Datasets:

pere
/

wiki_paragraphs_english

Split Name	Samples	Typical Usage
`train`	1,000,000	Primary training data
`validation`	10,000	Standard validation
`test`	10,000	Final evaluation
`validation1000`	1,000	Quick validation
`test1000`	1,000	Rapid testing
`validation100`	100	Debugging/development
`test100`	100	Small-scale checks
`pretrain`	10,000	Pre-training phase
`reverse`	100,000	Special tasks

Total Samples: 1,132,200

License

Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0

This dataset inherits Wikipedia's licensing terms:

Attribution Required
ShareAlike Mandatory
Commercial Use Allowed

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load main training split
dataset = load_dataset("your-username/dataset-name", split="train")

# Access smaller validation split
val_100 = load_dataset("your-username/dataset-name", "validation100")

Data Structure

Each line contains JSON:

Copy
{
  "text": "Full text content...",
  "metadata": {
    "source": "Wikipedia", 
    "timestamp": "2023-01-01",
    "url": "https://..."
  }
}

Notes

All splits accessible via: load_dataset(repo_id, split_name) Non-standard splits (e.g., reverse) require explicit config: split="reverse" When using, include attribution: "Contains content from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 3.0"

Downloads last month: 144

text stringlengths 33 41.8k	url stringlengths 31 128	paragraph_number int64 1 558	corrupt stringlengths 26 41.8k	corrupt_level int64 0 9
Habituation is the most effective technique but requires significant time. It is often used by the military for pilots. These techniques must be carried out at least every week to retain effectiveness.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness	30	Habituation is the most effective technique but requires significant time. It is often used by the military for pilots. These techniques must be carried out at least every week to retain effectiveness	3
On October 14 the Egyptian army launched an offensive along the entire front but was repulsed by the IDF. Israel followed on this success by attacking at the seam between the 2nd and 3rd Egyptian armies and crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt. Israeli forces fanned north and south, destroying Egyptian rear units and pun...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force	18	On October 14 the Egyptian army launched an offensive along the entire front but was repulsed by the IDF. Israel followed on this success by attacking at the seam between the 2nd and 3rd Egyptian armies and crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt Israeli forces fanned north and south, destroying Egyptian rear units and punc...	4
Legacy thumb\|right\|Petrarch's tomb at Arquà Petrarca Petrarch's influence is evident in the works of Serafino Ciminelli from Aquila (1466–1500) and in the works of Marin Držić (1508–1567) from Dubrovnik.Encyclopedia of the Renaissance: Class-Furió Ceriol, Vol. 2, p. 106, Paul F. Grendler, Renaissance Society of America...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch	32	Legacy thumb\|right\|Petrarch's tomb at Arquà Petrarca Petrarch's influence is evident in the works of Serafino Ciminelli from Aquila (1466–1500) and in the works of Marin Držić (1508–1567) from Dubrovnik.Encyclopedi,a of the Renaissance: Class-Furió Ceriol, Vol. 2, p. 106, Paul F. Grendler Renaissance Society of America...	1
The median income for a household in the city was $45,164, and the median income for a family was $54,394. The per capita income for the city was $24,385. About 5.0% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. The mean trave...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison,_Illinois	12	the median income for a household in the city was $45164 and the median income for a family was $54394 the per capita income for the city was $24385 about 50% of families and 85% of the population were below the poverty line including 120% of those under age 18 and 76% of those age 65 or over the mean travel time to wo...	9
Osteomyelitis in the left fourth metacarpal bone has been reported in a S. populator specimen dating back to Marine Isotope Stage 5. This pathology resulted in the machairodont individual becoming incapable of flexing its toe and would have severely diminished its ability to hunt prey.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodon	34	Osteomyelitis in the left fourth metacarpal bone has been reported in a S. populator specimen dating back to Marine Isotope Stage 5 This pathology resulted in the machairodont individual becoming incapable of flexing its toe and would have severely diminished its ability to hunt prey	4
José then became a recognizable face with Latino audiences in the United States with the movie showcase program Tu Pelicula. Later on he joined the morning show ¡Despierta América!, along with Fernando Arau, Ana María Canseco, Neyda Sandoval and fellow Puerto Rican Giselle Blondet. In 1998, Jose covered the 1998 Fifa W...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_José	7	jOsÉ tHeN beCame a reCOgnizAblE facE WITh lATino aUdiEnCes in the UniteD states with the Movie SHoWCaSe progrAm TU pelicULA. laTer oN He jOinED ThE mORNIng shOw ¡DespIerta aMÉrIcA!, alOng with fERNAnDo arAU, ana maRíA caNseco, neydA SAndovAl and fELloW Puerto rIcan gIselLE blonDET. In 1998, jose CovEreD THE 1998 fIfa w...	6
