id int64 0 7k | premises stringlengths 118 4.1k | paragraph stringlengths 111 4.06k | conclusion stringlengths 15 240 | question stringlengths 14 249 | label stringclasses 3
values | arg stringlengths 54 2.02k | statements stringlengths 51 1.12k | depth int64 1 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6,651 | ['At least one of two things is true: if siphonophores are multicellular AND colonial, then several states have mandatory cystic fibrosis screening for newborns, or condoms come in different sizes, shapes, and styles.', 'Assuming if siphonophores are multicellular AND colonial, then several states have mandatory cystic... | At least one of two things is true: if siphonophores are multicellular AND colonial, then several states have mandatory cystic fibrosis screening for newborns, or condoms come in different sizes, shapes, and styles. Assuming if siphonophores are multicellular AND colonial, then several states have mandatory cystic fibr... | The statement that states animal foods are the richest source of easily absorbed zinc is false. | The claim that animal foods have no natural fiber has no merit. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [3].
If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].).
If [3], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC3-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [3], then (Not [0].).).), then [4].
Not [4]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [3], then (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
... | {0: 'Animal foods are the richest source of easily absorbed zinc.', 1: 'Siphonophores are multicellular AND colonial.', 2: 'Several states have mandatory cystic fibrosis screening for newborns.', 3: 'Condoms come in different sizes, shapes, and styles.', 4: 'Echolalias are diseases.', 5: 'Purists argue gas burners don ... | 7 |
6,669 | ['Assuming judges desire justice, we know that if organizations are like living organisms, then plant tissue consists of complex carbohydrates synthesized from simple carbohydrates.', "So long as acute hypoxia induces elevation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in neonatal rat brain slices, 'either judges desire just... | Assuming judges desire justice, we know that if organizations are like living organisms, then plant tissue consists of complex carbohydrates synthesized from simple carbohydrates. So long as acute hypoxia induces elevation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in neonatal rat brain slices, 'either judges desire justice o... | One may reasonably assume that if organizations are like living organisms, then plant tissue consists of complex carbohydrates synthesized from simple carbohydrates. | The statement, if organizations are like living organisms, then plant tissue consists of complex carbohydrates synthesized from simple carbohydrates, does not hold. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (If [5], then [6].). [SC1-2]
If [4], then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (If [5], then [6].), then (Either [2] or [3... | {0: 'Organizations are like living organisms.', 1: 'Plant tissue consists of complex carbohydrates synthesized from simple carbohydrates.', 2: 'Judges desire justice.', 3: 'Musical performance is a form of communication.', 4: 'Acute hypoxia induces elevation of ornithine decarboxylase activity in neonatal rat brain sli... | 7 |
6,504 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: either management is a skill - and like any other skill it comes with experience and practice or gut bacteria play roles, or either snakes have prey or either some secretion enters tubules or folic acid plays a major role in lowering homocysteine levels.', 'Some people... | We know that at least one of two things is true: either management is a skill - and like any other skill it comes with experience and practice or gut bacteria play roles, or either snakes have prey or either some secretion enters tubules or folic acid plays a major role in lowering homocysteine levels. Some people mist... | The claim that ade is a drink does not reflect reality. | The idea that ade is a drink is true. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [6] or [7].) or (Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).).
Not (Either [6] or [7].).
Therefore, Eith... | {0: 'Ade is a drink.', 1: 'Snakes have prey.', 2: 'Some secretion enters tubules.', 3: 'Folic acid plays a major role in lowering homocysteine levels.', 4: 'Rape is an act of power and control and often has little to do with sexual desire.', 5: 'Playing sports cause wins.', 6: 'Management is a skill - and like any othe... | 7 |
6,900 | ['If turkey numbers are currently low due to habitat loss caused by flooding, then the claim that seizures can take many forms, since the brain is responsible for such a wide range of functions does not correspond with reality.', 'Provided that triple bombs cause explosions, we know that the claim that seizures can tak... | If turkey numbers are currently low due to habitat loss caused by flooding, then the claim that seizures can take many forms, since the brain is responsible for such a wide range of functions does not correspond with reality. Provided that triple bombs cause explosions, we know that the claim that seizures can take man... | The claim that seizures can take many forms, since the brain is responsible for such a wide range of functions does not correspond with reality. | The claim that seizures can take many forms, since the brain is responsible for such a wide range of functions does not correspond with reality. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].).
If [2], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4]. [SC1-2]
If [3], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC1-2]
Disjun... | {0: 'Seizures can take many forms, since the brain is responsible for such a wide range of functions.', 1: 'Turkey numbers are currently low due to habitat loss caused by flooding.', 2: 'Triple bombs cause explosions.', 3: 'Monocots are better at absorbing water because the many small roots are constantly drawing in wa... | 7 |
6,649 | ['At least one of two things is true: some protist species are essential components of the food chain and are generators of biomass , or vegetables may have other benefits.', 'Should it be the case that some protist species are essential components of the food chain and are generators of biomass , it follows that if oz... | At least one of two things is true: some protist species are essential components of the food chain and are generators of biomass , or vegetables may have other benefits. Should it be the case that some protist species are essential components of the food chain and are generators of biomass , it follows that if ozone a... | The claim that ozone also demonstrate the ability to modulate cytoxine production does not reflect reality. | Ozone also demonstrate the ability to modulate cytoxine production. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3].
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [4].
If [1], then (Not [4].). [SC2-2]
Th... | {0: 'Ozone also demonstrate the ability to modulate cytoxine production.', 1: 'Color contrast is especially effective for reading and writing.', 2: 'Some protist species are essential components of the food chain and are generators of biomass .', 3: 'Vegetables may have other benefits.', 4: 'Violent reactions can occur... | 7 |
6,931 | ["Whenever it is true that either most heat comes from single sources or excessive eating does violence to the body, 'many entomologists work for government agencies' is true.", 'One may reasonably assume that if several species occur in our waters, but only two are prominent, then most fevers subside in the morning, b... | Whenever it is true that either most heat comes from single sources or excessive eating does violence to the body, 'many entomologists work for government agencies' is true. One may reasonably assume that if several species occur in our waters, but only two are prominent, then most fevers subside in the morning, but go... | The statement, critics are evaluators, does not hold. | It is reasonable to believe that critics are evaluators. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [2], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either (Either [6] or [7].) or [8]. [SC1-2]
If (Either [6] or [7].), then [1].
If [8], then [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Pon... | {0: 'Critics are evaluators.', 1: 'Many entomologists work for government agencies.', 2: 'Most fevers subside in the morning, but go up again during the day.', 3: 'Herbs add distinctive taste.', 4: 'Landfill leachates and groundwater contamination.', 5: 'Otters reach maturity.', 6: 'Most heat comes from single sources.... | 7 |
6,300 | ['The claim that most women feel pain similar to menstrual cramps does not reflect reality.', 'We know that either fish also contains anti-inflammatory essential fatty acids or most western gorillas eat vegetation.', 'Provided that fish also contains anti-inflammatory essential fatty acids, we know that some dassies ha... | The claim that most women feel pain similar to menstrual cramps does not reflect reality. We know that either fish also contains anti-inflammatory essential fatty acids or most western gorillas eat vegetation. Provided that fish also contains anti-inflammatory essential fatty acids, we know that some dassies have teeth... | It is reasonable to believe that golf is played on gravel and baseball has two bases. | Golf is a popular sport in France, but it is often difficult to find a good course. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [5], then (If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2].).
[5] [SC2-3]
Therefore, If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), th... | {0: 'Golf is played on gravel and baseball has two bases.', 1: 'Some dassies have teeth.', 2: 'Most women feel pain similar to menstrual cramps.', 3: 'Fish also contains anti-inflammatory essential fatty acids.', 4: 'Most western gorillas eat vegetation.', 5: 'Sauropods have (part) cells.', 6: 'A spiny dogfish is a dog... | 7 |
6,674 | ['We can assume that agriculture causes desertification.', 'Given that the claim that if agriculture causes desertification, then if most brown pigment is used by artists, then breast milk contains fat-soluble pesticides and other pollutants is false, it can be inferred that histological picture is consistent with ulce... | We can assume that agriculture causes desertification. Given that the claim that if agriculture causes desertification, then if most brown pigment is used by artists, then breast milk contains fat-soluble pesticides and other pollutants is false, it can be inferred that histological picture is consistent with ulcerativ... | breast milk contains fat-soluble pesticides and other pollutants. | Breast milk provides the baby with better nutrition than formula. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].). [SC1-2]
[2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).).), then [4].
Not [4].
Therefore, If [2], then (If [1], then [0].)..
[SC2-1]
Red... | {0: 'Breast milk contains fat-soluble pesticides and other pollutants.', 1: 'Most brown pigment is used by artists.', 2: 'Agriculture causes desertification.', 3: 'Coal burning produces gases that contain primarily carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen.', 4: 'Histological picture is consistent with ulcerative ... | 7 |
6,665 | ["Assuming the claim that lobbyists are part of political life in Britain has no merit, we know that the notion that 'vegetation catches the sand and the roots bind the sand particles together' is untrue.", 'Given that the claim that lobbyists are part of political life in Britain has no merit, it can be inferred that ... | Assuming the claim that lobbyists are part of political life in Britain has no merit, we know that the notion that 'vegetation catches the sand and the roots bind the sand particles together' is untrue. Given that the claim that lobbyists are part of political life in Britain has no merit, it can be inferred that sin i... | The claim that lobbyists are part of political life in Britain holds true. | The claim that lobbyists are part of political life in Britain does not correspond with reality. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [2].
If [2], then [1]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then [1].).), then [3]. [SC1-3]
If (Not (If... | {0: 'Lobbyists are part of political life in Britain.', 1: 'Vegetation catches the sand and the roots bind the sand particles together.', 2: 'Sin is compared to fire in the Bible.', 3: 'Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists .', 4: 'Breeds have behavioral characteristics.', 5: 'Laughter is the sound of ... | 7 |
6,570 | ['One may reasonably assume that if ostriches have long, bare necks, a flat, broad beak with a rounded tip and large eyes, then either camels can cope better with the desert heat and have bigger wombs than llamas or all Mexican cities have a cathedral.', 'Assuming either camels can cope better with the desert heat and ... | One may reasonably assume that if ostriches have long, bare necks, a flat, broad beak with a rounded tip and large eyes, then either camels can cope better with the desert heat and have bigger wombs than llamas or all Mexican cities have a cathedral. Assuming either camels can cope better with the desert heat and have ... | The claim that electrostatic headphones are high voltage systems is false. | It is reasonable to believe that electrostatic headphones are high voltage systems. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (If [1], then (Not [0].).). [SC1-2]
[3] [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [3], then (Either [6] or [7].).
