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The social web and social media networks have received an ever-increasing amount of attention since their emergence 15-20 years ago. Their popularity among billions of users has had a significant effect on the way people consume information in general, and news in particular (Newman et al., 2016) . This development is ... | 0 |
Open-domain question answering (QA) is a longstanding, unsolved problem. The central challenge is to automate every step of QA system construction, including gathering large databases and answering questions against these databases. While there has been significant work on large-scale information extraction (IE) from u... | 0 |
The internal consistency of the annotation in a treebank is crucial in order to provide reliable training and testing data for parsers and linguistic research. Treebank annotation, consisting of syntactic structure with words as the terminals, is by its nature more complex and thus more prone to error than other annota... | 0 |
Paraphrases are semantically equivalent expressions in the same language. Because "equivalence" is the most fundamental semantic relationship, techniques for generating and recognizing paraphrases play an important role in a wide range of natural language processing tasks (Madnani and Dorr, 2010) .In the last decade, a... | 0 |
Building systems that can naturally and meaningfully converse with humans has been a central goal of artificial intelligence since the formulation of the Turing test (Turing, 1950) . Research on one type of such systems, sometimes referred to as non-task-oriented dialogue systems, goes back to the mid-60s with Weizenba... | 0 |
Constructing high-quality and large-scale corpora has always been a fundamental research area in the field of Chinese natural language processing. In recent years, the rapid development in the fields of machine translation (MT), phonetic recognition (PR), information retrieval (IR), web text mining, and etc., is demand... | 0 |
The web is full of customers' opinions on various products. Automatic extraction, processing and summarization of such opinions are very useful for future users. Opinions about products are often expressed using evaluative words and phrases that have a certain positive or negative sentiment. Therefore, important featur... | 0 |
Phrase translation tables play an important role in the process of building machine translation systems. The quality of translation table, which identifies the relations between words or phrases in the source language and those in the target language, is crucial for the quality of the output of most machine translation... | 0 |
Neural Network based architectures are increasingly being used for capturing the semantics of the Natural Language (Pennington et al., 2014) . We put them to use for alignment of the sentences in monolingual corpora. Sentence alignment can be formally defined as a mapping of sentences from one document to other such th... | 0 |
Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) (Banarescu et al., 2013) is a semantic formalism encoding the meaning of a sentence as a rooted, directed graph. AMR uses a graph to represent meaning, where nodes (such as "boy", "want-01") represent concepts, and edges (such as "ARG0", "ARG1") represent relations between concepts... | 0 |
Word segmentation has been a long-standing challenge for the Chinese NLP community. It has received steady attention over the past two decades. Previous studies show that joint solutions usually lead to the improvement in accuracy over pipelined systems by exploiting POS information to help word segmentation and avoidi... | 0 |
How can we automatically infer the sentiment of an author towards an entity based only on the text of their news article? This task can be seen as a part of complete document understanding, with potential uses in detecting journalistic bias, and in collecting articles that express certain viewpoints towards entities. T... | 0 |
Le corpus arboré de Paris 7, également appelé French Treebank (FTB), est la plus grande ressource disponible de textes annotés syntaxiquement et morpho-syntaxiquement pour le français (Abeillé et al., 2003) . Il est le résultat d'un projet d'annotation supervisée d'articles du journal Le Monde mené depuis plus d'une di... | 0 |
In this short paper, we introduce a method to score polarization of different corpora with respect to a given topic. The method is intended to support studies where two different corpora are compared (e.g., news sources inspired by different political positions or social communities characterized by different viewpoint... | 0 |
Le 26 septembre 2013, Google annonce lors d'une conférence de presse pour fêter ses 15 ans, son nouvel algorithme baptisé « Hummingbird ». Ce nouvel algorithme s'éloigne de la logique de la recherche d'informations (RI) des requêtes en mots-clés pour s'ouvrir aux requêtes en langage naturel (LN). C'est un changement ma... | 0 |
Social media has become an important real-time information source, especially during emergencies, natural disasters and other hot events. According to a new Pew Research Center survey, social media has surpassed traditional news platforms (such as TV and radio) as a news source for Americans: about twothirds of America... | 0 |
Online reviews have become a rich source of information for people to know more about real-world entities for making purchasing decisions (Bright-Local, 2019) . Reviews contain diverse information ranging from general sentiments and customer experiences to features and attributes about an entity. Table 1 shows examples... | 0 |
