query stringlengths 1 1.57k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Which of the following condition is necessary prerequisite for this change? | [
"Ans. (C). Adequate liquor amniiThe photograph shows maceration, a sign of intrauterine death.Conditions favoring maceration: Intact membranes; adequate liquor amnii & NO air."
] | [
"Among the given options, dentition is the best method for age determination."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Savita is 32 weeks pregnant presents in causality and diagnosed as a case of APH. Vitals are unstable with BP 80/60 which of the following is next step in M/n | [
"Ans. is b i.e. Blood transfusion"
] | [
"c. Continue ventilation with the same settings(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 850-857, Ghai 8/e p 168-170)Given clinical features & X-ray findings suggest a diagnosis of RDS. With the given ventilator settings, baby is just maintaining adequate pO2 of 75mmHg. So, ventilation should be continued with same settings, till baby... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
All are true about Cancer breast, except: | [
"Ans. (d) Increased incidence with prolonged breast feeding* Paget's Disease is a superficial manifest of an underlying Intra ductal carcinoma breast"
] | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Common in smokers Bladder cancer is 2.5 times more common in men than women."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following vitamin reduces the risk of insulin resistance, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome? | [
"Higher Intakes of Vitamin D May Be Beneficial There is evidence that Vitamin D intake considerably higher than that required to maintain calcium homeostasis reduce the risk of insulin resistance, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome, as well as various cancers. There is growing evidence that higher vitamin D status... | [
"Hormone replacement therapy can increase incidence of cardiovascular events due to increased risk for blood clots."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The following drugs have significant drug interactions with digoxin except: | [
"Ref:KDT 6/e p499 Cholestyramine inhibits itestinal absorption of digoxin. Thiazides result in hypokalemia and thus make precipitate digitalis toxicity by pharmacodynamic interaction. Quinidine and verampil reduces the exceion of digoxin and does make precipitate toxicity (pharmacokinetic interaction)"
] | [
"Refer kDT 6/e p 102,472,473 Because of hepatotoxicity, and requirement of frequent dosing, Tekken is less often used than other agents"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Antiboiotic Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis is indicated in: | [
"Answer is D (Coarctation of Aoa) Coarctation of Aoa is a high risk cardiac lesion fior the development of infective endocarditis and an indication fir antibiotic prophyloxis."
] | [
"Ans. B: Drug of choice for pseudomembranous enterocolitis Vancomycin is used in Proven methicillin-resistant (MR) Staph. aureus (S.A.) or coagulase-negative Staphylococcal infections Serious infections where coagulase-negative Staphylococci is highly suspected (e.g., central line, prosthesis, sternotomy, etc). End... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Adder Head" appearance is found in: | [
"VP"
] | [
"A i.e. Colored haloes present"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Ortolani's test is done for | [
"B. i.e. (Congenital dislocation of hip joints) (410 - Apley 8th)Important Tests**Ortolani's and Barlow's test Galeazzi test (604 CDT 4th)Congenital dislocation of hip joints** Apprehension testRecurrent dislocation of shoulder joints* Bryant's Call ways Hamilton ruler testHamilton ruler testAnterior dislocation of... | [
"Modified perthes test is both subjective and objective test,"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 50 year old female patient complains of difficulty in swallowing. Patient gives h/o multiple diagnostic CT-scans of the head and neck region. This patient may be predominantly susceptible to which of the following? | [
"The incidence of thyroid carcinomas, predominantly papillary thyroid carcinomas, increases in humans after radiation exposure. There is strong dependence on age at exposure—susceptibility to radiation-induced thyroid cancer is higher in children than adults. There is little evidence for a dose response for individ... | [
"More than half of all patients diagnosed with lung cancer present with advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. The prototypical lung cancer patient is a current or former smoker of either sex, usually in the seventh decade of life. A history of chronic cough with or without hemoptysis in a current or former smo... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following may be seen in second degree Hea block (select three options): | [
"Answer is A, B, and C Second degree AV block (Type I and /or Type II) may be associated with prolonged conduction time (prolonged PR interval), Atrial rate more than ventricular rate and change in QRS complex morphology (Tipe II). Name Rhythm Rate (beats/minute) P waves (lead II) PR Interval QRS complex First-degr... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., None of the above o All of them are associated with oral as well as skin pigmentation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
An ill 16 days old baby girl is brought to the emergency. On examination pallor and dyspnoea present with a respiratory rate of 85 per minute. Her HR is 200 bpm, hea sounds are distant and a gallop is heard. X-ray showed cardiomegaly. An echocardiogram shows dilated ventricles and dilation of the left atrium. An ECG sh... | [
"In CHF pallor, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, tachycardia and cardiomegaly are common regardless of the cause.The most common causes of CHF in children include myocarditis caused by adenovirus and coxsackievirus B.The echocardiogram shows ventricular and left atrial dilatation as well as poor ventricular function. With gly... | [
"This patient is showing features suggestive of cardiac tamponade, which occurred secondary to bleeding into the pericardial space following cardiac surgery. Cardiac tamponade occurs when fluid accumulate in the pericardial space in a quantity sufficient to cause serious obstruction to the inflow of blood to the ve... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In inversion of the foot, the sole will face: | [
"Ans: d (Medially) Ref: BDC, Vol. II, 4th ed, p. 155; Kieth L. Moore, 4th ed, p. 638Inversion is the movement in which the medial border of the foot is elevated, so that the sole faces medially.Eversion is the movement in which the lateral border of the foot is elevated. So that the sole faces laterally.Joints of t... | [
"C i.e. In posterior dislocation, appearance of shoulder is not normal"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Where does the "knot" is put in the neck during judicial hanging? | [
"In judicial hanging, a rope to allow a drop of five to seven metres according to the weight, build and age of the person, is looped round the neck, with the knot under the angle of the jaw. This causes fracture-dislocation usually at the level of the second and third, or third and fouh cervical veebrae. Ref: The e... | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Ligature is cut away from the knot For removal and preservation of the ligature from the dead body in case of hanging it is cut away from the knot and the cut ends are tied with string or wire."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Seal finger and whale finger are associated with - | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Erysipelothrix"
] | [
"Ans. Are usually associated with marked loss of vision"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following muscle acts as unlocker of knee? | [
"Popliteus rotates the tibia medially on the femur or, when the tibia is fixed, rotates the femur laterally on the tibia. At the beginning of flexion of the fully extended knee, lateral femoral rotation by popliteus muscle unlocks the joint.Must know:Locking of knee joint is due to the the action of quadriceps femo... | [
