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RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
Feasibility and comparative analysis of
Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria freezing and
fixation for student instruction and
assessment of clinical parasitology skills
Sidney A. Long1, Jaylyn Rhinehart2, Jessica Shrake1and Antoinette E. Marsh1*
Abstract
Background: Detection of D. immitis mic... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0000 |
immitis and suffer from clinical signs related to infection
[3].
Dirofilaria immitis diagnostics usually includes an
antigen test [ 1]. However false negatives due to
antibody-antigen blocking can occur [ 4]. The import-
ance of knowing how to test for microfilariae (mf) in
blood samples is critical for veterinarians a... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0001 |
the tube ’sr e s i d u a l~ 2 0 0u lo fb l o o ds a m p l eu s i n gt h e
Modified Knott ’s test following the release of the coded la-
boratory exercise. Two pairs of students that were given
mf- samples reported their samples as positive for mf using
the carbonate filter test. One pair measured their pur-
ported “mf”... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0002 |
the slides from best to worst in the following order: nc-
mf + in 2% acetic acid (best), then nc-mf + in 2% formalin,
then c-mf + in 2% formalin, and c-mf + in 2% acetic acid
(worst). Both diagnosticians made comments that the 2%
acetic acid stained lightly whereas the 2% formalin stained
more darkly, and that the nc-m... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0003 |
students if the students, when in practice, plan to use 2%
formalin solution as specified in reference manuals for the
technique protocols. Therefore, further optimization of
the acetic acid percentage used with the c-mf + could re-
sult in better staining, but it may not completely resolve
the disparent size relative ... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0004 |
from the NIH/NIAID Filariasis Research Reagent Re-
source Center, JYD and MO strains, collected into
heparized tubes and shipped overnight. One aliquot of
fresh blood was removed and designated as a baseline
and immediately evaluated using the Modified Knott ’s
test, [ 10] modified to use water to substitute for the 2%... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0005 |
fixative were sent to look at a c-mf + sample processed
with 2% formalin fixative and vice versa, so all students
compared the two different fixatives relative to their
microfilaria sample.
In Year 2 the samples were not evaluated on days 0, 7,
21, and 70 because the feasibility of storing cryopre-
served samples was d... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0006 |
6. United States Department of Health and Human Services. National
Toxicology Program, 12thReport on carcinogens. Rep. Carcinog. 2011;12, iii –
499.
7. Evans CC, Bradner JL, Savadelis MD, Nelson CT, Moorhead AR. Acetic acid as
an alternative reagent in the modified Knott test. Vet Parasitol. 2019;276:
108975.
8. Song S... | ecf468dac39b30d6866baca4dd746f376c06b06c | page_0007 |
DOI:10.1002/hon.3006
LETTERTOTHEEDITOR
EffectivenessofathirddoseofBNT162b2anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2
mRNAvaccineovera6‐monthfollow‐upperiodinallogenic
hematopoietic stemcellsrecipients
Abstract
Thisstudyreportstheeffectiveness ofthreeinjections
ofBNT162b2 anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNAvaccine in141
Allo‐HSCT recipients withamedian follow‐u... | a1493134f77670cb875d31694d924d9a52488db1 | page_0000 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Weacknowledge thefollowing individuals fortheirassistance with
thestudy,noneofwhomwascompensated forhisorhercontribu-
tions:Themedicalstaff:Drs.Berthe‐Marie Imbert,Thomas Drumel,
Beatrice Mahé,Viviane Dubruille, NicolasBlin,AnneLok,Cyrille
Touzeau, ThomasGastinne, SophieVanthygem, Philippe Moreauand
Ste... | a1493134f77670cb875d31694d924d9a52488db1 | page_0001 |
Francois, andKatiaGodartforadministrating vaccines andtheirhelp
incollecting samples. Theparamedical staffoftheHematology
Department andoftheVirology Department.
CONFLICTOFINTEREST
Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictofinterest.
ETHICALSTATEMENT
Allprocedures followed wereinaccordance withtheethicalstan-
dardsoftheresponsible c... | a1493134f77670cb875d31694d924d9a52488db1 | page_0002 |
Retrospective Clinical Research Report
Adherence to supplemental
vitamin D intake and infant
weight gain: a retrospectivecohort study in ruralsouthwestern China
Xiaofei Zheng1,*, Qijun Wu2,*, Dadong Weng3,
Yeju Fu3, Duxian Yue3and Yu Wang1
Abstract
Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that vitamin D supplementation is ... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0000 |
Introduction
The incidence of childhood obesity in China
has increased dramatically in recent years,which has become a public health threat forChinese children,
1as in many low- and
middle- income countries confronted withsimilar challenges.
