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Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild Toshisada Nishida Koichiro Zamma Takahisa Matsusaka Agumi Inaba William C. McGrew Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia Toshisada Nishida Executive Director Japan Monkey Centre 2 Kanrin, Inuyama Aichi 484-0081, Japan nishida.mahale@gmail.com Takahisa Matsusaka Ass... |
2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. The use of general desc... |
from his night bed, yawns in the early morning. The Sinsiba swamp, frequently visited by M-group chimpanzees. Back cover: A juvenile female, Xantip, watches her mother, Xtina, removing a sand flea from her toe. DVDs All photos on the DVD disks and the indexes in the DVDs were taken at Mahale by Koichiro Zamma. Printed ... |
Goodall, Richard Wrangham, and I, do not regret that they have dedicated their whole lives to the study of wild chimpanzees. This is because the apes behavior is always challenging: chimpanzees are cheerful, charming, playful, curious, beautiful, easygoing, generous, tolerant, and trustworthy most of the time, but also... |
workers, we hope that zoo keepers, laboratory researchers and technicians, veterinarians, conservationists, eco-tourism managers, educators and students now will be able to widen and deepen the scope of their activities by making use of the descriptions and audio-visual images in this volume. We hope that laypersons al... |
of us had been absent, then we would Preface not have been able to complete this work. Roles were allocated to film, copy, playback, select, and edit, and to edit, interpret, name, describe, reference, and synthesize. The resulting collaborative efforts have been discussed and refined 20 times over in the process. We h... |
An adult female and two juvenile females licking a rock. 4. Grooming party of six adult males. 5. An adult female, Gwekulo, resting in the bush with her adopted juvenile daughter, Puffy. A juvenile female, Mitsue, looking at her own image in a stream. 7. An adult male and two adult females grooming on a fallen log. 8. ... |
as we know, this is the first attempt to do this for any mammalian species on earth. The behavioral patterns listed have been recorded mostly for the M-group chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, where we have been doing research since 19 5. However, we have made a great effort to add patterns de... |
behavioral patterns listed. From 1999 to 2009, new long-term study sites have been established, and many articles and books dealing with the behavioral patterns of chimpanzees have appeared. Research on gestures in captivity has also been published. With this new material, it is now easier to recognize possible differe... |
more detailed comparative and developmental studies. First, we address the question of what kind of behavioral patterns may have been present in the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo. This is a crucial question if we wish to reconstruct the behavior and ecology of early hominids such as the australopithecines, becau... |
but also way of scratching varies from site to site in its details. Audio-visual representations help to persuade skeptics of the richness of this variation. Third, how do chimpanzees acquire behavioral patterns as they mature? In relation to the second question above, we study the development of behavioral patterns. S... |
important because they are the seeds or origins of local culture. Fifth, in which domains are local behavioral differences most remarkable? This should be addressed if we want to infer the evolutionary origins of human culture. The extent of local differences has not been well-investigated, except for tool use, partly ... |
differences than does tool using. Sixth, heretofore unknown sex differences in behavioral patterns may emerge as more detailed observations are made. For example, through video-recording, we have noticed that immature females tend to play more in trees than do their male counterparts, and when females play on the groun... |
particular emotions, hence they possess more adaptable functional potential. Pollick and de Waal advocate the gestural origins of language Introduction 9 hypothesis because gestures are evolutionarily younger, and thus likely to be under greater cortical control than are facial or vocal signals. Few studies of hand pre... |
patterns. We anticipate that this ethogram will contribute to the synthesis of the chimpanzee genome study. The audio-visual ethogram will be useful not only in facilitating more precise comparisons between sites, but also in providing students and ordinary people with knowledge and materials that will stimulate them t... |
