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What is the effect of host immune response to the viral delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination? | Vector-specific antibodies may impede the induction of immune responses to the vaccine-encoded antigens, as they may reduce the dose and time of exposure of the target cells to the vaccinated antigens | 22,150 | false | 1,645 | 875 | Different effects of pre-existing immunity on the efficacy of recombinant viral vaccine vectors are summarized in.Few studies using viral vectors have reported on the influence of pre-existing immunity on humoral responses The safety and efficacy of such vaccines is well established and allows further development as v... |
When is a single sample suggested to be sufficient? | Human urine and stool have been found to contain MERS-CoV RNA | 23,122 | false | 1,741 | 4,247 | It was still considered an applicable tool for screening large sample numbers This may be due to poor sampling when a cough is absent or non-productive or because the viral load is lowThe WHO recommends sampling from the LRT for MERS-CoV RT-rtPCR testing, especially when sample collection is delayed by a week or more ... |
What public event was linked with the outbreak? | farmers' market | 14,811 | false | 1,583 | 5,206 | The outbreak investigation was conducted within the framework of the Communicable Diseases Law Reform Act of GermanyAn outbreak investigation team was formed and included public health professionals from the local health department, the local veterinary health department, the state health department, the National Consu... |
What does the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promote? | growth of pathogenic bacteria that may replace the airway microbiome. | 26,478 | false | 2,504 | 4,004 | Finally, the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promotes growth of pathogenic bacteria that may replace the airway microbiome The increased ROS and oxidative stress in the local environment may serve as a trigger to promote inflammation thereby aggravating the inflammation in the airway (Tiwari et... |
How many people have come in contact and how many of these are in observation? | 677,243 people have been identified as having had close contact with
infected patients of whom13,701 | 4,931 | false | 188 | 2,465 | with an epidemiological history of a potential exposure as well as those with confirmedResults: From January 21, 2020 to March 9, 2020, 3,083 people suspected of or confirmed withhospitalized. To date, 677,243 people have been identified as having had close contact withtheir epidemiological history, symptoms, and signs... |
What viruses were detected? | respiratory viruses in 169/222 (76.1%) samples, mostly rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A virus (21.2%), influenza B virus (12.6%), coronavirus (4.9%) and Human metapneumovirus (3.6%). | 928 | false | 1,623 | 4,037 | In mainland France, during this pandemic, circulation of major respiratory viruses was found, such as Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza, Coronavirus, Human Metapneumovirus, like in our publicationAnalyses showed that some viruses are possibly seasonal and were circulating during a specific period of the year They are detected... |
What is the incubation period of MERS? | five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days | 6,208 | false | 1,741 | 4,210 | Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and subsequently spreads to another Whether MERS-CoV can remain adrift and infectious for extended periods (truly airborne) remains unknownVer... |
Can influenza a virus subtype h7n9 be transmit human to human? | some sporadic cases seemed to be a result of human to human transmissions | 2,243 | false | 1,629 | 2,147 | The H1N1(09)pdm is associated with more than 18,400 deaths in the season 2009/2010 while the LP H7N7 carries an HA closely related to that of the avian influenza H7N9 virus which has caused more than 175 deaths until October 2014The periodic appearance of new influenza variants poses a worldwide pandemic threatIt is k... |
What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein? | nucleocapsid protein C, envelope glycoproteins E rns , E1 and E2 | 3,278 | false | 1,597 | 5,245 | The pestiviruses have single stranded positive sense RNA genomes, about 12.3 kb in length, which includes a single long open reading frame, encoding a large polyprotein, flanked by 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) that are critical for autonomous replication of the genome The polyprotein is cleaved by cellular an... |
What percentage of the world has been infected by tuberculosis? | one third of the world's population | 1,940 | false | 1,684 | 891 | The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and approximately one third of the world's population has been infected by this pathogenTuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in the developing countries In a recent report, World Health Organization (WHO) e... |
What is theorized regarding transmission? | motherto-child transmission most likely happens transplacentally shortly before delivery | 12,096 | false | 1,689 | 2,524 | Ramful et al. theorized that motherto-child transmission most likely happens transplacentally shortly before delivery Also, there is the question as to whether widespread use among the public could trigger mosquito transmission or lead to chronic infection or viral reversion .There are always certain risks associated... |
When does the influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island start? | April | 2,971 | false | 1,623 | 4,093 | Since 2011, influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island starts in April and the vaccine used corresponds to World Health Organization recommendations for the southern hemisphere. For the latter, it is specific to the studied period since the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus reappeared in Réunion Island in October 201... |