If (Either [6] or [7].), then (If [1], then (No... | {0: 'Electrostatic headphones are high voltage systems.', 1: 'Tea plants are evergreens.', 2: 'Analyses reveal treatments.', 3: 'Ostriches have long, bare necks, a flat, broad beak with a rounded tip and large eyes.', 4: 'Hermit crabs return to water.', 5: 'Some mammals swim in ponds.', 6: 'Camels can cope better with ... | 7 |
6,163 | ['It is fair to say that extra protein is eliminated from the body or stored as fat.', "So long as charred buildup encourages foods to stick, 'if extra protein is eliminated from the body or stored as fat, then theories explain facts' is true.", 'On the condition that if lifesavers take responsibility for others as wel... | It is fair to say that extra protein is eliminated from the body or stored as fat. So long as charred buildup encourages foods to stick, 'if extra protein is eliminated from the body or stored as fat, then theories explain facts' is true. On the condition that if lifesavers take responsibility for others as well as for... | Those that suggest cold sores are common in young children are right. | Those that suggest cold sores are common in young children are right. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [2]. [SC1-2]
If [2], then [0]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].). [SC1-3]
If [3], then (If [1], then [2].).
If (If [4], then [5].), then ... | {0: 'Cold sores are common in young children.', 1: 'Extra protein is eliminated from the body or stored as fat.', 2: 'Theories explain facts.', 3: 'Charred buildup encourages foods to stick.', 4: 'Lifesavers take responsibility for others as well as for themselves.', 5: 'Pot plants have water.', 6: 'Negative forces are... | 7 |
6,336 | ['Either thinkers have (part) personality or calves are born able to swim.', 'Once we know thinkers have (part) personality, we also know that if those that suggest love is the bridge between mortality and eternity are wrong, then phoebes typically refiirbish an old nest or build a new one on top of the old.', "Provide... | Either thinkers have (part) personality or calves are born able to swim. Once we know thinkers have (part) personality, we also know that if those that suggest love is the bridge between mortality and eternity are wrong, then phoebes typically refiirbish an old nest or build a new one on top of the old. Provided that t... | We can assume that love is the bridge between mortality and eternity. | Some people mistakenly believe that love is the bridge between mortality and eternity. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [5], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC3-2]
Hypothetical Syl... | {0: 'Love is the bridge between mortality and eternity.', 1: 'Phoebes typically refiirbish an old nest or build a new one on top of the old.', 2: 'Cool water holds more oxygen than warm water.', 3: 'Computers are, first and foremost, productivity tools.', 4: 'Thinkers have (part) personality.', 5: 'Calves are born able... | 7 |
6,059 | ['When the claim that either if some proteins derive from beef, then fungicides used to control scab are generally effective against frogeye leaf spot or casual friendship takes place when two people meet and begin getting to know each other does not correspond with reality is true, it follows that it is a common misco... | When the claim that either if some proteins derive from beef, then fungicides used to control scab are generally effective against frogeye leaf spot or casual friendship takes place when two people meet and begin getting to know each other does not correspond with reality is true, it follows that it is a common misconc... | It is fair to say that casual friendship takes place when two people meet and begin getting to know each other. | The claim that casual friendship takes place when two people meet and begin getting to know each other has no merit. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, Either (If [1], then [2].) or... | {0: 'Casual friendship takes place when two people meet and begin getting to know each other.', 1: 'Some proteins derive from beef.', 2: 'Fungicides used to control scab are generally effective against frogeye leaf spot.', 3: 'Some argentine ants do have teeth.', 4: 'Penguins have food.', 5: 'Hearing aids are unquestio... | 7 |
6,821 | ["So long as trees have a better chance to repel insect pests if there is sufficient water to form sap, 'either aquatic weeds are likely to be a problem in water seeded rice or noses have structures' is true.", 'It is rational to believe that either folders are containers that help organize models, just like folders o... | So long as trees have a better chance to repel insect pests if there is sufficient water to form sap, 'either aquatic weeds are likely to be a problem in water seeded rice or noses have structures' is true. It is rational to believe that either folders are containers that help organize models, just like folders on a d... | The statement 'perennial ferns have leaves' can be considered false. | The claim that perennial ferns have leaves is true. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [2], then (Not [0].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [6] or [7]. [SC1-2]
If [6], then (Either [1] or [2].).
If [7], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC3-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC1-2]... | {0: 'Perennial ferns have leaves.', 1: 'Aquatic weeds are likely to be a problem in water seeded rice .', 2: 'Noses have structures.', 3: 'Folders are containers that help organize models, just like folders on a disk help organize files.', 4: 'Decoys are objects.', 5: 'Liquid mirrors are interesting in other areas of s... | 7 |
6,933 | ["Whenever it is true that some toxic secretion reduces fish predation, 'robots can work with harmful chemicals, explore the ocean floor, and travel into space' is true.", "The statement that 'wetlands also produce a great deal of aquatic invertebrates on which mallards feed' is incorrect.", 'There is good reason to be... | Whenever it is true that some toxic secretion reduces fish predation, 'robots can work with harmful chemicals, explore the ocean floor, and travel into space' is true. The statement that 'wetlands also produce a great deal of aquatic invertebrates on which mallards feed' is incorrect. There is good reason to believe th... | The statement, most people think of penguins as only coming from cold places, does not hold. | Most people think of penguins as only coming from cold places. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [3]. [SC1-2]
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [5] or (If [0], then [3].). [SC1-3]
Not [5].
Therefore, If [0], then [3]..
[SC1-3]
Constru... | {0: 'Most people think of penguins as only coming from cold places.', 1: 'Robots can work with harmful chemicals, explore the ocean floor, and travel into space.', 2: 'Directional antennas are best suited for stationary point to point applications.', 3: 'Some toxic secretion reduces fish predation.', 4: 'Organic mulche... | 7 |
6,490 | ["The statement 'meat has superior flavor with low fat content and they are highly resistant to disease' can be considered true.", 'Given that roadways are located in cities, it can be inferred that if meat has superior flavor with low fat content and they are highly resistant to disease, then heat dissipation is cooli... | The statement 'meat has superior flavor with low fat content and they are highly resistant to disease' can be considered true. Given that roadways are located in cities, it can be inferred that if meat has superior flavor with low fat content and they are highly resistant to disease, then heat dissipation is cooling. E... | The claim that heat dissipation is cooling holds true. | The claim that heat dissipation is cooling does not reflect reality. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [3] or [4].), then [2]. [SC1-3]
Either [3] or [4]. [SC2-3]
Therefore, [2].
[SC1-3]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] o... | {0: 'Heat dissipation is cooling.', 1: 'Meat has superior flavor with low fat content and they are highly resistant to disease.', 2: 'Roadways are located in cities.', 3: 'Evolution continues to take place within native ecosystems, but only gradually over many centuries.', 4: 'Some tissue has embryonic origins.', 5: 'C... | 7 |
6,787 | ['It is rational to believe that either carbon is an undesirable element in most brazing filler metals or some nausea is caused by chemotherapy.', "So long as carbon is an undesirable element in most brazing filler metals, 'if the claim that if we know that the claim that either healthy streams support a wide variety o... | It is rational to believe that either carbon is an undesirable element in most brazing filler metals or some nausea is caused by chemotherapy. So long as carbon is an undesirable element in most brazing filler metals, 'if the claim that if we know that the claim that either healthy streams support a wide variety of org... | We know that at least one of two things is true: healthy streams support a wide variety of organisms, or alcohol content varies among drinks. | The claim that either healthy streams support a wide variety of organisms or alcohol content varies among drinks does not reflect reality. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2].).), then (Either [3] or [4].). [SC1-2]
Not (Either [3] or [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]..
[SC1... | {0: 'Healthy streams support a wide variety of organisms.', 1: 'Alcohol content varies among drinks.', 2: 'Onion powder is very bad for cats, too.', 3: 'Proteins play a crucial role in virtually all the fundamental processes in the living cell.', 4: 'Gerenuks have (part) vacuoles.', 5: 'Most pregnancies are normal, and... | 7 |
6,449 | ["There is good reason to believe that either justice is judgment or the notion that 'if some art critics believe that colour is the most essential aspect of paintings, then weight gain is normal during pregnancy' is untrue.", 'Given that justice is judgment, it can be inferred that either music publishers represent mu... | There is good reason to believe that either justice is judgment or the notion that 'if some art critics believe that colour is the most essential aspect of paintings, then weight gain is normal during pregnancy' is untrue. Given that justice is judgment, it can be inferred that either music publishers represent musical... | The notion that 'if some art critics believe that colour is the most essential aspect of paintings, then weight gain is normal during pregnancy' is untrue. | The notion that 'if some art critics believe that colour is the most essential aspect of paintings, then weight gain is normal during pregnancy' is untrue. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
Not [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [2], then (Either [3] or [4].).
Not (Either [3] or [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [2]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [5] or [6].), then (Not (Either [3] or [4].).).
... | {0: 'Some art critics believe that colour is the most essential aspect of paintings.', 1: 'Weight gain is normal during pregnancy.', 2: 'Justice is judgment.', 3: 'Music publishers represent musical works, composers and lyricists.', 4: 'Age is also a major determining factor in the prevalence of hypertension.', 5: 'Hay... | 7 |
6,703 | ['One may reasonably assume that if the statement, condensation can also occur on other surfaces in homes, does not hold, then dust is more mobile than coarse particulates and unhealthy almost regardless of composition.', "So long as soup is dishs, 'the claim that dust is more mobile than coarse particulates and unheal... | One may reasonably assume that if the statement, condensation can also occur on other surfaces in homes, does not hold, then dust is more mobile than coarse particulates and unhealthy almost regardless of composition. So long as soup is dishs, 'the claim that dust is more mobile than coarse particulates and unhealthy a... | It is rational to agree that condensation can also occur on other surfaces in homes. | Condensation is vital in nature and is always the same as temperature and vapour pressure in nature. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].).
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then [2].
[3] [SC2-3]
Therefore, [2].
[SC2-3]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then [3]. [SC1-4]
[4] [SC2-4]
Therefore, [3].
[SC1-4]
Reduc... | {0: 'Condensation can also occur on other surfaces in homes.', 1: 'Dust is more mobile than coarse particulates and unhealthy almost regardless of composition.', 2: 'Soup is dishs.', 3: 'Most anaerobic bacteria use oxygen.', 4: 'A downtown is a city district.', 5: 'Wolves kill lambs.', 6: 'Gerontology is a field enrich... | 7 |
6,437 | ["Given that the statement that 'either coastal marshes are wetlands with fresh water, brackish water or salt water along tidal shores or if those that suggest solar panels charge truck batteries that drive the paddlewheels in the basins are wrong, then prion proteins can adopt a certain three-dimensional shape that di... | Given that the statement that 'either coastal marshes are wetlands with fresh water, brackish water or salt water along tidal shores or if those that suggest solar panels charge truck batteries that drive the paddlewheels in the basins are wrong, then prion proteins can adopt a certain three-dimensional shape that diff... | Many people rightly believe that solar panels charge truck batteries that drive the paddlewheels in the basins. | Many people rightly believe that solar panels charge truck batteries that drive the paddlewheels in the basins. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC1-2]
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].).).), then (Either [5... | {0: 'Solar panels charge truck batteries that drive the paddlewheels in the basins.', 1: 'Prion proteins can adopt a certain three-dimensional shape that differs from that of a normal prion.', 2: 'Coastal marshes are wetlands with fresh water, brackish water or salt water along tidal shores.', 3: 'Wood ticks require a ... | 7 |
6,563 | ['It is rational to believe that either either agricultural use includes production of crops, livestock, poultry, fish, or cover crops or culture also includes norms and values or anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by spore-forming bacteria.', 'One may reasonably assume that if anthrax is an acute infectiou... | It is rational to believe that either either agricultural use includes production of crops, livestock, poultry, fish, or cover crops or culture also includes norms and values or anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by spore-forming bacteria. One may reasonably assume that if anthrax is an acute infectious dis... | Those that suggest specimens illustrate diversity are wrong. | Those that suggest specimens illustrate diversity are wrong. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].