t. schweinfurthii; patterns unique to the Mahale population; customary patterns unique to many individuals of M group chimpanzees; habitual patterns limited to a few individuals of M group; rare patterns observed only in a single individual. The class of behavioral category outlined above to which each behavioral patte... |
than studies on chimpanzees. Therefore, behavioral comparisons between chimpanzee, bonobo and human can be made to some extent. Many authors have pointed out behavioral similarities and differences between human and chimpanzee. Some behavioral patterns are common to both human and chimpanzee but not bonobo, as well as ... |
are to be found in Categories, or than in others. Preliminary comparisons have already suggested interesting contrasts between chimpanzee and bonobo. If we scrutinize the minute details of the behavioral patterns of these sibling species, we may find many more differences between them. As less is known of the behavior ... |
chimpanzees kept in European zoos are of the west African subspecies, behavior of captive chimpanzees provide much information on this subspecies. Behavioral patterns belonging to Categories 5, or 7 are most likely to be cultural, but their status remains ambiguous, until it is determined by careful comparison whether ... |
the description of behavioral patterns. For example, we used hunch bipedal or clip leaf instead of bipedal hunch or leaf-clip. Moreover, in this version, we used only a single noun when it was more appropriate. For example, we listed toy instead of play toy because toy is enough to show that play is involved. Third, di... |
by us. In order to classify behavioral patterns hierarchically and to describe social relationships, both anatomical and functional terms are needed. This books major aim is to list the names of all the behavioral elements in terms of anatomical details, but we also need functional terms in order to denote behavior tha... |
in that the chimpanzee predicts from experience an associates future behavior and changes her route accordingly, although detour may be nothing but glance plus walk. Deceive is a much more difficult functional term, as it entails an inference by the observer about the apes intentions. Deception may not be linked to any... |
occur in similar contexts and have similar functions, although they may not occur simultaneously. Thus, we divide behavior patterns into four types: Type A denotes simple, anatomical terms such as walk bipedal; Type B is for complex anatomical terms such as wrestle; Type C is for simple functional terms such as approac... |
follow conventional usage and list terms by alphabetical order, then groom and selfgroom would be placed many pages apart from each other although they designate the same motor pattern. To avoid such inconsistency, conventional terms were rearranged so that the action was emphasized, and this policy of neologism was co... |
the glossary below follow the principles explained above in the Introduction. Study Sites of Chimpanzees and Bonobos Local names of the major study-sites referred in the Glossary are listed below with main reference sources. Shorter-term study sites such as Bai Hokou, Beni, Campo, Filabanga, Kabogo, Kanka-Sili, Kasakat... |
Sites of Chimpanzees and Bonobos P. t. schweinfurthii Budongo: Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda Bwindi: Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Gombe: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Kahuzi: Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo Kalinzu: Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda Kanyawara: Kibale National Park, U... |
1-2-1. Copulation 1-2-2. Courtship 1-2-3. Others Maternal behavior 1-3-1. Maternal/alloparental care and infant behavior 1-3-2. Infant transport 1-3-3. Weaning Grooming 1-4-1. Social grooming and self-grooming 1-4-2. Grooming posture and grooming request T. Nishida et al., Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visu... |
behavior 7-3. Movement and grouping 7-4. Inspection 7-5. Maintenance 1-1-1. Agonism: Aggression abuse abuse carcass aggress aggress in sexual frustration aggress morally aggress, redirected attack attack concertedly attack human battle bite brush aside chase club club another compress lips drag by hand drag other by ha... |
lips cough bark display as contest display away display past display toward display, charging display, rain display, streambed drag by hand drag carcass by hand drag dry leaves drum flail flail arm gaze harass hit bush bipedal hit toward hoot hunch hunch and sit hunch bipedal hunch over ignore intervene intervene to se... |