2,3Surveillance data
reveal that in 2015, China had the highestnumber of obese... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0001 |
team are active volunteer pediatricians at
this center. This study received exemptionfrom an ethics review by the ResearchEthics Commission of Zhen Xiong
People’s Hospital because the study
involved the use of existing data. Therequirement for participants’ signedinformed consent was waived as the datawere de-identified... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0002 |
homogeneous subgroups within a heteroge-
neous population34that is very applicable
to the study of longitudinal developmental
trajectories at early stages.7,32The number
of BAZ growth profiles was decided on the
basis of the Bayesian information criterion
(BIC); models with smaller values of the
BIC imply a better fit.
S... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0003 |
Table 1. Characteristics of study participants identified using latent class growth modeling: Zhenxiong, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China 2016–2018 (n ¼1159).
VariablesClass 1
(n¼491)Class 2
(n¼127)Class 3
(n¼103)Class 4
(n¼145)Class 5
(n¼293)T erm infants,
included(n¼1159)T erm infants,
excluded(n¼904) P value
5P value6
Boys (... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0004 |
Overall, the highest proportion of children
routinely receiving supplemental vitamin D
at most visits were those with normativegrowth (trajectory class 1). By contrast,fewer than 25% of children in class 3
(early weight loss, late rapid growth) ever
received vitamin D within the first 2 yearsof life. In terms of adheren... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0005 |
recommendations, in general, only 37.1% of
the study population received supplementalvitamin D /C211 year. As displayed in Figure
3, class 1 (normative growth) accounted for
the highest percentage (41.8%) of partici-pants who received at least 400 IU vitaminD supplementation daily for the first year.
Significant differen... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0006 |
Table 2. Logistic regression for daily dose vitamin D (unit: 100 IU) according to growth trajectory at all visits: Zhenxiong, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China 2016–
2018 (n ¼1159).
Age at visit1 months
OR (95% CI)3 months
OR (95% CI)6 months
OR (95% CI)8 months
OR (95% CI)12 months
OR (95% CI)18 months
OR (95% CI)24 months
OR (... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0007 |
Table 3. Association of daily vitamin D supplementation /C2112 months with growth patterns in the first 2 years: Zhenxiong, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China
2016–2018 (n ¼1159).
Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Class 1 (Reference)
Class 2 Class 4
Vitamin D supplementation /C2112 mo... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0008 |
studies on the vital clinical importance of
early micronutrient supplementation for
body growth and the prevention of obesity
later in life. Our findings also highlight the
importance of collaboration between pedia-
tricians and caregivers in implementingnutritional guidelines in developing coun-
tries, particularly in ... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0009 |
For example, we did not include factors
related to maternal nutrition and cutaneoussynthesis of vitamin D, e.g., habitual cloth-
ing and skin pigmentation.
Conclusions
Among infants and toddlers aged 0 to 2years, sufficient dietary supplementation
with vitamin D is lacking in rural areas ofChina. Insufficient vitamin D i... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0010 |
2018; 141: e20173716. DOI: 10.1542/
peds.2017-3716.
12. Winzenberg T, Powell S, Shaw KA, et al.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation onbone density in healthy children: systematic
review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011; 342:
c7254. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c7254%J BMJ.
13. Bouillon R. Comparative analysis of nutri-
tional guidelin... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0011 |
Health 2012; 12: 660. DOI: 10.1186/1471-
2458-12-660.
32. Lei X, Chen Y, Ye J, et al. The optimal post-
natal growth trajectory for term small forgestational age babies: a prospective cohortstudy. J Pediatr 2015; 166: 54–58.e53.