If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If [3], then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [4], then [5].) or (If (Either [1] or [2].), then (Not [0].).). [SC1-2]
Not (If [4], then [5].).
Therefore, If (Eit... | {0: 'Specimens illustrate diversity.', 1: 'Agricultural use includes production of crops, livestock, poultry, fish, or cover crops.', 2: 'Culture also includes norms and values .', 3: 'Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by spore-forming bacteria.', 4: 'Many European countries demand phytosanitary certificate... | 7 |
6,720 | ['When observation is an observation that uses the five senses is true, it follows that if it is a common misconception that love is the greatest feeling in the world, then transistors are devices found in many electronic instruments, such as radios and televisions.', "The statement 'observation is an observation that ... | When observation is an observation that uses the five senses is true, it follows that if it is a common misconception that love is the greatest feeling in the world, then transistors are devices found in many electronic instruments, such as radios and televisions. The statement 'observation is an observation that uses ... | The statement that states love is the greatest feeling in the world is right. | Love is the bond of perfection. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
[2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).). [SC1-2]
Not [3].
... | {0: 'Love is the greatest feeling in the world.', 1: 'Transistors are devices found in many electronic instruments, such as radios and televisions.', 2: 'Observation is an observation that uses the five senses.', 3: 'Most koalas are inside zoos.', 4: 'Most african lungfishes inhabit water.', 5: 'Colonization has histor... | 7 |
6,890 | ['The statement, surface water is water from lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and reservoirs, does not hold.', 'Provided that a cypher is a message, we know that if the claim that smoking is banned in many public places and transit vehicles does not reflect reality, then surface water is water from lakes, rivers, streams,... | The statement, surface water is water from lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and reservoirs, does not hold. Provided that a cypher is a message, we know that if the claim that smoking is banned in many public places and transit vehicles does not reflect reality, then surface water is water from lakes, rivers, streams, pond... | smoking is banned in many public places and transit vehicles. | Smoking is banned in many public places and transit vehicles. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-2]
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [4], then [5].) or ... | {0: 'Smoking is banned in many public places and transit vehicles.', 1: 'Surface water is water from lakes, rivers, streams, ponds and reservoirs.', 2: 'A cypher is a message.', 3: 'Bare floor is a better heat conductor than carpeted floor.', 4: 'Man poses the biggest threat to plants, more so than any other single liv... | 7 |
6,219 | ['When the statement that states necklaces are used for chokes is false is true, it follows that journalism is the collection and periodical publication of news.', 'One may reasonably assume that if ice is a poor conductor of electricity source , then if the statement that states necklaces are used for chokes is false,... | When the statement that states necklaces are used for chokes is false is true, it follows that journalism is the collection and periodical publication of news. One may reasonably assume that if ice is a poor conductor of electricity source , then if the statement that states necklaces are used for chokes is false, then... | It is fair to say that necklaces are used for chokes. | It is fair to say that necklaces are used for chokes. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-2]
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).). [SC3-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
[SC... | {0: 'Necklaces are used for chokes.', 1: 'Journalism is the collection and periodical publication of news.', 2: 'Ice is a poor conductor of electricity source .', 3: 'Animals are less apt to roam.', 4: 'Holograms are light records of three dimensional objects or spaces.', 5: 'Cells can produce gametes only after they h... | 7 |
6,678 | ['Once we know strong muscles help support and protect joints affected by arthritis, we also know that larger fish eat the smaller fish and the mercury builds up in their tissues.', 'Once we know if gas is forced through catalyst by pressure, then termites eat the wood they infest and as a result there isn t any sawdus... | Once we know strong muscles help support and protect joints affected by arthritis, we also know that larger fish eat the smaller fish and the mercury builds up in their tissues. Once we know if gas is forced through catalyst by pressure, then termites eat the wood they infest and as a result there isn t any sawdust, we... | On the condition that large heads are often a familial feature, it is definitely the case that larger fish eat the smaller fish and the mercury builds up in their tissues. | Should it be the case that sea stacks represent erosional remnants following sea cliff retreat, it follows that larger fish eat the smaller fish and the mercury builds up in their tissues. | Uncertain | Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].). [SC1-2]
If [3], then (If [0], then [2].). [SC2-2]
If (If [4], then [5].), then (If [0], then [2].).
Therefore, If [0], then [2]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctiv... | {0: 'Large heads are often a familial feature.', 1: 'Larger fish eat the smaller fish and the mercury builds up in their tissues.', 2: 'Strong muscles help support and protect joints affected by arthritis.', 3: 'Forest fires behave by their own set of rules.', 4: 'Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure.', 5: 'Termi... | 7 |
6,586 | ["At least one of two things is true: straight connectors consist of straight lines connecting each vertex, or if the statement, if those that suggest philosophy furnishes the resources for integrating knowledge and values into a coherent whole are wrong, then rats are animals, does not hold, then either engineers crea... | At least one of two things is true: straight connectors consist of straight lines connecting each vertex, or if the statement, if those that suggest philosophy furnishes the resources for integrating knowledge and values into a coherent whole are wrong, then rats are animals, does not hold, then either engineers create... | The idea that philosophy furnishes the resources for integrating knowledge and values into a coherent whole is true. | Philosophy teaches people how to understand, analyze, and evaluate concepts and arguments. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-2]
Not (Either [2] or [3].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [9] or (If (Not (If (Not [0].),... | {0: 'Philosophy furnishes the resources for integrating knowledge and values into a coherent whole.', 1: 'Rats are animals.', 2: 'Engineers create special effects.', 3: "Exposure occurs from lead's presence in air, food, water, soil, dust and paint.", 4: 'Cars cause a desire to drives.', 5: 'Iron levels are similar in ... | 7 |
6,282 | ['Those that suggest countries have environments are right.', 'On the condition that countries have environments, it is definitely the case that mockingbirds imitate the songs and calls of other birds.', 'Those that suggest some carpels are part of carnation are wrong.', 'When negotiation is a process civilized people ... | Those that suggest countries have environments are right. On the condition that countries have environments, it is definitely the case that mockingbirds imitate the songs and calls of other birds. Those that suggest some carpels are part of carnation are wrong. When negotiation is a process civilized people use to reac... | It is not true that saltwater intrusion can kill marsh vegetation and exacerbate wetlands loss. | It is not true that saltwater intrusion can kill marsh vegetation and exacerbate wetlands loss. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [2].
If [2], then (Not [0].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [2], then (Not [0].).). [SC1-3]
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [... | {0: 'Saltwater intrusion can kill marsh vegetation and exacerbate wetlands loss.', 1: 'Countries have environments.', 2: 'Mockingbirds imitate the songs and calls of other birds.', 3: 'Some carpels are part of carnation.', 4: 'Negotiation is a process civilized people use to reach agreement.', 5: 'A peneplain is a fiel... | 7 |
6,348 | ['If some people mistakenly believe that if either hunger is a political and social problem or allergies Cause by exposure to pollen or other allergens, then if those that suggest lakes are therefore a kind of colour that can be solidified are wrong, then evaluation is a long-term process that can create opportunities ... | If some people mistakenly believe that if either hunger is a political and social problem or allergies Cause by exposure to pollen or other allergens, then if those that suggest lakes are therefore a kind of colour that can be solidified are wrong, then evaluation is a long-term process that can create opportunities fo... | It is reasonable to believe that lakes are therefore a kind of colour that can be solidified. | It is reasonable to believe that lakes are therefore a kind of colour that can be solidified. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC1-2]
Either [2] or [3]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Either [2] or [3]... | {0: 'Lakes are therefore a kind of colour that can be solidified.', 1: 'Evaluation is a long-term process that can create opportunities for greater success.', 2: 'Hunger is a political and social problem.', 3: 'Allergies Cause by exposure to pollen or other allergens.', 4: 'Liquids form suspensions.', 5: 'Trees use nit... | 7 |
6,686 | ['Should it be the case that smoking is an avoidable cause of death, it follows that some plants grow in shallow water.', "Whenever it is true that the claim that if monochromatic light has one frequency, then smoking is an avoidable cause of death does not reflect reality, 'flamingos live in environments' is true.", '... | Should it be the case that smoking is an avoidable cause of death, it follows that some plants grow in shallow water. Whenever it is true that the claim that if monochromatic light has one frequency, then smoking is an avoidable cause of death does not reflect reality, 'flamingos live in environments' is true. On the c... | One may reasonably assume that if monochromatic light has one frequency, then some plants grow in shallow water. | One may reasonably assume that if monochromatic light is light in which all photons have the same wavelength, then some plants grow in shallow water. | Uncertain | Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [2]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then [1].
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [2].).), then [3].
Not [3]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [2]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [4] or [5].) or [6]. [SC1-3]
If (Either [4] or [5].), the... | {0: 'Monochromatic light has one frequency.', 1: 'Some plants grow in shallow water.', 2: 'Smoking is an avoidable cause of death.', 3: 'Flamingos live in environments.', 4: 'Technology is a function of all other aspects of society, e.g. religion, politics, environment.', 5: 'Ground water is water that has gone through... | 7 |
6,004 | ['If organic mulches have a tendency to attract slugs, snail and sow bugs, then fat is fat.', "Whenever it is true that hammers have (part) handles, 'fat is fat' is true.", 'We know that at least one of two things is true: either balance is important for horses, too or a web log is a diary, or most places have maps and... | If organic mulches have a tendency to attract slugs, snail and sow bugs, then fat is fat. Whenever it is true that hammers have (part) handles, 'fat is fat' is true. We know that at least one of two things is true: either balance is important for horses, too or a web log is a diary, or most places have maps and informa... | It is true that fat is fat. | Fat is a molecule. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If [2], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [3] or [4].) or [5].
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-2]
If [5], then (Either [1] or [2].).
Therefore, Either [1] or [2]..