What happens when a recipient of a vaccine has immune response to the delivery vector? | considering a vector such as Salmonella, if a host has previously been infected there will exist robust B and T memory responses, and as such, when a vaccination is delivered, an anamnestic response to the Salmonella antigens will be induced (while the response to the vectored antigen will be a primary response) | 9,357 | false | 1,645 | 858 | As some of the vectors in use will have been seen by the host immune system prior to vaccination, whether the presence of pre-existing immune responses is detrimental for the further development of a vector-based vaccine scheme, or can augment responses to the vectored antigen, needs to be considered in detail (1999) i... |
What were the asymptomatic cases tested as? | as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively. | 7,190 | false | 2,642 | 3,819 | The asymptomatic cases were tested as part of screening following repatriation and during contact tracing respectively Two cases were asymptomatic and remained so until tested negative Serological studies are vital to understand the proportion of cases who are asymptomaticSymptoms at the point of diagnosis were report... |
What does the study show? | that ILI are not only attributable to influenza and underlines the need for biological surveillance. As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI. | 1,610 | false | 1,623 | 4,041 | Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 1 and Excel 1 Results of this study can therefore be of interest to both Indian Ocean and Europe countries. A specific prospective study including clinical data might provide useful elements in the semiotics of diseases.Regarding negative swabs (Fig 2) , we observed no sea... |
At what temperatures was the assay completed? | 32uC, 37uC, 42uC | 9,753 | false | 1,565 | 3,042 | The assay was done at different temperatures (32uC, 37uC, 42uC) calculating various K i of 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives with papain as model enzyme. For the kinetic analysis and rate constant determinations, the assays were carried out in triplicate, and the average value was considered throughout this w... |
What is sporulation? | adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time | 1,992 | false | 1,667 | 914 | Sporulation is an adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time, and is an integral part of the transmission of sporulating pathogens and their tolerance and resistance towards antimicrobial compounds. subtilis and/or play important roles in sporulation ... |
What are some risk factors for countries to experience a high prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections? | age, sex, overcrowding, nutritional status, socio-economic status, and where study of ARIs is currently limited | 3,037 | false | 1,568 | 1,601 | Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) (the cause of both upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs)) are a major cause of death among children under 5 years old particularly in developing countries where the burden of disease is 2-5 times higher than in developed countries Com... |
How was the ELISA-array assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | 3,618 | false | 1,553 | 3,013 | In the ELISA-array assay, this problem exists as well The conventional ELISAs were performed at the same time as the ELISA-array assays to ensure similar reaction conditionsOptimization of the ELISA-array assay The consensus detection results confirmed that the ELISAarray assay was reliable. The time required for the ... |
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | superoxide dismutase | 11,390 | false | 1,560 | 2,140 | Studies also reported that parameters used for oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) were higher and antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase , TAS) were lower in diarrheic calvesThe antioxidant and oxidative system are in a constant state of balance in the organism Decrease in TAS and increase in TOS levels demons... |
How do the authors suggest that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to the efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses? | using genetics and pharmacological inhibition of the genes | 34,177 | false | 1,687 | 5,159 | We presented evidence that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses using genetics and pharmacological inhibition of the genesWe identified ATP1A1 and PHB as novel host-cell proteins that contribute to efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses These findings indicate that ATP1A1 and... |
What did, In the last century, outbreaks of viral-related diseases that have emerged or re-emerged, involve? | arenaviruses and dengue viruses | 2,755 | false | 1,660 | 4,455 | During the last decades, several outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging viral pathogens have occurred, affecting both purely-local and worldwide/pandemic involvement of human populations However, in the last century outbreaks of several viral-related diseases have emerged or re-emerged involving arenaviruses and dengue... |
What is Tamiflu? | NA inhibitor | 2,733 | false | 1,578 | 4,073 | Indeed, oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is the representative NA inhibitor that has proven to be uniquely applicable oral drug in clinical practice for the treatment of influenza infection With the addition of the above H2N2 inhibitory activity, we have a comprehensively view of the anti-influenza activity of patchouli alcohol.... |
What is a different approach for the detection? | monoclonal antibody-based capture ELISA targeting the MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein | 13,821 | false | 1,741 | 4,234 | Thanks to quick action, the sensitive and rapid molecular diagnostic tools required to achieve rapid and sensitive detection goal have been in place and made widely available since the virus was reported in 2012 Detection of viral proteins rather than viral RNA indicates the likely presence of infectious virus 3 ), th... |