Natural Language Processing and Understanding (NLP/NLU) have great care of research, recently. Several language models had been trained on huge data of corpora (Peters et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2018) , and some benchmarks showed how methods display enhanced performance (Devlin et al., 2018) . However, most end-to-en... | 0 |
Recurrent neural network language models (LMs) can learn to predict upcoming words with remarkably low perplexity (Mikolov et al., 2010; Jozefowicz et al., 2016; Radford et al., 2019) . This overall success has motivated targeted paradigms that measure whether the LM's predictions reflect a correct analysis of sentence... | 0 |
In recent times, with rapid digitisation, people are increasingly using social media and various other forums available online for interpersonal communication (Riehm et al., 2020) . However, these platforms also come with their own share of drawbacks, such as the propagation of fake news (Waszak et al., 2018) and cyber... | 0 |
The RTE challenges (Dagan et al., 2006) aim to automatically determine whether an entailment relation obtains between a naturally occurring text sentence (T) and a hypothesis sentence (H). The RTE corpus (Bar Haim et al., 2006; Giampiccolo et al., 2007 Giampiccolo et al., , 2008 Bentivogli et al., 2009) , which is curr... | 0 |
Machine translation (MT) output errors are varied, and have been discussed and classified by many researchers. Flanagan (1994) classifies and ranks errors into three levels according to improvability and intelligibility. Elliot et al. (2004) identify fluency-and adequacy-related errors for automatic MT evaluation. Vila... | 0 |
Recently, spoken dialogue systems have been becoming popular in various applications, such as a speech assistant system in smartphones and smart speakers, an information guide system in public places, and humanoid robots. There have been a variety of studies for developing spoken dialogue systems, and the systems are r... | 0 |
As COVID-19-an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus-led the world to a pandemic, a large number of scientific articles appeared in journals and other venues. In a span of five months, PubMed alone indexed over 60,000 articles matching coronavirus related search terms such as SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. This volume of... | 0 |
Question answering is the task of providing natural language answers to natural language questions using an information retrieval engine. Due to the unrestricted nature of the problem, shallow and statistical methods are paramount.Spoken dialogue systems address the problem of accessing information from a structured da... | 0 |
In the present age of digital revolution with proliferating numbers of internet-connected devices, we are facing an exponential rise in the volume of available information. Users are constantly facing the problem of deciding what to read and what to skip. Text summarization provides a practical solution to this problem... | 0 |
In the past few years, data-driven response generation (Vinyals and Le, 2015; Shang et al., 2015; Vougiouklis et al., 2016) has achieved impressive performance, drawing continuously increasing attention from academia and industry. Conventionally, with the guidance of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), neural dialogue... | 0 |
Opinions are commonly expressed in many kinds of written and spoken text such as blogs, reviews, new articles, and conversation. Recently, there have been a surge in reserach in opinion analysis (sentiment analysis) research (Liu, 2012; Pang and Lee, 2008) .While most past researches have mainly addressed explicit opin... | 0 |
Temporal entity extraction and normalization is an important aspect of Natural Language Processing (Alonso et al., 2011; Campos et al., 2014) . There has been a substantial body of work on the task and there exist numerous well performing publicly available models for identifying and normalizing temporal entities (Strö... | 0 |
The problems raised when translating into richer morphology languages are well known and are being continuously studied (Popovic and Ney, 2004; Koehn and Hoang, 2007; de Gispert and Mariño, 2008; Toutanova et al., 2008; Clifton and Sarkar, 2011; Bojar and Tamchyna, 2011) .When translating from English into Spanish, inf... | 0 |
Users prefer incremental dialogue systems to their non-incremental counterparts (Aist et al., 2007) . For a syntactic parser to contribute to an incremental dialogue system or any other incremental NLP application, it also needs to work incrementally. However, parsers usually operate on whole sentences only and few par... | 0 |
This paper describes work that aims to improve upon previous approaches to identifying relationships between named objects in text (e.g., people, organisations, locations). Figure 1 contains several example sentences from the ACE 2005 corpus that contain relations and Figure 2 summarises the relations occurring in thes... | 0 |
This paper presents the PROMT systems submitted for the Shared Translation Task of WMT16. We participated in seven language pairs with three different types of systems: English-Russian, Russian-English, English-German (Rulebased systems); Finnish-English, Turkish-English (Statistical systems); English-Spanish, English-... | 0 |
