Automatic Evaluation Metrics for Artificially Generated Scientific Research
Paper • 2503.05712 • Published
Datasets:
paperhash stringlengths 40 40 | s2_corpus_id stringlengths 3 9 | arxiv_id stringclasses 0
values | title stringlengths 7 324 | abstract stringlengths 0 7.23k ⌀ | authors sequence | summary stringclasses 0
values | field_of_study sequencelengths | venue stringlengths 15 253 ⌀ | publication_date stringdate 1952-06-01 00:00:00 2019-07-01 00:00:00 | n_references int32 0 4.92k ⌀ | n_citations int32 0 84.2k ⌀ | n_influential_citations int32 | introduction stringlengths 15 173k ⌀ | background stringlengths 2 115k ⌀ | methodology stringlengths 40 140k ⌀ | experiments_results stringlengths 1 142k ⌀ | conclusion stringlengths 7 38k ⌀ | full_text stringlengths 29 195k | decision bool 0
classes | decision_text stringclasses 0
values | reviews sequence | comments sequence | references sequence | hypothesis stringlengths 105 1.27k ⌀ | month_since_publication int32 67 872 | avg_citations_per_month float32 0 1.24k ⌀ | mean_score float32 | mean_confidence float32 | mean_novelty float32 | mean_correctness float32 | mean_clarity float32 | mean_impact float32 | mean_reproducibility float32 | openreview_submission_id stringclasses 0
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
83f0fd6a9a3ff55996987777073285d00a8962d1 | 244077614 | null | Present interest in mechanical translation | On November 30, 1950, WFL sent out a letter of inquiry on the subject of Mechanical Translation to various men in the field. Their answers are now in, and the following is WFL's attempt at summarizing the present status of this problem as it is being tackled in both Europe and America. I. Men who are actually doing som... | {
"name": [
"Loomis, W. F."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1952-06-01 | 0 | 0 | null | Booth writes that Richens' approach deals mainly with dictionary translation plus explanation which enables account to be taken of word endings in accordance with standard grammar also contained in the dictionary. He says that Richens is the most notable worker in MT in England.Calvin Mooers of the Zator Company writes... | null | null | null | Huskey writes that he is interested in running pilot tests concerning MT on their SWAC. This machine has an internal memory of 256 words at present, which is being enlarged to 8,000 with a magnetic drum and even 100,000 with a magnetic tape unit. SWAC was not designed for non-numerical work, but Huskey feels that it wi... | Main paper:
dr. a. d. booth, birkbeck college, london.:
Booth writes that he is primarily interested at present in codifying words so as to utilize memory space most advantageously.Donald MacKay writes that Booth hopes to mechanize a dictionary by electronic means.
dr. r. h. richens, institute of agricultural gene... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 872 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
5c9910a11e5ee5212ecf09e122e37da10c36a47d | 19613776 | null | Problems of vocabulary frequency and distribution | than in the procedures by which such information was obtained. To save valuable time for discussion, I shall make a few introductory and rather categorical statements especially pertinent to frequency problems in linguistics and to mechanical translation. If I sound dogmatic, the impression should be attributed to hast... | {
"name": [
"Bull, William E."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1952-06-01 | 0 | 1 | null | PART I: Introduction: I assumed in preparing this report that this group would be more interested in conclusions and operational facts than in the procedures by which such information was obtained. To save valuable time for discussion, I shall make a few introductory and rather categorical statements especially pertine... | null | null | null | null | Main paper:
:
PART I: Introduction: I assumed in preparing this report that this group would be more interested in conclusions and operational facts than in the procedures by which such information was obtained. To save valuable time for discussion, I shall make a few introductory and rather categorical statements ... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 872 | 0.001147 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
7e4ed27ac1f48d1493c0f3e39474767c9bb311d9 | 244077686 | null | The structure of the problem of mechanical translation | The problem of mechanical translation has three principal components: (i) the formulation of a set of specifications for the objective to be attained; (ii) the design of a translating machine; and (iii) theoretical translation problems. | {
"name": [
"Helmer, Olaf"
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1952-06-01 | 0 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | Decisions under (i) will have to be made under consideration of the purpose to which the translation output will be put. The prime distinction here is as to whether the emphasis is placed on an accurate transmittal of the cognitive content of the input or rather on a faithful rendering of the style and emotional conten... | Main paper:
:
Decisions under (i) will have to be made under consideration of the purpose to which the translation output will be put. The prime distinction here is as to whether the emphasis is placed on an accurate transmittal of the cognitive content of the input or rather on a faithful rendering of the style an... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 872 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
3a02ddf01c8742cca94e8470f135d35f56ae1941 | 244077675 | null | Word-by-word translation | When I learned that I had been summoned to address myself to the topic of word-by-word translation I felt like a geographer invited to discuss the utility of the conception that the world is flat. In short, I can only say that word-by-word translation is not possible, if we are to understand by the term a wordwise tran... | {
"name": [
"Oswald, Victor A."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1952-06-01 | 0 | 3 | null | to be sure, but it presupposes a human translator with a grasp of what we vaguely call "the elements" of German, a translator who is, for instance, equipped to find his way among multiple choices of the sort I outlined above. Pollard's rule 1 is that when a noun (identifiable by capitalization) occurs on a "break" (com... | null | null | null | null | Main paper:
:
to be sure, but it presupposes a human translator with a grasp of what we vaguely call "the elements" of German, a translator who is, for instance, equipped to find his way among multiple choices of the sort I outlined above. Pollard's rule 1 is that when a noun (identifiable by capitalization) occurs... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 872 | 0.00344 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
3c0dd4b5f42e88d1317475b575df699d95023edd | 27957304 | null | The conference on mechanical translation held at {M}.{I}.{T}., {J}une 17-20, 1952 | The following report was prepared immediately after the writer's return from the conference. It was written from the viewpoint of an engineer listening to experts in a field far separated from his own. Such judgments as may be found interspersed amongst the reports of individual papers are of an engineering nature, and... | {
"name": [
"Reynolds, Craig"
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1952-06-01 | 0 | 7 | null | The concept of mechanical translation originated in two areas, the first being cryptographic work conducted by various governments during the late war, and the second being the successful inauguration and employment of the simultaneous translation schemes presently employed by the UN and other internation conferences. ... | null | null | null | null | Main paper:
:
The concept of mechanical translation originated in two areas, the first being cryptographic work conducted by various governments during the late war, and the second being the successful inauguration and employment of the simultaneous translation schemes presently employed by the UN and other interna... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 872 | 0.008028 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
524607d74ad17c1ef4fbd9dc1108232db2570d1e | 243627545 | null | Translation | The attached memorandum on translation from one language to another, and on the possibility of contributing to this process by the use of modern computing devices of very high speed, capacity, and logical flexibility, has been written with one hope only -that it might possibly serve in some small way as a stimulus to s... | {
"name": [
"Weaver, Warren"
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1952-06-01 | 0 | 0 | null | There is no need to do more than mention the obvious fact that a multiplicity of language impedes cultural interchange between the peoples of the earth, and is a serious deterrent to international understanding.The present memorandum, assuming the validity and importance of this fact, contains some comments and suggest... | null | null | null | null | Main paper:
translation l) preliminary remarks:
There is no need to do more than mention the obvious fact that a multiplicity of language impedes cultural interchange between the peoples of the earth, and is a serious deterrent to international understanding.The present memorandum, assuming the validity and importa... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 872 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
99001a274718e0a23c849257892a6dd36ab92e70 | 244077696 | null | Organisation and Method in Mechanical Translation Work | Certain postulates are posited as a basis for the orientation and organization of research in mechanical translation. They are the following: 1. The essential problem of mechanical translation is the establishment of acceptable correlation between the signs of one system (the source language) and those of another (the ... | {