What are the ILI samples wich test negative for influence? | are of unknown etiology | 3,683 | false | 1,623 | 4,098 | Thus ILI samples tested negative for influenza are of unknown etiology.This study also highlighted several co-infections, showing that concomitant the multiple etiology of ILI It shows that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnos... |
What is the estimated infection-to-death distribution's mean for coronavirus? | 23.9 days | 37,820 | false | 2,683 | 1,103 | coronavirus COVID-19. Gobierno de Espana
(2020).starting R0. Our infection fatality ratio, and infection-to-onset-to-death distributions stronglyinfection-to-death distribution is therefore given by:: Left, infection-to-death distribution (mean 23.9 days). Right, survival probability of infectedDuring this early phase... |
What is PPE? | Personal Protective Equipment | 6,407 | false | 1,618 | 2,181 | The foreignness of putting on, removing, and working from within a PPE and the trustworthiness of available PPE were mentioned They attended special training sessions focused on protocols for admission and treatment of a patient with EVD, the donning/doffing of PPE, and personal protective measures during patient care... |
How many clinical trials are registered? | nine | 12,796 | false | 2,486 | 3,648 | Among 23 trials found from the systematic review , there are nine clinical trials registered under the clinical trials registry (ClinicalTrials.gov) for 2019-nCoV therapeutics In addition, we highlight six ongoing Phase I clinical trials identified in the ClinicalTrials.gov register ( ); Table S4 ) It will likely t... |
What percentage of people infected with SARS-CoV died? | 10% | 1,743 | false | 1,671 | 1,255 | SARS-CoV infected about 8000 people, and resulted in the deaths of approximately 10% of those infected While MERS-CoV is not as widespread as SARS-CoV, it appears to have an even higher mortality rate, with 35-50% of diagnosed infections resulting in death [3,REviEW Jamieson future science group Risk factors for SARS-... |
What is the key regulator to sporulation? | Spo0A | 2,243 | false | 1,667 | 915 | Spo0A is the key regulator for sporulationThough Spo0A is the key regulator for sporulation in Firmicutes, it regulates numerous other processes in various bacteria This gene encodes the key sigma factor for the transition phase, and regulates processes outside sporulation as wellThe initiation of sporulation in B. sub... |
For HCPS, what does that expression favor? | the pulmonary bed and lymphoid organs | 16,823 | false | 1,660 | 4,551 | For HCPS, that expression favors the pulmonary bed and lymphoid organs, yet, for unknown reasons, spares the retroperitoneum and, in general, the kidney Several hallmark pathologic changes have been identified that occur in both HFRS and HCPS HFRS and HCPS share many clinical features, leading many investigators to co... |
What is directly related to nuclear condensation? | apoptotic chromatin changes | 16,300 | false | 1,607 | 5,282 | As shown in, Hoechst 33342 staining demonstrated that nuclear condensation, which is directly related to apoptotic chromatin changes, emerged in some cells after treatment with Cu(BrHAP) 2To investigate the induction of apoptosis by Cu(BrHAP) 2 , nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells were analyzed by detection ... |
What has epidemiology and research identified the MERS-CoV's cell receptor is? | as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26) | 4,901 | false | 1,741 | 4,202 | Subsequent epidemiology and research has identified the cell receptor as exopeptidase dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also called CD26); that MERS-CoV has a broad tropism, replicating better in some cells lines and eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV; is widespread in DCs; has the potential to infect... |
How many cases had no pre-existing conditions? | five | 7,889 | false | 2,642 | 3,824 | Data on pre-existing conditions were reported for seven cases; five had no pre-existing conditions while one was reported to be obese and one had pre-existing cardiac diseaseThe first three cases detected were reported in France on 24 January 2020 and had onset of symptoms on 17, 19 and 23 January respectively No data ... |
What is this network composed of? | 58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs. | 3,240 | false | 1,623 | 4,095 | In 2014, this network was composed of 58 general practitioners (GPs) spread over the island and represented around 7% of all Réunion Island GPs Multiplex analysis allows for rapid production of diagnostic results The island benefits from a healthcare system similar to mainland France and epidemiological surveillance h... |
What conditions are caused by Staphylococcus aureus? | mild skin infections to fatal necrotizing pneumonia | 10,739 | false | 1,664 | 5,175 | aureus strain in respiratory infection (Olsen et al., 2010b)Staphylococcus aureus colonizes persistently about 30% of the human population and typical niches include nares, axillae, and skin (Peacock et al., 2001; von Eiff et al., 2001; van Belkum et al., 2009) aureus infection (Small et al., 2010) aureus strains is o... |
For what there is evidence for the efficacy of hand washing? | reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, | 4,398 | false | 2,643 | 1,927 | Hand hygiene is a readily implemented behavior: the distribution of soap to households in humanitarian settings has been shown to increase handwashing by over 30% However, despite the indisputable evidence for the efficacy of hand hygiene for reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, humanitarian WASH s... |
What does the study highlight? | a substantial circulation of multiple respiratory pathogens in Réunion Island throughout the year. I | 1,501 | false | 1,623 | 4,040 | A specific prospective study including clinical data might provide useful elements in the semiotics of diseases.Statistical analyses were performed with Stata 1 and Excel 1 Multiplex analysis allows for rapid production of diagnostic results Although samples were not taken every week, sample was representative of ILI ... |