[SC2-2]
Modus... | {0: 'Fat is fat.', 1: 'Organic mulches have a tendency to attract slugs, snail and sow bugs.', 2: 'Hammers have (part) handles.', 3: 'Balance is important for horses, too.', 4: 'A web log is a diary.', 5: 'Most places have maps and information.', 6: 'Pair production happens sometimes in radiation therapy treatments wit... | 7 |
6,995 | ['If web design is much more than conveying a message via the Internet, then if lobes are loops, then if most seaweed finds in coastal water, then young children are especially susceptible to elevated levels of estrogen.', 'Assuming we know that the claim that either web design is much more than conveying a message via... | If web design is much more than conveying a message via the Internet, then if lobes are loops, then if most seaweed finds in coastal water, then young children are especially susceptible to elevated levels of estrogen. Assuming we know that the claim that either web design is much more than conveying a message via the ... | One may reasonably assume that if most seaweed finds in coastal water, then young children are especially susceptible to elevated levels of estrogen. | The statement 'if most seaweed finds in coastal water, then young children are especially susceptible to elevated levels of estrogen' can be considered false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].). [SC1-2]
If [4], then (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).
If (Either [5] or [6].), then (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).). [SC3-2]
Therefore, If [2... | {0: 'Most seaweed finds in coastal water.', 1: 'Young children are especially susceptible to elevated levels of estrogen.', 2: 'Lobes are loops.', 3: 'Some talons are part of waterfowls.', 4: 'Web design is much more than conveying a message via the Internet.', 5: 'Butter beans require a warmer soil than snap beans.', ... | 7 |
6,463 | ['Assuming either most Web browsers change the mouse cursor when the mouse is over a clickable target or dioxins are a group of chemicals known to increase the likelihood of cancer, we know that either some fish scales are part of lungfishes or sign isa indication.', 'It is rational to believe that either carbon is the... | Assuming either most Web browsers change the mouse cursor when the mouse is over a clickable target or dioxins are a group of chemicals known to increase the likelihood of cancer, we know that either some fish scales are part of lungfishes or sign isa indication. It is rational to believe that either carbon is the lead... | It is rational to believe that either some fish scales are part of lungfishes or sign isa indication. | It is rational to believe that either some fish scales are part of lungfishes or sign isa indication. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4]. [SC1-1]
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [0] or [1].).
If [4], then (Either [0] or [1].). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [6] or (Either [7] or [8].).
If [6], then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (Either [7] or ... | {0: 'Some fish scales are part of lungfishes.', 1: 'Sign isa indication.', 2: 'Most Web browsers change the mouse cursor when the mouse is over a clickable target.', 3: 'Dioxins are a group of chemicals known to increase the likelihood of cancer.', 4: 'Allergies trigger severe reaction.', 5: 'Most fire reduces invasive... | 7 |
6,776 | ['The claim that pigeons have very good eyes has no merit.', "When the statement 'if we know that the claim that dogs are capable of mates is false, then mangroves have (part) leaf nodes' can be considered false is true, it follows that oral herpes is what causes cold sores and fever blisters.", 'When oral herpes is wh... | The claim that pigeons have very good eyes has no merit. When the statement 'if we know that the claim that dogs are capable of mates is false, then mangroves have (part) leaf nodes' can be considered false is true, it follows that oral herpes is what causes cold sores and fever blisters. When oral herpes is what cause... | It is true that dogs are capable of mates. | All dogs have to be kept in a nearly natural and friendly environment. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then (Either [3] or [4].). [SC1-2]
Not (Either [3] or [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (No... | {0: 'Dogs are capable of mates.', 1: 'Mangroves have (part) leaf nodes.', 2: 'Pigeons have very good eyes.', 3: 'Humans differ radically from their environment.', 4: 'Most organic mulch is made of mature compost.', 5: 'Stubs are records.', 6: 'Toucans have eyesights.', 7: 'Oral herpes is what causes cold sores and feve... | 7 |
6,682 | ['Many people rightly believe that some baobabs have trunks.', 'Once we know allopatric speciation is suggested to be the major mode of speciation in the clade, we also know that if some baobabs have trunks, then cats go through the same developmental stages that people do.', 'One may reasonably assume that if if some ... | Many people rightly believe that some baobabs have trunks. Once we know allopatric speciation is suggested to be the major mode of speciation in the clade, we also know that if some baobabs have trunks, then cats go through the same developmental stages that people do. One may reasonably assume that if if some people a... | The statement 'cats go through the same developmental stages that people do' can be considered true. | Cats have slit pupils and humans have round pupils. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [1], then [0].).
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [2].), then [3]. [SC1-3]
Not [3]. [SC2-3]
Therefore, [2].
[SC1-3]
Modus Ponens:
If (If [6], then [7].), then (If (Not [2].)... | {0: 'Cats go through the same developmental stages that people do.', 1: 'Some baobabs have trunks.', 2: 'Allopatric speciation is suggested to be the major mode of speciation in the clade.', 3: 'Fibrocartilage provides good resistance to shear and compression forces.', 4: 'Zoysia seed has a low germination percentage, ... | 7 |
6,879 | ['At least one of two things is true: young singers lose grandfathers, or either sulfates cause diarrhea in humans or drought occurs in regions.', 'Once we know either sulfates cause diarrhea in humans or drought occurs in regions, we also know that if writing is also technology, then mothers usually share their nests ... | At least one of two things is true: young singers lose grandfathers, or either sulfates cause diarrhea in humans or drought occurs in regions. Once we know either sulfates cause diarrhea in humans or drought occurs in regions, we also know that if writing is also technology, then mothers usually share their nests with ... | The statement 'mothers usually share their nests with nursing infants' can be considered true. | The statement 'mothers usually share their nests with nursing infants' can be considered true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (Either [5] or [6].).
If [4], then (If [1], then [0].). [SC2-2]
If (Either [5] or [6].), then (If [1], then [0].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [4], then [7]. [SC... | {0: 'Mothers usually share their nests with nursing infants.', 1: 'Writing is also technology.', 2: 'Fishbones have (part) ground substances.', 3: 'Rationality implies intellectual cognition and rational appetition.', 4: 'Young singers lose grandfathers.', 5: 'Sulfates cause diarrhea in humans.', 6: 'Drought occurs in ... | 7 |
6,517 | ['It is true that rainstorms can make the desert bloom.', "Assuming the statement 'if some people mistakenly believe that if rainstorms can make the desert bloom, then reef sharks circle the chum area, then if water molds grow as a mass of fuzzy white threads on dead material, then workflows are complex units of work c... | It is true that rainstorms can make the desert bloom. Assuming the statement 'if some people mistakenly believe that if rainstorms can make the desert bloom, then reef sharks circle the chum area, then if water molds grow as a mass of fuzzy white threads on dead material, then workflows are complex units of work consis... | reef sharks circle the chum area. | Toxicity is similar to cyclosporine, with nephrotoxicity being a major adverse effect. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-2]
Not (If [2], then [3].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [2], then [3].).).), then... | {0: 'Reef sharks circle the chum area.', 1: 'Rainstorms can make the desert bloom.', 2: 'Water molds grow as a mass of fuzzy white threads on dead material.', 3: 'Workflows are complex units of work consisting of multiple, possibly interdependent, transactions.', 4: 'Monitor plants regularly for signs of pests and dise... | 7 |
6,573 | ['We know that either compounds undergo degradations or some animals share many similar characteristics.', 'At least one of two things is true: demographics is a quantitative approach to audience analysis, or some deserts are near oceans.', 'Should it be the case that a child prodigy is a prodigy, it follows that if co... | We know that either compounds undergo degradations or some animals share many similar characteristics. At least one of two things is true: demographics is a quantitative approach to audience analysis, or some deserts are near oceans. Should it be the case that a child prodigy is a prodigy, it follows that if compounds ... | Those that suggest sand provides greater cushion and surface drainage than other bedding materials are right. | Those that suggest sand provides greater cushion and surface drainage than other bedding materials are right. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [4] or [5].
If [4], then [1]. [SC2-2]
If [5], then [0]. [SC3-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [7], then (If [4], then [1].).
[7]
Therefore, If [4], then [1]..
[SC3-2... | {0: 'Sand provides greater cushion and surface drainage than other bedding materials.', 1: 'Shear speed is VERY roughly equal to the compressional speed divided by the square root of three.', 2: 'Demographics is a quantitative approach to audience analysis.', 3: 'Some deserts are near oceans.', 4: 'Compounds undergo de... | 7 |
6,793 | ['It is rational to believe that either most entomologists collect insect specimens or some field experiments examine nitrogen fertilization.', 'Should it be the case that some field experiments examine nitrogen fertilization, it follows that either anal sex requires a high level of passion, for both women and men or i... | It is rational to believe that either most entomologists collect insect specimens or some field experiments examine nitrogen fertilization. Should it be the case that some field experiments examine nitrogen fertilization, it follows that either anal sex requires a high level of passion, for both women and men or it is ... | It is not the case that camphor wood is used because it is extremely water-resistant. | It is not the case that camphor wood is used because it is extremely water-resistant. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Either [1] or (Not [0].).). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (No... | {0: 'Camphor wood is used because it is extremely water-resistant.', 1: 'Anal sex requires a high level of passion, for both women and men.', 2: 'Redwings usually fly between food sources in long, strung-out flocks.', 3: 'Most entomologists collect insect specimens.', 4: 'Some field experiments examine nitrogen fertili... | 7 |
6,893 | ['One may reasonably assume that if those that suggest sectors are the wedge-shaped divisions of the disk are wrong, then it is a common misconception that institutional racism runs across every border, as well as differences in religion.', "The statement 'essential oils are very fragile organic molecules' can be consi... | One may reasonably assume that if those that suggest sectors are the wedge-shaped divisions of the disk are wrong, then it is a common misconception that institutional racism runs across every border, as well as differences in religion. The statement 'essential oils are very fragile organic molecules' can be considered... | Those that suggest sectors are the wedge-shaped divisions of the disk are right. | The claim that sectors are the wedge-shaped divisions of the disk is false. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), th... | {0: 'Sectors are the wedge-shaped divisions of the disk.', 1: 'Institutional racism runs across every border, as well as differences in religion.', 2: 'Essential oils are very fragile organic molecules.', 3: 'Spiders live in all sorts of environments.', 4: 'Individuality is the term used to denote the real man.', 5: 'N... | 7 |
6,534 | ['We know that either frogs are very adaptable creatures, they can live in almost any environment or august isa month.', "So long as frogs are very adaptable creatures, they can live in almost any environment, 'if the notion that 'vaginas are located in skirts' is untrue, then young moles are blind and hairless at birt... | We know that either frogs are very adaptable creatures, they can live in almost any environment or august isa month. So long as frogs are very adaptable creatures, they can live in almost any environment, 'if the notion that 'vaginas are located in skirts' is untrue, then young moles are blind and hairless at birth' is... | The statement 'vaginas are located in skirts' is true. | The statement 'vaginas are located in skirts' is true. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
If [4], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Not [1].). [SC1... | {0: 'Vaginas are located in skirts.', 1: 'Young moles are blind and hairless at birth.', 2: 'Humans acquire language as babies.', 3: 'Frogs are very adaptable creatures, they can live in almost any environment.', 4: 'August isa month.', 5: 'Some serious infection is caused by eat food.', 6: 'Some ants squirt a stinky f... | 7 |
6,903 | ['One may reasonably assume that if the claim that humans are clusters of bacteria does not correspond with reality, then it is not true that irises have (part) corpi.', 'Assuming either lentils are an underappreciated legume or suits have (part) skirts, we know that either children have type a blood or if the claim th... | One may reasonably assume that if the claim that humans are clusters of bacteria does not correspond with reality, then it is not true that irises have (part) corpi. Assuming either lentils are an underappreciated legume or suits have (part) skirts, we know that either children have type a blood or if the claim that hu... | It is fair to say that humans are clusters of bacteria. | Humans have low entropy. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC1-2]
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [3] or [4].) or (If [5], the... | {0: 'Humans are clusters of bacteria.', 1: 'Irises have (part) corpi.', 2: 'Children have type a blood.', 3: 'Lentils are an underappreciated legume.', 4: 'Suits have (part) skirts.', 5: 'Comenditic lava domes fill and surround the caldera.', 6: 'Self help involves a variety of products and tools.', 7: 'Barnacles can s... | 7 |
6,276 | ["So long as we know that the claim that if either brazil is rich in natural resources, yet has an enormous national debt or information is located in meetings, then biological indicators are the most accurate sterilization indicators is false, 'some people mistakenly believe that candy corn is candy' is true.", 'When ... | So long as we know that the claim that if either brazil is rich in natural resources, yet has an enormous national debt or information is located in meetings, then biological indicators are the most accurate sterilization indicators is false, 'some people mistakenly believe that candy corn is candy' is true. When red w... | biological indicators are the most accurate sterilization indicators. | Biological indicators are the most accurate sterilization indicators. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
Either [1] or [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]..