"In knee as well as other joints like interphalangeal, wrist and intervertebral joint stability mainly depends on ligaments. In ball and socket joint like hip, stability is provided by bony configuration. In very mobile shoulder joint main stabilizing structures are muscles. Menisci and tendons do not contribute si... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A 60 yr old chronic smoker presents with painless gross hematuria of 1 day duration. Which is the investigation of choice to know the cause of hematuria? | [
"A chronic smoker with painless gross hematuria should be suspected as having bladder cancer. The most common form of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Tobacco use, followed by occupational exposure to various carcinogenic materials such as automobile exhaust or industrial solvents are the most f... | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Increased frequency Urinary frequency, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, and flank or abdominal pain is common presentations. However, patients may be asymptomatic and the disease is discovered only after severe destructive lesions of the kidneys have developed. Urinalysis gives abnormal results in 9... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The most sensitive method for detecting cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection is: | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Polymerase chain reactionRef: Harrison, 17th/e, p. 1074,19th/e, p. 1165 and Ananthanarayan, 9th/e, p. 415Amplification assays such as ligase chain reaction and polymerase chain reaction are the most sensitive chlamydial diagnostic method.Other methods are:(a) Cell culture: Sensitivity (60-80%).(b... | [
"About half of all cases of nongonococcal urethritis are caused by C trachomatis. Urea plasma urealyticum and Trichomonas vaginalis are rarer causes of urethritis. Herpes simplex would present with vesicular lesions and pain, not with a meatal discharge. Chlamydia psittaci is the etiologic agent in psittacosis. Alm... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Congestive hea failure in an infant is characterized by all except | [
"Congestive Cardiac Failure in InfantsSymptomsSignsuFeeding difficultyuTakes less volume per feeduDiaphoretic while suckinguForehead sweating.uSuck-rest-suck cycle.uPoor weight gainuPeriorbital edema uClothes no longer fituIncreasing cloth sizeuRapid breathing/nasal flaring/cyanosis/chest retractions.uTachycardia.u... | [
"The patient in is presenting with characteristic feature that define rosacea."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Congenital hydrocele is best treated by | [
"Congenital hydrocele is best treated with herniotomy if they do not resolve spontaneously. Established acquired hydrocele often have thick walls. They are treated by subtotal excision of the sac. If the sac is small, thin walled and contains clear fluid, Lord's operation is done. Jaboulay's operation where the sac... | [
"Ans. A i.e. Herniotomy Management of congenital inguinal hernia If an infant hernia becomes suddenly irreducible, urgent operative repair is indicated. Otherwise, the infant hernia can be left alone until the child is over 3 months old, when routine day case repair can be performed There is no place of truss in th... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis is catalysed by which of the following enzyme? | [
"Conversion of HMG CoA to mevalonate by HMG CoA reductase is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol. Cholesterol is an allosteric inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase Statin drugs acts as competitive inhibitors with mevalonate for binding to HMG CoA reductase. Insulin ors the active form of HMG CoA reduct... | [
"Transpo of Acetyl CoA to Cytoplasm The staing material for de novo synthesis is acetyl CoA. It is formed inside the mitochondria from pyruvate. The inner membrane is not freely permeable to acetyl CoA. Hence the acetyl CoA units are delivered to the cytoplasm as citrate (Fig. 11.13). Citrate is transpoed from mito... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Vaccine administered by following route is | [
"Hlnl live (Intranasal route)"
] | [
"Specific protection for HBV, comes under primary prevention."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Coloured urine is not seen in : | [
"Answer is A (Quinine) Quinine is not associated with discoloured urine."
] | [
"Cyanosis is not a feature of CO poisoning."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Schizophrenia is treated by | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Anti psychotics"
] | [
"Antipsychotic drug, SSRI & behavior therapy are used in treatment of various subtypes of PD\nPsychotherapy is the treatment of choice for PDQ"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Fries test is used in the diagnosis of: | [
"Granuloma venereum"
] | [
"MCHC is the most important absolute value in the diagnosis of anaemia."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 45-year-old woman complains of severe headaches and difficulty in swallowing. Over the past 6 months, she has noticed small, red lesions around her mouth as well as thickening of her skin. The patient has "stone facies" on physical examination. Which of the following antigens is the most common and most specific targ... | [
"Scleroderma (refer to the image below) Autoimmune disease of connective tissue. Antinuclear antibodies are common but are usually present in a lower titer than in patients with SLE. Antibodies viually specific for scleroderma include:- Nucleolar autoantibodies (primarily against RNA polymerase) Antibodies to Scl-7... | [
"The most common cause for dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia) is a medication effect. Anticholinergics such as trihexyphenidyl to treat the parkinsonian tremor can be implicated, as well as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and antihistaminics. Alcohol and tobacco use are risks for precancerous lesi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Grave's ophthalmopathy mostly presents as September 2010 | [
"Ans. A: Proptosis Graves' ophthalmopathy (also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), dysthyroid/thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), Graves' orbitopathy) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder affecting the orbit around the eye, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, swelling (edema), redness (erythema), conjunc... | [
"Subluxation of the lens is the most common complication of nuclear sclerotic hypermature cataract refer Khurana 6th edition page number 184"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
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} |
Earliest lesion seen in atherosclerosis is: | [
"Ans: A (Fatty streaks) Ref: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th edition.Explanation:Fatty streaks are the earliest lesions in atherosclerosis \" Ref: RobbinsMorphology of AtherosclerosisFatty StreaksThese are the earliest lesions in atherosclerosis.They are composed of lipid-filled foamy macrophages.Beginning... | [
"(Oxidised LDL) (499-Robbins-Pathologic basis of disease 8th)Accumulation of lipoproteins mainly LDL and its oxidized forms in the vessel wall OXIDIZED-LDL1. In ingested by macrophages through scavenger receptors distinct from the LDL receptor thus forming foam cells2. Increases monocytes accumulation in lesions3. ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Flipped LDH indicating Myocardial Infarction is represented by: | [
"When LDH-1 is greater than LDH-2, it is referred to as flipped LDH and is indicative of MI. LDH-1 isoenzyme is found primarily in hea muscle and is lesser in concentration than the LDH-2 Isoenzyme which is primarily found in RBC. When the concentration of LDH-1 is observed to be greater than LDH2. It is referred t... | [