What bacterial delivery vectors have been tested in animal hosts? | attenuated bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), specifically Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Shigella and Salmonella, have been tested for the targeted delivery of heterologous antigens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin into a variety of animal hosts | 1,614 | false | 1,645 | 802 | This may be beneficial, as the live bacterial vector used for delivery purposes harbours mutations in genes encoding proteins responsible for their survival in the animal host Attridge and coworkers reported that the presence of immunity against the bacterial vector prior to the delivery of vectored antigenic Since th... |
What are the high resolution pulmonary CT scan findings for patients with severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)? | Consolidations within a single lobe or several lobes with a clear border and air bronchogram were the most common findings on HRCT scans. Nodules, patches, pleural effusion, abscess and a cavity were also seen visualized by HRCT | 10,189 | false | 1,604 | 3,250 | Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune function and a frequent cause of outbreaks of acute respiratory disease among young children Human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55), which is emerging as a highly virulent pathogen for acute fatal adenoviral pneumonia among immunocompetent... |
How was ILI defined? | as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc. | 4,410 | false | 1,623 | 4,101 | ILI was defined as a sudden onset of fever more than 38 degrees Celsius and cough, associated or not with other symptoms such as breathing difficulty, headache, etc It shows that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnosis and thus ... |
What was the goal of this study? | to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10 | 1,157 | false | 1,631 | 5,294 | This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and the Animal Experiment Committee of Tongji hospitalData obtained from the experiments are expressed as means ± SEM This study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Experiment Committee of Tongj... |
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | Fe | 2,569 | false | 1,560 | 2,134 | Hepcidin plays a fundamental role in the regulation of Fe metabolism , which is a part of foundational cellular functions and thus of vital importance However, more detailed studies are needed on the role of hepcidin in the pathogenesis of septicemia. There is a significant relationship between Hepcidin, Fe metabolis... |
What is the reason to adopt low-dose CT? | low-dose chest CT has been
widely used in the screening of early lung cancer. It is well known that many early lung cancers
are ground-glass opacities (GGO), so we believe that low-dose screening is also applicable for
COVID-19. In addition, considering the rapid development of COVID-19, many CT
14
examinations may be... | 24,546 | false | 188 | 2,461 | adopted the low-dose chest CT scan protocol are as follows: low-dose chest CT has beenThe technologist uses a low-dose chest CT protocol to scan the patient. After scanning, theAfter the CT examination, the technologist browses the images quickly. If the CT appearance isother reasons. The following CT procedure is appl... |
Why is it highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. | are distributed throughout the genome in a naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs | 1,737 | false | 2,459 | 3,596 | Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-Co... |
What is the structure of an Echovirus? | nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA | 796 | false | 1,550 | 2,988 | Echoviruses were named from the acronym enteric cytopathic human orphan virus at the time of their discovery in the 1950s but were later found to be associated with respiratory illness, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and aseptic meningitis, similar to other enteroviruses (1) . Fifteen of 19 (79%) EV-positive patients we... |
What is the RNA of the 2019-nCOV? | 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids | 7,519 | false | 2,634 | 3,713 | The single-stranded RNA genome of the 2019-nCoV was 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids The importance of this new protein in 2019-nCoV will require further validation and study. For all these 5 genes, the 2019-nCoV was clustered with lineage B βCoVsThe complete genome sequence of 2019-nCoV HKU-SZ-005b... |
What does the immune response elicited by these agents lead to? | infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath. | 3,739 | false | 2,504 | 3,870 | These agents elicit an immune response leading to infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath This also increases the chances of allergens coming into contact with airway immune ce... |
Why did the T20/N36 complex not show a typical alpha helical conformation? | Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD) | 10,220 | false | 1,656 | 2,263 | Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD), the T20/N36 complex did not show a typical α -helical conformation, in consistence with our previous studies 8, 9 Similar to the α -helicity of C34/N36 complex 3 , the AP1/N36, AP2/N36 and AP3/N36 complexes all formed a saddle-shaped negative peak at 208 nm and 222 nm... |
When is this especially true? | when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection | 15,414 | false | 2,504 | 3,963 | This is especially true when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection (Singanayagam et al., 2018 (Singanayagam et al., , 2019a Whilst the prevalence of viral... |
What did the comparison of the FPASSA-ANFIS model with several existing models, show? | it showed better performance in terms of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), Root Mean Squared Relative Error (RMSRE), coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), and computing time. | 1,459 | false | 2,440 | 4,401 | The FPASSA-ANFIS utilizes the improved FPA to train the ANFIS model by optimizing its parametersIn this section, the performance of the proposed FPASSA to predict the DS1 and DS2 is discussed This modified version, called FPASSA, is applied to improve the performance of the ANFIS through determining the optimal value ... |
