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Fluent information flow is important in any information-intensive area of decision making, but critical in healthcare. Clinicians are responsible for making decisions with even life-and-death impact on their patients' lives. The flow is defined as links, channels, contact, or communication to a pertinent person or peop... | 0 |
Previous research has shown that formal ontologies could be used as a means not only to provide a uniform and flexible approach to integrating and describing heterogeneous data sources, but also to support the final user in querying them, thus improving the usability of the integrated system. To support the wide access... | 0 |
People use analogy heavily in written explanations. Instructional texts, for example, use analogy to convey new concepts and systems of related ideas to learners. Any learning by reading system must ultimately include the capability of understanding such analogies. Here we combine Gentner's (1983) structure-mapping the... | 0 |
Les lexiques bilingues sont une ressource importante pour différentes applications relevant du traitement automatique des langues comme en traduction assistée par ordinateur ou en recherche d'information inter-langue. Bien que les travaux s'appuyant sur des corpus parallèles 1 aient montré de très bons résultats, ce ty... | 0 |
Visual icons play a crucial role in providing information about the extra level of social media information. SemEval 2018 shared task for researchers to predict, given a tweet in English or Spanish, its most likely associated emoji (Barbieri et al., 2018 (Barbieri et al., , 2017 (Task 2, Multilingual Emoji Prediction) ... | 0 |
The task of question answering (QA) in Natural Language Processing typically involves producing an answer for a given question using a context that contains evidence to support the answer. The latest advances in pre-trained language models resulted in performance close to (and sometimes exceeding) a human performance w... | 0 |
The paper presents a hybrid approach for Deep Semantic Machine Translation. For that purpose, however, the linguistic phenomena that constitute deep semantics have to be defined. A list of such phenomena have been considered in (Hajič, 2011) and (Bos, 2013) , among others. They include but are not limited to the follow... | 0 |
Endeavors to better understand transformer-based masked language models (MLMs), such as BERT, are ever growing since their introduction in 2017 (cf. Rogers et al. (2020) for an overview). While the BERTology movement has enhanced our knowledge on the reasons behind BERT's performance in various ways, still plenty remai... | 0 |
The recent years have seen an increased interest as well as rapid progress in semantic parsing and surface realization based on graph-structured semantic representations, e.g. Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR; Banarescu et al., 2013) , Elementary Dependency Structure (EDS; Oepen and Lønning, 2006) and Depedendency-... | 0 |
It~ecently many kinds of natural lauguage processing systems like machine translation systems have been developed and put into practical use, but ambiguity resolution ill translation and meaning interpretation is still the primary issue in such systems. These systems have conventionally adopted a rule-ba.~ed disambigua... | 0 |
Topic adaptation is used as a technique to adapt language models based on small contexts of information that may not necessarily reflect an entire domain or genre. In scenarios such as lecture translation, it is advantageous to perform language model adaptation on the fly to reflect topical changes in a discourse. In t... | 0 |
Scientific publications play an important role in dissemination of advances, and they are often reviewed and accepted by professionals in the domain before publication to maintain quality. In order to avoid unfairness due to identity, affiliation, and nationality biases, peer review systems have been studied extensivel... | 0 |
Human communication, in real-life situations, is multimodal (Kress, 2010) : To convey and understand a message uttered in natural language, people build on what is present in the multimodal context surrounding them. As such, speakers do not need to "repeat" something that is already provided by the environment; similar... | 0 |
Transliteration is the transformation of a piece of text from one language's writing system into another. Since the transformation is mostly explained as local substitutions, deletions, and insertions, we treat word transliteration as a sequence labeling problem (Ganesh et al., 2008; Reddy and Waxmonsky, 2009) , using ... | 0 |
Since OWL (Web Ontology Language) was adopted as a standard in 2004, researchers have sought ways of mediating between the (decidedly cumbersome) raw code and the human users who aspire to view or edit it. Among the solutions that have been proposed are more readable coding formats such as Manchester OWL Syntax (Horrid... | 0 |
Automatic PI is the task of detecting if two texts convey the same meaning. For example, the following two sentences from the Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus (MSRP) (Dolan et al., 2004) :S 1a :Although it's unclear whether Sobig was to blame, The New York Times also asked employees at its headquarters yesterday to... | 0 |
The concept of "translating" an error sentence into a correct one was first researched by Brockett et al. (2006) . They proposed a statistical machine translation (SMT) system with noisy channel model to correct automatically erroneous sentences for learners of English as a Second Language (ESL).It seems that a statist... | 0 |