In the larger context of the TALK project 1 we are developing a multimodal dialogue system for a Music Player application for in-car and in-home use, which should support natural, flexible interaction and collaborative behavior. The system functionalities include playback control, manipulation of playlists, and searchi... | 0 |
Mismatched conditions -differences in channel noise between training audio and testing audio -are problematic for computer speech recognition systems. Signal enhancement, mismatch-resistant acoustic features, and architectural compensation within the recognizer are common solutions (Gong, 1995) . The human auditory sys... | 0 |
Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) (Pontiki et al., 2014) has attracted much attention of researchers in recent years. In ABSA, aspect (or called opinion target) extraction and opinion term extraction are two fundamental tasks. Aspect is the word or phrase in the reviews referring to the object towards which users ... | 0 |
Corpora annotated with part-of-speech tags and syntactic structure are crucial for the development and evaluation of automatic tools for syntactic analysis, as well as for empirical research in syntax. For Swedish, annotated corpora have been available for quite a number of years. The venerable MAMBA treebank (Teleman,... | 0 |
The current call for cost-effective, accessible and userfriendly health care services, together with recent advances in interactive technologies, has triggered an enormous interest in digital medical applications. Many such services are provided online, e.g. ordering medicines, making doctor appointments, accessing med... | 0 |
L'analyse syntaxique des langues est une tâche complexe, en partie à cause de la richesse et du volume des informations à prendre en compte sur les mots et sur les constructions syntaxiques. Il est pourtant indispensable de disposer de ces informations, sous la forme de ressources telles que des lexiques et des grammai... | 0 |
Enriching vector models of word meaning so they can represent multiple word senses per word type seems to offer the potential to improve many language understanding tasks. Most traditional embedding models associate each word type with a single embedding (e.g., Bengio et al. (2006) ). Thus the embedding for homonymous ... | 0 |
For statistical machine translation (SMT), a crucial issue is how to build a translation model to extract as much accurate and generative translation knowledge as possible. The existing SMT models have made much progress. However, they still suffer from the bad performance of unnatural or even unreadable translation, e... | 0 |
With the proliferation of microblogging and its wide influence on how information is shared and digested, the studying of microblog sites has gained interest in recent NLP research. Several approaches have been proposed to enable a deep understanding of information on Twitter. An emerging approach is to use semantic an... | 0 |
Examining historical legal texts offers insight into the development of legal thinking and the practice of law. In order to facilitate computer processing, older legal texts are typically scanned from paper, microfilm or other physical media and then converted to text using Optical Character Recognition (OCR), which in... | 0 |
Topic models are probabilistic graphical models meant to capture the semantic associations underlying corpora. Since the introduction of latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) (Blei et al., 2003) , these models have been extended to account for more complex distributions over topics, such as adding supervision (Blei and McA... | 0 |
A standard evaluation setup for supervised machine learning (ML) tasks assumes an evaluation metric which compares a gold label to a classifier prediction. This setup assumes that the task has clearly defined and unambiguous labels and, in most cases, that an instance can be assigned few labels. These assumptions, howe... | 0 |
Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is an indispensable component of language understanding (Navigli, 2009) ; hence, it has been one of the most studied long-standing problems in lexical semantics. Currently, the dominant WSD paradigm is the supervised approach , which highly relies on sense-annotated data. Similarly to ma... | 0 |
Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is useful for building a machine translator between a pair of languages that follow similar word orders. However, SMT does not work well for distant language pairs such as English and Japanese, since English is an SVO language and Japanese is an SOV language.Some existing methods t... | 0 |
Research in machine translation has focused broadly on two main goals, improving word choice and improving word order in translation output. Current machine translation metrics rely upon indirect methods for measuring the quality of the word order, and their ability to capture the quality of word order is poor (Birch e... | 0 |
In the past few years, there was a growing interest in mining opinions in the user-generated content (UGC) on the Web, e.g., customer reviews, forum posts, and blogs. One major focus is sentiment classification and opinion mining (e.g., Pang et al 2002; Turney 2002; Hu and Liu 2004; Wilson et al 2004; Kim and Hovy 2004... | 0 |
Textual entailment is the task of automatically determining whether a natural language hypothesis can be inferred from a given piece of natural language text. The RTE challenges (Bentivogli et al., 2009; Bentivogli et al., 2011) have spurred considerable research in textual entailment over newswire data. This, along wi... | 0 |