What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? | The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), | 2,534 | false | 1,575 | 550 | 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), which are responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children A variety of predominant multiple infection patterns between... |
How far can pathogenic bacteria spread in a coughed aerosol? | 4 m | 44,513 | false | 1,741 | 4,287 | For context, pathogenic bacteria can remain viable and airborne for 45 min in a coughed aerosol and can spread 4 m Such findings expand our understanding of the possibilities for droplets to transmit respiratory viruses in many settings, including hospital waiting rooms, emergency departments, treatment rooms, open in... |
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. | 2,291 | false | 630 | 278 | Of the 97 HIV-1-infected infants, 57 were infected IU, 11 were infected IP, and 17 were infected PP as determined by PCR analyses of blood samples collected at birth, 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months of age and according to the following definitions adapted from Bryson and colleagues In the most heavilyaffected countries, such... |
What intestinal factors may reduce the effectiveness of orally-administered immunizations? | gastric acids, pepsin, and trypsin | 3,759 | false | 2,461 | 605 | As a superior way of mucosal immunization, oral administration can protect the gut and stimulate the common mucosal immune system The system can protect antigens from the severe environment of the GI tract and deliver antigens to intestinal mucosa Therefore, the effective work of maintaining intestine morphology is a g... |
What was the age profile of mortality in the 1918 swine flu? | age-specific death rates in the
1918 pandemic exhibited a distinct pattern that has not been
documented before or since: a “W—shaped” curve, similar to
the familiar U-shaped curve but with the addition of a third
(middle) distinct peak of deaths in young adults z20410
years of age | 21,925 | false | 2,684 | 1,110 | Age and sex incidence of influenza and pneumonia morbidity and mortality in the epidemic of 1928-1929 with comparativesons had once been exposed. Mortality data are in accord.
In 1918, persons >75 years had lower influenza andly half of the influenza—related deaths in the 1918 pandem-
ic were in young adults 20410 years... |
How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV? | eliciting a more proinflammatory response than SARS-CoV | 5,044 | false | 1,741 | 4,203 | MERS-CoV survival is inferior to that previously demonstrated for SARS-CoVMERS and SARS have some clinical similarities but they also diverge significantly However, the proportion of deaths among those infected with MERS-CoV is much higher than that known for the HCoVs NL63, HKU1, 229E or OC43 in other countries, and... |
What percentage of HIV-infected people go undetected in the United States? | 20% | 2,416 | false | 1,580 | 4,437 | Despite technological advances in the field of HIV diagnostics and the high sensitivity and specificity associated with most HIV diagnostic tests that are currently available, it is estimated that approximately 20% of HIV-infected individuals living in the United States remain undiagnosed The limit of detection for HI... |
How were the first human infections identified? | through a surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown aetiology | 6,720 | false | 2,526 | 2,983 | The first human infections were identified through a surveillance system for pneumonia of unknown aetiology, and all of the earliest infections therefore had Modelling studies incorporating healthcare capacity and processes pneumonia The earliest human infections had occurred by early December 2019, and a large wet mar... |
What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens? | hey have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases [102, 103] , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases.
| 19,603 | false | 2,486 | 3,668 | Although upper respiratory tract specimens such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs can be used, they have potentially lower viral loads and may have higher risk of false-negatives among the mild MERS and SARS cases , and likely among the 2019-nCoV cases. It was found that the respiratory specimens were positive... |
Why early identification of COVID-19 patients can be difficult? | Early identification of 2019-nCoV infection presents a major challenge | 1,104 | false | 2,466 | 642 | The main challenge may include (1) early identification of outbreak, (2) rapid expansion of patients, (3) high risk of nosocomial transmission, (4) unpredictability of size impacted, and (5) lack of backup resourceEarly identification of 2019-nCoV infection presents a major challenge for the frontline clinicians The ke... |
How can countries enhance public health surveillance? | active community surveillance | 13,076 | false | 1,568 | 1,607 | In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIsDisease Surveillance and Notification Officers, who are employed by the State Ministry of Health and familiar with the communities in this study, performed sp... |
Which viruses are part of the Old World complex of Arenaviridae? | Lassa and Lujo viruses | 514 | false | 1,606 | 5,271 | The virus family Arenaviridae consists of only one genus, but most viruses within this genus can be divided into two different groups: the Old World arenaviruses and the New World arenaviruses (also known as the Tacaribe complex) Tacaribe complex lineage B of the New World arenaviruses consists of the Junin virus (JUNV... |