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967. Comprising ten episodes of thirty minutes each, the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston, and directed by Helen Standage.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia	70	The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was first adapted in 1967. Comprising ten episodes of thirty minute.s each, the screenplay was written by Trevor Preston, and directed by Helen Standage	2
A 2017 study found that attacks account for more than half (50.2%) of all nonfatal gun injuries, while unintentional injuries make up more than one-third (36.7%).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearm	97	A 2017 study foun:.d that attacks account for more than half (50.2%) of all nonfatal gun injuries, while un,intentional injuries make up more than one-third (36.7%).	5
Mission agencies The denomination was organized in 1845 to create a mission board to support the sending of Baptist missionaries. The North American Mission Board, or NAMB, (founded as the Domestic Mission Board, and later the Home Mission Board) in Alpharetta, Georgia serves missionaries involved in evangelism and chu...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention	74	Mission agencies The denomination was organized in 1845 to create a mission board to support the sending of Baptist missionaries The North American Mission Board or NAMB (founded as the Domestic Mission Board and later the Home Mission Board) in Alpharetta Georgia serves missionaries involved in evangelism and church p...	7
Non-fatal On 20 December 1973 at 00:33 local time, a Lufthansa Boeing 707 (registered D-ABOT) with 98 passengers and 11 crew members on board collided with a middle marker shack upon approaching Palam Airport in Delhi following a scheduled passenger flight from Bangkok (as part of a multi-leg flight back to Germany). T...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa	102	nON-FataL On 20 deCemBeR 1973 aT 00:33 Local tiMe, a lufTHansa BoeiNg 707 (reGistEred d-abot) with 98 pASseNGerS AnD 11 crEw MemBers on bOard COllided with a MIddLe mArker shacK uPon aPpROAChiNg palam airPorT In Delhi followiNg A scHEDuLED passENger fliGHt FroM bAngKOk (as pArT of a Multi-lEG flight bAcK to germany). t...	6
In the California State Legislature, Glendale is in , and in both , and .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California	81	In the California State Legislature, Glendale is in , and in both , and .	0
At the 2013 census, the largest employment industries for Wellington residents were professional, scientific and technical services (25,836 people), public administration and safety (24,336 people), health care and social assistance (17,446 people), education and training (16,550 people) and retail trade (16,203 people...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington	51	At the 2013 census, the largest employment industries for Wellington residents were professional, scientific and technical services (25,836 people) public administration and safety (24,336 people), health care and social assistance (17,446 people), education and training (16,550 people) and retail trade (16,203 people)...	3
In telecommunications, information transfer is the process of moving messages containing user information from a source to a sink via a communication channel. In this sense, information transfer is equivalent to data transmission which highlights more practical, technical aspects.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_transfer	1	In tElecOmmUnIcations, InfOrmatioN TRansFeR IS the pRocess oF mOvINg messAgEs ConTaIninG UsEr inFOrMation from a SouRCe to a SinK vIa a cOmmUnication chAnnel. In thIs sense, iNFoRmatioN tRAnsfer is eQuivaleNT To Data tranSmissIOn wHicH higHLighTS MorE PRaCtical, Technical aspectS.	6
Improving systems Loran-C had originally been designed to be highly automated, allowing the system to be operated more rapidly than the original LORAN's multi-minute measurement. It was also operated in "chains" of linked stations, allowing a fix to be made by simultaneously comparing two secondaries to a single master...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loran-C	29	Improving systems Lora.n-C had originally been designed to be highly automated, allowing the system to be operated more rapidly than the original LORAN's multi-minute measurement. It was also operated in "chains" of linked stations, allowing a fix to be made by simultaneously comparing two secondaries to a single maste...	1
Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation), heat energy (e.g. geothermal), chemical energy, electric potential and nuclear energy (from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion). Many of these processes generate heat as an i...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine	2	available energy sources include potential energy (eg energy of the earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power generation) heat energy (eg geothermal) chemical energy electric potential and nuclear energy (from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion) many of these processes generate heat as an intermedi...	8
Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound (thus forms like "this\|day" = "today" are permissible). Vowel harmony does not apply for loanwords, as in – from French "autobus". There are also a few native modern Turkish words ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_harmony	21	Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound (thus forms like "this\|day" = "today" are permissible) Vowel harmony does not apply for loanwords, as in – from French "autobus". There are also a few native modern Turkish words t...	3
In February 2006, Oracle Corporation acquired Sleepycat Software, makers of the Berkeley DB, a database engine providing the basis for another MySQL storage engine. This had little effect, as Berkeley DB was not widely used, and was dropped (due to lack of use) in MySQL 5.1.12, a pre-GA release of MySQL 5.1 released in...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL	12	In February 2006 Oracle Corporation acquired Sleepycat Software, makers of the Berkeley DB, a database engine providing the basis for another MySQL storage engine. This had little effect, as Berkeley DB was not widely used, and was dropped (due to lack of use) in MySQL 5.1.12, a pre-GA release of MySQL 5.1 released in ...	4
Dutch ambassador Isaac Titsingh did not refuse to kowtow during the course of his 1794–1795 mission to the imperial court of the Qianlong Emperor.van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowtow	12	dUTCH AMbASsADOr isaac TitsiNgh dId noT REfuse to kowTow duRIng thE coURse of hiS 1794–1795 mIssiOn to THE iMpeRIAL couRt Of The qiANlong emPeRor.van BRAam HOuckGEest, andReaS EvERARDus. (1798). An AUthentiC aCcouNt oF the EmBassy of tHe dUtcH eaST-india Company, to THe court oF the emperOr of China, in the yeaRs 1794 ...	6
A relatively large proportion of the population is active on the labour market, not least because of a very high female participation rate. The total participation rate for people aged 15 to 64 years was 78.8% in 2017. This was the 6th-highest number among OECD countries, only surpassed by Iceland, Switzerland, Sweden,...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark	24	A relatively large proportion of the population is active on the labour market, not least because of a very high female participation rate. The total participation rate for people aged 15 to 64 years was 788% in 2017. This was the 6th-highest number among OECD countries only surpassed by Iceland, Switzerland Sweden, Ne...	4
Britain Autumn – King Ceolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter a monastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to the throne (or 732). King Æthelbald of Mercia overruns a large portion of Somerset, and wrests the county from Wessex control (approximate date).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/731	3	BrItain aUtUMn – kInG ceOLWulf Of nORthumbRIa Is deposEd bY oPPoNents, and forcEd To EntER a monasteRY. his SupPorters subsEquEntly rEsTOre hiM tO tHE ThrONE (or 732). kiNG ÆtheLbAld of mERcIA overRunS a Large portion of SOmeRset, aNd wrEsTS THe county froM wesseX conTrol (APProxImAte DAte).	6
Like Richard III, but without that character's perversely appealing exuberance, Macbeth wades through blood until his inevitable fall. As Kenneth Muir writes, "Macbeth has not a predisposition to murder; he has merely an inordinate ambition that makes murder itself seem to be a lesser evil than failure to achieve the c...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth	29	Like Richard III but without that character's perversely appealing exuberance Macbeth wades through blood until his inevitable fall. As Kenneth Muir writes, "Macbeth has not a predisposition to murder; he has merely an inordinate ambition that makes murder itself seem to be a lesser evil than failure to achieve the cro...	4
XOR is also used to detect an overflow in the result of a signed binary arithmetic operation. If the leftmost retained bit of the result is not the same as the infinite number of digits to the left, then that means overflow occurred. XORing those two bits will give a "1" if there is an overflow.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_or	22	XOR is also used to detect an overflow in the result of a signed binary arithmetic operation If the leftmost retained bit of the result is not the same as the infinite number of digits to the left, then that means overflow occurred. XORing those two bits will give a "1" if there is an overflow.	3
Fertility rate by municipality Aileu Municipality and Ainaro Municipality have the highest fertility rate with 5.5 children per woman, followed by Ermera Municipality with 5.4 children per woman.http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2015-Census-Fertility-Report12.pdf Municipality Fertility rate in 200...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Timor-Leste	3	Fertility rate by municipality Aileu Municipality and Ainaro Municipality have the highest fertility rate with 5.5 children per woman, followed by Ermera Municipality with 5.4 children per woman.http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2015-Census-Fertility-Report12.pdf Municipality Fertility rate in 200...	3