Text categorization is the task of assigning a text 1 to one or more of a set of predefined categories. As with most other natural language processing applications, representational factors are decisive for the performance of the categorization. The incomparably most common representational scheme in text categorizatio... | 0 |
Hate speech detection models play an important role in online content moderation and enable scientific analyses of online hate more generally. This has motivated much research in NLP and the social sciences. However, even state-of-the-art models exhibit substantial weaknesses (see Schmidt and Wiegand, 2017; Fortuna and... | 0 |
In contrast to English, some vowels in languages such as Arabic and Hebrew are not part of the alphabet and diacritics are used for vowel specification. 1 In addition to pertaining vowels, diacritics can also represent other features such as case marking and phonological gemination in Arabic. Not including diacritics i... | 0 |
As one of the key techniques in web information processing, text classification has been studied for a long time (Aas and Eikvil, 1999; Wang and Li, 2011; Yang and Pedersen, 1997) . A growing number of machine learning techniques have been applied to text classification and some of them have proven to be successful (Mi... | 0 |
In Complex Word Identification (CWI), the goal is to find which words in a given text may challenge the members of a given target audience. It is part of the usual Lexical Simplification pipeline, which is illustrated in Figure 1 . As shown by the results obtained by (Paetzold and Specia, 2013) and (Shardlow, 2014) , i... | 0 |
The goal of sentiment analysis is to determine the attitude or emotional state held by the author of a piece of text. Automatic sentiment classification that can quickly garner user sentiment is useful for applications ranging from product marketing to measuring public opinion. The volume and availability of short-text... | 0 |
Bio-events are founding blocks of bio-networks depicting profound biological phenomena. Automatically extracting bio-events may assist researchers while facing the challenge of growing amount of biomedical information in textual form. A bio-event carries more semantic information biochemical reactions between entities,... | 0 |
The success of neural methods in numerous subfields of NLP lead to recent development of neural 'end-to-end' (e2e) architectures in natural language generation (NLG) (Dušek et al., 2020) , where a direct mapping from meaning representations (MRs) to text is learned. While recent neural approaches mostly map flat inputs... | 0 |
Recently, conversational recommender system (CRS) (Chen et al., 2019; Sun and Zhang, 2018; Li et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2018b; Liao et al., 2019) has become an emerging research topic, which aims to provide high-quality recommendations to users through natural language conversations. Generally, a CRS is composed of a... | 0 |
Mapping documents or sentences to vectors (Le and Mikolov, 2014; Pagliardini et al., 2018) is the foundation of various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as text classification (Kim, 2014) , paraphrase detection (Socher et al., 2011) , natural language inference (Bowman et al., 2015) , question answering (Z... | 0 |
For speech recognition, the detection of speech affects recognition performance. A robust word boundary detection method in the presence of variable-label noises is necessary and is studied in this paper. Depending on the characteristics of speech, a variety of parameters have been proposed for boundary detection. They... | 0 |
Fill-in-the-blank is a popular style used for evaluating proficiency of language learners, from homework to official tests, such as TOEIC 1 and TOEFL 2 . As shown in Figure 1 , a quiz is composed of 4 parts; (1) sentence, (2) blank to fill in, (3) correct answer, and (4) distractors (incorrect options). However, it is ... | 0 |
Topic segmentation is a fundamental NLP task that has received considerable attention in recent years (Barrow et al., 2020; Glavas and Somasundaran, 2020; Lukasik et al., 2020) . It can reveal important aspects of a document semantic structure by splitting the document into topical-coherent textual units. Taking the Wi... | 0 |
The adoption of XML as a standard for the storage, retrieval and delivery of information has meant that many enterprises have large corpora in this format. Very often information components in these corpora require translation. Normally, such enterprises have enjoyed all of the benefits of XML on the information creati... | 0 |
The ability to spot deception is an issue in many important venues: in police, security, border crossing, customs, and asylum interviews; in congressional hearings; in financial reporting; in legal depositions; in human resource evaluation; and in predatory communications, including Internet scams, identity theft, and ... | 0 |
Roll call votes are official records of how politicians vote on bills (potential laws) in the United States House of Representatives and Senate. Reliable prediction of these votes, using historical voting records and the text of bills, can be used to forecast political decisions on key issues, which can be informative ... | 0 |
Several efforts are being made to incorporate syntactic analysis into phrase-base statistical translation (PBT) (Och 2002; Koehn et. al. 2003) , which represents the state of the art in terms of robustness in modeling local word reordering and efficiency in decoding. Syntactic analysis is meant to improve some of the p... | 0 |