object irregularly shake object up and down show off slap buttress or tree trunk slap ground slap self slap-stamp slap wall snub stamp stamp bipedal stamp quadrupedal stamp trot stare fixedly strip leaf supplant swagger bipedal sway woody vegetation swing swing and kick tease threaten throw throw at throw at animate ob... |
confiscate console embrace full embrace half extend hand grasp hand greet hold genitals hug kiss kiss with open mouth kiss with pout face kiss with tongue massage shoulder mount mount, misdirected mouth nod and mouth offer arm pat poke press teeth against back push finger into mouth put heel on back put rump to rump re... |
mouth club ground dance orthograde hop bipedal on spot hop quadrupedal on spot hunch hunch and sit hunch bipedal lift and drop open thighs present with limbs extended present with limbs flexed pull through in courtship push raise arm quickly rap scratch dry leaves shake branch shake detached branch slap branch solicit ... |
penis swelling of sexual skin thrust in vacuum 1-3-1. Maternal behavior: Maternal/alloparental care and infant behavior abandon adopt aid in locomotion balance bounce foot/feet up and down rhythmically care alloparentally care alloparentally for another species care maternally change nipple clamp elbow cling cradle wit... |
ride bipedal ride clinging ride dangling ride dangling and touch dry leaves ride dorsal ride jockey ride prone ride quadrupedal ride supine ride ventral ride ventral with limb extended scoop infant solicit riding step up on leg touch transport corpse of infant transport two offspring transport with hand support transpo... |
Grooming: Social grooming and self-grooming allow clack teeth crush gaze groom groom briefly groom by hand groom carcass groom leaf groom mutually groom object or substrate groom reciprocally groom self groom unilaterally groom with mouth groom wound groom, dyadic groom, polyadic groom-branch-clasp groom-hand-clasp gro... |
leg raise arm slowly raise arm to hold branch raise arm with elbow bent raise leg while lying raise others arm raise others chin raise others leg scratch dry leaves scratch self signalling sit and turn back sit behind individual sit face to face sit sideways solicit grooming solicit grooming turn stare fixedly with hea... |
drip drop drop bark bits drop self dunk face enter into hole fend flail flail arm flee flop glove grab grab and shake grapple grasp and heave grasp hand handicap self hang and spin hang and stamp hang in sloth position hang upside-down by feet hang upside-down by hands hang with legs pitterpat hang-wrestle headstand hi... |
mouth mouth and shake nod and mouth nod to water surface nod to water surface and mouth water nod with body part in mouth nod with object in mouth nod with play face pass under pick up and release pile dry leaves pinch clitoris pirouette play play bite play face play face, full play face, half play, imaginary play in b... |
roll pull with mouth push push forward push head into ventral push leaf-pile push/ pull swing put face to put mouth into water rake rebuff play release infant to fall ride dangling and touch dry leaves roll rotate fruit rub dorsum to conspecific rub object to body scatter dry leaves scratch dry leaves shake branch up a... |
splash water stamp stamp in invitation stamp other stamp quadrupedal stamp water stand with head down, bottom up step on stir water struggle free suspend and shake up and down swing swing above swing and kick swing forward and upward tag tease throw throw at throw at animate object throw dry leaves throw sand throw sto... |
1-7. Inter-species relationships abuse carcass attack human bark care alloparentally for another species catch with hand clap hand club ground drop branch flee from colobus male groom carcass habituated hide interact with human kill another species play with another animal respond to baboon respond to dead animal respo... |
ant eat beetle larva eat blossom eat Camponotus ant eat carcass eat Crematogaster ant eat Dorylus ant eat egg eat eye mucus eat feces eat fruit, inner skin eat fruit, pulp eat gall eat honey eat Classification of Behavior Patterns 21 infant eat insect eat leaf eat meat eat nasal mucus eat Oecophylla ant eat petiole eat... |
for underground storage organ by hand dig for water by hand dip fruit wadge into water dip hand and lick water discard fruit skin with mouth dunk eat with foot fill mouth with food grope handedness keep water in mouth mop ant peel with hand peel with teeth pick out pulp pick up discarded food process food pull down pul... |