"D i.e. Endomyocardial Biopsy and CT cause fibrosis; which can be best diagnosed by seeing the tissue under microscope Endomyocardial Biopsy.Q IInd best answer is Radionucleotide scanQ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Blood supply of stomach is/are: | [
"A. i.e. Left gastric aery; B. i.e. Sho gastric aery; C. i.e. Left gastroepiploic aery"
] | [
"Portal vein ascends behind the first part of the duodenum.\nOther options are correct."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following ultrasound finding has the highest association with aneuploidy? | [
"All the above mentioned are ultrasound findings associated with increased risk of aneuploidy although the highest association is seen with cystic hygroma Nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma are both measured in the first trimesterTrisomy 21 is the most common aneuploidy associated with increased NT and cystic h... | [
"MSAFP above normal is seen in multiple gestation, when there is placental abruption, as well as in a number of fetal abnormalities, such as neural tube defects including spina bifida and anencephaly, and abdominal wall defects. Other possibility is error in the date of the gestation. Mothers with Methylene tetrahy... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is not a component of transpo system? | [
"Functions: Transpo Systems An essential role of biomembranes is to allow movement of all compounds necessary for the normal function of a cell across the membrane barrier. These compounds include a vast array of substances like sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, steroids, cations and anions to mention a few. These ... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., None of the above o All of them are associated with oral as well as skin pigmentation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Burst supression pattern on EEG is typically seen in: | [
"Ref: Ref: Harrisons 18/e p e-45 chapter\n As the depth of coma increases, the EEG becomes nonreactive and may show a burst-suppression pattern, with bursts of mixed-frequency activity separated by intervals of relative cerebral inactivity. In other instances there is a reduction in amplitude of the EEG until event... | [
"A diagnosis of delirium can be made if the patients EEG finding show a slowing of activity in brain."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
To feel comfoable and cool in a factory the conrrected effective temperature ( in degree Farenheit) should be - | [
"Comfo zones: In deg C of corrected effective temperature Pleasant and cool 20 Comfoable and cool 20-25 (69-76F) Comfoable 25- 27 (77-80F) Hot and uncomfoable 27-28 Extremely hot 28+ Intolerably hot 30+. Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 792"
] | [
"Kata thermometer is alcholholic thermometer with a glass bulb 4 cm long and 1.8 cm in diameter.reading on stem from 100 deg F to 95 deg F. 2 instruments are used,one bulb covered by wet muslin cloth - wet kata and other dry kata.both are dipped in hot water till wram them above 130 deg F.then both are suspended in... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Test used for factor VIII deficiency identification is- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., APTT o Factor VIII is a part of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. The test used to identity1 the defects in the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation is PTT. Thus prolonged PTT is a feature of patient with factor VIII deficiency.o Patients with hemophilia have deficiency of factor VIII... | [
"Marsh's test and Reinsh's test were used arsenic poisoning, but are obsolete now."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A 19 year old female presents with pain in the neck for 5 days. She is not able to wear tie for her job because of neck pain. H/O fatigue and lethargy for 10 days. She had flu like symptoms 20 days ago which resolved spontaneously. BP 110/80 mmHg, Pulse 48/min. Extremities are cold and dry. Neck is very tender. ECG nor... | [
"Answer: c) Aspirin (SCHWARTZ 19TH ED, P-1525; SABISTON 19TH ED, P-895)Granulomatous or Subacute or De Quervain's thyroiditisMost commonly occurs in 30- 40 year-old womenStrong association with the HLA-B35Fever with Sudden or gradual onset of neck painH/o preceding URI; Viral etiologyGland - enlarged, tender, firmC... | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Transient synovitis of Hip Transient synovitis of hip is also known as observation hip, toxic synovitis or irritable hip. Its a self-limiting, inflammatory condition of the synovium, that lasts only a sho time (therefore known as transient) It is the most common cause of hip pain... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Headache, apathy and deteriorating level of consciousness occurring weeks after head injury suggests; | [
"Chronic subdral haematoma"
] | [
"(A) Extradural hematoma # In about 50% of the cases of head injury, there is an initial recovery from the symptoms of concussion & this is followed, after a variable period as mentioned above, by unconsciousness, the sequence being as follows: unconsciousness due to concussion # consciousness due to recovery # unc... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 27-year female wearing high heels stumbled and sustained inversion injury at ankle. Which ligament is most likely to be injured in the given case? | [
"Ans. A. (A)A. Anterior Talofibular ligamentAnkle sprains: Usually caused by the falls from height or twists of ankle. When the plantar-flexed foot is excessively inverted, the anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments are stretched and torn. The anterior talofibular ligament is most commonly... | [
"A- Anterior hip dislocation B- Posterior hip dislocation C- Fracture neck of femur D- Gluteal muscle hematoma Posterior hip dislocation Due to deceleration injury Here the left knee was forcefully impacted the vehicle's dashboard, forcing the femoral head posteriorly over the rim of the acetabulum. As he turned to... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) disappears at ______ | [
"Asymmetric tonic reflex (ATNR) diappears by 6-7 months postnatally The tonic neck reflex is produced by manually rotating the infant&;s head to 1 side and observing for the characteristic fencing posture (extension of the arm on the side to which the face is rotated and flexion of the conralateral arm) An obligato... | [
"*The weakness increase during repeated use and may improve following sleep or rest.only 10% of cases are associated with thymomas 65% with hyperplasia of thymus. Edrophonium test is positive. In electrodiagnostic testing MG patients show a rapid reduction of >10-15% in the amplitude of evoked response. Ref Harriso... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Ligament teres is a remnant of ? | [
"Umbilical vein"
] | [
"Ligament of poupart is another name for Inguinal ligament"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Sho structured primi gravida has height less then | [
"140 cm"
] | [
"A i.e. Hea beat USG of umbilical aery is done to know about hea beatQ."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is the most specific and sensitive screening test for renovascular hypeension? | [
"Hypeension due to an occlusive lesion of a renal aery is renovascular hypeensionIn the initial stages, the mechanism of hypeension generally is related to activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Obstruction of the renal aery leads to decreased renal perfusion pressure, thereby stimulating renin secretion. Over... | [
"Renal vein thrombosis (RVT) - occurs most commonly in patients with nephrotic syndrome The syndrome is responsible for a hypercoagulable state. Kidneys are enlarged Hematuria is present The excessive urinary protein loss is associated with decreased antithrombin III, a relative excess of fibrinogen, and changes in... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Role of egg lecithin in propofol formulation is? | [
"Propofol is an insoluble drug that requires a lipid vehicle for emulsification. Current formulations of propofol use a soybean oil as the oil phase and egg lecithin as the emulsifying agent."