"name": [
"Dostert, L. E."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Translation | 1956-10-01 | 0 | 0 | null | 1. The essential problem of mechanical translation is the establishment of acceptable correlation between the signs of one system (the source language) and those of another (the target language). 2. The signs of natural language, unlike the symbols of such systems as mathematics or chemistry, may be incomplete and mult... | null | null | null | null | Main paper:
:
1. The essential problem of mechanical translation is the establishment of acceptable correlation between the signs of one system (the source language) and those of another (the target language). 2. The signs of natural language, unlike the symbols of such systems as mathematics or chemistry, may be i... | null | null | null | null | {
"paperhash": [],
"title": [],
"abstract": [],
"authors": [],
"arxiv_id": [],
"s2_corpus_id": [],
"intents": [],
"isInfluential": []
} | null | 820 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
42b86f3b83f075155e3a16733126f9eaf68748c5 | 34116601 | null | The Requirements of Lexical Storage | "Lexical Search In recent studies of Machine Translation a good deal of attention has been paid to t(...TRUNCATED) | {
"name": [
"King, Gilbert W."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Research in Machine Translation | 1957-04-01 | 0 | 0 | null | "There are two ways to carry out computations on a machine. One is to construct the required result (...TRUNCATED) | null | null | null | null | "Main paper: \n : \n There are two ways to carry out computations on a machine. One is to construct (...TRUNCATED) | null | null | null | null | {"paperhash":[],"title":[],"abstract":[],"authors":[],"arxiv_id":[],"s2_corpus_id":[],"intents":[],"(...TRUNCATED) | null | 814 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
826fb686f66a4416310bd5c35f049afb688c737c | 41645107 | null | Grouping and Dependency Theories | "Immediate-constituent analysis and dependency analysis (two theories of syntactic description) are (...TRUNCATED) | {
"name": [
"Hays, David G."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation | 1960-02-01 | 0 | 23 | null | "1 I am grateful to Jane Pyne, H. Hiž, A. Madansky, and T. W. Mullikin for their criticisms and sug(...TRUNCATED) | null | null | null | null | "Main paper: \n : \n 1 I am grateful to Jane Pyne, H. Hiž, A. Madansky, and T. W. Mullikin for thei(...TRUNCATED) | null | null | null | null | {"paperhash":[],"title":[],"abstract":[],"authors":[],"arxiv_id":[],"s2_corpus_id":[],"intents":[],"(...TRUNCATED) | null | 780 | 0.029487 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
cfeffb24d9d90495ac75e028893e0768e601ef30 | 244077632 | null | Linguistic Research at the {RAND} Corporation | "This paper describes postediting rules for description of funclion in context, work on computationa(...TRUNCATED) | {
"name": [
"Hays, David G."
],
"affiliation": [
null
]
} | null | null | Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation | 1960-02-01 | 1 | 0 | null | "We are spending this winter in writing a major report. After nearly three years of research, and af(...TRUNCATED) | null | null | null | null | "Main paper: \n introduction: \n We are spending this winter in writing a major report. After nearly(...TRUNCATED) | null | null | null | null | {"paperhash":["edmundson|research_methodology_for_machine_translation"],"title":["Research methodolo(...TRUNCATED) | null | 780 | 0 | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
Datasets related to the task of Scholarly Document Quality Prediction (SDQP). Each sample is an academic paper for which either the citation count or the review score can be predicted (depending on availability).
ACL-OCL Extended
A dataset for citation count prediction only, based on the ACL-OCL dataset. Extended with updated citation counts, references and annotated research hypothesis.
OpenReview (Last Update: 1.1.2025)
A dataset for review score and citation count prediction, obtained by parsing OpenReview. Due to licensing the dataset comes in different formats:
Datasets without parsed pdfs of submissions (i.e. the fields introduction, background, methodology, experiments_results, conclusion, full_text are available)
- openreview-public: Contains full information on all OpenReview submissions that are accompanied with a CC BY 4.0 license.
Datasets without parsed pdfs of submissions (i.e. the fields introduction, background, methodology, experiments_results, conclusion, full_text are None)
- openreview-full: Contains all OpenReview submissions, splits generated based on publications dates.
- openreview-iclr: All ICLR submissions from the years 2018-2023 (training) and 2024 (validation and training).
- openreview-neurips: All NeurIPS submissions from the years 2021-2023 (training) and 2024 (validation and training).