What is dynamitin associated with? | reduced N's accumulation in the Golgi | 14,136 | false | 1,660 | 4,509 | A dominant negative inhibitor, dynamitin, associated with dynein-mediated transport, reduced N's accumulation in the Golgi HFRS and HCPS share many clinical features, leading many investigators to consider them to be, in essence, different manifestations of a similar pathogenic process, differing mainly in the primary... |
What is the key aim of non-pharmaceutical interventions? | reduce the effective reproduction number | 6,703 | false | 2,683 | 814 | We also catalogue data on the nature and type of major non-pharmaceutical interventions. We lookedWe estimate that major non-pharmaceutical interventions have had a substantial impact on the time-unprecedented non-pharmaceutical interventions including case isolation, the closure of schools andUnderstanding firstly, wh... |
How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken? | 72 h | 19,631 | false | 1,631 | 5,297 | Liver tissues were harvested 72 h following MHV-3 infection, and liver histology was detected by H&E stainingMHV-3 induced fulminant viral hepatitis progresses rapidly and infected mice die within 3-5 days Livers were collected from saline-treated (a) and CC10-treated (b) BALB/cJ mice at 72 h after MHV-3 infection (B)... |
What are the most common viruses? | respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human adenoviruses (HAdVs) | 2,831 | false | 1,566 | 1,614 | The most common viruses detected were RSV and rhinovirus accounting for almost 60% of all cases multiple infections as well as the number of co-occurrences of viruses for each possible virus combination The leading viral agents include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A and B (INF-A, INF-B) viruses, parainf... |
How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus? | 170 million people worldwide | 3,062 | false | 1,564 | 1,626 | At least 170 million people worldwide are persistently infected with hepatitis C virus Chronic HCV infection is associated with a significant risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma Fifty-seven of these samples were obtained from chronically infected HCV patientsHepatitis C virus (HCV, a member o... |
What are some of the other diagnostic methods? | reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), RT-insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) and a one-step rRT-PCR assay based on specific TaqMan probes. | 7,770 | false | 2,486 | 3,634 | It is comparable to the usual diagnostic tests and is rapid, simple and convenient Hence, enhancements to the current molecular test were conducted to improve the diagnosisThe first validated diagnostic test was designed in Germany. Corman et alRapid diagnostics plays an important role in disease and outbreak manageme... |
How are humans typically infected with Coxiella burnetii? | inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool | 2,913 | false | 1,583 | 5,210 | Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii (CC. burnetii infection in humans is asymptomatic in approximately 50% of cases burnetii by wind were relevant risk factors for acquiring Q fever High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals C. burnetii displays antigen... |
What does immunization with adenovirus induce? | potent cellular and humoral immune responses that are initiated through toll-like receptor-dependent and independent pathways which induce robust pro-inflammatory cytokine responses | 11,409 | false | 1,719 | 1,540 | Adenovirus has been extensively studied as a vaccine vector for human diseaseImmunization with adenovirus vectors induces potent cellular and humoral immune responses that are initiated through toll-like receptor-dependent and independent pathways which induce robust pro-inflammatory cytokine responses Prime-boost str... |
What is the advantage of Boosted Regression Tree method? | The advantage of BRT is that it applies stochastic processes that include probabilistic components to improve predictive performance. | 26,125 | false | 1,628 | 591 | We used regression trees to select relevant predictor variables and boosting to improve accuracy in a single tree Boosted regression trees, also known as stochastic gradient boosting, was performed to predict the probability of HPAI H5N1 occurrence and determine the relative influence of each risk factor to the HPAI H... |
On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed? | on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science). | 5,642 | false | 1,623 | 4,105 | The reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed on the epgradient Mastercycler 1 (Eppendorf) and the hybridization, ligation and detection steps on the LightCycler 1 480 system (Roche Applied Science) In recent years, multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been devel... |
What is Koch's third postulate? | after being fully isolated from the body and repeatedly grown in pure culture, the microbe can induce the disease anew | 15,429 | false | 1,676 | 909 | Koch recognized as early as 1891 that associating the presence of a certain agent with a certain disease is complex, and he therefore postulated guidelines that should be followed before an agent can be classified as a pathogen Although attempts have been made to adjust the Koch's postulates specifically for viruses an... |
What are miRNAs found to be induced by? | viral infections and may play a role in the modulation of antiviral responses and inflammation | 29,232 | false | 2,504 | 4,011 | miRNAs are found to be induced by viral infections and may play a role in the modulation of antiviral responses and inflammation (Gutierrez et al., 2016; Deng et al., 2017; Feng et al., 2018)MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional modulation of biological processes, and implicated... |
Where was the first known MERS human-to-human transmission event? | in a healthcare setting in Jordan | 47,604 | false | 1,741 | 4,302 | The first known MERS human-to-human transmission event was one characterized by acute LRT disease in a healthcare setting in Jordan Household human-to human transmission occurs but is also limitedIt became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human The very first MERS case had m... |