] | [
"Lecithinase enzyme produced by clostridium welchi is the main enzyme responsible for adipocere formation."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
A 63 year old man presents with a triad of angina, syncope and congestive hea failure. Which of the following valvular hea lesion can be suspected- | [
"Even severe AS may exist for many years without producing any symptoms because of the ability of the hyperophied LV to generate the elevated intraventricular pressures required to maintain a normal stroke volume. Most patients with pure or predominant AS have gradually increasing obstruction over years, but do not... | [
"Answer is D (All of the above) Long standing severe M.S. (calcified mitral valve), obesity, mitral regurgitation and pleural effusions are all established causes of soft S1."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
An athelete presented with red coloured urine after 2 days of history of severe exeion. The most probable cause is? | [
"Myoglobinuria REF: Harrison's Internal Medicine 17th edition chapter 382, Physiology and pathology of the urine by john dixon p. 49 Red color urine may be due to hemoglobin or myoglobin. In the question clue is given that patient is an athlete who competed in an event which lead to sternous exercise and hence incr... | [
"On examination of vitals where BP is low and pulse is increased, CVA is ruled out as stroke presents with cushing reflex (Bradycardia and hypeension). Pulmonary embolism develops in setting of hypercoagulable state which is unlikely as he is taking aspirin for long time Since patient is taking aspirin, it cuts the... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is released from hypothalamus? | [
"There are 6 established hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones : \n\nCorticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),\nThyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH),\nGrowth hormone releasing hormone (GRH),\nGrowth hormone inhibiting hormone (GIH),\nLuteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and\nProlactin inhibiting hormo... | [
"The inhibitory hormone Somatostatin is both synthesized and stored in the hypothalamus. Both TSH and LH are synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland. ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus but is stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Somatomedin (IGF-1) is synthesized in the liver"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Mediated by: | [
"Ans:A (Flocculonodular Lobe) Ref: Pal GK. Cerbellurn. In: Textbook of Medical Physiology. Ahuja Publishing House. 2007: 116: 871.Explanation:Functional Division of CerebellumVestibulo cerebellum/Arch-cerebellum (Flocculonodular lobe)Connections with vestibular apparatusConcerned with equilibrium and learning induc... | [
"Horizontal Conjugate Gaze Pathway : Components of Pathway For both eyes to look at a side: Contralateral Frontal Eye Field (Brodmann area 8) Ipsilateral PPRF (Paramedial Pontine Reticular Formation) Ipsilateral CN VI Nucleus Contralateral Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF) Contralateral CN III Nucleus Reference:... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which statement best describes the cranial fossa? | [
"The floor of the middle cranial fossa is made up of the body and greater wing of the sphenoid as well as the squamous temporal bone. The cribriform plate forms pa of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa The middle cranial fossa contains the pituitary gland. The internal acoustic meatus lies in the posterior cra... | [
"By analysing the following diagram, we can conclude that Waters view has high usefulness for viewing coronoid process, orbit, zygoma and maxillary sinus."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following vitamin enhances intestinal absorption of calcium? | [
"Vitamin Functions Deficiency Disease D Maintenance of calcium balance Enhances intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and mobilizes bone mineral Regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation Rickets = poor mineralization of bone Osteomalacia = bone demineralization Reference: Harper; 30th edition; Page no: 550"
] | [
"Essential elements are 14 in number, they are : calcium, chromium, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc. Lead is not an essential element. Essential macrominerals are those needed in significant quantities (such as calcium) - usually me... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of these is the most impoant indication for Strassmans Metroplasty done for a bicornuate uterus? | [
"Habitual aboion is the most impoant indication for surgical treatment of women who have a double uterus. The aboion rate in women who have a double uterus is to three times greater than that of the general population. Best diagnosis of the condition is made by laparohysteroscopy. Strassmans Metroplasty"
] | [
"Best reproductive out come is seen is arcuate uterus > Didelphic uterus > Bicornuate uterus."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A 2-year-old child had burns on buttocks, both legs, face, neck and singeing of hair. Total surface area burnt: JIPMER 14 | [
"Ans. 37%"
] | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., % of total body surface area Extent of burns The surface area burnt is more impoant than the degree of burn, in assessing prognosis of a given case. For example, a first degree burn over a wide area is more dangerous than a third degree burn over a limited area. For estimation of burn area, there... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which test helps to differentiate between concomitant squint and paralytic squint | [
"This procedure causes breakdown of binocular fusion mechanism thus helpful to differentiate."