Large-scale neural language models have made great strides in a series of language generation tasks such as machine translation (Bahdanau et al., 2014; Vaswani et al., 2017; Raffel et al.) , text summarization (See et al., 2017; Lewis et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019a) , conversational dialog generation (Serban et al.,... | 0 |
Recent language models (LMs) such as BERT and its successors are remarkable at memorizing knowledge seen frequently during training, however performance degrades over the long tail of rare facts. Given the importance of factual knowledge for tasks such as questionanswering, search, and personal assistants (Bernstein et... | 0 |
Incremental processing formalisms have increasing importance due to the growing ubiquity of spoken dialogue systems that require understanding and generation in real-time using rich, robust semantics. Dialogue systems benefit from incremental processing in terms of shorter response time to the user's requests when the ... | 0 |
Statistical machine translation (SMT) systems are heavily dependent on parallel data. SMT doesn't work well when fewer than several million lines of bitext are available (Kolachina et al., 2012) . When the available bitext is small, statistical models perform poorly due to the sparse word and phrase counts that define ... | 0 |
Semantic relations between entities are essential for many NLP applications such as question answering, textual inference and information extraction (Ravichandran and Hovy, 2002; Szpektor et al., 2004) . Therefore, it is important to build a comprehensive knowledge base consisting of instances of semantic relations (e.... | 0 |
One of the key advantages of word embeddings for natural language processing is that they enable generalization to words that are unseen in labeled training data, by embedding lexical features from large unlabeled datasets into a relatively low-dimensional Euclidean space. These low-dimensional embeddings are typically... | 0 |
Essay writing is a common task evaluated in schools and universities. In this task, students are typically given a prompt or essay topic to write about. Essay writing is included in high-stakes assessments, such as Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and Graduate Record Examination (GRE). Manually grading all... | 0 |
Native Language Identification (NLI), in which an author's first language is derived by analyzing texts written in his or her second language, is often treated as a text classification problem. NLI has proven useful in various applications, including in language-learning settings. As it is wellestablished that a speake... | 0 |
This paper presents the current status of development and the main motivations of an opensource shallow-transfer machine translation (MT) engine for the Romance languages of Spain (the main ones being Spanish (es), Catalan (ca) and Galician 1 (gl)) as part of a larger governmentfunded project which will also include MT... | 0 |
Compounds are extremely common in Icelandic, accounting for over 88% of all words in the Database of Icelandic Morphology (DIM) (Bjarnadóttir, 2017; Bjarnadóttir et al., 2019) . As compounding is so productive, new compounds frequently occur as out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, which may adversely affect the performance o... | 0 |
For Asian languages such as Japanese and Chinese that do not contain explicitly marked word boundaries, word segmentation is an important first step for many subsequent language processing tasks, such as POS tagging, parsing, semantic role labeling, and various applications. Previous studies for POS tagging and syntax ... | 0 |
Traditional accounts of ambiguity have generally assumed that each use of a linguistic expression has a unique intended interpretation in context, and attempted to develop a model to determine it (Nakov and Hearst, 2005; Brill and Resnik, 1994) . However, disambiguation is not always appropriate or even desirable (Poes... | 0 |
Documents often appear within a network structure: social media mentions, retweets, and follower relationships; Web pages by hyperlinks; scientific papers by citations. Network structure interacts with the topics in the text, in that documents linked in a network are more likely to have similar topic distributions. For... | 0 |
Natural language understanding (NLU) refers to the ability of a system to 'comprehend' the meaning (semantics) and the structure (syntax) of human language to enable the interaction with a system or device. Cross-lingual natural language understanding (XNLU) alludes to a system that is able to handle multiple languages... | 0 |
In the past decade, new forms of communication, such as microblogging and text messaging have emerged and became ubiquitous. These short messages are often used to share opinions and sentiments. The Sentiment Analysis in Twitter task promotes research that will lead to a better understanding of how sentiment is conveye... | 0 |
For speakers of a language whose nouns have no gender (such as modern English), making the leap to a language that does (such as German), does not come easy. With no or few rules or heuristics to guide him, the language learner will try to draw on the "obvious" parallel between grammatical and natural gender, and will ... | 0 |