33. World Health Organization. WHO Anthro
for personal computers, version 3.1, 2010.http://... | 8857b3e80c4283e7d81b1c1228de1a9b44a88fbd | page_0012 |
Slowing DNA Translocation in a Solid State Nanopore
Daniel Fologea ,
Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701
James Uplinger ,
Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701
Brian Thomas ,
Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701
David S. McN... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0000 |
resulting from a balance between the electric driving force and viscous drag. The nanopore
electrical behavior in ionic solution seems to be an ohmic one, with the electrical current
blockages proportional to the applied voltage14:
(1)
where σ is the solution conductivity, V the applied voltage across the nanopore, H t... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0001 |
Viscosity Study
We studied DNA translocation in different bulk solution with viscosities between 1–5.3 cP
(centipoises). The viscosity of KCl-TE solution was changed by adding glycerol (0–50%),
while keeping the KCl concentration constant at 1.5 M, and was measured using a model
GV-2100 (Gilmont Instruments) drop ball ... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0002 |
not linear with respect to KCl concentration, as saturation is observed in the solution’s
conductivity as salt concentration become high (Fig. 3a). When the KCl concentration is
increased from 1 to 3M, the bulk conductivity is increased from 95 to 145 mS/cm. However,
both the open pore current (Fig. 3a, squares) and cu... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0003 |
The DNA translocation speed through 4–8 nm silicon nitride nanopores is about 30 base/
µsec without glycerol, the same as measured under similar conditions7,14. By adding 50%
glycerol, the translocation speed can be slowed by a factor of 5.5. Decreasing the bias
voltage to ~20mV, slows the DNA translocation speed by a ... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0004 |
26. Levine S, Mariott JR, Robinson K. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2
1975;2:1.
27. Meller A, Branton D. Electrophoresis 2002;23:2583. [PubMed: 12210161]Fologea et al. Page 6
Nano Lett . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 11.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-P... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0005 |
Figure 1.
a) Current blockage ( ■) and translocation time ( ▲) versus viscosity for 3kbp DNA in 1.5 M
KCl-TE solution at 120 mV bias voltage; the solid curves are fits for ΔIb ~1/η and td~ η. b)
The scatter plots for the addition of 10% and 50% glycerol to the ionic solution, the color
scale represents the events densi... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0006 |
Figure 2.
Current blockage ( ■) and translocation time ( ▲) versus applied voltage measured in 1.6 M
KCl-TE buffer containing 20% glycerol. The solid curves represents fits where ΔIb ~V and
td~1/V.Fologea et al. Page 8
Nano Lett . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 11.
NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Aut... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0007 |
Figure 3.
a) Open current ( ■) (without DNA added) and bulk conductivity ( ▲) change as a function
of salt concentration at120 mV bias voltage. b) Current drop ( ■) and translocation time ( ▲)
change as a function of KCl concentration. The solid curves are linear fits of ΔIb and t d to
KCl concentration.Fologea et al. ... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0008 |
Figure 4.
Translocation time is increased when the temperature is decreased. At low voltage (40 mV)
and low temperature (4° C) in 1.6 M KCl-TE containing 20% glycerol the translocation time
is about 800 µsec.Fologea et al. Page 10
Nano Lett . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 11.
NIH-PA Author Manuscrip... | adc14f216fa9f68b8fc85452f59c46ad224d12f7 | page_0009 |
A Detergent-Based Assay for the Detection of Promiscuous
Inhibitors
Brian Y Feng and Brian K Shoichet
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Graduate Group in Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
University of California-San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, California 94158-2330, USA.
Abstract
At micromolar concentrations,... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0000 |
Although it is more direct, we found DLS to be both time-consuming and harder to interpret,
owing to problems with signal-to-noise in the plate-based prototype instrument we were using.
The detergent-sensitive enzyme-inhibition assay, although it is admittedly less direct than
physical measurement of particle formation... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0001 |
•Protein: 0.00162 mg ml-1 AmpC, containing 0.0006% Triton X-100 vol/vol in KPi;
0.00162 mg ml-1 for 30×; store at 4 °C; the preparation of AmpC has been previously
described6,11; exploratory amounts are available from the Shoichet Laboratory ▲
CRITICAL Prepare working enzyme stocks daily from higher concentration stoc... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0002 |
Step 5: 5 min
Step 8: 5 min
? TROUBLESHOOTING
See Table 1.
ANTICIPATED RESULTS
Inhibition
The initial rate of each reaction is the slope of the best-fit line to the early kinetic data. The
percentage of inhibited enzyme is defined as:
% Inhibition = 100∗(1 −vi
vc)
Here, vi and vc are the inhibited and uninhibited rates... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0003 |
Triton-X 100 vol/vol, while others favor Tween-20 or CHAPS12, and we have also
used saponin10 and digitonin. Other non-ionic detergents might also work.