] | [
"Ans. B: Trigeminal Neurotrophic keratopathy occurs in cases in which trigeminal nerve is paralyzed, typically as a result of radical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. It does not occur in all cases of peripheral lesions of the trigeminal nerve; thus, if the gasserian ganaglion is removed or the trigeminal nerve ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Best disinfectant of cholera stool is- | [
"Cresol is an excellent coal-tar disinfectant. It is 3 to 10 times as powerful as phenol, yet no more toxic. Cresol is best used in 5 to 20 percent strength for disinfection of farces and urine. Cresol is an all-purpose general disinfectant. (refer pgno :128 park 23 rd edition)"
] | [
"Active component responsible for the disinfecting propey A bleaching powder is hypochlorous acid ref baveja microbiology"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Black eye is a type of - | [
"The synopsis of forensic medicine & toxicology ; Dr k.s.narayan reddy ; 28th edition ; Pg .no . 107 Black eye is the most common example for ectopic bruising or percolated contusion ."
] | [
"C i.e. After concussion trauma Blunt trauma to eye may produce Berlin's edema or commotio retinae Q which is a cloudy swelling characterized by a grey appaerance, most frequently in the temporal region. It may also manifest as cherry red spot in the foveal region."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
In a patient with a type of familial dyslipidemias he presented with palmar Xanthomas and he ias at increased risk of atherosclerosis and CAD.In Lipid profile there was elevation of triacylglycerols and cholesterol.And the IDL and chylomicrons were elevated.What is the pathophysiology of the condition? | [
"Reference: Harpers illustrated biochemistry 30th edition page 275"
] | [
"Ref: R Alagappan - Manual of Practical Medicine 4th Edition.pg no:684 Lp (a) It consists of an apoprotein (a) molecule bound by sulfhydril link to the apolipoprotein B moiety of LDL paicle. Apoprotein (a) has homology with plasminogen and may inhibit fibrinolysis by competing with plasminogen. Thus it provides an ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Endolymphatic duct drains into : | [
"Ans:A.)Subdural Perilymph drains into subarachnoid space through the aqueduct of cochlea... Endolymph is absorbed in subdural space."
] | [
"There are four routes for the spread of CNS infection into the inner ear: Hematogenous route ( through blood supply to the labrynth) Through direct extension along the meninges and auditory nerve Through fluid pathways from the CNS either, from CSF to perilymphatic compament along the cochlear duct or alternativel... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Usually associated with parvovirus B19 infection in those with hereditary spherocytosis- | [
"Ans. is 'b' i.e., Aplastic crisis o Parvovirus B19 selectively infects erythroidprecursors and is the most common aetiological agent that induces aplastic crisis in patients with hereditary spherocytosis (and other Hemolytic disorders).Transient aplastic crisiso Persons with decreased erythrocytes caused by condit... | [
"(A) Splenectomy > Howell-Jolly bodies are histopathological findings of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in young erythrocytes during the response to severe hemolytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, splenectomy, or due to a damaged spleen.> They can be present in conditions such as hyposplenism, heredit... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
A patient with cushinoid features presents with hemoptysis; he shows no response to dexamethasone suppression test; most likely diagnosis here is: | [
"Answer is C (Ca lung with ectopic ACTH production); Lack of suppression to dexamethasone challenge (ACTH producing tumor) and presence of hemoptysis (Carcinoma lung) in a patient with Cushinoid features suggests a diagnosis of Carcinoma lung with ectopic ACTH secretion. As a method of diagnostic workup of any pati... | [
"This x-ray shows a bilateral diffuse miliary nodular pattern involving both lung fields with no loss of volume. Characteristically, miliary nodules are less than 4 mm in size. They are generally noncalcified and diffuse and are seen in many conditions, such as TB/fungal infections/pneumoconiosis and ceain malignan... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Symptomatic treatment is not required in withdrawal of: | [
"Since cannabis causes very mild withdrawal symptoms hence, no symptomatic treatment is required. LSD and other hallucinations also do not cause any withdrawal symptoms ."
] | [
"Main aim of treatment of dry socket is pain control."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Following death of a person, what happens to potassium level in the vitreous. | [
"Potassium concentration raises at the rate of 0.17-0.25 mmol per hour following death. It helps in determination of time since death."
] | [
"Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 194 In 1921, Gettler published a test for drowning from right and left hea chambers, a difference of 25mg/100ml between the chlorides concentrations of the two sides of the hea indicated that the death was due to drowning. In freshwater drowning... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Under transplantation of humans organs act, the punishment for the doctor involved is | [
"The Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994, amended in 2011, and 2012 Chapter VI and VII deals with the trial and punishment of offences under this act. Under this act, doctors involved will be punished for a period of 2-5yrs. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr. PC IGNATIUS PAGE NO: 389"
] | [
"Covering is an infamous conduct (professional misconduct), which refers to assisting unqualified person."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Staphylococcus aureus does not cause which of the following skin infection: | [
"Ans. is. a. Ecthyma gangrenosum"
] | [
"Ans:C i.e. Streptococcus viridans Subacute bacterial endocarditis/Endocarditis lenta It can be considered a form of Type III hypersensitivity. It is usually caused by a form of streptococci viridians bacteria that normally live in the mouth and throat (Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis or milleri). Osler's node... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
A young lady with symptoms of hypehyroidism with elevated T4 and TSH levels. On examination, patient was not experiencing Tachycardia or excessive sweating.Fuher examination reveals bitemporal hemianopia. Next step of management | [
"Hypehyroidism with elevated levels of T4 and TSH levels and bitemporal hemianopia is highly suggestive of TSH secreting adenoma. Urgent MRI should be done to confirm the diagnosis of TSH secreting pituitary adenoma along with antithyroid drugs. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors (TSH-omas) are a rare cause of ... | [
"Ans. (d) Constipation* The image shows presence of upper sclera above the limbus visible in the patient suggestive of diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Contraction of the Muller's muscle due to sympathomimetic overdrive results in lid spasm* Pretibial myxedema is a feature in Grave's Disease, and patient has tachycardi... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Statuary rape is - | [
"Ref:Textbook of Forensic medicine and toxicology (V.V.Pillay) 17th edition, page no.388 Minimum age at which female can give consent for sex by what age is 18 years. As per Sec.375IPC unlawful sexual intercourse by man with a woman with or without her consent when she is under 18 years of age. The criminal law (Am... | [
"D i.e. Judges delusions as real"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
A patient on amiodarone is diagnosed to have cornea verticillata. What should be management – | [
"Cornea Verticillata\n\nThis is a whorl-like opacity in the corneal epithelium seen in patients on long-term treatment with medication such as amiodarone, chloroquine, phenothiazines and indomethacin.\nIt is also seen in patients with Fabry disease and its carrier state. The condition is generally asymptomatic, har... | [
"The patient has sinusoidal ventricular rhythm, which is due to electrolyte abnormality in above case. The patient has USG repo suggestive of CKD due to raised coical echogenicity. AV fistula in forearm is suggestive that patient undergoes dialysis but may have missed and landed up in hyperkalemia. As a pa of manag... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Most aggressive lung CA: | [
"Ans. (c) Small cell lung CARef: Robbings 9th ed./ 717* Small cell carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor with a strong relationship to cigarette smoking.* Around 1% occurs in nonsmokers.* They are the most aggressive of lung tumors, metastasizing widely and are always fatal."
