Datasets:

michaelsyao
/

acrac

This dataset contains chunked guidelines and narratives from the ACR Appropriateness Criteria, an set of societal guidelines from the American College of Radiology (ACR) to help clinicians order appropriate diagnostic imaging studies for patients. The corpus is formatted similarly to the corpuses introduced in MedRAG by Xiong et al. (2024), and can therefore be similarly used for medical Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG).

Please abide by the ACR Terms and Conditions when using this dataset.

Dataset Structure

Each row of the dataset contains the following fields:

{
  "id": "A unique identifier for each chunk in the corpus",
  "title": "The title of the main document from which the chunk was extracted",
  "content": "The content of the chunk",
  "contents": "The title and content concatenated together into a single field",
  "ACRID": "The ACR topic identifier"
}

Of note, the contents field for each row does not exceed a maximum of 2048 characters in our implementation.

Dataset Curation

This dataset was curated by scraping the ACR Appropriateness Criteria website, downloading all the relevant PDF narratives, and using unstructured's open-source tooling to extract the content into chunks. The original source code used for the dataset curation can be found here. This dataset was constructed on July 17, 2024 - no updates to the ACR Appropriateness Criteria after this date are reflected in the most recent iteration.

Personal and Sensitive Information

The contents of this dataset consist of evidence-based guidelines written by a panel of experts for a medical audience. To our knowledge, no personal or sensitive information is contained in this dataset.

Dataset Card Contact

Please contact Michael Yao at michael.yao@pennmedicine.upenn.edu with any questions or comments.