beg clamp elbow extend hand to beg fend give mouth for begging peer push away share food take turn around twist 2-4. Feeding and foraging: Hunting chase drag to kill dunk eat meat expel hunt hunt with tool knock with both arms knock with one arm monitor monkeys scrub pelt share food stalk twist wash wash colobus skin 3... |
grin-low-closed grin-low-open hoot face play face play face, full play face, half pout protrude tongue pucker cheek relaxed face sneer 3-3. Expressive behavior: Gesture beat chest bend and release bend and stretch knee bend away bob bob bipedal bow clap hand clip leaf by hand clip leaf by mouth dab extend extend hand e... |
branch raise arm with elbow bent raise leg while lying rap reach wrist toward scratch dry leaves scratch self signalling shake arm, abduct shake arm, adduct shake back and forth with four limbs shake branch shake branch up and down with feet shake detached branch slap slap branch slap buttress or tree trunk slap ground... |
self fall gallop hop bipedal on spot hop quadrupedal on spot leap leap between trees leap between trees with object leap bipedal leap bipedal with squared shoulders leap down leap quadrupedal leap up limp locomote pirouette play walk retreat retreat bipedal run run bipedal run quadrupedal run tripedal slide down vertic... |
hands hang-stand headstand hunch hunch and sit hunch bipedal hunch quadrupedal lean lean forward lie lie and hug lie lateral lie prone lie-sit lie supine lie supine with legs apart lie with legs crossed raise raise and hold leg raise arm to hold branch raise leg while lying sit sit and lean sit face to face sit prone s... |
bipedal transport corpse of infant transport food transport in foot transport in groin pocket transport in Classification of Behavior Patterns 23 hand transport in mouth transport in neck pocket transport on back transport on head or nape transport on shoulder transport quadrupedal 5-2. Object manipulation: Tool-use to... |
leaves perforate pick out bone marrow pick out nutmeat pound pound food on object pound food on wood pound insect pound pestle pound resin prop anvil puncture push and pull sponge push object into scoop algae tool use tool 5-3. Object manipulation: Tool-use in threat and aggression club club ground club other drag bran... |
play with object probe probe nasal passage push object into push to shoulder seat-stick sniff with tool solicit play with object solicit play with object in mouth squash leaf stepping-stick tickle self with object tool tool composite tool set toy use tool whisk fly with leafy twig wipe with detached object. Culture ben... |
termite fold leaf groom leafgroom-hand-clasp hammer nut with stone hammer nut with wood inspect leaf leaf-sponge lever open lick rock lick wood make leaf cushion perforate pick out bone marrow pick out nutmeat pound food on object pound food on wood pound insect pound pestle pound resin prop anvil pull leaf-pile punctu... |
sniffle urinate urinate, prone urinate quadrupedal urinate, sitting vomit wriggle yawn 7-2. Self-directed behavior bite self clasp self fumble clitoris fumble nipple fumble penis fumble penis with foot inspect self lick wound masturbate medicate self pick ear pick nose probe nasal passage push peri-anogenital region wi... |
regulate direction rest reunite reverse scan search for conspecific separate solicit companion stalk stand quadrupedal heel up step over supplant territory travel travel alone after childbirth vacate wade wait for companion 7-4. Inspection crowd gaze glance grope inspect inspect fruit inspect genitals inspect leaf insp... |
leaf eat eye mucus lick wound medicate self pick ear pick nose probe nasal passage push peri-anogenital region with finger rub dorsum rub hand or foot rub hand with hand rub muzzle scratch self shake head shelter from rain sickness whisk fly with arm whisk fly with leafy stick wipe with detached object Remarks 1. Princ... |
not categorized In addition to the behavioral catalogue, we include some basic terms such as Infant and place names of study sites, so readers can use this book as a dictionary. Such terms are discriminated from behavioral patterns by using bold font Synonyms are in italics T. Nishida et al., Chimpanzee Behavior in the... |
Mother may abuse her infant. Also seen in bonobos of Wamba. See video. abuse carcass Behavior directed to dead animal without eating it after chimpanzees have killed it. Apparently not directly related to consumption of meat. T. Nishida et al., Chimpanzee Behavior in the Wild: An Audio-Visual Encyclopedia, DOI 10.1007/... |
