg.
Lamarck [J.B.P.A. de M. de]. (1816). Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature, Mollusques et polypes divers. Part 23 [Livraison 84, 14 December 1816], Tome 3, pp. 1–16, pls. 391-431... | wikipedia |
wiki_39997_chunk_4 | Africofusus ocelliferus | ocelliferus
Gastropods described in 1816 | wikipedia |
wiki_39998_chunk_0 | Renal stem cell | Renal stem cells are self-renewing, multipotent stem cells which are able to give rise to all the cell types of the kidney. It is involved in the homeostasis and repair of the kidney, and holds therapeutic potential for treatment of kidney failure. | wikipedia |
wiki_39998_chunk_1 | Renal stem cell | Structure
Strong evidence suggests that renal stem cells are located in the renal papilla. Using stain-retaining assay (with bromodeoxyuridine, or BrdU), a low-cycling cell population was found in the papillary region, which was able to divide rapidly to repair the damaged caused by transcient renal ischemia. These cel... | wikipedia |
wiki_39998_chunk_2 | Renal stem cell | Other reports have suggested the renal tubule and renal capsule to be the site of stem cells. The renal capsule contain stain-retaining cells which exhibited markers for mesenchymal stem cells; after their removal, recovery was significantly slower post-ischemic injury. These evidence suggests a stem cell population ex... | wikipedia |
wiki_39998_chunk_3 | Renal stem cell | Development
Using in vivo lineage tracing techniques, Lgr5+ cells were found to contribute to the nephron, specifically to the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. Thus, Lgr5+ cells can potentially be a marker for renal stem and/or progenitor cells. | wikipedia |
wiki_39998_chunk_4 | Renal stem cell | Clinical significance
There is much debate regarding the cells involved in repair after injury; while some suggests that stem cells are the sole driving force of repair, others suggests that cells dedifferentiate after damage to act like stem cells. Alternately, it was also reported that differentiated tubular epitheli... | wikipedia |
wiki_39998_chunk_5 | Renal stem cell | Multipotent mouse kidney progenitor cells (MKPC) were obtained from Myh9 targeted mutant mice. Injection of MKPC into mice post-ischemic injury saw the MKPC regenerating different cell lineages and was able to regenerate renal function and enhanced survival. Renal induced pluripotent stem cells
It has been reported tha... | wikipedia |
wiki_39999_chunk_0 | Leucozonia ocellata | Leucozonia ocellata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies. Description Distribution References Fasciolariidae
Gastropods described in 1791
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin | wikipedia |
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