2.In assays that cannot tolerate detergent (e.g., cell-based assays), it might be possible
to use high concentrations of serum albumin6. This is currently under invest... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0004 |
10. Seidler J, McGovern SL, Doman TN, Shoichet BK. Identification and prediction of promiscuous
drugs. J. Med. Chem 2003;46:4477–4486. [PubMed: 14521410]
11. Weston GS, Blazquez J, Baquero F, Shoichet BK. Structure-based enhancement of boronic acid-
based inhibitors of AmpC β-lactamase. J. Med. Chem 1998;41:4577–4586. ... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0005 |
Figure 1.
Transmission electron micrograph of aggregates of tetraiodophenolphthalein (dark edged
circles) associated with β-galactosidase. This association inhibits the enzyme by sequestering
it from substrate, although whether these are adsorption or absorption effects remains uncertain
at this time. Bar, 200 nm. Repr... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0006 |
NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptFeng and Shoichet Page 8
TABLE 1
Troubleshooting table.
PROBLEM POSSIBLE REASON SOLUTION
Reaction rate is low or drops over the
course of multiple experimentsEnzyme adsorption to the reagent container Prepare new enzyme stocks throughout the
expe... | e88e9e2ebb16c1087f8fa965fe46da1450ba2498 | page_0007 |
ORiK:ASSESSMENT OFCARDIAC MURMURS 7
*observed, letmeremindyouthatinourstudies
uponcatalytic elements-manganese andzinc
-inthecultivation ofAspergillus Nigerwe
,clearly distinguished, M.G.Bertrand andI,
thatinterdependance oftheconstituents ofthe
nutritive medium. Itisnotenoughtogivethe
plantallthatitrequires; theelemen... | f6678406e03c649487c40176ec9c776773a09abf | page_0000 |
THECANADIAN MIEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL
butphysical signsgivelittlehelpinframing
theindividual prognosis whichthepatientseeks.
Thiscanonlybeobtained byacarefulestimate
ofthefunctional efficiency oftheorgancon-
cerned. Inthecaseoftheheartthisresolves
itselfintoanestimation oftheefficiency ofthe
ventricular muscle,andma... | f6678406e03c649487c40176ec9c776773a09abf | page_0001 |
ORR:ASSESSMENT OFCARDIAC MURMURS
signofmitralstenosis istheoccurrence ofa
shortmurmur immediately preceding thefirst
sound. Atfirstthismurmur isvariable, but
soonbecomes persistent. Occasionally, thefirst
indication ofthecondition istobefoundina
reduplication ofthesecondsound. Asthe
stenosis advances ashortdiastolic mu... | f6678406e03c649487c40176ec9c776773a09abf | page_0002 |
THECANADIAN MEADICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL
Murmurs ofaorticr.egurgitation. Aortic
regurgitation is,asarule,averyserious con-
dition,thoughthisisnotinvariably thecase.
Manyelderlypeopleshowing thecharacter-
isticmurmurs ofaorticregurgitation lead
healthy andevenstrenuous lives,whileothers
showing identical murmurs passrap... | f6678406e03c649487c40176ec9c776773a09abf | page_0003 |
ORR:ASSESSMENT OFCARDIAC MURMURS
Aorticstenosisoccurring byitselfisanexceed-
inglyrarecondition.