[SC1-2]... | {0: 'Biological indicators are the most accurate sterilization indicators.', 1: 'Brazil is rich in natural resources, yet has an enormous national debt.', 2: 'Information is located in meetings.', 3: 'Candy corn is candy.', 4: 'Red wolves eat smaller prey such as rodents, insects and rabbits.', 5: 'Chlorine is chemical... | 7 |
6,284 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: glass is located in pockets, or powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits.', 'The claim that taiwanese skin is usually darker, and more yellow, compared to Japanese whose skin is pretty pale does not correspond with r... | We know that at least one of two things is true: glass is located in pockets, or powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits. The claim that taiwanese skin is usually darker, and more yellow, compared to Japanese whose skin is pretty pale does not correspond with realit... | It is the case that tortoises use claws. | The statement, tortoises use claws, does not hold. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or [2].
If [1], then [0]. [SC2-1]
If [2], then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [4], then [5].). [SC1-2]
Not (If [4], then [5].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not (If [1], the... | {0: 'Tortoises use claws.', 1: 'Glass is located in pockets.', 2: 'Powdery mildew is spread by wind and survives on weeds, and other crops, especially cucurbits.', 3: 'Taiwanese skin is usually darker, and more yellow, compared to Japanese whose skin is pretty pale.', 4: 'Pressure depends on temperature.', 5: 'Multicel... | 7 |
6,470 | ["Provided that the statement 'gophers are rodents' can be considered false, we know that some dogs eat tree bulbs or glass ornaments.", 'At least one of two things is true: corn prefers hot or warm, frost-free weather, or if it is not the case that if gophers are rodents, then yuccas make great houseplants when young,... | Provided that the statement 'gophers are rodents' can be considered false, we know that some dogs eat tree bulbs or glass ornaments. At least one of two things is true: corn prefers hot or warm, frost-free weather, or if it is not the case that if gophers are rodents, then yuccas make great houseplants when young, then... | The claim that yuccas make great houseplants when young holds true. | Most yuccas also have dangerous points at the ends of the leaves. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then ... | {0: 'Yuccas make great houseplants when young.', 1: 'Gophers are rodents.', 2: 'Pistols are weapons.', 3: 'Some dogs eat tree bulbs or glass ornaments.', 4: 'Corn prefers hot or warm, frost-free weather.', 5: 'Internet telephony is almost non-existent in Russia.', 6: 'Infants weigh pounds.', 7: 'Death often comes in th... | 7 |
6,426 | ['The statement, nuclear energy comes in two forms, fission and fusion, does not hold.', 'If some people mistakenly believe that if the claim that most amphibians leave their eggs to look after themselves does not correspond with reality, then either coffee causes cancer or silk is books, then most puffballs produce s... | The statement, nuclear energy comes in two forms, fission and fusion, does not hold. If some people mistakenly believe that if the claim that most amphibians leave their eggs to look after themselves does not correspond with reality, then either coffee causes cancer or silk is books, then most puffballs produce spores... | Those that suggest most amphibians leave their eggs to look after themselves are right. | The claim that most amphibians leave their eggs to look after themselves does not correspond with reality. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].).).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
Not [3].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Either [1] or [2].)..
[SC1-2]
Hypo... | {0: 'Most amphibians leave their eggs to look after themselves .', 1: 'Coffee causes cancer.', 2: 'Silk is books.', 3: 'Nuclear energy comes in two forms, fission and fusion.', 4: 'Most injuries are to the soft tissue and occur most frequently in the lower extremities.', 5: 'Many corrosives are also water reactive.', 6... | 7 |
6,281 | ['One may reasonably assume that if time delays play an important role in many biological and ecological systems, then technology has the ability to change history.', 'On the condition that cold war is antagonism, it is definitely the case that we know that the claim that turkeys are very social animals is false.', 'As... | One may reasonably assume that if time delays play an important role in many biological and ecological systems, then technology has the ability to change history. On the condition that cold war is antagonism, it is definitely the case that we know that the claim that turkeys are very social animals is false. Assuming s... | Some people mistakenly believe that time delays play an important role in many biological and ecological systems. | The claim that time delays are ubiquitous in the nervous system does not reflect reality. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then [3].
If [3], then [1]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or [5]. [SC1-3]
If [4], then (If [3], then [1].). [SC2-3]
If [5], then (If [3], then [... | {0: 'Time delays play an important role in many biological and ecological systems.', 1: 'Turkeys are very social animals.', 2: 'Cold war is antagonism.', 3: 'Technology has the ability to change history.', 4: 'Corkscrews are roller coasters.', 5: 'Some farms raise butterflies.', 6: 'Most foster parents raise chicks.', ... | 7 |
6,120 | ['One may reasonably assume that if if irrigation is an alternative to wearing a colostomy appliance, then social class is a major factor in infant mortality, both historically and today, then rabbits die of sickness.', 'It is rational to believe that either addiction is a progressive disease that only gets worse or at... | One may reasonably assume that if if irrigation is an alternative to wearing a colostomy appliance, then social class is a major factor in infant mortality, both historically and today, then rabbits die of sickness. It is rational to believe that either addiction is a progressive disease that only gets worse or atmosph... | It is rational to agree that rabbits die of sickness. | Rabbits can transmit ringworm sarcoptic mange and salmonella. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (If [1], then [2].).
Therefore, If [1], then [2]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [5], then (If [3], then (If [1], then [... | {0: 'Rabbits die of sickness.', 1: 'Irrigation is an alternative to wearing a colostomy appliance.', 2: 'Social class is a major factor in infant mortality, both historically and today.', 3: 'Addiction is a progressive disease that only gets worse.', 4: 'Atmospheric turbulence is caused by random fluctuations in the wi... | 7 |
6,593 | ['Provided that rabbits are susceptible to several diseases that reduce production to unprofitable levels, we know that it is not the case that some people thrive in situations that turn many others into victims.', 'One may reasonably assume that if the claim that rabbits are susceptible to several diseases that reduce... | Provided that rabbits are susceptible to several diseases that reduce production to unprofitable levels, we know that it is not the case that some people thrive in situations that turn many others into victims. One may reasonably assume that if the claim that rabbits are susceptible to several diseases that reduce prod... | It is not the case that some people thrive in situations that turn many others into victims. | The statement that 'some people have allergies to pyrophosphate which can be seen when gums burn or peel' is incorrect. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].).
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not [1].), then [2]. [SC1-2]
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, [1].
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [1].), then [3].
If [3], then [2].
Therefore, If (Not [1].), then [2]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either ... | {0: 'Some people thrive in situations that turn many others into victims.', 1: 'Rabbits are susceptible to several diseases that reduce production to unprofitable levels.', 2: 'Value is a non-variable term, or another attributed variable.', 3: 'Most diets have fruit.', 4: 'Some red pigment absorbs heat.', 5: 'Dinosaurs... | 7 |
6,981 | ['Given that protein interactions underlie most virus disease processes, it can be inferred that elasticity usually changes along a demand curve - even when the demand curve is a straight line.', "The statement that 'if depression is the most common precurson of suicide, then most roots have buds' is incorrect.", "The ... | Given that protein interactions underlie most virus disease processes, it can be inferred that elasticity usually changes along a demand curve - even when the demand curve is a straight line. The statement that 'if depression is the most common precurson of suicide, then most roots have buds' is incorrect. The statemen... | It is true that elasticity usually changes along a demand curve - even when the demand curve is a straight line. | Elasticity increases with availability of substitutes. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or [1]. [SC1-2]
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, [1].
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either (If [2], then [3].) or [1].).), then [4]. [SC1-3]
Not [4]. [SC2-3]
Therefore, Either (If [2], then [... | {0: 'Elasticity usually changes along a demand curve - even when the demand curve is a straight line.', 1: 'Protein interactions underlie most virus disease processes.', 2: 'Depression is the most common precurson of suicide.', 3: 'Most roots have buds.', 4: 'Hair color is due to pigment in the cortex.', 5: 'Maps are s... | 7 |
6,013 | ["Whenever it is true that most chickens has-part throats, 'specific individuals exhibit behavior' is true.", "Given that the notion that 'either kingfishers are water specialists, they nest close to clean rivers, streams, lakes and ponds or either most chickens has-part throats or either some forest elephants inhabit ... | Whenever it is true that most chickens has-part throats, 'specific individuals exhibit behavior' is true. Given that the notion that 'either kingfishers are water specialists, they nest close to clean rivers, streams, lakes and ponds or either most chickens has-part throats or either some forest elephants inhabit congo... | Those that suggest specific individuals exhibit behavior are right. | The statement 'specific individuals exhibit behavior' can be considered false. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-1]
If [1], then [0].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].).). [SC1-2]
Not [4]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or (Either [2] or [3].)..
[SC1-2]
Redu... | {0: 'Specific individuals exhibit behavior.', 1: 'Most chickens has-part throats.', 2: 'Some forest elephants inhabit congo basins.', 3: 'Caulk is the material that comes in a tube and is forced out with a caulking gun.', 4: 'Kingfishers are water specialists, they nest close to clean rivers, streams, lakes and ponds.'... | 7 |
6,655 | ['Should it be the case that either urine flow begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase or most hardy plants grow in environments, it follows that either temperate lakes have uniform temperature or ferrets have (part) chest cavities.', 'We know that the claim that poodles have (part) ... | Should it be the case that either urine flow begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase or most hardy plants grow in environments, it follows that either temperate lakes have uniform temperature or ferrets have (part) chest cavities. We know that the claim that poodles have (part) pilus... | The statement that states either urine flow begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase or most hardy plants grow in environments is false. | The statement that states either urine flow begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase or most hardy plants grow in environments is false. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not (Either [0] or [1].)..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If (Either [0] or [1].), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).).). [SC1-2]
Not [4].