penis spasmodically jerks up and down. See also erect penis. See video. adolescent Sexually mature but socially immature. Males 915 years old, Females 913 years old. See Fig. 2. Fig. 2 Adolescent: Ten-year-old male of K group, Masisa adolescent infertility Adolescent females usually do not conceive although they copula... |
At Mahale, at least five older adolescent or young adult nulliparous females seen to hug, groom, transport, protect, play, share food, and share bed with orphan under 5 years old. Long-term adoption by adult males was reported from Ta. In bonobos, care of 2-year-old infant by newly immigrated female seen for one week. ... |
in response to refusal to copulate. 5. See video. aggress morally de Waal Moralistic aggression. Chimpanzee retaliates against companion after betrayal. When alpha male supported adult female against his subordinate male ally during competition for meat, latter chased alpha male. aggress, redirected Aggress to another ... |
return to her. See videos. See also video fall. aimed throw See throw at. algae-scoop See scoop algae. alliance Short-term and expedient mutual support against common rival. Cf. coalition. See video. alloparental care See care alloparentally. allow Individual A permits individual B to approach, make contact with A and ... |
Make submissive gestures directed toward a dominant individual after aggression, or in an attempt to prevent aggression. Includes pant-grunt, touch, extend hand, kiss, embrace half, present with limbs extended, present with limbs flexed, groom briefly, etc. Bonobos at Wamba appease by touch, embrace A 32 A attack half,... |
or standing. Rising by groomee stimulates groomer to resume grooming. 2. See video. arm ladder See extend arm as ladder. arm round See embrace half. arm stretch See extend hand, palm downward. arm swing See brachiate. arm threat See raise arm quickly, shake arm and hit toward. arrive Goodall: Chimp arrives and joins th... |
more chimpanzees simultaneously attack one or two others. Occurs both within and between groups. See also ostracize. Also in bonobos of Wamba. See video. attack human Wild chimpanzees occasionally attack human infants and juveniles and kill and eat them. Recorded from Gombe and near Budongo. Habituated adult male chimp... |
log blocks path, infant moves onto log, then resumes ride on her back after mother passes under log. 3. See video. avoid incest Does not mate with close relatives such as parent, sibling or offspring. Incest avoidance known from many mammals and birds. See incest. A B B baboon See respond to baboon. backstroke Solo loc... |
holds infant and lifts infant above ground by one to four of its limbs. Caretaker may gently bounce infant up and down with foot or feet. Caretaker may grasp one or both of infants hands. Similar behavior by bonobo and gorilla mothers. See video. bang See throw fruit against rock. bare teeth See grin. bark Goodall: Lou... |
multiple males. Two groups concertedly attack each other. 3. beat chest Hit chest with fists. Idiosyncratic element of male charging display at Gombe. Cf. slap self. Absent at Mahale. beat ground with stick See club ground. beat sole with palm Lie supine and repeatedly and simultaneously beat each sole with palm of cor... |
by whimpering, and if unsuccessful, the beggar may even throw a tantrum. Kanos Food beg for bonobos. See video. See also video reject-move. beg with hand See extend hand to beg. beg with mouth See mouth for begging. bend and release Whiten et al. Branch din: Bend and release saplings, so noisy movement alerts others. C... |
a submissive gesture. van Hooffs Flinch/shrink. Plooijs Bend away. Also seen in bonobos of Wamba. 2. bend branch Bend attached branch when making bed or cushion. See make bed and make cushion. See video. bend shrub Bend shrub, grass, bamboo or herb with one or both hands. In making day-bed or in courtship on ground, do... |
by stamp or rap ground, or rarely by hop quadrupedal on spot. Customary among males at Mahale. Seen also as courtship at Ta. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. See video. Beni Study area of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in eastern province of DRC. Research done by A. Kortlandt in 19 0, 19 3 and 19 4. bipedal hunch See hunch ... |
the skin and closing the jaws hard. Plooijs Bite. Goodall did not differentiate from mouth. Cf. mouth and play bite. Bonobo females bite more often than males. Male bonobos do not bite females. See video. bite and pull hairs Player bites some hairs of partner and pulls them with teeth. Infant male, Ichiro, once bit and... |
also by adolescent females, juvenile males and adult males when a high-ranking individual passes. Sometimes as the dominant recipient of the gesture moves on, the bobber backs away in front of the dominant animal. This may provoke an aggressive response. Bobbing is accompanied by pant-grunts which may become rather fre... |