] | [
"Hematogenous spread is most common among given option"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Chemoprophylaxis is indicated for all except- | [
"Chemoprophylaxis There is no role of Chemoprophylaxis in Typhoid. For chemoprophylaxis in meningococcal meningitis, Rifampicin, Ciprofloxacin & Ceftriaxone is used. Tetracycline is used in Cholera and Plague."
] | [
"Ans. d. Scabies Mass chemoprophylaxis is not given for Scabies. To control scabies, only the members of the affected family are treated simultaneously whether or not they appear to be infested. Thus it is given to close contacts only, so it is not a mass prophylaxis Chemoprophylaxis Causal Prophylaxis Complete pre... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In pontaic fever, which antigen is seen in urine? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lipopolysaccharide-1 Legionella are classified into serogroup on the basis ofgroup specific lipopolysaccharide (somatic antigen or 'O' antigen). Legionella pneumophila sero-group-1 (LP-1) is the most common infecting organism. Urine test detect LP-1."
] | [
"In TPI test , the serum of patient with complement and T.pallidum maintained in a complex medium anaerobically . If the antibodies are present , the treponemes are rendered non motile, when examined under dark ground illumination Kahn test and VDRL test are non specific antigen antibody test ,cardiolipin antigen i... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Mediastinal lymph node calcification is seen in which one of the following- | [
"Ref:Robbins Basic Pathology (9th Edition),page no.478,479 Sarcoidosis Although sarcoidosis is considered here as an example of a restrictive lung disease, it is impoant to note that sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas in many tissues and organs. MORPHOL... | [
"Hematogenous spread is most common among given option"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
"Candle-wax spots" in the retina are present in | [
"(A) Sarcoidosis # OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF SARCOIDOSIS:> Anterior segment: Conjunctival involvement has been reported in patients with ocular sarcoidosis.> Sarcoidosis granulomas are solitary, yellow \"millet-seed\" nodules.> Anterior uveitis occurs in 22%- 70% of patients with ocular sarcoidosis, and is usually g... | [
"A i.e. Cytomegalovirus CMV is the most common ocular infection Q as well as most common cause of retinitis in patient of AIDS Q. The classical forms of CMV retinitis is haemorrhagic type, which has been called \"Crumbled cheese and ketchup\" (sauce & cheese) Q or \"pizza pie\", appearance, brush fire appearanceQ a... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
The number of doses recommended for oral Ty21a typhoid vaccine is: | [
"The Ty21a vaccine is licensed for use in individuals > 5 years. A three dose regimen is recommended. Vaccine is administered on alternate days: 0n days 1, 3 and 5. Ref: Park 21st edition, page 215."
] | [
"Vi polysaccharide vaccine can be given with other vaccines like Hepatitis B & Yellow fever. Option 1, 2, 3, 4 -Typhim Vi is a subunit vaccine containing the cell surface Vi polysaccharide extracted from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, S. typhi Ty2 strain. -Typhim Vi vaccine is indicated for active immunization ... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
The drug used in petit mal seizures and has a narrow spectrum of antiepileptic activity is | [
"Ethosuximide and valproate are the drugs of choice for absence seizures and are more effective than lamotrigineReference: Katzung Pharmacology; 12th edition; Page no: 418"
] | [
"Carbamazepine is the only epileptic which can be used in alcohol withdrawl However, the drug of choice for alcohol withdrawal symptoms are benzodiazepines."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which test is not useful in a patient with history of Syncopal attack? | [
"Answer is C (PET Scan) : PET scan has- not been mentioned as a test to investigate syncope in Harrisons text. It is the single best answer of exclusion. Electrophysiological tests and 24 hour ECG Holter monitoring are indicated in patients where history suggests a cardiac disease. Upright tilt table testing is ind... | [
"(A) Vasodilation and bradycardia> Fainting due to bradycardia, heart block, or sinus arrest is called neurocardiogenic syncope. In addition, fainting is the presenting symptom in 7% of patients with myocardial infarctions. Thus, all cases of syncope should be investigated to determine the cause."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Magic syndrome is seen in: | [
"“MAGIC syndrome” (Mouth and Genital ulcers with Inflamed Cartilage) has been proposed to describe patients with clinical features of both relapsing polychondritis and Behcet disease."
] | [
"It is called Steiner's line and is seen in measles."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by ? | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Enterovirus 70 Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) may be caused by adenoviruses, but two enteroviruses, enterovirus 70 and coxsackie A24 variant, are the major causes."