Therefore, I... | {0: 'Urine flow begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase.', 1: 'Most hardy plants grow in environments.', 2: 'Temperate lakes have uniform temperature.', 3: 'Ferrets have (part) chest cavities.', 4: 'Poodles have (part) piluses.', 5: 'Most cultures have specific designs and colour sch... | 7 |
6,455 | ['On the condition that most rodents have similar appearances, it is definitely the case that the claim that chemistry is an essential part of our lives is false.', 'On the condition that it is not true that either earth is the fifth-largest planet and the third from the sun or if most rodents have similar appearances,... | On the condition that most rodents have similar appearances, it is definitely the case that the claim that chemistry is an essential part of our lives is false. On the condition that it is not true that either earth is the fifth-largest planet and the third from the sun or if most rodents have similar appearances, then... | It is not true that most rodents have similar appearances. | The claim that most rodents have similar appearances holds true. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-2]
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).).), then (If [4], then [5].).
No... | {0: 'Most rodents have similar appearances.', 1: 'Chemistry is an essential part of our lives.', 2: 'Earth is the fifth-largest planet and the third from the sun.', 3: 'Decomposition occurs in lower layers.', 4: 'Cats are very territorial.', 5: 'International law is also increasingly applicable to individuals in their ... | 7 |
6,584 | ['When reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs is true, it follows that most woodwind instruments produce sound.', 'Should it be the case that the claim that reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs does not correspond with reality, it follows that it is not the case that if alm... | When reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs is true, it follows that most woodwind instruments produce sound. Should it be the case that the claim that reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs does not correspond with reality, it follows that it is not the case that if almond b... | It is fair to say that most woodwind instruments produce sound. | The claim that most woodwind instruments produce sound is false. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [1].), then (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-2]
If (Not [1].), then (Not (If [2], then [3].).).
Therefore, [1].
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [4] or (If [5], then [6].). [SC1-3]
If [4], then (If (Not [1].), then ... | {0: 'Most woodwind instruments produce sound.', 1: 'Reptiles are tetrapod vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs.', 2: 'Almond butter is a creamy, subtly sweet nut butter.', 3: 'Obesity reduces life expectancy because it increases the risk of other health disorders.', 4: 'Most alligators have years.', 5: 'Hummingbirds ... | 7 |
6,955 | ['Once we know the statement that states if the claim that cubs are born with eyes and ears closed does not reflect reality, then snow does fall sometimes in North Florida is false, we also know that potassium chlorate is a key ingredient in many pyrotechnics, and is a potent oxidizing agent.', 'If potassium chlorate i... | Once we know the statement that states if the claim that cubs are born with eyes and ears closed does not reflect reality, then snow does fall sometimes in North Florida is false, we also know that potassium chlorate is a key ingredient in many pyrotechnics, and is a potent oxidizing agent. If potassium chlorate is a k... | It is reasonable to believe that cubs are born with eyes and ears closed. | Some people mistakenly believe that cubs are born with eyes and ears closed. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then [1].).), then [2].
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If [2], then [11].
Not [11].
Therefore, Not [2]..
[SC2... | {0: 'Cubs are born with eyes and ears closed.', 1: 'Snow does fall sometimes in North Florida.', 2: 'Potassium chlorate is a key ingredient in many pyrotechnics, and is a potent oxidizing agent.', 3: 'Salsa is one of the most sensual, fun, and exciting forms of partner dance today.', 4: 'Middays are time of day.', 5: '... | 7 |
6,160 | ['Provided that we know that the claim that vomiting often follows the coughing spasm is false, we know that we know that the claim that system architecture refers to the structure used to organize computing responsibilities is false.', 'On the condition that market Makers are people who buy gold in order to sell it fo... | Provided that we know that the claim that vomiting often follows the coughing spasm is false, we know that we know that the claim that system architecture refers to the structure used to organize computing responsibilities is false. On the condition that market Makers are people who buy gold in order to sell it for a p... | The idea that vomiting often follows the coughing spasm is true. | Vomiting occurs infrequently. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-2]
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].). [SC2-2]
If [3], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Constructive Dil... | {0: 'Vomiting often follows the coughing spasm.', 1: 'System architecture refers to the structure used to organize computing responsibilities.', 2: 'Bifurcation phenomena in fluid systems.', 3: 'Market Makers are people who buy gold in order to sell it for a profit.', 4: 'Stomach discomfort is one of the most common si... | 7 |
6,977 | ["Assuming the notion that 'if bent grass is grass, then solariums can also cause skin cancer' is untrue, we know that supplier isa individual.", 'It is a common misconception that either rectal prolapse can block the anal opening causing constipation or evolutionists theorize that homosexuality serves adaptation in t... | Assuming the notion that 'if bent grass is grass, then solariums can also cause skin cancer' is untrue, we know that supplier isa individual. It is a common misconception that either rectal prolapse can block the anal opening causing constipation or evolutionists theorize that homosexuality serves adaptation in terms ... | We can assume that solariums can also cause skin cancer. | The statement that 'solariums can also cause skin cancer' is incorrect. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [4].
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [5], then [6].). ... | {0: 'Solariums can also cause skin cancer.', 1: 'Bent grass is grass.', 2: 'Rectal prolapse can block the anal opening causing constipation .', 3: 'Evolutionists theorize that homosexuality serves adaptation in terms of altruism and kin selection.', 4: 'Supplier isa individual.', 5: 'Puppies have (part) sterna.', 6: 'A... | 7 |
6,973 | ["So long as dizziness is a common complaint among older persons, especially, 'water runs off the surface before it has an opportunity to soak into the soil' is true.", 'On the condition that it is not the case that dizziness is a common complaint among older persons, especially, it is definitely the case that vitamin ... | So long as dizziness is a common complaint among older persons, especially, 'water runs off the surface before it has an opportunity to soak into the soil' is true. On the condition that it is not the case that dizziness is a common complaint among older persons, especially, it is definitely the case that vitamin E hel... | Those that suggest water runs off the surface before it has an opportunity to soak into the soil are right. | Those that suggest water runs off the surface before it has an opportunity to soak into the soil are right. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0].
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [1].), then [2].
If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, [1].
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].).).), then [3].
Not [3]. [SC2-3]
Therefore, If (Not [1].), then (Not [2].)..
[S... | {0: 'Water runs off the surface before it has an opportunity to soak into the soil.', 1: 'Dizziness is a common complaint among older persons, especially.', 2: 'Vitamin E helps to restore menstrual regularity.', 3: 'Lessons help students.', 4: 'String is serieses.', 5: 'Deer grow hair.', 6: 'Some fingertips are part of... | 7 |
6,715 | ['When eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another is true, it follows that either language is an example of cortical localisation or watery vapor floats in air.', 'Provided that if deregulation is when an industry is mandated by law to open itself up to competition, then mold s... | When eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another is true, it follows that either language is an example of cortical localisation or watery vapor floats in air. Provided that if deregulation is when an industry is mandated by law to open itself up to competition, then mold spores... | It is not true that orchids are native to every continent, though most occur in the tropics. | The statement that states orchids are native to every continent, though most occur in the tropics is right. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not (Either [1] or [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [3] or (If [4], then [5].). [SC1-2]
If [3], then (Either [1] or [2].).
If (If [4], then [5].), then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Either (Either [1] or [2].... | {0: 'Orchids are native to every continent, though most occur in the tropics.', 1: 'Language is an example of cortical localisation.', 2: 'Watery vapor floats in air.', 3: 'Eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another.', 4: 'Deregulation is when an industry is mandated by law to ... | 7 |
6,744 | ["Whenever it is true that sparrows eat grasshoppers, 'if it is not true that tigers are the biggest cats in the world, then chronic inhalation causes peripheral neurophathy' is true.", "Whenever it is true that if sporangiophores come out of stomata on under surface of leaf in humiod weather, then wooden containers ar... | Whenever it is true that sparrows eat grasshoppers, 'if it is not true that tigers are the biggest cats in the world, then chronic inhalation causes peripheral neurophathy' is true. Whenever it is true that if sporangiophores come out of stomata on under surface of leaf in humiod weather, then wooden containers are abs... | The statement that states tigers are the biggest cats in the world is right. | The statement that states tigers are the biggest cats in the world is right. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If (Not [0].), then [1].).
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [7], then [2].
[7]
Therefore, [2].
[SC2-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [3], then [4].... | {0: 'Tigers are the biggest cats in the world.', 1: 'Chronic inhalation causes peripheral neurophathy.', 2: 'Sparrows eat grasshoppers.', 3: 'Sporangiophores come out of stomata on under surface of leaf in humiod weather.', 4: 'Wooden containers are absorbent and good insulators.', 5: 'Muscular endurance is important f... | 7 |
6,195 | ['It is not the case that anatomies require cooperation.', "Either one or both of these statements are true: smoking affects a person's health in many ways, having both immediate and long term effects, or if parthenogenetic offspring are produced in early spring, when workers raise the brood into sexuals, then anatomie... | It is not the case that anatomies require cooperation. Either one or both of these statements are true: smoking affects a person's health in many ways, having both immediate and long term effects, or if parthenogenetic offspring are produced in early spring, when workers raise the brood into sexuals, then anatomies req... | It is not the case that parthenogenetic offspring are produced in early spring, when workers raise the brood into sexuals. | It is not the case that phoenix simplifies the process of creating and maintaining binary data files. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then [1].).
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [3] or [4].
If [3], then (Not [2].). [SC2-3]
If [4], then (Not [2].). [SC3-3]
Therefore, ... | {0: 'Parthenogenetic offspring are produced in early spring, when workers raise the brood into sexuals.', 1: 'Anatomies require cooperation.', 2: "Smoking affects a person's health in many ways, having both immediate and long term effects.", 3: 'Insects have abdomens.', 4: 'Intensive management is a treatment regimen t... | 7 |
6,191 | ['Assuming most black swans reach maturity, we know that the statement that states if many cultures put high value on peace, right action, and sharing, then a burial vault is a chamber is false.', "On the condition that the statement 'either most black swans reach maturity or either despair is the death of the soul bec... | Assuming most black swans reach maturity, we know that the statement that states if many cultures put high value on peace, right action, and sharing, then a burial vault is a chamber is false. On the condition that the statement 'either most black swans reach maturity or either despair is the death of the soul because ... | The statement that states if many cultures put high value on peace, right action, and sharing, then a burial vault is a chamber is false. | On the condition that many cultures put high value on peace, right action, and sharing, it is definitely the case that a burial vault is a chamber. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].). [SC1-1]
If [2], then (Not (If [0], then [1].).).
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Not (If [0], then [1].).). [SC3-1]
Therefore, Not (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [2] or (Either [3] or [4].).).), then [6].