All datasets without parsed pdfs of submissions can be completed by running code available here
To load any of the datasets, change dataset_name with the desired dataset and run:
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset_name = "openreview-full"
dataset = load_dataset("nhop/scientific-quality-score-prediction", dataset_name)
Citation
If you make use of this dataset, please cite:
@article{hopner2025automatic,
title={Automatic Evaluation Metrics for Artificially Generated Scientific Research},
author={H{\"o}pner, Niklas and Eshuijs, Leon and Alivanistos, Dimitrios and Zamprogno, Giacomo and Tiddi, Ilaria},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.05712},
year={2025}
}
Overview of Dataset columns
| Attribute | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Paper Info | ||
title |
str |
The title of the paper. |
authors |
list[Author] |
A list of authors of the paper. |
abstract |
str | None |
The abstract of the paper (optional). |
summary |
str | None |
A summary of the paper (optional). |
month_since_publication |
int | None |
Month passed since the publication date (optional) |
publication_date |
str | None |
The publication date of the paper (optional). |
field_of_study |
list[str] | None |
The field(s) of study the paper belongs to (optional). |
venue |
str | None |
The venue where the paper was published (optional). |
| ID's | ||
paperhash |
str |
A unique hash identifier for the paper. (last_name_first_author|title|venue) |
arxiv_id |
str | None |
The arXiv ID of the paper (optional). |
s2_corpus_id |
str | None |
The Semantic Scholar (S2) corpus ID of the paper (optional). |
| Semantic Scholar Metadata | ||
n_references |
int | None |
The number of references in the paper (optional). |
n_citations |
int | None |
The number of citations the paper has received, only accepted papers (optional). |
n_influential_citations |
int | None |
The number of influential citations the paper has received, only accepted papers (optional). |
external_ids |
dict | None |
External IDs associated with the paper (optional). |
| Content | ||
introduction |
str | None |
Introduction of the paper if available (optional) |
background |
str | None |
Background of the paper if available (optional) |
methodology |
str | None |
Methodology of the paper if available (optional) |
experiments_results |
str | None |
Experiments & Results of the paper if available (optional) |
conclusion |
str | None |
Conclusion of the paper if available (optional) |
full_text |
str | None |
Full text of the paper if available (optional) |
| Review Data | ||
decision |
bool | None |
The decision on the paper (e.g., accepted/rejected) (optional). |
decision_text |
str | None |
The text explaining the decision (optional). |
reviews |
list[Review] | None |
A list of reviews for the paper (optional). |
comments |
list[Comment] | None |
A list of comments on the paper (optional). |
| Scores | ||
mean_score |
float | None |
The mean overall score of the reviews (optional) |
mean_novelty |
float | None |
The mean novelty score of the reviews (optional) |
mean_confidence |
float | None |
The mean confidence score of the reviews (optional) |
mean_correctness |
float | None |
The mean correctness score of the reviews (optional) |
mean_clarity |
float | None |
The mean clarity score of the reviews (optional) |
mean_impact |
float | None |
The mean impact score of the reviews (optional) |
mean_reproducibility |
float | None |
The mean reproducibility score of the reviews (optional) |
avg_citations_per_month |
float | None |
The average number of citations per month |
| References | ||
references |
list[Reference] | None |
A list of references cited in the paper (optional). |
| Hypothesis | ||
hypothesis |
str | None |
The hypothesis proposed in the paper annotated via an LLM (optional). |
The attributes of Author, Review, Comment, Reference are the following:
Review
| Attribute | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
review_id |
str |
A unique identifier for the review. |
review |
TextReview |
The content of the review, represented by the TextReview model. |
score |
float | None |
The overall score given by the reviewer (optional). |
confidence |
float | None |
The reviewer's confidence in their assessment (optional). |
novelty |
float | None |
The novelty score of the paper (optional). |
correctness |
float | None |
The correctness score of the paper (optional). |
clarity |
float | None |
The clarity score of the paper (optional). |
impact |
float | None |
The impact score of the paper (optional). |
reproducibility |
float | None |
The reproducibility score of the paper (optional). |
ethics |
str | None |
Ethical considerations noted by the reviewer (optional). |
TextReview
| Attribute | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
title |
str | None |
The title of the review (optional). |
paper_summary |
str | None |
A summary of the paper being reviewed (optional). |
main_review |
str | None |
The main content of the review (optional). |
strength_weakness |
str | None |
A section discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the paper (optional). |
questions |
str | None |
Questions raised by the reviewer (optional). |
limitations |
str | None |
Limitations of the paper as noted by the reviewer (optional). |
review_summary |
str | None |
A summary of the review (optional). |
Comment
| Attribute | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
title |
str | None |
The title of the comment (optional). |
comment |
str |
The content of the comment. |
Reference
| Attribute | Type | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Basic Paper Info | ||
title |
str |
The title of the referenced paper. |
abstract |
str |
The abstract of the referenced paper (default is an empty string). |
authors |
list[str] |
A list of authors of the referenced paper. |
| IDs | ||
paperhash |
str |
Paperhash for the reference paper (first_author_last_name|title) |
arxiv_id |
str | None |
The arXiv ID of the referenced paper (optional, default is an empty string). |
s2_corpus_id |
str | None |
The Semantic Scholar (S2) corpus ID of the referenced paper (optional, default is an empty string). |
| Reference Specific Info | ||
intents |
list[str] | None |
The intents or purposes of the reference (optional). |
isInfluential |
bool | None |
Indicates whether the reference is influential (optional). |
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