Mitralincompetence. Mitralincompetence
byitselfprobably neverconstitutes aserious
embarrassment totheheart.Therecentwork
ofCabotwouldappeartoindicate thatmitral
regurgitation istherarestofallvalvular
affections, andindeedma... | f6678406e03c649487c40176ec9c776773a09abf | page_0004 |
© 2008 Emery et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd. This is an Open Access article
which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008:4(1) 259–262 259CASE REPORT
A hazardous fi nding of a rare anomalous left main
coronary a... | 12439b7452d8cc28f773b2e3fbe7a31ebaebff94 | page_0000 |
Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008:4(1) 260Emery et al
Figure 1 Transthoracic echocardiogram in the subcostal view with color Doppler
fl ow imaging showing the large left to right shunt of a secundum atrial septal defect.Figure 2 Cardiac computed tomography showing the large secundum atrial septal
defect (gree... | 12439b7452d8cc28f773b2e3fbe7a31ebaebff94 | page_0001 |
Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008:4(1) 261Anomalous left main coronary artery and an isolated secundum atrial septal defect
A transthoracic echocardiogram obtained to further
evaluate the murmur revealed normal left ventricular systolic function and hyperdynamic right ventricular systolic function with normal w... | 12439b7452d8cc28f773b2e3fbe7a31ebaebff94 | page_0002 |
Vascular Health and Risk Management 2008:4(1) 262Emery et al
Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, et al. 2006. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/
ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 Appropriateness Criteria for Cardiac Computed Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strate... | 12439b7452d8cc28f773b2e3fbe7a31ebaebff94 | page_0003 |
043109-6 Loas, Alouini, and Vallet Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 043109 (2014)
equal to 9 mrad, the measured signal never exceeds 1.2 μrad.
The drastic reduction of this systematic effect is made possi-
ble because the sensing beams are depolarized. This justifiesthe need of perfectly depolarized beams and consequently the
use... | 10.1063_1.4871988 | page_0006 |
043109-7 Loas, Alouini, and Vallet Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 043109 (2014)
Thierry Ruchon and Jeanne Crassous for fruitful discussions.
This work was partly funded by Université de Rennes 1.
1S. Spielman, K. Fesler, C. B. Eom, T. H. Geballe, M. M. Fejer, and A.
Kapitulnik, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 123 (1990).
2G. L. J. A. Rik... | 10.1063_1.4871988 | page_0007 |
Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 113105 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2185447 88, 113105
© 2006 American Institute of Physics.Observation of low-lying excitations of
electrons in coupled quantum dots
Cite as: Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 113105 (2006); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2185447
Submitted: 22 November 2005 • Accepted: 13 Febr... | 10.1063_1.2185447 | page_0000 |
Observation of low-lying excitations of electrons in coupled quantum dots
César Pascual García,a/H20850Sokratis Kalliakos, and Vittorio Pellegrini
NEST CNR-INFM and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
Aron Pinczuk
Bell Laboratories and Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey and D... | 10.1063_1.2185447 | page_0001 |
shell monopole mode at2 /H6036/H92750=1.8±0.1 meV. Contrary to
the case of single QDs, this intershell excitation has amarked temperature dependence and disappears around15 K. The measured activation gap is consistent with thevalue of 2 /H6036
/H92750−/H9004SAS, offering further evidence of the impact
of interdot coupl... | 10.1063_1.2185447 | page_0002 |
single-particle excitation energy at the bare tunneling
gap measured in the double quantum well prior to nano-fabrication /H20849/H110110.8 meV /H20850. This is probably due to partial
depletion of electrons caused by the etching processes.
The difference in the intensities between the modes be-
low 1 meV and those at ... | 10.1063_1.2185447 | page_0003 |
1
Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:6163 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24499-5www.nature.com/scientificreportsStructure and Properties of DNA
Molecules Over The Full Range of
Biologically Relevant Supercoiling
States
Paolo Bettotti1, Valeria Visone2, Lorenzo Lunelli3,4, Giuseppe Perugin o2, Maria Ciaramella2 &
Anna Vale... | 10.1038_s41598-018-24499-5 | page_0000 |
www.nature.com/scientificreports/2
Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:6163 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24499-5may occur during the cell life and DNA supercoiling may vary significantly over the cell cycle, in distinct genome
locations as well as in response to environmental stimuli. Thus, understanding how DNA is organize... | 10.1038_s41598-018-24499-5 | page_0001 |
www.nature.com/scientificreports/3
Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:6163 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24499-5Extensive comparison of the shapes of highly + SC molecules on the two surfaces showed that they appear