In recent years, rich contextual embeddings such as ELMo (Peters et al., 2018) and BERT (Devlin et al., 2018) have enabled rapid progress on benchmarks like GLUE (Wang et al., 2019a) and have seen widespread industrial use (Pandu Nayak, 2019) . However, these methods require significant computational resources (memory,... | 0 |
Reasoning is an important part of human logical thinking. It gives us the ability to draw fresh conclusions from some of the known points (Judea, 1988) . Argument is the basis for reasoning. Except for the argument's claim and reason, usually, it needs some additional information. Therefore, what we know is the additio... | 0 |
The Internet has been surging in popularity as well as general availability. This has considerably increased the amount of user generated content present online. This has, however, brought up a few issues. One of the issues is hate speech detection, as manual detection has been made nearly impossible by the quantity of... | 0 |
The importance of automatic methods for enriching lexicons, taxonomies and knowledge bases from free text is well-recognized. For rapidly changing domains such as current affairs, static knowledge bases are inadequate for responding to new developments, and the cost of building and maintaining resources by hand is proh... | 0 |
Formal grammar used in statistical machine translation (SMT), such as Bracketing Transduction Grammar (BTG) proposed by (Wu, 1997) and the synchronous CFG presented by (Chiang, 2005) , provides a natural platform for integrating linguistic knowledge into SMT because hierarchical structures produced by the formal gramma... | 0 |
The neural approach is revolutionising machine translation (MT). The main neural approach to MT is based on the encoder-decoder architecture (Cho et al., 2014; Sutskever et al., 2014) , where an encoder (e.g a recurrent neural network) reads the source sentences sequentially to produce a fixed-length vector representat... | 0 |
Natural language processing (NLP) tasks often leverage word-level features to exploit lexical knowledge. Segmenting a sentence into a sequence of words, especially for languages without explicit word boundaries (e.g., Chinese) not only extracts lexical features, but also shortens the length of the sentence to be proces... | 0 |
Scholars of Natural Language Processing technology rely on access to gold standard annotated data for training and evaluation of learning algorithms. Despite successful attempts to create machine readable document formats such as XML and HTML, the Portable Document Format (PDF) is still widely used for read-only docume... | 0 |
Cette dernière décennie a vu l'émergence de l'oral comme objet de recherche à part entière aussi bien dans les descriptions linguistiques qu'en TALN. Nous allons nous intéresser ici au français parlé, plus particulièrement au "spontané", dans une perspective d'annotation manuelle des relations syntaxiques à partir de t... | 0 |
Social scientists rely on event data to quantitatively study the behavior of political actors. Public protest (demonstrations, industrial strikes, petition campaigns, political and symbolic violence) accounts for a large part of events involving sub-state actors. Protest event data are central to the study of protest m... | 0 |
Currently, many off-the-shelf named entity recognition solutions are available, and these can be used to recognize mentions in clinical notes denoting diseases and disorders. We decided to use the Stanford NER tool (Finkel et al., 2005) to train CRF models based on annotated biomedical text.The use of unsupervised meth... | 0 |
State-of-the-art statistical machine translation (SMT) systems use large amounts of parallel data to estimate translation models. However, parallel corpora are expensive and not available for every domain.Recently different works have been published that train translation models using only nonparallel data. Although fi... | 0 |
Community-based Question Answering (CQA) systems such as Yahoo! Answers 1 , StackOverflow 2 and Baidu Zhidao 3 have become dependable sources of knowledge to solve common user problems. Unlike factoid question answering 4 , CQA systems focus on crowdsourcing how and why questions and their answers. As is the case with ... | 0 |
Linguistic alignment is the tendency that interlocutors have to change the way they talk to accommodate their conversational partners. This can happen through mirroring the partner's linguistic behavior on many levels such as the choice of words, syntactic structures, and semantic topics. Linguistic alignment is consid... | 0 |
Our aim here was to build thematic timelines for a general domain topic defined by a user query. This task, which involves the extraction of important events, is related to the tasks of Retrospective Event Detection (Yang et al., 1998) , or New Event Detection, as defined for example in Topic Detection and Tracking (TD... | 0 |
Over the past few years, an increasing number of people have begun to express their opinion through social networks and microblogging services. Twitter, as one of the most popular of these social networks, has become a major platform for social communication, allowing its users to send and read short messages called 't... | 0 |
The sheer amount of natural language data provides a great opportunity to represent named entity mentions by their probability distributions, so that they can be exploited for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. However, named entity mentions are fundamentally different from common words or phrases in ... | 0 |