Downloads last month: 11

id stringlengths 13 16	title stringclasses 225 values	content stringlengths 1.09k 2.04k	contents stringlengths 1.12k 2.05k	ACRID stringclasses 225 values
acrac_70546_0	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Introduction/Background Acute injuries to the foot are frequently encountered in the setting of the emergency room and in general practice. The clinical indications for imaging (known as the Ottawa rules) have been developed to minimize unnecessary radiographs, and their utility is well documented by multiple studies....	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Introduction/Background Acute injuries to the foot are frequently encountered in the setting of the emergency room and in general practice. The clinical indications for imaging (known as the Ottawa rules) have been developed to minimize unnecessary radiographs, and their utility is well docum...	70546
acrac_70546_1	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Other clinical scenarios of foot trauma not directly addressed by the Ottawa rules include trauma to the metatarsal heads and toes and penetrating trauma with concern for a foreign body in the soft tissues. Also, there is little in the literature on medical decision making of when to order a radiographic study of the t...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Other clinical scenarios of foot trauma not directly addressed by the Ottawa rules include trauma to the metatarsal heads and toes and penetrating trauma with concern for a foreign body in the soft tissues. Also, there is little in the literature on medical decision making of when to order a r...	70546
acrac_70546_2	Acute Trauma to the Foot	The more serious potential problems in determining the need for imaging occurs in the patient who does not meet the inclusion criteria for imaging by the Ottawa rules of the foot. These inclusionary criteria are stated in the Introduction/Background section [5,6]; added criterion of swelling increases sensitivity and s...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. The more serious potential problems in determining the need for imaging occurs in the patient who does not meet the inclusion criteria for imaging by the Ottawa rules of the foot. These inclusionary criteria are stated in the Introduction/Background section [5,6]; added criterion of swelling i...	70546
acrac_70546_3	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Additional views, such as axial calcaneal view, can be useful in patients with suspected calcaneal fracture [15] because addition of this view increases specificity in diagnosing calcaneal fractures and sensitivity in distinguishing intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Radiography Foot with Weightbearing If there are c...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Additional views, such as axial calcaneal view, can be useful in patients with suspected calcaneal fracture [15] because addition of this view increases specificity in diagnosing calcaneal fractures and sensitivity in distinguishing intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Radiography Foot with We...	70546
acrac_70546_4	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Initial imaging. Multiple conditions or scenarios preclude the use of the Ottawa rules for determining if imaging is necessary [5,6]. It has been reported that the Ottawa rules for the foot should not be used or should be used with great caution in the following clinical situations: penetrating trauma, pregnancy, any s...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Initial imaging. Multiple conditions or scenarios preclude the use of the Ottawa rules for determining if imaging is necessary [5,6]. It has been reported that the Ottawa rules for the foot should not be used or should be used with great caution in the following clinical situations: penetratin...	70546
acrac_70546_5	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Therefore, CT is essential for appropriate treatment planning and determining the true extent of osseous injuries in the polytrauma patient and can be used as primary imaging technique in high-energy polytrauma patients. Initial clinical experience suggests that cone-beam CT of the foot or ankle of pediatric patients i...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Therefore, CT is essential for appropriate treatment planning and determining the true extent of osseous injuries in the polytrauma patient and can be used as primary imaging technique in high-energy polytrauma patients. Initial clinical experience suggests that cone-beam CT of the foot or ank...	70546
acrac_70546_6	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Acute Trauma to the Foot Radiography Foot Metatarsal-Phalangeal Joint Injury The best initial imaging study for evaluating hallux plantar plate disruption after metatarsal-phalangeal (MTP) joint injury is weightbearing AP, lateral, and sesamoid axial views, with addition of comparison radiographs of the contralateral f...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Acute Trauma to the Foot Radiography Foot Metatarsal-Phalangeal Joint Injury The best initial imaging study for evaluating hallux plantar plate disruption after metatarsal-phalangeal (MTP) joint injury is weightbearing AP, lateral, and sesamoid axial views, with addition of comparison radiogra...	70546
acrac_70546_7	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Fluoroscopy Foot In addition to routine radiographs, fluoroscopy has been suggested in assessment of a hallux MTP joint injury with direct fluoroscopic evaluation of sesamoid tracking distally with great toe extension at the MTP joint on forced dorsiflexion lateral view or fluoroscopy [29]. Variant 5: Adult or child ol...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Fluoroscopy Foot In addition to routine radiographs, fluoroscopy has been suggested in assessment of a hallux MTP joint injury with direct fluoroscopic evaluation of sesamoid tracking distally with great toe extension at the MTP joint on forced dorsiflexion lateral view or fluoroscopy [29]. Va...	70546
acrac_70546_8	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Lisfranc Injury MRI has been advocated as a sensitive diagnostic test in evaluation of Lisfranc ligamentous complex (especially if the patient is not able to bear weight), and 3-D volumetric acquisitions have proven superiority over orthogonal proton density fat-suppressed imaging [33,38,41-45]. There is a high correla...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Lisfranc Injury MRI has been advocated as a sensitive diagnostic test in evaluation of Lisfranc ligamentous complex (especially if the patient is not able to bear weight), and 3-D volumetric acquisitions have proven superiority over orthogonal proton density fat-suppressed imaging [33,38,41-45...	70546