What appears to be a requirement for transmission? | close and lengthy exposure | 912 | false | 1,741 | 4,180 | Household human-to human transmission occurs but is also limited It is the low transmission rate that has prevented worldwide spread, despite many "opportunities". Results of contact tracing to date have found that onward transmission among humans is an infrequent event Molecular epidemiology has revealed otherwise hi... |
What was the result of the treatment? | Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (p < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvement and corticosteroid usgae between the 2 groups. | 18,272 | false | 2,486 | 3,664 | Its efficacy was documented in several studies, causing notably lower incidence of adverse outcomes than with ribavirin alone This drug treatment appears to be the most advanced. Timing of treatment is likely an important factor in effectivenessOther therapeutic agents have also been reported A significant reduction i... |
What were the aims of this study? | to investigate the different pathogens involved in ILI and describe the associated symptoms | 1,012 | false | 1,602 | 5,262 | This study was a non-interventional study with no addition to usual proceeduresData from our study are summarized as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables A review of the 379 workable questionnaires showed that 90.8% (344/379) of the patients included in this study fulfilled the criteria of ILI as defin... |
What is the incidence of RSV in children older than 3 years of age? | 13% | 10,507 | false | 1,566 | 1,630 | The incidence of RSV, however, decreases significantly with increasing age (p-value < 0.0001) dropping to 13% in children older than 3 years old, while the reverse relationship is observed for Influenza A and B and HAdV In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen (58.1%), followed by rhinovi... |
Why are some poxvirus ideally suited as vaccine delivery vectors? | They are ideal candidate vectors due to their large DNA-packing capacity and their thermal and genetic stability | 6,864 | false | 1,645 | 833 | Poxviruses are also studied extensively as candidate vectors for human use, among which attenuated derivatives of vaccinia virus [such as modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and New York attenuated vaccinia virus NYVAC strains] are the most promising vectors (Esteban, 2009; Gó mez et al., 2008; Rimmelzwaan & Sutter, ... |
What is the reported value of R0 for MERS? | 0.8-1.3 | 15,455 | false | 2,592 | 2,773 | The reported value of the R 0 of MERS was about 0.8-1.3 , with the inter-human transmissibility of the disease was about 0.6 or 0.9 in Middle East countries According to the equation of R 0 deduced from the simplified RP model, R 0 is related to many parameters Thirdly, since there was no data of the initial prevalen... |
What is the relationship between the presence of virus in blood and anal swabs and disease severity? | all of the 6 patients with detectable viral RNA in the blood cohort progressed to severe symptom stage, indicating a strong correlation of serum viral RNA with the disease severity (p-value = 0.0001). Meanwhile, 8 of the 11 patients with annal swab virus-positive was in severe clinical stage. | 906 | false | 2,519 | 1,160 | Fortunately, two cases with detectable virus both in blood and anal swab cohort were recorded In the anal swab cohort, we found that the presence of virus RNA in the anal digestive tract was also positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0102)In summary, we find that the presence of viral RNA in the blood and ... |
What is toltrazuril used to treat? | anticoccidial | 3,094 | false | 1,589 | 595 | Toltrazuril has been marketed for anticoccidial treatment in sheep since the 1980s, and its use has increased during recent years, both in Norway and in the UK (Dr Gillian Diesel, personal communication) are presented in; reduced efficacy of toltrazuril is apparent against both pathogenic and non-pathogenic speciesAlt... |
What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies? | the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957 | 25,486 | false | 1,601 | 5,260 | It may also indicate that immune mechanisms other than cross reactive antibodies detected by HIA (i.e In order to solve this ambiguity, we specifically considered the group of 249 subjects in whom cross reactive antibodies were detected at the time of phase A (W30-31) These cross reactive antibodies have been interpre... |
What did the Nature Medicine paper report? | the construction of a chimeric CoV with a bat CoV S gene (SHC014) in the backbone of a SARS CoV that has adapted to infect mice (MA15) and is capable of infecting human cells | 2,585 | false | 2,459 | 3,598 | Because of the many concerns raised by the international community, the authors who made the initial claim have already withdrawn this report. In a rebuttal paper led by an HIV-1 virologist Dr We should emphasize that, although SARS-CoV-2 shows no evidence of laboratory origin, viruses with such great public health th... |
Where did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur? | in Jordan | 422 | false | 1,741 | 4,174 | In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd Middle East respiratory syndrome: An emerging coronavirus infection tracked by the crowd In Amman, Jordan, 1,005 samples from hospi... |
What was time from onset to hospitalisation? | ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days | 6,518 | false | 2,642 | 3,814 | The time from onset of symptoms to hospitalisation (and isolation) ranged between 0 and 10 days with a mean of 3.7 days (reported for 29 cases) The duration of hospitalisation was reported for 16 cases with a median of 13 days (range: 8-23 days) Our analysis shows that the time from symptom onset to hospitalisation/ca... |