highly homogeneous (Fig. 3), thus suggesting that the shape of these molecules is not heavily affected by th... | 10.1038_s41598-018-24499-5 | page_0002 |
www.nature.com/scientificreports/4
Scientific REPORTS | (2018) 8:6163 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-24499-5cations was of 893 ± 60 nm, with a decrease of about 9%. In a recently published paper, Lipiec et al .32 suggested
that the local structure of DNA molecules deposited on aminosilane-treated mica resembles that of ... | 10.1038_s41598-018-24499-5 | page_0003 |
SURGERY ARTICLES
Clinical diagnosis and wide-awake surgical treatment
of proximal median nerve entrapment at the elbow:
a prospective study
Elisabet Hagert
Published online: 4 January 2013
#American Association for Hand Surgery 2013
Abstract
Background Proximal median nerve entrapment (PMNE, or
pronator syndrome) at th... | 515a2f826486c30c068d75b1dc5c0dd1d8277373 | page_0000 |
of 30 –70 % [ 3]. The shortcomings of electrodiagnostic
studies lies in the fact that a nerve may be compressed and
cause symptoms distal to the level of compression due tochanges in axonal transport and intraneural circulation
[17], but the pressure levels of compression are too low
to actually cause axonal injury [ 7... | 515a2f826486c30c068d75b1dc5c0dd1d8277373 | page_0001 |
Surgery (Video 2)
The surgery is performed with the patient awake and no
tourniquet. A 2 –3-cm transverse incision is placed in the
flexion crease of the cubital fossa, from 1 cm medial of the
biceps tendon to 2 cm lateral of the medial epicondyle (seeFig. 2a). Careful dissection is made subcutaneously to the
pronator ... | 515a2f826486c30c068d75b1dc5c0dd1d8277373 | page_0002 |
Fig. 3 a Illustrations of a transverse section of the “lacertus
tunnel ”at the volar and medial aspect of the elbow, modified
from Grant ’s Atlas of Anatomy(2). The medial humeral trochlea
(MHT ) constitutes the bottom of the tunnel; the lateral and medialwalls are the brachialis ( BR) and pronator teres ( PT) muscles,... | 515a2f826486c30c068d75b1dc5c0dd1d8277373 | page_0003 |
This surgical technique is technically demanding and, most
importantly, associated with a high morbidity as it leaves the
patient with severe scarring in the arm.
Two recent publications advocating minimally invasive
treatment of pronator syndrome, one open technique [ 23]
and one arthroscopic [ 13], have challenged th... | 515a2f826486c30c068d75b1dc5c0dd1d8277373 | page_0004 |
12. Jepsen JR, Laursen LH, Kreiner S, Larsen AI. Neurological exam-
ination of the upper limb: a study of construct validity. Open
Neurol J. 2009;3:54 –63.
13. Lee AK, Khorsandi M, Nurbhai N, Dang J, Fitzmaurice M, Herron
KA. Endoscopically assisted decompression for pronator syn-
drome. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(6):1173... | 515a2f826486c30c068d75b1dc5c0dd1d8277373 | page_0005 |
Synthetic biology to access and expand nature’s chemical
diversity
Michael J. Smanski1, Hui Zhou2, Jan Claesen3, Ben Shen4, Michael Fischbach3, and
Christopher A. Voigt2
1Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute,
University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, ... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0000 |
polymers, surfactants, bioherbicides, and vaccines5. In many NP-producing organisms, all of
the genes required for regulation, biosynthesis, export, and self-resistance are co-localized in
the genome in compact ‘biosynthetic gene clusters’ (BGCs) (Figure 1a).
Claims that natural products are an inexhaustible resource... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0001 |
how this impacts metabolic fluxes in the larger natural network25. For example, the flux of a
precursor to a natural product could be boosted as part of optimizing the titer. Applied
microbiology and strain engineering have been critical for identifying high-producing
organisms and optimizing the titer and perform... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0002 |
defined and modular function that replace native regulation to provide finer control over
biological processes60.
Applying a parts-level approach to multi-gene systems is facilitated by ‘refactoring’, in
which the natural genetics are re-written to make the systems more amenable to engineering
efforts (Figure 2a)43,... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0003 |
control of individual genes as individual cistrons, as opposed to their organization into
operons. Adopting these design principles for BGCs will be important for combinatorial
optimization or in the exchange of parts to create chemical diversity.
High-throughput genetic optimization of multi-gene systems
Accessing n... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0004 |
Combinatorial assembly has been applied to the optimization of several NP pathways, as
well as in the creation of chemical diversity. Several examples of optimizing BGCs,
including for heterologous production of artimisinin65, taxadiene64, and opiate alkaloids100
point to the importance of combinatorial engineering,... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0005 |
dramatic design changes that accompany host transfer will likely require further genetic
optimization via combinatorial DNA assembly to re-tune expression levels and improve
performance (previous section)45.