acrac_70546_9	Acute Trauma to the Foot	Turf Toe and Plantar Plate Injuries US in the sagittal plane best visualizes the plantar plate between the flexor tendon and hyaline cartilage of the metatarsal head [63]. US has shown a 96% sensitivity compared with 87% sensitivity for MRI for the detection of lesser toe plantar plate tears; however, both modalities h...	Acute Trauma to the Foot. Turf Toe and Plantar Plate Injuries US in the sagittal plane best visualizes the plantar plate between the flexor tendon and hyaline cartilage of the metatarsal head [63]. US has shown a 96% sensitivity compared with 87% sensitivity for MRI for the detection of lesser toe plantar plate tears; ...	70546
acrac_3158175_0	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Introduction/Background Pediatric musculoskeletal infections can result in significant morbidity, particularly given ongoing skeletal maturation, and delayed diagnosis may result in premature physeal arrest or joint damage. Among osteoarticular infections, osteomyelitis occurs twice as frequently as septic arthritis [...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Introduction/Background Pediatric musculoskeletal infections can result in significant morbidity, particularly given ongoing skeletal maturation, and delayed diagnosis may result in premature physeal arrest or joint damage. Among osteoarticular inf...	3158175
acrac_3158175_1	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	The American College of Radiology seeks and encourages collaboration with other organizations on the development of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria through representation of such organizations on expert panels. Participation on the expert panel does not necessarily imply endorsement of the final document by individual...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. The American College of Radiology seeks and encourages collaboration with other organizations on the development of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria through representation of such organizations on expert panels. Participation on the expert panel doe...	3158175
acrac_3158175_2	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	On MRI, susceptibility artifact limits regional visualization and directly correlates with magnetic field strength. Basic metal artifact reduction can be performed by increasing bandwidth, decreasing slice thickness, increasing echo train length, and increasing matrix size [20]. Advanced MR software packages and sequen...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. On MRI, susceptibility artifact limits regional visualization and directly correlates with magnetic field strength. Basic metal artifact reduction can be performed by increasing bandwidth, decreasing slice thickness, increasing echo train length, an...	3158175
acrac_3158175_3	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Although some studies have shown no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis with or without the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents, IV contrast has been shown to improve detection of abscesses [32,33]. Decreased femoral head enhancement on early postc...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Although some studies have shown no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis with or without the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents, IV contrast has been shown to improve detection ...	3158175
acrac_3158175_4	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Among patients who did not have osteomyelitis, 20% had contralateral abnormalities; most common diagnoses included stress reaction, soft-tissue edema, myositis, sterile joint effusion, and leukemia. Radiography Area of Interest Features of acute osteomyelitis on radiographs include periosteal reaction, a well-circumscr...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Among patients who did not have osteomyelitis, 20% had contralateral abnormalities; most common diagnoses included stress reaction, soft-tissue edema, myositis, sterile joint effusion, and leukemia. Radiography Area of Interest Features of acute ost...	3158175
acrac_3158175_5	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	The absence of hip joint effusion virtually excludes septic arthritis; a false negative rate of 5% has been described, noted in patients with a shorter duration of symptoms (<1 day) [40,43,45-47]. Hip US for the purpose of identifying joint effusion can be performed with high sensitivity and specificity [48]. In one st...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. The absence of hip joint effusion virtually excludes septic arthritis; a false negative rate of 5% has been described, noted in patients with a shorter duration of symptoms (<1 day) [40,43,45-47]. Hip US for the purpose of identifying joint effusion...	3158175
acrac_3158175_6	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT offers improved characterization of osseous pathology compared to planar imaging [53]. MRI is generally considered preferable in detection of early manifestations of osteomyelitis, as well as infection of the surrounding soft tissues, because of the rapid progressio...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT offers improved characterization of osseous pathology compared to planar imaging [53]. MRI is generally considered preferable in detection of early manifestations of osteomyelitis, as well as inf...	3158175
acrac_3158175_7	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	SPECT/CT offers improved characterization of osseous pathology compared with planar imaging [59]. MRI is generally considered preferable in detection of early manifestations of osteomyelitis, as well as infection of the surrounding soft tissues, because of the rapid progression of the disease [53]. Osteomyelitis or Sep...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. SPECT/CT offers improved characterization of osseous pathology compared with planar imaging [59]. MRI is generally considered preferable in detection of early manifestations of osteomyelitis, as well as infection of the surrounding soft tissues, bec...	3158175
acrac_3158175_8	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Although some studies have shown no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis with or without the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents, IV contrast has been shown to improve detection of abscesses [32,33]. Decreased femoral head enhancement on early p...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Although some studies have shown no significant difference in sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis with or without the use of gadolinium-based contrast agents, IV contrast has been shown to improve detect...	3158175