In this digital era we live in, almost everyone is communicating online. As of January 2021, Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp each have over 2 billion users, which means many differing viewpoints and perspectives being shared (Statista, 2021) . With such a huge exchange of ideas, there is bound to be some toxicity withi... | 0 |
A dramatic progress has been achieved in singleturn dialogue modeling such as open-domain response generation (Shang et al., 2015) , question answering (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) , etc. By contrast, multi-turn dialogue modeling is still in its infancy, as users tend to use incomplete utterances which usually omit or refe... | 0 |
Multiword expressions (MWEs) are word combinations idiosyncratic with respect to e.g. syntax or semantics (Baldwin and Kim, 2010) . One of their most emblematic properties is semantic noncompositionality: the meaning of the whole cannot be straightforwardly deduced from the meanings of its components, as in cut corners... | 0 |
Online multimedia content becomes more and more accessible through digital TV, social networking sites and searchable digital libraries of photographs and videos. People of different ages and cultures attempt to make sense out of this data and re-package it for their own needs, these being informative, educational and ... | 0 |
In recent years, social media platforms in the Arabic region have been evolving rapidly. Twitter provides an easy form of communication that enables users to share information about their activities, opinions, feelings, and views about a wide variety of social events. It has been a great platform to disseminate events ... | 0 |
In speech recognition and understanding systems, many kinds of language model may be used to choose between the word and sentence hypotheses for which there is evidence in the acoustic data. Some words, word sequences, syntactic constructions and semantic structures are more likely to occur than others, and the presenc... | 0 |
Recent work demonstrated that word embeddings induced from large text collections encode many human biases (e.g., Bolukbasi et al., 2016; Caliskan et al., 2017) . This finding is not particularly surprising given that (1) we are likely project our biases in the text that we produce and (2) these biases in text are boun... | 0 |
The need for in-domain data in machine learning is a wellestablished problem and should be well motivated in previous papers (e.g [1] ). We briefly observe, however, that across domains system performance is tied to the similarity between training and testing data. The testing data used for guiding system development i... | 0 |
Fact verification aims to verify whether a fact is entailed or refuted by the given evidence, which has attracted increasing attention. Recent researches mainly focus on the unstructured text as the evidence and ignoring the evidence with the structured or semi-structured format. A recently proposed dataset TABFACT (We... | 0 |
Hybrid representation systems have been explored before [9, 24, 31] , but until now only one has been used in an extensive natural language processing system. KL-TWO [31] , based on a propositional logic, was at the core of the mapping from formulae to lexical items in the Penman generation system [28] . In this paper ... | 0 |
Automatic word alignment can be defined as the problem of determining translational correspondences at word level given a parallel corpus of aligned sentences. Bilingual word alignment is a fundamental component of most approaches to statistical machine translation (SMT). Dominant approaches to word alignment can be cl... | 0 |
Keywords are words (or multi-word expressions) that best describe the subject of a document, effectively summarise it and can also be used in several document categorization tasks. In online news portals, keywords help with efficient retrieval of articles when needed. Similar keywords characterise articles of similar t... | 0 |
While standard information retrieval (IR) systems present the results of a query in the form of a ranked list of relevant documents, question answering (QA) systems attempt to return them in the form of sentences (or paragraphs, or phrases), responding more precisely to the user's request.However, in most state-of-the-... | 0 |
The algorithm described in this paper is concerned with using hidden Markov methods for estimation of the parameters of a stochastic context-free grammar from free text. The Forward/Backward (F/B) algorithm (Baum, 1972) is capable of estimating the parameters of a hidden Markov model (i.e. a hidden stochastic regular g... | 0 |
Sociologists have defined culture as a set of shared understandings, herein called perspectives, adopted by the members of that culture (Bar-Tal, 2000; Sperber and Hirschfeld, 2004) . Languages and cultures have radical correlations (Khaslavsky, 1998; Bracewell and Tomlinson, 2012; Gelman and Roberts, 2017) , because i... | 0 |
With the rapid development of e-commerce, massive user reviews available on e-commerce platforms are becoming valuable resources for both customers and merchants. Aspect-based sentiment analysis(ABSA) on user reviews is a fundamental and challenging task which attracts interests from both academia and industries (Hu an... | 0 |
Query understanding has been an important research area in information retrieval and natural language processing (Croft et al., 2010) . A key part of this problem is entity linking, which aims to annotate the entities in the query and link them to a knowledge base such as Freebase and * Contribution during internship a... | 0 |