Not all words are equally important to the meaning of a spoken message. Identifying the importance of words is useful for a variety of tasks including text classification and summarization (Hong and Nenkova, 2014; Yih et al., 2007) . Considering the relative importance of words can also be valuable when evaluating the ... | 0 |
In the family of categorial grammars, combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) has received by far the most attention in the computational linguistics literature. There exist algorithms for both mildly context-sensitive (e.g., Kuhlmann and Satta, 2014) and context-free (typically CKY; Cocke and Schwartz, 1970; Kasami, 1966... | 0 |
Writing high quality texts in a foreign language requires years of study and a deep comprehension of the language. With a society that is becoming more and more international, the ability to express ideas in English has become the basis of fruitful communication and collaboration.In this work, we propose a tool to prov... | 0 |
Modeling and characterizing human expertise is a major bottleneck in advancing image-based application systems. We propose a framework for integrating experts' eye movements and verbal narrations as they examine and describe images in order to understand images semantically. Eye movements can act as pointers to importa... | 0 |
Part-of-speech (POS) tagging and chunking have been essential components of Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques that target learner English, such as grammatical error correction and automated essay scoring. In addition, they are frequently used to extract linguistic features relevant to the given task. For exa... | 0 |
Implementation of MT systems usually relies on two very separate teams.-A linguistic engineering team, usually composed of a project manager, several engineers and one or several computational linguists. Its mission is to configure the MT engine and produce for each source file an "MT-engine output" (i.e. an enginetran... | 0 |
Probabilistic part of speech taggers have proven to be successful in English part of speech labelling [Church 1988; DeRose, 1988; de Marcken, 1990; Meteer, et. al. 1991, etc.] . Such stochastic models perform very well given adequate amounts of training data representative of operational data. Instead of merely stating... | 0 |
In task-oriented dialogues, the computer system communicates with the user in the form of a conversation and accomplishes various tasks such as hotel booking, flight reservation and retailing. In this process, the system needs to accurately convert the desired information, a.k.a. meaning representation, to a natural ut... | 0 |
Most information retrieval models (Salton et al., 1975; Fuhr, 1992; Ponte and Croft, 1998; Fang and Zhai, 2005) compute relevance scores based on matching of terms in queries and documents. Since various terms can be used to describe a same concept, it is unlikely for a user to use a query term that is exactly the same... | 0 |
Point-of-view, or perspective, affects many aspects of language. This paper presents ProSPer, a dataset for probing how humans and neural language models track spatial perspective in text.In recent years, neural network language understanding has been probed in a variety of syntactic and semantic tasks. 1 We propose a ... | 0 |
The goal of having natural language versions of formal, computer-generated mathematical texts has been driven by the increasing quantity of formal mathematics being produced by a variety of projects. The purposes for these collections varies over pedagogical purposes (Constable, 1996) , proving sophisticated theorems (... | 0 |
The replacement of words with a representative synonymous expression dramatically enhances text analysis systems. We developed a text mining system called TAKMI (Nasukawa, 2001 ) which can find valuable patterns and rules in text that indicate trends and significant features about specific topics using not only word fr... | 0 |
Parsing accuracy is important. Parsing accuracy has been shown to have a significant effect on downstream applications such as textual entailment (Yuret et al., 2010) and machine translation (Neubig and Duh, 2014) , and most work on parsing evaluates accuracy to some extent. However, one element that is equally, or per... | 0 |
Pretraining deep Transformer models (Vaswani et al., 2017) with language modeling and fine-tuning these models over downstream tasks have led to great success in recent years (Devlin et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019) , and even enabled researchers to design models that outperform human baselines in the GLUE benchmark (W... | 0 |
In this first participation to the French-English translation task at WMT, our goal was to build a standard phrase-based statistical machine translation system and study the impact of French morphological variations at different stages of training and decoding.Many strategies have been proposed to integrate morphology ... | 0 |
With subtle changes in word choice, a writer can influence a reader's perspective on a matter in many ways (Thomas et al., 2006; Recasens et al., 2013) . For example, Table 1 shows how the verbs claimed and said, although reasonable paraphrases for one another in the given sentence, have very different implications. Sa... | 0 |