acrac_3158175_9	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	MRI Extremity Area of Interest In one study, a large field-of-view MRI was performed to encompass both lower extremities rather than the area of concern [38]. In patients who were later found to have osteomyelitis, 11% had contralateral extremity findings, including contralateral osteomyelitis, and 20% had ipsilateral ...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. MRI Extremity Area of Interest In one study, a large field-of-view MRI was performed to encompass both lower extremities rather than the area of concern [38]. In patients who were later found to have osteomyelitis, 11% had contralateral extremity fi...	3158175
acrac_3158175_10	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	In assessment of septic arthritis, the majority of pediatric patients with septic arthritis were noted on MRI to have infection beyond the joint space, though this may vary based on population factors such as geography [7,46,60,65,66]. Conversely, in metaphyseal osteomyelitis, >50% in one study were noted on MRI to hav...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. In assessment of septic arthritis, the majority of pediatric patients with septic arthritis were noted on MRI to have infection beyond the joint space, though this may vary based on population factors such as geography [7,46,60,65,66]. Conversely, i...	3158175
acrac_3158175_11	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Hip US for the purpose of identifying joint effusion can be performed with high sensitivity and specificity [48]. In one study, nearly 80% of pediatric patients with hip septic arthritis required US imaging alone to guide their management [45]. US in evaluation of osteomyelitis is limited in its ability to assess the o...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Hip US for the purpose of identifying joint effusion can be performed with high sensitivity and specificity [48]. In one study, nearly 80% of pediatric patients with hip septic arthritis required US imaging alone to guide their management [45]. US i...	3158175
acrac_3158175_12	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	In one study of 213 children referred for skeletal scintigraphy because of a suspicion for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis who underwent a 3-phase bone scan of the area of interest along with whole-body delayed images, accurate diagnosis was made in 84% of cases without the need for MRI, including 92% of those diagnos...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. In one study of 213 children referred for skeletal scintigraphy because of a suspicion for acute hematogenous osteomyelitis who underwent a 3-phase bone scan of the area of interest along with whole-body delayed images, accurate diagnosis was made i...	3158175
acrac_3158175_13	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	In patients with suspected or confirmed septic arthritis, femoral neck aspiration performed at the time of incision and drainage was noted to improve diagnosis of concurrent osteomyelitis compared with preoperative MRI alone [63]. Although the bulk of literature on image-guided joint aspiration in the pediatric populat...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. In patients with suspected or confirmed septic arthritis, femoral neck aspiration performed at the time of incision and drainage was noted to improve diagnosis of concurrent osteomyelitis compared with preoperative MRI alone [63]. Although the bulk ...	3158175
acrac_3158175_14	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	In patients who were later found to have osteomyelitis, 11% had contralateral extremity findings, including contralateral osteomyelitis, and 20% had ipsilateral septic arthritis. Among patients who did not have osteomyelitis, 20% had contralateral abnormalities, most commonly stress reaction, soft-tissue edema, myositi...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. In patients who were later found to have osteomyelitis, 11% had contralateral extremity findings, including contralateral osteomyelitis, and 20% had ipsilateral septic arthritis. Among patients who did not have osteomyelitis, 20% had contralateral a...	3158175
acrac_3158175_15	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs	Bone scan findings were correlated with the final diagnosis in 34 sites of septic arthritis and in 62 sites of osteomyelitis. Bone scan accuracy was 81%. Positive predictive value was 82% for those sites with increased activity and 100% for those sites with decreased activity. Negative predictive value was 63%. Bone Sc...	Osteomyelitis or Septic Arthritis Child Excluding Axial Skeleton PCAs. Bone scan findings were correlated with the final diagnosis in 34 sites of septic arthritis and in 62 sites of osteomyelitis. Bone scan accuracy was 81%. Positive predictive value was 82% for those sites with increased activity and 100% for those si...	3158175
acrac_69482_0	Headache PCAs	Initial Imaging Definition Initial imaging is defined as imaging at the beginning of the care episode for the medical condition defined by the variant. More than one procedure can be considered usually appropriate in the initial imaging evaluation when: aColumbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. bPanel C...	Headache PCAs. Initial Imaging Definition Initial imaging is defined as imaging at the beginning of the care episode for the medical condition defined by the variant. More than one procedure can be considered usually appropriate in the initial imaging evaluation when: aColumbia University Medical Center, New York, New...	69482
acrac_69482_1	Headache PCAs	The American College of Radiology seeks and encourages collaboration with other organizations on the development of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria through representation of such organizations on expert panels. Participation on the expert panel does not necessarily imply endorsement of the final document by individual...	Headache PCAs. The American College of Radiology seeks and encourages collaboration with other organizations on the development of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria through representation of such organizations on expert panels. Participation on the expert panel does not necessarily imply endorsement of the final documen...	69482
acrac_69482_2	Headache PCAs	Less common causes of TCH include cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), cervical arterial dissection, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), pituitary apoplexy, perimesencephalic hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), dural arteriovenous fistulas, and intrav...	Headache PCAs. Less common causes of TCH include cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), cervical arterial dissection, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), pituitary apoplexy, perimesencephalic hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations (AVM), dural arteriovenous fistu...	69482