foot/feet up and down rhythmically Lie supine, flex and extend leg rhythmically, thus bounce foot up and down. Element of balance. See video. bow Plooij Bow: Similar to bob in context. Deep flexion of legs but arms extended forward, so that head is lower than hips. Absent in bonobos, but see Pika. Category 3. See video... |
branch. branch slap See slap branch. break bone at joint 39 break bone at joint Hold and snap limb bone at joint with both hands. Seen in eat meat. Cf. twist. 7. See video. break branch Chimpanzee detaches branch and throws or drags it in display on ground, or eats from it comfortably above ground. In feeding, chimpanz... |
ends of thick, dry branch by hand and use foot to push forcibly against it, in order to break it in two. Also reported from Goualougo. 7. See video. break open by pushing chin Hold large fruit with fairly soft shell such as ripe Saba comorensis or lemon in mouth and push chin with hand or wrist in order to break open a... |
bristle, but less so. See video. brush aside Mother sweeps off infant her back by hand in refusing to carry it. Male sweeps away by hand infant who wedges itself between copulating pair. Kanos Rebuff for bonobos. brush away from branch Brush repeatedly with hand dry branch to wipe away ants on it. Used to remove Cremat... |
end of the herb into a brush tip. Some individuals were also observed biting the end of the tool with their incisors to pull apart the fibers. First described as brush-stick by Sugiyama for chimpanzees of Campo. Absent at Mahale. See video. Budongo Study area of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Budongo Forest Reserve,... |
vocalize. Campo Study area of Pan troglodytes troglodytes within Campo Animal Reserve, Cameroon. Research done by Y. Sugiyama in 19841985. cannibalism See eat infant. care alloparentally Nishida Alloparental behavior: Class of behavioral patterns similar to maternal care, shown to infants by individuals other than moth... |
and groomed it care maternally Complex of nurturing behavior shown by mothers to their offspring. Consists of hug, suckle, transport, groom, protect, play socially, share food, share bed, reject, support, etc. No juvenile offspring is suckled, transported, or allowed to share bed. Adolescent offspring still groomed by ... |
thrown by human. When chimpanzees of K group were given bananas and sugarcane, some chimpanzees of both sexes skillful at catching piece of sugar cane with both hands, even when in tree. Behavior developed without training, in response to human throwing to chimpanzees. change nipple During sucking, infant changes nippl... |
charges away See aggress morally. See also circle orthograde or circle quadrupedal. Bonobo chasing is more ritualized, as chaser often gets ahead of fleeing individual. Kano refers to Chase play for chase in play context. See video. check penile erection Estrous female approaches male in order to investigate whether he... |
seem to choke and only hoarse squeaks or rasping sounds can be heard. See also throw temper tantrum. Absent in bonobos? 5. circle orthograde Occurs in similar context as circle quadrupedal. Individual moves round and round tree bipedally or tripedally, while holding tree trunk with hand and keeping torso upright. See a... |
play. Often accompanied by play-pant at Mahale and Gombe. Seen in bonobos of Wamba. See also circle orthograde. 2. See videos. clack teeth Goodall Teeth-clack: Mouth rhythmically opened and closed during grooming. The teeth are clapped together each time the mouth is closed. Usually the lips are quite tightly drawn ove... |
to clap hands as part of threatening gesture against human observers. Only record of hand clapping by wild chimpanzees, although known in captivity. Absent at Mahale. clasp self Goodall Self-clasp: Sit or lie with arms tightly clasped around self. in a relaxed manner during resting. Not seen at Mahale, nor in bonobos o... |
cliff Similar to human rock-climbing without any artificial climbing equipment. 3. See video. climb down See descend. climb vertical Hunt et al.s Flexed-elbow vertical climb. Climb woody vine or small tree by alternately using palmar surfaces of four limbs. See video. climb vertical, extended elbow Hunt et al. Extended... |
at Ta and Kibale. See video. clip leaf by mouth Nishida Leaf clip: Pull leaf repeatedly between lips or teeth with one hand, producing conspicuous sound that attracts attention from prospective sex partner. Among most common courtship displays at Mahale. Act of frustration or play at Bossou and prelude to make drumming... |