] | [
"Hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by Enterovirus 71. These viruses can spread from person-to-person through direct contact with unwashed hands or surfaces contaminated with feces. Diseases caused by Enterovirus:- Enterovirus 68 causes Pneumonia & Bronchitis.- Enterovirus 70 causes Acute Hemorrhagic conjunctiv... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
In a 24 year old man weight of the upper limb is transmitted to the axial skeleton by: | [
"The axial skeleton shapes the longitudinal axis of the human body. Coracoclavicular ligament suspends the scapula from the lower one third of the clavicle and forms a strong bond between them. The weight of the upper limb is transmitted to the axial skeleton through this ligament. A fracture of the clavicle, media... | [
"Nerve ,aery, veins are present along lower border of upper rib hence during pleural tap needle tip is inseed along the upper border of lower rib to avoid injury to vital structures"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Primary health care was proposed in 1978 at: | [
"Answer: A. Alma ata. (Ref Park's Textbook of PSM 22nd/Pg.832)The new approach to health care came into existence in 1978 following an international conference at Alma Ata (USSR).The Alma-Ata conference defines the primary health care as follows: Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessi... | [
"The Millennium Development Goals were adopted in 2000. There are 8 goals, of which 3 are directly related to health. Ref: Park, 21st Edition, Page 11."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Gene involved in Cowden syndrome is | [
"(B) PTENo\"Phosphatase and Tensin'' homolog (PTEN) - protein in humans encoded by the PTEN gene. Gene mutations promotes development of cancers.[?]Cowden's disease/Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome:-Part of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome-An autosomal dominant syndrome-Trichilemmomas - Numerous tumors of hair follicles in... | [
"Harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition BRCA 1 gene located on chromosome no 17, a DNA repair gene is implicated in both breast and ovarian cancer in inherited cases. BRCA 2 gene located on chromosome no 13, DNA repair gene in its mutated form has a similarly higher incidence of inherited cancer of the breast... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Supraventricular crest lies between- | [
"Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pulmonary orifice and atrioventricular orifice Interior of right ventricle* It is anteroinferior chamber and projects to the left of right atrium. It is in contact with the sternum.* It is divided into -i) Rough inflowing part (ventricle proper)# It is developed from right half of primitive ventr... | [
"Koch's triangle boundaries tendon of Todaro opening of coronary sinus at the base septal cusp of tricuspid valve (. atrio ventricular valve) AV node at apex"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following is freely filtered by kidney across glomerular capillariesa) Albumin (across glomerular capillaries)b) Globulinc) Creatinined) HCO3 e) Glucose | [
"Freely filterable substances by glomerulus\n- Water\n- Na+\n- Cl-\n- HCO3-\n- Inulin\n- Glucose\n- Creatinine\n \n- Free Calcium or phosphate"
] | [
"Ans. B. GlycoproteinsBiologically Important GlycoproteinsQPlasma proteins (except albumin)Blood group substancesHormones (hCG, TSH, LH.FSHQ)Enzyme: Alkaline PhosphataseStructural protein: CollagenTransport proteins: Ceruloplasmin, Transferrin Glycoproteins"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Antibodies associated with GTCS in SLE : | [
"Ans.A Anti neuronal ab (Ref: Harrison's Internal medicine 18th/Table 319-1; 17th edition, P. 2076). Autoantibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Antibody Prevalence, % Antigen Recognized Clinical Utility Antinuclear antibodies 98 Multiple nuclear Best screening test; repeated negative tests make SLE unlike... | [
"OWL'S eye inclusion bodies are seen in CMV virus."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Tonsillar fossa is bounded anteriorly by | [
"Tonsilar fossa is bounded by Anterior - Palatoglossal fold containing palatoglossal muscle Posterior - Palatopharyngeal fold containing palato pharyngeal muscle Apex - Soft palate, where both arches meet Base - Dorsal surface of posterior one-third of tongue. (Ref: Anatomy of head, neck and brain. Vishram Singh. P... | [
"Pharyngomaxillary space (Parapharyngeal space or lateral pharyngeal space) is lateral to the pharynx.\nObviously the abscess of this space will produce the bulge medially, i.e. medial bulge of the pharynx."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
"Castration anxiety" is seen in which phase of Sigmond Freud's psychosexual stages of development | [
"Phallic phase (3-5years): Male child develops Oedipus complex (sexual feeling towards mother) and will be afraid that father may castrate him for this termed as \"Castration anxiety\"."
] | [
"Phallic stage (3-5 years): The site of pleasure is the genital area. The male child develops what is known as oedipus complex- Sexual feeling towards his mother In females, the oedipus stage unfolds as electra complex -Sexual desire for the father. Failure to resolve the oedipus and electra complex can result in d... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Shock causes: | [
"Ans: A (Stagnant hypoxia)Ref: Pat GK, Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy, In: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 2nd ed, Abuja Publishing House 2011: 94: 754-55Explanation:Refer the explanation of previous question"
] | [
"A i.e. Found in severe depression"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Calcium silicate based material is: | [
"Mineral trioxide aggregate was developed by Dr Torabinejad in 1993. \nIt contains tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, bismuth oxide, calcium sulfate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite.\npH of MTA is 12.5.\n\nTextbook of Endodontics Nisha Garg 3rd Ed"
] | [
"AH plus and AH 26 are resin based sealers."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following statements about Total Infra–Venous Anaesthesia (TIVA) is true – | [
"Total intravenous anaesthesia refers to a technique in general anaesthesia using a compination of agents given solely by IV route and in the absence of all inhalation agents.\nTIVA (Total intravenous anaesthesia) is produced by IV propoful. Propofol decreases the cerebral metabolic rate.\nPropofol does not impair ... | [
"Regional anaesthesia (Local anaesthesia)Regional anaesthesia means loss of sensation in body pa without the loss of consciousness or the impairment of central control of vital functionMethods are:Topical anaesthesia (surface anesthesia)Infiltration anaesthesiaIntravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block)Conducti... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
In Profound MR, IQ is | [
"IQ range for categoriesICD-10DSM-IVMild50-6950-55 to 70Moderate35-4935-40 to 50-55Severe20-3420-25 to 35-40ProfoundBelow 20Below 20-25Reference: Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry; 3rd edition; Chapter 18; Learning Disability"
] | [
"A i.e. EMG finding"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following iodinated compound is present in a maximum concentration in the thyroid? | [
"THYROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND SECRETIONThyroid hormones are synthesized in the colloid, near the apical cell membrane of the follicular cells. Catalyzed by the enzyme thyroidal peroxidase, iodide in the thyroid cell is oxidized to iodine.The iodine enters the colloid and is rapidly bound at the 3 position to tyros... | [
"Question is very simple. Whereever carbonic anhydrase system is present in the body, this reaction is catalysed by carbonic anhydrase, e.g. in eye, stomach, kidney."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Silicosis caused by ? | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Silica"
] | [
"Pneumoconiosis seen in Textile industry workers - Byssinosis Dangerous paicle size for pneumoconiosis is 0.5 - 3 um"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Human development index includes - | [
"Ans. is 'c' i.e., Life expectancy at bih According to 22nd/e of Park, options 'd & e' are not the components of HDI. o Expected years of schooling (not adult literacy rate) and GNI per capita (not GDP) are the components of HDI."