Genetically-encoded biosensors for biosynthetic pathway engineering
The design and construction of DNA librari... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0006 |
dioxygenase intracellularly142. The DOPA dioxygenase results in an extradiol ring cleavage
of L-DOPA to produce the aldehyde-containing betalamic acid, which spontaneously reacts
with cellular amino acids to form fluorescent imines known collectively as betaxanthins143.
Whole cell biosensors can be created without th... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0007 |
in translation, is strongly diminished prior to entering stationary phase, at which time
actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin production begins.
Control over the timing of gene expression can also be achieved using synthetic bistable
switches, which reset slowly over time (Figure 5f)160. Bistable switches appear in ma... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0008 |
Multiplexed genome engineering strategies offer the ability to precisely target hundreds of
loci in the genome for over- or under-expression in parallel. The first demonstration of
massively-multiplexed recombineering in E. coli exploited oligo-mediated allelic
replacement177. By mimicking Okazaki fragments at the ... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0009 |
Conclusions
New strategies from synthetic biology are enabling the engineering of large systems
comprising many genetic parts, the control of gene expression with synthetic regulation, and
efficient genome editing. New tools exist that provide precise control of gene expression
from synthetic constructs, and the fab... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0010 |
2. Clardy J, Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. New antibiotics from bacterial natural products. Nat.
Biotechnol. 2006; 24:1541–1550. [PubMed: 17160060]
3. Cragg GM, Grothaus PG, Newman DJ. Impact of natural products on developing new anti-cancer
agents. Chem. Rev. 2009; 109:3012–3043. [PubMed: 19422222]
4. Mann J. Natural pr... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0011 |
24. Williams GJ. Engineering polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Current
Opinion in Structural Biology. 2013; 23:603–612. [PubMed: 23838175]
25. Pickens LB, Tang Y , Chooi Y-H. Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Natural Products.
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0012 |
48. Hillson NJ, Rosengarten RD, Keasling JD. J5 DNA assembly design automation software. ACS
Synth. Biol. 2012; 1:14–21. [PubMed: 23651006]
49. Chen J, Densmore D, Ham TS, Keasling JD, Hillson NJ. DeviceEditor visual biological CAD
canvas. Journal of Biological Engineering. 2012; 6:1. [PubMed: 22373390]
50. Bilitch... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0013 |
71. Lee ME, Aswani A, Han AS, Tomlin CJ, Dueber JE. Expression-level optimization of a multi-
enzyme pathway in the absence of a high-throughput assay. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013; 41:10668–
10678. [PubMed: 24038353]
72. Jakimowicz D, Van Wezel GP. Cell division and DNA segregation in Streptomyces: How to build a
septum ... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0014 |
96. Zhang Y , Werling U, Edelmann W. SLiCE: A novel bacterial cell extract-based DNA cloning
method. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012; 40
97. Appleton E, Tao J, Haddock T, Densmore D. Interactive assembly algorithms for molecular
cloning. Nat. Methods. 2014; 11:657–62. [PubMed: 24776633]
98. Xu P, et al. Modular optimization... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0015 |
120. Wieland M, Hartig JS. Improved aptazyme design and in vivo screening enable riboswitching in
bacteria. Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed. 2008; 47:2604–2607.
121. Wachsmuth M, Findeiss S, Weissheimer N, Stadler PF, Morl M. De novo design of a synthetic
riboswitch that regulates transcription termination. Nucleic Acids Res... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0016 |
142. DeLoache WC, et al. An enzyme-coupled biosensor enables (S)-reticuline production in yeast
from glucose. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2015; 11:465–471. [PubMed: 25984720]
143. Gandía-Herrero F. García-Carmona, F. Biosynthesis of betalains: Yellow and violet plant
pigments. Trends Plant Sci. 2013; 18:334–343. [PubMed: 23395... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0017 |
165. Gilbert LA, et al. XCRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in
eukaryotes. Cell. 2013; 154
166. Piatek A, et al. RNA-guided transcriptional regulation in planta via synthetic dCas9-based
transcription factors. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2014; n/a–n/a. doi: 10.1111/pbi.12284
167. Cai F, Axen SD, ... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0018 |
188. Jakočiūnas T, et al. Multiplex metabolic pathway engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab. Eng. 2015; 28:213–222. [PubMed: 25638686]
189. Citorik RJ, Mimee M, Lu TK. Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-
guided nucleases. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014; 32:1141–1145. [P... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0019 |
212. Sudek S, et al. Identification of the putative bryostatin polyketide synthase gene cluster from
‘Candidatus Endobugula sertula’, the uncultivated microbial symbiont of the marine bryozoan
Bugula neritina. J. Nat. Prod. 2007; 70:67–74. [PubMed: 17253852]
213. Wong FT, Khosla C. Combinatorial biosynthesis of poly... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0020 |
Figure 1.