The European Union has 24 official languages. The European Parliament and the European Commission state that multilingualism is both "an asset and a shared commitment" (European Commission, 2008; European Parliament, 2009) . Languages are not only a means of conveying informationthey are constitutive parts of our cultu... | 0 |
The amount of digital resources is growing day by day, and this raises new challenges in the management process in particular in the access and reuse of such resources. For this aim we need systems that offer solutions to effectively store digital resources (text, images, video, etc.) and allow us to give them an inter... | 0 |
In autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (NMT), a decoder generates one token at a time, and each output token depends on the output tokens generated so far. The decoder's prediction of the end of the sentence determines the length of the output sentence. This prediction is sometimes made too earlybefore all of the... | 0 |
One of the important requirements for developing practical natural language processing system is a morphological analyzer that can automatically assign the correct POS (part-of-speech) tagging to the correct word with time and space efficiency. For non-separated languages such as Japanese, Korea, Chinese and Thai, the ... | 0 |
Vocabulary is a challenging aspect for language learners to master. Extended word knowledge, such as word polarity and position, is not widely available in traditional dictionaries. Thus, for most language learners, it is very difficult to have a good command of such lexical phenomena.Current linguistics software progr... | 0 |
With the rapid growth of electronic documents and the great development of network in China, there are more and more people touching the Intemet, on which, however, English is the most popular language being used. It is difficult for most people in China to use English fluently, so they would like to use Chinese to exp... | 0 |
Quality Estimation (QE) for Machine Translation (MT) is the task of evaluating the quality of the output of an MT system without relying on reference translations. The WMT 2013 QE Shared Task defined four different tasks covering both word and sentence level QE. In this work we describe the Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FB... | 0 |
At first sight, tokenization is not only boring but also trivial. Humans have few problems with this task for at least two reasons: (1) They are experts at pattern-finding (see, for example, Tomasello, 2003) . Thus, whether the form "your" in an English Facebook post is to be read as one unit (the possessive determiner... | 0 |
Machine translation is a complex task which requires diverse linguistic knowledge. The seemingly straightforward translation of the English pronoun it into German requires knowledge at the syntactic, discourse and world knowledge levels for proper pronoun coreference resolution (cr). The German third person pronoun can... | 0 |
Several early studies in large-scale text processing (Liakata and Pulman, 2002; Gildea and Palmer, 2002; Schubert, 2002) showed that having access to a sentence's syntax enabled credible, automated semantic analysis. These studies suggest that the use of increasingly sophisticated linguistic analysis tools could enable... | 0 |
A great deal of linguistic information exists online in the form of academic publications. ODIN, the Online Database of INterlinear text (Lewis and Xia, 2010) was created upon this premise, a resource which makes available language data for approximately 1,500 languages, including linguistic glosses and resource-rich l... | 0 |
Many students studying at KIT are from abroad. While they usually speak English fluently, they are often not sufficiently proficient in German in order to follow the content of German lectures. Since most lectures at KIT are given in German, this means that students from abroad struggle with the language barrier during... | 0 |
Performing semantic inference is important for natural language applications such as Question Answering (QA), Information Extraction, and Discourse Analysis. One of the missing links for semantic inference is the availability of commonsense knowledge in computers. In this paper, we focus on acquiring knowledge about ca... | 0 |
In the following we will describe an experimental machine translation system as it is currently under development at the University of Stuttgart with the following goals in mind:• flexibility regarding the level of transfer * The research reported here is supported by the German Science Foundation (SFB 340 -Project B3)... | 0 |
Recent years have seen increasing research and commercial activity in the area of Spoken Language Translation (SLT) for mission-critical applications. In the health care area, for instance, such products as Converser , S-MINDS (www.fluentialinc.com), and Med-SLT (Bouillon et al, 2005) are coming into use. For military ... | 0 |
A zero pronoun (ZP) is a gap in a sentence that is found when a phonetically null form is used to refer to a real-world entity. An anaphoric zero pronoun (AZP) is a ZP that corefers with one or more preceding mentions in the associated text. Below is an example taken from the Chinese Treebank (CTB), where the ZP (denot... | 0 |
Many recent tools for morphological analysis use statistical approaches such as neural networks (Cotterell et al., 2018) . These approaches can profitably use huge amounts of training data, which makes them ideal for high-resource languages. But if there is little training data available, statistical methods can strugg... | 0 |
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