Who performed the sampling procedures? | veterinarians | 2,560 | false | 1,576 | 3,680 | The topology of these four strains was correlated to the sampling location The topology of these four strains was correlated to the sampling location The topology of these four strains was correlated to the sampling locationAll sampling procedures were performed by veterinarians, with approval from Animal Ethics Commi... |
What was the fatality rate for SARS-CoV? | 10% | 7,310 | false | 2,463 | 1,211 | The current estimated case fatality rate seems to be around 3% which is significant but not comparable to the 10% rate for SARS or 34% reported for MERSA characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected signifi... |
What diagnostic test has been show to have excellent sensitivity in detecting viral infections? | PCR assays | 16,937 | false | 1,606 | 5,276 | For the diagnosis of many viral infections, PCR assays have been shown to have an excellent analytical sensitivity, but the established techniques are limited by their requirement for expensive equipment and technical expertise Diagnostic methods using recombinant viral proteins have been developed and their utilities ... |
What is carageenan? | a high molecular weight sulfated polymer derived from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) that has been extensively used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and is generally recognized as safe by the FDA | 4,955 | false | 1,629 | 2,157 | Carrageenan is a high molecular weight sulfated polymer derived from red seaweed (Rhodophyceae) that has been extensively used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry and is generally recognized as safe by the FDA (GRAS) (reviewed in ) Second, they are of special interest for the carrageenan/Zanamivir combinati... |
How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured? | detection of nuclear condensation | 16,150 | false | 1,607 | 5,281 | To determine the exact arrested phase, treated HT-29 cells were analyzed for cell cycle progression using flow cytometryTo investigate the induction of apoptosis by Cu(BrHAP) 2 , nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells were analyzed by detection of nuclear condensation However, when treatment time increased to 72... |
Could the 1918 swine flu virus been controlled by modern day drugs or vaccines? | the 1918 and 1918-like Viruses would be
as sensitive as other typical Virus strains to the Food and
Drug Administrationiapproved antiinfluenza drugs riman-
tadine and oseltamivir. | 27,291 | false | 2,684 | 1,117 | In 1918, the cause of human influenza and its links to
avian and swine influenza were unknown. Despite clinicalViral sequence data now suggest that the entire 1918
Virus was novel to humans in, or shortly before, 1918, andtoday. Furthermore, laboratory experiments with recombi-
nant influenza Viruses containing genes from... |
What was the goal of the study? | describe GE and RTI outbreaks with infection and all-cause lethality rates according to the individual characteristics of nursing home residents | 697 | false | 1,634 | 5,307 | The respective impact of each individual factor was tested with Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared tests At the beginning of the surveillance period, information regarding participation in the study was displayed in the family vising area, including a document about their right to access and rectify personal dataIn, the spec... |
What is Bacillus subtilis? | Gram-positive bacterium | 4,284 | false | 2,461 | 606 | Currently, Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is widely used as a vaccine delivery system for its unique characteristics. subtilis-RC reduced the ability of pathogens to cross the intestinal mucosa and the systemic spread of invasive pathogens subtilis has been regarded as a novel probiotic and food additive in humans an... |
What type of test was initially developed to screen for SARS-CoV-2? | reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction | 1,445 | false | 2,463 | 1,205 | WHO's response system includes three virtual groups based on those developed for SARS to collate real time information to inform real time guidelines, and a first candidate vaccine is ready for laboratory testing within 4 weeks of the virus being identified. Its emergence in China adds an additional dimension in the l... |
Why it can be concluded that MERS-COV is a novel and distinct virus? | less than 80 % identity between the amino acid sequence of MERS ORF 1ab and betacoronavirus relatives, Tylonycteris bat HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat HKU5 | 12,220 | false | 1,741 | 4,230 | Virus Res 2015 Vol 202:60-88 with permission from Elsevier reviewed the broad tropism of MERS-CoV There is no evidence that MERS-CoV is a virus of pandemic concern For the viruses, MERS-CoV has a broader tropism, grows more rapidly in vitro, more rapidly induces cytopathogenic change, triggers distinct transcriptiona... |
What chest X-ray findings are typically indicative of community-acquired pneumonia? | the presence of new parenchymal infiltrates | 3,577 | false | 1,599 | 5,254 | This could be due to the consideration of CAP diagnosis based on chest X-ray as establishing pulmonary infectionPulmonary infiltrates were seen on chest X-ray in 127 (63.5 %) patients Chest X-ray and thoracic CT-scan were performed using a standardized protocolMultidetector thoracic CT-scan was performed after chest X... |
What may the epithelial destruction cause? | may also promote further epithelial remodeling during its regeneration as viral infection induces the expression of remodeling genes such as MMPs and growth factors . Infections that cause massive destruction of the epithelium, such as IFV, usually result in severe acute exacerbations with non-classical symptoms of chr... | 21,116 | false | 2,504 | 3,985 | These infections, however, cause massive damage and cell death to the epithelial barrier, so much so that areas of the epithelium may be completely absent post infection (Yan et al., 2016; Tan et al., 2019) Moreover, the destruction of the epithelial barrier may cause further contact with other pathogens and allergens... |
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