Related work The W3C publishes an EBNF notation. The W3C used a different EBNF to specify the XML syntax. The British Standards Institution published a standard for an EBNF: BS 6154 in 1981. The IETF uses augmented BNF (ABNF), specified in .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus–Naur_form	15	related work the w3c publishes an ebnf notation the w3c used a different ebnf to specify the xml syntax the british standards institution published a standard for an ebnf bs 6154 in 1981 the ietf uses augmented bnf (abnf) specified in	8
It has been claimed that Commodore sold as many as six million units worldwide. However, Commodore UK refuted that figure and said that the entire Amiga line sold between four and five million computers. Indeed, Ars Technica provides a year-by-year graph of the sales of all Amiga computers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_500	31	It h.as been claimed that Commodore sold as many as six million units worldwide. However, Commodore UK refuted that figure and said that the entire Amiga line sold between four and five million computers Indeed, Ars Technica provides a year-by-year graph of the sales of all Amiga computers.	2
BNF grammar <index> ::= "" \| <index> "'" <variable> ::= "x" <index> <constant> ::= "c" <index> <unary function> ::= "f1" <index> <binary function> ::= "f2" <index> <ternary function> ::= "f3" <index> <unary predicate> ::= "p1" <index> <binary predicate> ::= "p2" <index> <ternary predicate> ::= "p3" <index> <term> ::= <...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic	25	bNf gRAMmAR <iNdex> ::= "" \| <indEx> "'" <VariAbLe> ::= "x" <inDEx> <consTant> ::= "C" <iNdeX> <uNary functiON> ::= "f1" <inDEx> <bInary FUNcTioN> ::= "f2" <iNdEx> <tErnaRY funcTIon> ::= "f3" <indEX> <unary pREdicate> ::= "P1" <index> <binary predicAte> ::= "p2" <INDEX> <TernAry prEDicatE> ::= "p3" <iNdex> <TERM> ::= <...	6
There were 497 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.9% had someone living alone who was...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayard,_Nebraska	10	There were 497 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.9% had someone living alone who was...	3
The median income for a household in the town was $31,655, and the median income for a family was $34,632. Males had a median income of $28,839 versus $22,069 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,783. About 17.4% of families and 19.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpersville,_Alabama	9	The median income for a household in the town was $31,655, and the median income for a family was $34,632. Males had a median income of $28,839 versus $22,069 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,783. About 17.4% of families and 19.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.6% of ...	5
King Kong quickly made Steiner one of the most respected names in Hollywood. He continued as RKO's music director for two more years, until 1936. Max married Louise Klos, a harpist, in 1936. They had a son, Ron, together and they divorced in 1946. Steiner composed, arranged and conducted another 55 films, including mos...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Steiner	13	King Kong quickly made Steiner one of the most respected names in Hollywood. He continued as RKO's music director for two more years, until 1936. Max married Louise Klos, a harpist, in 1936. They had a son, Ron, together and they divorced in 1946. Steiner composed, arranged and conducted another 55 films, including mos...	3
Already encoded images can be sent over networks with arbitrary bit rates by using a layer-progressive encoding order. On the other hand, color components can be moved back in the bit-stream; lower resolutions (corresponding to low-frequency sub-bands) could be sent first for image previewing. Finally, spatial browsing...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_2000	31	Already encoded images can be sent over networks with arbitrary bit rates by using a layer-progressive encoding order. On the other hand, color components can be moved back in the bit-stream; lower resolutions (corresponding to low-frequency sub-bands) cou.ld be sent first for image previewing. Finally, spatial browsin...	1
Predicted and scheduled events March – The 2029 Special Olympics World Winter Games are scheduled to be held in Switzerland. April 13 – Asteroid 99942 Apophis, at 335 metres (1,100 feet) wide, will pass Earth less than 32,000 kilometres (20,000 miles) from Earth's surface: closer than geosynchronous satellites. When di...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2029	1	Predicted and scheduled events March – The 2029 Spe!cial Olympics World Winter Games are scheduled to be held in Switzerland. April 13 – Asteroid 99942 Apophis, at 335 metres (1,100 feet) wide, will pass Earth less than 32,000 kilometres (20,000 miles) from Earth's surface: closer than geosynchronous satellites. When d...	9