] | [
"Ans. More than targeted radiation volume"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant documents:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical document for retrieval:"
} |
H. capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, is found in soil heavily contaminated with bird droppings. Which of the following statements best describes the presence of the organism in tissue biopsies? | [
"Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that forms two types of spores: tuberculate macroconidia and microconidia. Inhalation of the microconidia transmits infection. Inhaled spores (microconidia) are engulfed by macrophages and develop into yeast forms. Most infections remain asymptomatic; small granulomatou... | [
"Aspergillus is widespread in nature and produces small conidia that are easily aerosolized. Atopic individuals often develop severe allergic reactions to the conidial antigens. In immunocompromised patients, the conidia may germinate to produce hyphae that invade the lungs and other tissues. Progress of disease ca... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Budding reproduction in tissue is seen in | [
"Cryptococcus is a yeast, candida is a yeast-like fungus. Both are reproduced by budding Histoplasma is a dimorphic fungus Mucor and Rhizopus are produced by asexual means sporangiospores Reference: Textbook of Microbiology; Baveja; 4th edition"
] | [
"Classical hallmark of nuclear enlargement in glandular cells is seen in Arias stella reaction."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
True about polio: | [
"False 90-95% of polio infections are asymptomatic False Acute flaccid paralysis is seen in Polio & not spastic paralysis True Risk of paralytic polio is increased by tonsillectomy, strenous physical exercise, tooth extraction,Injection (intramuscular) False OPV drops are given to all children less than 5 yr age in... | [
"A i.e. Dead born"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical query for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
The retention of dowel in a pin retained crown is increased by | [
"Post should be at least 2/3 the root length, parallel sided and serrated for increased retention in the canal"
] | [
"Apart from the first two obvious uses of an Eric arch bar, it is also used as a tension band on the superior border of mandible when additional fixation is required, like while using a DCP etc."
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
Which of the following drugs can be administered by subcutaneous route? | [
"terbutaline can be given as s.c (0.25mg) in asthma."
] | [
"Ans. is 'd' i.e., Post menopausal osteoporosis o Salmon calcitonin is approved for clinical use. The latter product also is available as a nasal spray, introduced for once-daily treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. o For Paget c disease, calcitonin generally is administered by subcutaneous injection because i... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical sentence for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Mycosis fungoides which is not true: | [
"Mycosis Fungoides:\nMycosis fungoides is synonymous with Cutaneous T cell lymphoma."
] | [
"Medullary ca is least common and it is associated with SCD"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Bacterial pyogenic parotitis affecting the parotid gland is most common after: March 2008 | [
"Ans. C: Debilitation after major surgery Acute bacterial parotitis is now infrequent, but its historical impoance. Mumps and bacterial parotitis were differentiated by 1800, but neither was effectively treated. The moality rate for bacterial parotitis was 80%. Before antibiotics and intravenous administration of f... | [
"Pseudomembranous Candidiasis: It is also known as thrush and is one of the most common forms of the candidiasis. It may occur at any age, but is especially prone to occur in the debilitated or chronically ill patients or in infants. The occurrence of this lesion in a healthy individual indicates the presence of im... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant passages:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical passage for retrieval:"
} |
Patient diagnosed as squamous cell intraepithelial lesion which of the following has the highest risk for progression to carcinoma; | [
"High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion have a propensity to progress and become invasive, therefore need investigations and treatment Ref: Shaw Gynecology 17 e pg 410."
] | [
"Achlorhydria is associated with intestinal metaplasia which is a risk factor for developing gastric carcinoma. most common histological type is adenocarcinoma, a patient will have occult blood in the stool"
] | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease features include: | [
"Ans. A. Can be diagnosed intrauterineExplanationClinical features of ARPKD (Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease) are:Classic ARPKD is generally diagnosed in utero or within the neonatal period and characterized by greatly enlarged echogenic kidneys in diseased fetuses. (Option a)Reduced fetal urine produ... | [
"The congenital disorder known as medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is present to some degree in 1% of adults. In MSK, cystic dilation of 1 to 5 mm is present in the inner medullary and papillary collecting ducts. MSK is bilateral in 70% of cases. Not all papillae are equally affected, although calculi are often presen... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
You are the medical officer in charge of the immunisation programme at a sub-centre and you are informed by the local ASHA worker that one of the children who was immunised has has been dizzy. On fuher investigation it was confirmed that the symptoms were due to anxiety of pain of the injection and not as a result of t... | [
"The following are the adverse effect following immunisation: Vaccine reaction - Here the event is caused by the inherent propeies of the vaccine when given correctly. Programme error - In this case the event is as a result of error in preparation, handling or administration of the vaccine. Coincidental - The event... | [
"Ans. is b, i.e. Administer varicella zoster immunoglobulin as soon as possible after exposure.The best management option is to prevent her from infection. Therefore, if the mother is found to be non-immune after testing for antibodies, varicella zoster immunology should be given as soon as possible after exposure.... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical question for retrieving relevant explanations:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical explanation for retrieval:"
} |
Bicipital aponeurosis lies over which structure in cubital fossa:- | [
"Bicipital aponeurosis lies superficial to the brachial aery and median nerve. -lies deep to superficial veins. -provides protection for the deeper structures during venepuncture at cubital fossa. -routinely released to decompress the median nerve"
] | [
"Median nerve. Cubital fossa -This area is clinically impoant for venepuncture and for blood pressure measurement. It is an imaginary triangle with borders being: * Laterally, the medial border of brachioradialis muscle * Medially, the lateral border of pronator teres muscle * Superiorly, the intercondylar line, an... | medmcqa | {
"query": "Represent the Biomedical post for retrieving relevant paragraphs:",
"pos": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:",
"neg": "Represent the Biomedical paragraph for retrieval:"
} |
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