acrac_69482_3	Headache PCAs	CT Head Without IV Contrast CT head without IV contrast is useful in the setting of TCH because of its high sensitivity for detecting intracranial hemorrhage. Several studies have demonstrated a high negative predictive value of a noncontrast head CT performed within 6 hours of headache onset in detecting aneurysmal SA...	Headache PCAs. CT Head Without IV Contrast CT head without IV contrast is useful in the setting of TCH because of its high sensitivity for detecting intracranial hemorrhage. Several studies have demonstrated a high negative predictive value of a noncontrast head CT performed within 6 hours of headache onset in detectin...	69482
acrac_69482_4	Headache PCAs	For example, a concurrent or follow-up CTA is useful in suspected cases of intracranial aneurysm (ruptured or unruptured), arterial dissection, and RCVS [10-12,18]. CTV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CT venography (CTV) head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation...	Headache PCAs. For example, a concurrent or follow-up CTA is useful in suspected cases of intracranial aneurysm (ruptured or unruptured), arterial dissection, and RCVS [10-12,18]. CTV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CT venography (CTV) head with IV contrast in the initial ima...	69482
acrac_69482_5	Headache PCAs	For example, recent studies have demonstrated concentric thickening of the vessel wall with minimal or no enhancement in RCVS, compared with more eccentric wall thickening and significant wall enhancement in cases of vasculitis [12]. In addition, vessel wall imaging can be used to help identify the ruptured lesion when...	Headache PCAs. For example, recent studies have demonstrated concentric thickening of the vessel wall with minimal or no enhancement in RCVS, compared with more eccentric wall thickening and significant wall enhancement in cases of vasculitis [12]. In addition, vessel wall imaging can be used to help identify the ruptu...	69482
acrac_69482_6	Headache PCAs	Brain MRV can be used as a follow-up imaging study in cases of suspected CVT [11]. Variant 2: Primary migraine or tension-type headache. Normal neurologic examination. Initial imaging. In a single year, more than half of the adult population suffers from a headache, most often a primary headache such as TTH and migrain...	Headache PCAs. Brain MRV can be used as a follow-up imaging study in cases of suspected CVT [11]. Variant 2: Primary migraine or tension-type headache. Normal neurologic examination. Initial imaging. In a single year, more than half of the adult population suffers from a headache, most often a primary headache such as ...	69482
acrac_69482_7	Headache PCAs	It was found that patients with migraine with aura were imaged more frequently and demonstrated an increased incidence of minor intracranial abnormalities such as lacunar infarcts and microvascular ischemic changes. No abnormalities were detected that were of major clinical significance [24]. A study performed in China...	Headache PCAs. It was found that patients with migraine with aura were imaged more frequently and demonstrated an increased incidence of minor intracranial abnormalities such as lacunar infarcts and microvascular ischemic changes. No abnormalities were detected that were of major clinical significance [24]. A study per...	69482
acrac_69482_8	Headache PCAs	CTV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CTV head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of primary migraine or TTH with a normal neurologic examination. MRA Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA head with IV contrast in the in...	Headache PCAs. CTV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CTV head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of primary migraine or TTH with a normal neurologic examination. MRA Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRA head with IV con...	69482
acrac_69482_9	Headache PCAs	Imaging techniques continue to evolve and improve, and recent developments in advanced MRI techniques are allowing the clinical community to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of migraines, which remains less well characterized than the clinical phenotype. Early research with novel structural imaging tech...	Headache PCAs. Imaging techniques continue to evolve and improve, and recent developments in advanced MRI techniques are allowing the clinical community to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of migraines, which remains less well characterized than the clinical phenotype. Early research with novel structur...	69482
acrac_69482_10	Headache PCAs	MRV Head Without and With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head without and with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of primary migraine or TTH with a normal neurologic examination. MRV Head Without IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head...	Headache PCAs. MRV Head Without and With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head without and with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of primary migraine or TTH with a normal neurologic examination. MRV Head Without IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the ...	69482
acrac_69482_11	Headache PCAs	The exact pathophysiology of TACs is not well understood; current investigations suggest the involvement of the trigeminovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, and the hypothalamus. Recent functional and anatomic neuroimaging studies have demonstrated changes in the pain neuromatrix including the trigeminal ner...	Headache PCAs. The exact pathophysiology of TACs is not well understood; current investigations suggest the involvement of the trigeminovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, and the hypothalamus. Recent functional and anatomic neuroimaging studies have demonstrated changes in the pain neuromatrix including the...	69482
acrac_69482_12	Headache PCAs	The European Headache Federation recommends vascular imaging especially when 3 consecutive preventative treatments fail [34]. CTV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CTV head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of TACs. Brain CTV can be used as a follow-up imaging ...	Headache PCAs. The European Headache Federation recommends vascular imaging especially when 3 consecutive preventative treatments fail [34]. CTV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of CTV head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of TACs. Brain CTV can be used as a fol...	69482
acrac_69482_13	Headache PCAs	Headache MRV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of TACs. Brain MRV can be used as a follow-up imaging study in cases of suspected CVT, which is in the differential diagnosis for TACs, especially hemicrania continua [30,...	Headache PCAs. Headache MRV Head With IV Contrast There is no relevant literature to support the use of MRV head with IV contrast in the initial imaging evaluation of TACs. Brain MRV can be used as a follow-up imaging study in cases of suspected CVT, which is in the differential diagnosis for TACs, especially hemicrani...	69482