An architect may delay or avoid making architectural decisions due to the fear of choosing incorrectly. To address this, ongoing and close collaboration with the development team is often necessary, with architectural choices being adjusted based on their feedback. Additionally, decisions are typically made at the "las...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture	13	An architect may delay or avoid making architectural decisions due to the fear of choosing incorrectly. To address this, ongoing and close collaboration with the development team is often necessary, with architectural choices being adjusted based on their feedback. Additionally, decisions are typically made at the "las...	3
The lander was equipped with two television cameras with a 360 degree view of the surface as well as a mass spectrometer to study atmospheric composition; temperature, pressure, and wind sensors; and devices to measure mechanical and chemical properties of the surface, including a mechanical scoop to search for organic...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_3	10	The lander was equipped with two television cameras with a 360 degree view of the surface as well as a mass spectrometer to study atmospheric composition; temperature pressure and wind sensors; and devices to measure mechanical and chemical properties of the surface including a mechanical scoop to search for organic ma...	7
Geography Deva is situated in the central part of Hunedoara County, on the left bank of the middle course of the Mureș River at 187 m above sea level. The city administers four villages: Archia (Árki), Bârcea Mică (Kisbarcsa), Cristur (Csernakeresztúr) and Sântuhalm (Szántóhalma).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva,_Romania	7	Geography Deva is situated in the central part of Huned!oara County, on the left bank o.f t:he middle course of the Mureș River at 187 m above sea level. The city administers four villages: Archia (Árki), Bârcea Mică (Kisbarcsa), Cristur (Csernakeresztúr) and Sântuh!alm (Sz?ántóhalma).	5
Management shuffle In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks. John T. Rose, who previously ran Compaq's desktop PC division, took over the corporate server business from SVP Gary Stimac who had resigned. Rose had joined Compaq in 1993 from Dig...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq	27	Management shuffle In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks. John T. Rose, who previously ran Compaq's desktop PC division, took over the corporate server business from SVP Gary Stimac who had resigned. Rose had joined Compaq, in 1993 from Di...	1
Preceding an enema for administration of drugs or alcohol, a cleansing enema may first be used for cleaning the colon to help increase the rate of absorption.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema	75	pReceDing an enEma foR adMinistraTION of DruGs or AlCohol, a clEansinG eNEmA may fIrst bE uSeD fOr CleaNing the coLON to help IncreaSe tHe rAtE OF AbSoRPtiON.	6
On 14 January 2016, suicide bombers and gunmen initiated a terror attack in Jakarta, resulting in the death of eight people: three Indonesian civilians, a Canadian and four of the attackers. Twenty people were wounded during the attack. The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the incident.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia	94	On 14 January 2016 suicide bombers and gunmen initiated a terror attack in Jakarta resulting in the death of eight people three Indonesian civilians a Canadian and four of the attackers Twenty people were wounded during the attack The Islamic State claimed responsibility for the incident	7
In 1668, grief-stricken at the recent death of his wife and frustrated by the disastrous political setbacks of his reign, John II Casimir abdicated the throne and fled to France.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland	36	In 1668, grief-stricken at the recent death of his wife and frustrated by the disastrous political setbacks of his reign, John II Casimir abdicated the throne and fled to France	3
Numerous Masonic Lodges have been named after Scott and his novels. For example: Lodge Sir Walter Scott, No. 859 (Perth, Australia) and Lodge Waverley, No. 597, (Edinburgh, Scotland).Grand Lodge of Scotland Year Book. 2014. pp 25 & 34.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott	45	Numerous Masonic Lodges have been named after Scott and his novels. For example: Lodge Sir Walter Scott, No. 859 (Perth, Australia) and Lodge Waverley, No. 597, (Edinburgh, Scotland).Grand Lodge of Scotland Year Book. 2014. pp 25 & 34.	0
The 3rd Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 80th Brigade in the 27th Division in December 1914 for service on the Western Front and saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King's_Royal_Rifle_Corps	17	The 3rd Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 80th Brigade in the 27th Division in December 1914 for service on the Western Front and saw action at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915.	2