Natural product biosynthetic gene clusters. (a) Representation of the diversity of size and
complexity of NPs and their encoding gene clusters, including tyrvalin, a pyrazinone
virulence factor from skin-associated staphylococci210, platensimycin, a diterpenoid
antibiotic from soil-dwelling Streptomyces ... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0021 |
Figure 2.
Genetic refactoring. (a) Schematic outline of refactoring process, and (b) the streamlined
refactoring of homologous gene clusters by substituting coding sequences. New homologous
cluster and corresponding genetic parts are shown in green, and previously refactored cluster
and parts are shown in blue. Bol... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0022 |
Figure 3.
Genetic parts for controlling gene expression levels. (a) Characterization of genetic parts in
E. coli , including (from left to right), promoter variants30,31, ribosome insulators76,
bicistronic RBSs32, computationally designed RBSs34, and synthetic and natural
terminators33. (b) Genetic parts for engine... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0023 |
Figure 4.
Exploiting refactored genetics for host transfer of multi-gene devices. (a) Schematic
representation of a DNA synthesis and assembly pipeline, wherein genetic parts are
constructed from synthetic oligonucleotides and then assembled into unique combinations.
(b) High-throughput library design of permuted g... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0024 |
Figure 5.
Advanced regulation relevant to NP biosynthesis. Examples include (a) inducible promoters
for NP producing organisms216,217, (b) a mammalian genetic circuit responsive to a bacterial
metabolite218, (c) dynamic modeling results for a synthetic pathway for para-aminostyrene
production155, (d) a dynamic feed... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0025 |
Figure 6.
Multiplexed genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9. (a) Minimal genome editing construct
design, including (i) sgRNA, (ii) S. pyogenes Cas9, and (iii) optional ‘repair fragment’.
Three routes to DNA repair are shown, including homologous recombination (HR, left),
alternative end-joining (AEJ, center), and non-h... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0026 |
Figure 7.
Diverse applications of engineering NP biosynthesis. Structures of NPs are shown alongside
a representation of their BGCs with native producing organisms noted.Smanski et al. Page 28
Nat Rev Microbiol . Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 October 04.
Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscrip... | 8e2f85523f6f8f93f3a8e974500f9e5aaf546da3 | page_0027 |
Demtröder
Atoms, Molecules and Photons | 57cd064ad1154708795c760532302a161a0d1c50 | page_0000 |
GRADUATE TEXTS INPHYSICS
Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and
advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields withinphysics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS- or PhD-leveland their instructors as comprehensive s... | 57cd064ad1154708795c760532302a161a0d1c50 | page_0001 |
Wolfgang Demt rö der
Atoms, Molecules
and Photons
An Introduction to Atomic-, Molecular-
and Quantum-Physics
W i t h6 7 7F i g u r e sa n d4 2T a b l e s
123 | 57cd064ad1154708795c760532302a161a0d1c50 | page_0002 |
Professor Dr. Wolfgang Demtröder
Universität KaiserslauternFB PhysikErwin-Schrödinger-Str. 4667663 KaiserslauternGermanydemtroed@physik.uni-kl.de
ISSN 1868-4513 e-ISSN 1868-4521
ISBN 978-3-642-10297-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-10298-1DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10298-1Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New Y ork
Library of Congress... | 57cd064ad1154708795c760532302a161a0d1c50 | page_0003 |
Preface to the Second Edition
The first edition of this textbook had found a friendly acceptance. This second
edition does not change the concept of the representation which combines the ex-
perimental techniques for the investigation of atoms and molecules and their results
that have lead to the development of quantum ... | 57cd064ad1154708795c760532302a161a0d1c50 | page_0004 |
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