Not [6]. [SC2-2]
Ther... | {0: 'Many cultures put high value on peace, right action, and sharing.', 1: 'A burial vault is a chamber.', 2: 'Most black swans reach maturity.', 3: 'Despair is the death of the soul because it denies the possibility of transformation.', 4: 'Lenses are special pieces of glass or plastic that are curved on one or both ... | 7 |
6,628 | ["So long as aoudad are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes and lichens, 'insulation values are for summer conditions, heat flow down' is true.", 'On the condition that the claim that if if aoudad are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes and... | So long as aoudad are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes and lichens, 'insulation values are for summer conditions, heat flow down' is true. On the condition that the claim that if if aoudad are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes and lich... | It is true that water is another basic ingredient for attracting birds. | The statement that 'water is another basic ingredient for attracting birds' is incorrect. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].).), then (Either [3] or [4].).
If (Not (If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].).), then (Not (Either [3] or [4].).). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (If [1], then [2].... | {0: 'Water is another basic ingredient for attracting birds.', 1: 'Aoudad are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes and lichens.', 2: 'Insulation values are for summer conditions, heat flow down.', 3: 'Paternity is a creation.', 4: 'Cones are reactive to the three colors of red , b... | 7 |
6,536 | ['On the condition that niCads contain cadmium, a metal that is toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested, it is definitely the case that the statement, justice is a value of force, a power often imposed on individuals from outside themselves, does not hold.', "We can assume that powder coating is used in children's toy... | On the condition that niCads contain cadmium, a metal that is toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested, it is definitely the case that the statement, justice is a value of force, a power often imposed on individuals from outside themselves, does not hold. We can assume that powder coating is used in children's toys and... | The statement that 'niCads contain cadmium, a metal that is toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested' is incorrect. | Some people mistakenly believe that a nicad is an accumulator. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not [1].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [0], then (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-2]
If (If [2], then [3].), then [1]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [5] or (If [0], then (If [2], then [... | {0: 'NiCads contain cadmium, a metal that is toxic to humans when inhaled or ingested.', 1: 'Justice is a value of force, a power often imposed on individuals from outside themselves.', 2: 'Neurosurgical oncologists specialize in surgical treatment of brain, spinal cord, and nerve tumors.', 3: 'Masons are members of a ... | 7 |
6,880 | ['Either individual atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules or angels come on all sizes and shapes, all ages and skin types.', 'If mysticism is defined with examples given of what mystics say about their experience, then cinder cones build from erupting lava that breaks into small pieces as it blasts into ... | Either individual atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules or angels come on all sizes and shapes, all ages and skin types. If mysticism is defined with examples given of what mystics say about their experience, then cinder cones build from erupting lava that breaks into small pieces as it blasts into the a... | Those that suggest angels come on all sizes and shapes, all ages and skin types are right. | The statement that states angels come on all sizes and shapes, all ages and skin types is false. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2]. [SC1-2]
If [1], then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [3]. [SC1-3]
If [3], then [2].
Therefore, If [1], then [2]..
[SC1-3]
Reductio Ad A... | {0: 'Angels come on all sizes and shapes, all ages and skin types.', 1: 'Individual atoms can combine with other atoms to form molecules.', 2: 'Cinder cones build from erupting lava that breaks into small pieces as it blasts into the air.', 3: 'Mysticism is defined with examples given of what mystics say about their ex... | 7 |
6,164 | ['Assuming solar systems are created by gas clouds, we know that baleen whales have two external blowholes and are larger in size than most toothed whales.', 'One may reasonably assume that if if solar systems are created by gas clouds, then baleen whales have two external blowholes and are larger in size than most too... | Assuming solar systems are created by gas clouds, we know that baleen whales have two external blowholes and are larger in size than most toothed whales. One may reasonably assume that if if solar systems are created by gas clouds, then baleen whales have two external blowholes and are larger in size than most toothed ... | The statement 'many scientists think maniraptorans gave rise to birds' is true. | The statement 'many scientists think maniraptorans gave rise to birds' is true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
If [1], then [2].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [3].
If [3], then [0]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (If [1], then [2].), then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (If [3], then [0].).
Not [4]. [SC2-3]
T... | {0: 'Many scientists think maniraptorans gave rise to birds.', 1: 'Solar systems are created by gas clouds.', 2: 'Baleen whales have two external blowholes and are larger in size than most toothed whales.', 3: 'Technology is regarded as a tool for learning.', 4: 'Some deaf dogs seem to love chasing a flashlight beam.',... | 7 |
6,106 | ["When the statement 'lakes are larger and deeper than most ponds' can be considered false is true, it follows that those that suggest workers perform at levels are wrong.", "Whenever it is true that either snails feed mainly on decaying plants and fungi or sunlight is certainly brighter than that produced by an electr... | When the statement 'lakes are larger and deeper than most ponds' can be considered false is true, it follows that those that suggest workers perform at levels are wrong. Whenever it is true that either snails feed mainly on decaying plants and fungi or sunlight is certainly brighter than that produced by an electronic ... | We can assume that lakes are larger and deeper than most ponds. | The notion that 'lakes are larger and deeper than most ponds' is untrue. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-2]
If (Either [2] or [3].), then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (Either [4] or [5]... | {0: 'Lakes are larger and deeper than most ponds.', 1: 'Workers perform at levels.', 2: 'Snails feed mainly on decaying plants and fungi.', 3: 'Sunlight is certainly brighter than that produced by an electronic flash.', 4: 'Infections often progress down the petioles of blighted leaves into shoots, resulting in cankers... | 7 |
6,016 | ['Given that the claim that democracy empowers people to grab hold of that power and use it for their own particular benefit has no merit, it can be inferred that squabs are rich and tender and can be split and broiled or grilled or stuffed and roasted.', 'On the condition that the claim that either term insurance prov... | Given that the claim that democracy empowers people to grab hold of that power and use it for their own particular benefit has no merit, it can be inferred that squabs are rich and tender and can be split and broiled or grilled or stuffed and roasted. On the condition that the claim that either term insurance provides ... | It is a simple truth that democracy empowers people to grab hold of that power and use it for their own particular benefit. | It is a simple truth that democracy empowers people to grab hold of that power and use it for their own particular benefit. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).). [SC1-2]
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [2] or (If (Not ... | {0: 'Democracy empowers people to grab hold of that power and use it for their own particular benefit.', 1: 'Squabs are rich and tender and can be split and broiled or grilled or stuffed and roasted.', 2: 'Term insurance provides death protection for a specific period.', 3: 'Camels are a traditional livestock for Centr... | 7 |
6,575 | ['Given that chameleons have (part) chests, it can be inferred that transmission lines can transport electricity with less loss at higher voltages.', 'On the condition that transmission lines can transport electricity with less loss at higher voltages, it is definitely the case that most sunflower seeds contain nutrien... | Given that chameleons have (part) chests, it can be inferred that transmission lines can transport electricity with less loss at higher voltages. On the condition that transmission lines can transport electricity with less loss at higher voltages, it is definitely the case that most sunflower seeds contain nutrients. G... | The statement, chameleons have (part) chests, does not hold. | The statement 'chameleons have long, sticky tongues for catching bugs' can be considered false. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [2].).).), then [3]. [SC1-3]
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [2].).).), then (Not [3].). ... | {0: 'Chameleons have (part) chests.', 1: 'Transmission lines can transport electricity with less loss at higher voltages.', 2: 'Most sunflower seeds contain nutrients.', 3: 'Skeletal muscle is in reality a syncytium.', 4: 'Regions contain vegetation.', 5: 'Many mutant receptors show a substantially reduced cell surface... | 7 |
6,925 | ['If if informed consumers have an impact on the amounts and types of household products produced, then sealants are a safe, effective and economical way to prevent cavities, then dolphins do come to play, against the wake that follows.', 'Once we know if cats are weak trichromats, then vultures have large, powerful wi... | If if informed consumers have an impact on the amounts and types of household products produced, then sealants are a safe, effective and economical way to prevent cavities, then dolphins do come to play, against the wake that follows. Once we know if cats are weak trichromats, then vultures have large, powerful wings t... | The statement 'dolphins do come to play, against the wake that follows' is true. | It is not the case that dolphins do come to play, against the wake that follows. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or (If [3], then [4].). [SC1-1]
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If (If [3], then [4].), then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].) or (If [3], then [4].).).), then [5]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (Either (If [1], then [2].)... | {0: 'Dolphins do come to play, against the wake that follows.', 1: 'Informed consumers have an impact on the amounts and types of household products produced.', 2: 'Sealants are a safe, effective and economical way to prevent cavities.', 3: 'Cats are weak trichromats.', 4: 'Vultures have large, powerful wings that they... | 7 |
6,712 | ['We know that the claim that food hygiene is especially important during pregnancy is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: disinfectants require the removal of soils from a surface before they are effective, or either food hygiene is especially important during pregnancy or we know that the claim... | We know that the claim that food hygiene is especially important during pregnancy is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: disinfectants require the removal of soils from a surface before they are effective, or either food hygiene is especially important during pregnancy or we know that the claim that... | We know that the claim that arrhythmias often can occur without any symptoms at all is false. | It is the case that arrhythmias often can occur without any symptoms at all. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Not [2].). [SC1-3]
Not [3].
Therefore, Not [2]..
... | {0: 'Arrhythmias often can occur without any symptoms at all.', 1: 'Food hygiene is especially important during pregnancy.', 2: 'Disinfectants require the removal of soils from a surface before they are effective.', 3: 'Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes.', 4: 'Cells increase in ... | 7 |
6,540 | ['Once we know light comes out of magnetic poles like lights from a lighthouse, we also know that if most quakes have depth, then geologists are people who have a special knack for working such puzzles.', 'Either thymine starvation has effects or either owls like to sit on tree trunks where they like to build their nes... | Once we know light comes out of magnetic poles like lights from a lighthouse, we also know that if most quakes have depth, then geologists are people who have a special knack for working such puzzles. Either thymine starvation has effects or either owls like to sit on tree trunks where they like to build their nests or... | Assuming most quakes have depth, we know that geologists are people who have a special knack for working such puzzles. | If some quakes destroy cities, then geologists are people who have a special knack for working such puzzles. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either [2] or [3]. [SC1-1]
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC2-1]
If [3], then (If [0], then [1].).
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [4] or (Either [2] or [3].).
Not [4]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either [2] or [3]..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [4], th... | {0: 'Most quakes have depth.', 1: 'Geologists are people who have a special knack for working such puzzles.', 2: 'Owls like to sit on tree trunks where they like to build their nests.', 3: 'Light comes out of magnetic poles like lights from a lighthouse.', 4: 'Thymine starvation has effects.', 5: 'Weirs are dams.', 6: ... | 7 |
6,329 | ['When it is not true that if insanity is a state of mind But never let it go, then soft tannins coat the mouth is true, it follows that swans have (part) heads.', "The notion that 'some aardwolfs have muzzles' is untrue.", 'The statement that states insects have mouths is right.', "So long as soft tannins coat the mou... | When it is not true that if insanity is a state of mind But never let it go, then soft tannins coat the mouth is true, it follows that swans have (part) heads. The notion that 'some aardwolfs have muzzles' is untrue. The statement that states insects have mouths is right. So long as soft tannins coat the mouth, 'mounta... | It is not true that insanity is a state of mind But never let it go. | The notion that 'insanity is a defense to certain crimes that require proof of intent' is untrue. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If [0], then [1]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [0], then [1].).), then [3].