at Mahale and termite-fishing at Assirik. See video. close eyes Close eyes: in sleep, as reflex when frightened, and when seemingly in bliss. Adult male, Alofu, lies on ground with eyes closed, apparently in bliss, after stuffing many sweet fruits in his mouth. Plooijs Eyes Closed. See video. club Strike target with lo... |
Juvenile male clubs the ground to threaten another juvenile during play or to threaten newly-immigrated female and human observer. Several adult males, Lukaja, Fanana, and Dogura, club ground or wall of house as part of charging display. See video. club other Club another individual with stick. Juvenile males, Michio a... |
dry leaves Infant or juvenile reclines or sits and collects dry leaves by raking, pulling or grabbing and hugs them in solo play. See video. comb 47 comb Whiten et al. Comb: Use stem to comb through hair. Present at Budongo and Goualougo. Absent at Mahale. community See unit group. compress lips Goodall Compressed lips... |
however, only mothers took away stone or stick from adolescent male or juvenile offspring. 3. See video. conflict behavior Situational acts, when two or more contradictory drives are stimulated in actor, such as groom carcass, kick up, shake hand side by side quickly, etc. consolation See console. console de Waal and v... |
of non-alpha males. See also lead. Cf. herd. Not seen in bonobos of Wamba. See Fig. 7. C 48 copulate between group C Fig. 7 Consort: Adult male, Kamemanfu and young estrous female, Wakapala of K group, in consort visited Myako camp to eat sugarcane when main party was absent contact water Contact with water includes: s... |
back, and wedge. copulate between group Young, and less often prime, estrous females visit neighboring unit group and copulate at Gombe, Mahale and Ta. Bonobo unit groups occasionally mingle peacefully, and copulation by members of different groups occurs at Wamba and Lomako. Adult copulate dorso-ventral 49 males do no... |
copulation. core area Area used intensively by individual chimpanzee although also used by other members of unit group. Females compete one another for good core area. Cf. territory. cough Goodall:When chimps have colds and coughs they sneeze and cough, sounding like humans. See sickness. Bonobos also cough. See video.... |
Wamba. Cf. shelter from rain. Absent at Mahale. C cover nipple Plooij Cover nipple. Goodalls Cover breast: Mother prevents access to breast by placing her arm across her nipple.She may also lie with breasts pressed to the ground or branch. Part of mothers weaning of infant. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. See video. cover ... |
creep Walk stealthily. Goodall states that.a fearful subordinate tries to creep from the vicinity of a particular higher ranking individual. The subordinate proceeds with extreme caution, moving slowly while keeping a constant sharp watch on the other. Bonobos of Wamba show similar pattern. See video. cross Flex one or... |
grunts or during submission after aggression. Kanos Crouch and Present in agonistic interaction for bonobo. See video. crouch-present See present with limbs flexed. crowd Many chimpanzees gather to peer at individual or gaze at object. Occurs when chimpanzee tries to extract thorn from foot, inspects seriously injured ... |
legs and body are swung forward through the arms. Plooijs crutch. At Mahale, also occurs when a mother carries newborn on belly, accompanied by transport with thigh support. In bonobos, crutch used only as last step of a long walk or as one-step movement while eating or resting. See video. cry See whimper-scream. cultu... |
gesture was mostly directed toward the face of the other. Plooijs Dab. At Mahale, seen only in few adolescents and juveniles when pant-grunting to adult males. Absent in bonobos of Wamba. dab leaf Whiten et al. Leaf-dab: Dab leaf on wound and examine it. Customary at Kibale, present at Gombe, Goualougo and Ta. Absent a... |
or below mother or another individual with one or both hands. Does not grip with feet. May also dangle from a branch See hang. Seen in bonobos of Wamba. See also ride dangling. See video. dart Estrous female runs quickly few meters after copulation. Often accompanied by copulatory squeal and grin, then, female often li... |
that is normally inappropriate or irrelevant in that context. Reported from Gombe and captivity. See video. deep incursion See intrude. defecate Excrete feces. See also diarrhea and push peri-anogenital region with finger. See video. See also video push perianogenital region with finger. defecate, prone Lie prone and d... |
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