The resolution of lexical ambiguity in language is essential to true language understanding. It has been shown to improve the performance of such applications as statistical machine translation (Chan et al., 2007; Carpuat and Wu, 2007) , and crosslanguage information retrieval and question answering (Resnik, 2006) . Wo... | 0 |
Comparable corpora are the main alternative to the use of parallel corpora for the task of bilingual lexicon extraction, particularly in specialized and technical domains for which parallel texts are usually unavailable or difficult to obtain. Although it is easier to build comparable corpora (Talvensaari et al., 2007)... | 0 |
Short-texts are abundant on the Web and appear in various different formats such as microblogs (Kwak et al., 2010) , Question and Answer (QA) forums, review sites, Short Message Service (SMS), email, and chat messages (Cong et al., 2008; Thelwall et al., 2010) . Unlike lengthy responses that take time to both compose a... | 0 |
To automatically find or track the attitudes, feelings and evaluations in texts, opinion mining and sentiment analysis have been extensively studied from different perspectives (Pang and Lee, 2008) . With the ever-growing number of Chinese users (over half a billion users only in mainland China), the amount of web opin... | 0 |
Automatic semantic interpretations of natural language text rely on (1) semantic theories that capture the subtleties employed by human communications; (2) lexico-semantic resources that encode various forms of semantic knowledge; and (3) computational methods that model the selection of the optimal interpretation deri... | 0 |
Neural machine translation (NMT) performs endto-end translation based on a simple encoderdecoder model (Kalchbrenner and Blunsom, 2013; Sutskever et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2014b) and has now overtaken the classical, complex statistical machine translation (SMT) in terms of performance and simplicity (Sennrich et al., 2... | 0 |
From business people to the everyday person, email plays an increasingly central role in a modern lifestyle. With this shift, e-mail users desire improved tools to help process, search, and organize the information present in their ever-expanding inboxes. A system that ranks e-mails according to the From: Henry Hutchin... | 0 |
Named entity recognition (NER) is a well known task in natural language processing. It aims to detect spans of text associated with known entities. Initially, much work focused on detecting persons, organizations, and locations (Grishman and Sundheim, 1996; Tjong Kim Sang and De Meulder, 2003) . However, this limited a... | 0 |
When designing a conventional non-neural parser substantial effort is required to design a powerful feature extraction function. Such a function (McDonald et al., 2005; Zhang and Nivre, 2011, among others) is constructed so that it captures as much structural context as possible. The context allows the parser to make w... | 0 |
The need to determine semantic relatedness or its inverse, semantic distance, between two lexically expressed concepts is a problem that pervades much of natural language processing. Measures of relatedness or distance are used in such applications as word sense disambiguation, determining the structure of texts, text ... | 0 |
Recent Transformer-based language representation models (LRMs) -such as BERT and GPT-2 (Devlin et al., 2019; Radford et al., 2019) -show impressive results on practical text analysis tasks. But do these models have access to complex linguistic notions? The results in this domain are less clearas well as ways to best ap... | 0 |
When Brown and colleagues introduced statistical machine translation in the early 1990s, their key insight -harkening back to Weaver in the late 1940swas that translation could be viewed as an instance of noisy channel modeling (Brown et al., 1990) . They introduced a now standard decomposition that distinguishes model... | 0 |
Recently there has been considerable interest in using active learning (AL) to reduce HLT annotation burdens. Actively sampled data can have different characteristics than passively sampled data and therefore, this paper proposes modifying algorithms used to infer models during AL. Since most AL research assumes the sa... | 0 |
Are gender biases present in our judicial system, and can machine learning detect them? Drawing on the idea that text can provide insight into human psychology (Jakiela and Ozier, 2019), we look at gender-stereotyped language in case law as a proxy for bias in our judicial system. Unfortunately, previous NLP work in bi... | 0 |
A real world event that has an associated probability of causing damage, injury, liability, loss or any other negative impact is termed as a risk (Lu et al., 2009; Slywotzky and Drzik, 2005; Beasley et al., 2005; Lu et al., 2009) . Organizations are always on the look out for information related to such events caused b... | 0 |
The goal of capturing structured relational knowledge about lexical terms has been the motivating force underlying many projects in lexical acquisition, information extraction, and the construction of semantic taxonomies. Broad-coverage semantic taxonomies such as WordNet (Fellbaum, 1998) and CYC (Lenat, 1995) have bee... | 0 |
As the field of Natural Language Processing advances, there are increasing demands for more sophisticated applications and richer representations. Abstract Meaning Representations (AMR; Banarescu et al. 2013) , and their more recent crosslingual incarnation as Uniform Meaning Representations (UMR; Van Gysel et al. 2021... | 0 |
Machine translation evaluation has traditionally focused on one-best translation results because many common use cases (translating a user manual, reading a news article, etc.) require only a single translation. There are, however, many scenarios in which n-best translation can be useful; examples include cross-languag... | 0 |
A text corpus plays a crucial role in many spoken-language applications, such as speech translation and statistical natural language processing. The system's accuracy often depends on whether we can accumulate a large amount and wide variety of text data containing frequent or domain-specific linguistic expressions. Ho... | 0 |
Large-scale grammar development platforms are expensive and time consuming to produce. As such, a desideratum for the platforms is a broad utilization scope. A grammar development platform should be able to be used to write grammars for a wide variety of languages and a broad range of purposes. In this paper, we report... | 0 |
Deep generative models attract a lot of attention in recent years (Hu et al., 2017b) . Such methods as variational autoencoders (Kingma and Welling, 2013) or generative adversarial networks (Goodfellow et al., 2014) are successfully applied to a variety of machine vision problems including image generation (Radford et ... | 0 |
Code-mixing is a frequent phenomenon in user-generated content on social media. In linguistics, code-mixing traditionally refers to the embedding of linguistic units (phrases, words, morphemes) into an utterance of another language (Myers-Scotton, 1993) . In that sense, it can be distinguished from code-switching, whic... | 0 |
Large pre-trained language models have enabled better performance on many NLP tasks-especially in few-shot settings (Brown et al., 2020; Schick and Schütze, 2021a; Wu and Dredze, 2020) . More informative representations of textual inputs often leads to much higher downstream performance on NLP applications, which expla... | 0 |
Most Arabic natural language processing (NLP) tools and resources are developed to serve Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the official written language in the Arab World. Using such tools to understand and process Dialectal Arabic (DA) is a challenging task because of the phonological and morphological differences between... | 0 |
In the world of globalization and internationalization being multilingual allows for more business opportunities. This drives more individuals to learn additional languages, which in turn increases the number of language exams such as TOEFL and IELTS for English, TCF, DELF and DALF for French, telc, TestDaF, and Goethe... | 0 |
Cognitive task analysis (CTA) is a powerful tool for training, instructional design, and development of expert systems (Woods et al., 1989; Clark and Estes, 1996) focusing on yielding the knowledge and thought processes from domain experts (Schraagen et al., 2000) . Traditional CTA methods require interviews with domai... | 0 |
Over the last few decades, there has been a call to enable speakers of indigenous minority languages to participate in government, education, and other domains of public life in their own language. Computational resources can play an important role in such efforts (Probst et al., 2002) . For example, semantically annot... | 0 |
The annotation type known as interlinear glossing allows linguists to describe the morphosyntactic makeup of words concisely and languageindependently. While glosses as a linguistic metalanguage have a long tradition, systematic standards for interlinear glossing have only developed relatively recently -cf. e.g. the Le... | 0 |
Adversarial attacks have recently been quite successful in foiling neural text classifiers (Jia and Liang, 2017; Ebrahimi et al., 2018) . Universal adversarial attacks (Wallace et al., 2019; Behjati et al., 2019) are a sub-class of these methods where the same attack perturbation can be applied to any input to the targ... | 0 |
As shown in Figure 1 there are several variations in annotations of dependencies. A famous example is a head choice in a prepositional phrase (e.g, to a bar), which diverges in the two trees. Though various annotation schemes have been proposed so far (Hajic et al., 2001; Johansson and Nugues, 2007; de Marneffe and Man... | 0 |
Monolingual sentence rewriting encompasses a variety of tasks for which the goal is to generate an output sentence with similar meaning to an input sentence, in the same language. The generated sentences can be called sentential paraphrases. Some tasks that generate sentential paraphrases include sentence simplificatio... | 0 |
Recent years have seen growing interest in the task of Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) of natural language text (sometimes called "shallow semantic parsing"). The task is usually described as the act of identifying the semantic roles, which are the set of semantic properties and relationships defined over constituents of ... | 0 |
Privacy has emerged as a topic of strategic consequence across all computational fields. Differential Privacy (DP) is a mathematical definition of privacy proposed by (Dwork et al., 2006) . Ever since its introduction, DP has been widely adopted and as of today, it has become the de facto privacy definition in the acad... | 0 |
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