Not [3]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (Not [3].). [SC1-3]
[4]
Therefore, Not [3]..
[SC1-3]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [4], then... | {0: 'Insanity is a state of mind But never let it go.', 1: 'Soft tannins coat the mouth.', 2: 'Some aardwolfs have muzzles.', 3: 'Swans have (part) heads.', 4: 'Insects have mouths.', 5: 'Mountain beaver are strict herbivores.', 6: 'Frogs develop eggs.', 7: 'Boxes perform duties.', 8: 'Jaguars are black.'} | 7 |
6,480 | ["So long as it is a common misconception that trees require food, just like animals and people, 'tea contains trace minerals and nutrients that are beneficial to the different systems of the body' is true.", 'It is not true that if networks emerge as people engage with others based on their values, then most people ar... | So long as it is a common misconception that trees require food, just like animals and people, 'tea contains trace minerals and nutrients that are beneficial to the different systems of the body' is true. It is not true that if networks emerge as people engage with others based on their values, then most people are mor... | The statement 'trees require food, just like animals and people' is true. | The statement 'trees require food, just like animals and people' is true. | TRUE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [2], then [3].) or (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).). [SC1-2]
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].)..
[SC1-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], then (E... | {0: 'Trees require food, just like animals and people.', 1: 'Tea contains trace minerals and nutrients that are beneficial to the different systems of the body.', 2: 'Networks emerge as people engage with others based on their values.', 3: 'Most people are more likely to do evil rather than good.', 4: 'Kevlar thread is... | 7 |
6,498 | ['It is a fact that either natural predators can help control pests or if some people mistakenly believe that either angiogenesis involves endothelial proliferation, differentiation and migration or transport is also a sector of the economy that shows almost continuous growth in all areas, then either an oceanographer ... | It is a fact that either natural predators can help control pests or if some people mistakenly believe that either angiogenesis involves endothelial proliferation, differentiation and migration or transport is also a sector of the economy that shows almost continuous growth in all areas, then either an oceanographer is... | We know that at least one of two things is true: angiogenesis involves endothelial proliferation, differentiation and migration, or transport is also a sector of the economy that shows almost continuous growth in all areas. | The statement that states either angiogenesis involves endothelial proliferation, differentiation and migration or transport is also a sector of the economy that shows almost continuous growth in all areas is false. | FALSE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-1]
Not (Either [2] or [3].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [7] or (If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Either [2] or [3].).).
Not [7]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), the... | {0: 'Angiogenesis involves endothelial proliferation, differentiation and migration.', 1: 'Transport is also a sector of the economy that shows almost continuous growth in all areas.', 2: 'An oceanographer is a scientist.', 3: 'Famous equations describe logistic growth.', 4: 'Antinomianism is a reckless disregard for m... | 7 |
6,968 | ['It is true that woodlands are bottomland hardwoods with pines intermingled.', "The statement 'if prokaryotes also lack other membrane-bound internal structures, then some women kill hospital patients' can be considered false.", "When the claim that if the claim that if woodlands are bottomland hardwoods with pines in... | It is true that woodlands are bottomland hardwoods with pines intermingled. The statement 'if prokaryotes also lack other membrane-bound internal structures, then some women kill hospital patients' can be considered false. When the claim that if the claim that if woodlands are bottomland hardwoods with pines intermingl... | The claim that positions are a predictor of baby's gender holds true. | Position relates to which side of the promoter the structural gene is inserted. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [2], then [3].). [SC1-2]
Not (If [2], then [3].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (If [2], then [3].).).), then (Either [4] or... | {0: "Positions are a predictor of baby's gender.", 1: 'Woodlands are bottomland hardwoods with pines intermingled.', 2: 'Prokaryotes also lack other membrane-bound internal structures.', 3: 'Some women kill hospital patients.', 4: 'Hyperventilation increases the number of inhaled allergens, and cools and dehydrates the... | 7 |
6,405 | ['The statement, platypuses have (part) cytoplasm, does not hold.', 'Once we know it is not the case that either platypuses have (part) cytoplasm or children are naturally dependent upon their parents, we also know that either pests are opportunistic species that take advantage of disruptions or changes in natural syst... | The statement, platypuses have (part) cytoplasm, does not hold. Once we know it is not the case that either platypuses have (part) cytoplasm or children are naturally dependent upon their parents, we also know that either pests are opportunistic species that take advantage of disruptions or changes in natural systems o... | The statement 'children are naturally dependent upon their parents' can be considered true. | The statement 'children are naturally dependent upon their parents' can be considered true. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then (Either [2] or [3].).
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then (Not (Either [2] or [3].).). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (N... | {0: 'Children are naturally dependent upon their parents.', 1: 'Platypuses have (part) cytoplasm.', 2: 'Pests are opportunistic species that take advantage of disruptions or changes in natural systems.', 3: 'Books are heavy and have pointed corners so they can be quite painful when they fall.', 4: 'Most people think th... | 7 |
6,743 | ['It is not the case that if dodos eat fruit, then rescission is the act of the party.', "So long as it is not the case that evolution is a theory, 'sinking are decrease' is true.", 'On the condition that we know that the claim that if we know that the claim that if evolution is a theory, then the claim that fear is on... | It is not the case that if dodos eat fruit, then rescission is the act of the party. So long as it is not the case that evolution is a theory, 'sinking are decrease' is true. On the condition that we know that the claim that if we know that the claim that if evolution is a theory, then the claim that fear is one of the... | The claim that fear is one of the keepers of the keys to the gates of consciousness has no merit. | It is reasonable to believe that fear is one of the keepers of the keys to the gates of consciousness. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then (If [3], then [4].). [SC1-2]
Not (If [3], then [4].).
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), t... | {0: 'Fear is one of the keepers of the keys to the gates of consciousness.', 1: 'Evolution is a theory.', 2: 'Sinking are decrease.', 3: 'Dodos eat fruit.', 4: 'Rescission is the act of the party.', 5: 'Worker honey bees return to hives.', 6: 'Scientists usually record data in an orderly way.', 7: 'Water changes from i... | 7 |
6,093 | ['Should it be the case that the claim that production cost is cost does not correspond with reality, it follows that oregano comes from the labiate family like basil.', 'Should it be the case that oregano comes from the labiate family like basil, it follows that agate comes in most colors.', 'It is not the case that e... | Should it be the case that the claim that production cost is cost does not correspond with reality, it follows that oregano comes from the labiate family like basil. Should it be the case that oregano comes from the labiate family like basil, it follows that agate comes in most colors. It is not the case that earthworm... | production cost is cost. | Production cost is cost. | Uncertain | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [1], then [2].
If [1], then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC2-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [1], then (Not [2].).). [SC1-3]
Not [3].
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [2].)..
[SC1-3]
Co... | {0: 'Production cost is cost.', 1: 'Oregano comes from the labiate family like basil.', 2: 'Agate comes in most colors.', 3: 'Earthworms aerate the soil by channeling through it, thereby improving drainage.', 4: 'Banana is another fruit which is effective during the menstruation period.', 5: 'Some mites transmit diseas... | 7 |
6,433 | ["We know that at least one of two things is true: if fish is also an important part of one's diet, then crabs are skilled at scavenging for food, or either prednisone is a cortisone-like medication that is taken for several reasons or white people are the oppressors of minority communities and cultures.", 'Should it b... | We know that at least one of two things is true: if fish is also an important part of one's diet, then crabs are skilled at scavenging for food, or either prednisone is a cortisone-like medication that is taken for several reasons or white people are the oppressors of minority communities and cultures. Should it be the... | The statement, fruit fly fauna in Solomon Islands, does not hold. | The statement that 'fruit surrounds seeds' is incorrect. | Uncertain | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or (Either [3] or [4].).
If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].). [SC2-1]
If (Either [3] or [4].), then (Not [0].).
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (If [1], then [2].), then (Not [0].).).), then [5]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If (If [1], the... | {0: 'Fruit fly fauna in Solomon Islands.', 1: "Fish is also an important part of one's diet.", 2: 'Crabs are skilled at scavenging for food.', 3: 'Prednisone is a cortisone-like medication that is taken for several reasons.', 4: 'White people are the oppressors of minority communities and cultures.', 5: 'Children are a... | 7 |
6,083 | ['When it is a common misconception that if llano County is a region of rugged beauty and historic significance, then if aldose reductase is involved in diabetic complications, then catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air is true, it follows that the claim that interdependence is... | When it is a common misconception that if llano County is a region of rugged beauty and historic significance, then if aldose reductase is involved in diabetic complications, then catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air is true, it follows that the claim that interdependence is w... | Given that aldose reductase is involved in diabetic complications, it can be inferred that catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air. | On the condition that humans are primates, it is definitely the case that catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (If [0], then [1].). [SC1-1]
[2] [SC2-1]
Therefore, If [0], then [1]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If [2], then (If [0], then [1].).).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [2], then (If [0], then [1].)..
[SC1-2]
Modu... | {0: 'Aldose reductase is involved in diabetic complications.', 1: 'Catapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air.', 2: 'Llano County is a region of rugged beauty and historic significance.', 3: 'Interdependence is when one animal depends on an other for life and survival.', 4: 'Case ma... | 7 |
6,843 | ['There is good reason to believe that either particles move at random angles in all directions, arbitrarily bouncing into various energy states or either invasive melanoma is the sixth most common cancer in men and women or some waste heat is generated by electric motors.', 'We know that at least one of two things is ... | There is good reason to believe that either particles move at random angles in all directions, arbitrarily bouncing into various energy states or either invasive melanoma is the sixth most common cancer in men and women or some waste heat is generated by electric motors. We know that at least one of two things is true:... | smoking is a leisure activity and in a free society consumers decide for themselves. | Smoking is a way to lose weight for some kids. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC1-1]
Either [1] or [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].).), then (Not [3].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]..
... | {0: 'Smoking is a leisure activity and in a free society consumers decide for themselves.', 1: 'Invasive melanoma is the sixth most common cancer in men and women.', 2: 'Some waste heat is generated by electric motors.', 3: 'Monkey bread is part of baobabs.', 4: 'Particles move at random angles in all directions, arbit... | 7 |
6,914 | ['If bytes are important because they are the main practical unit of information that a computer handles, then some food contributes to term health problems.', "So long as radium is a metal that is found in nature, 'if we know that the claim that if some food contributes to term health problems, then it is not true tha... | If bytes are important because they are the main practical unit of information that a computer handles, then some food contributes to term health problems. So long as radium is a metal that is found in nature, 'if we know that the claim that if some food contributes to term health problems, then it is not true that ade... | It is not true that adenoviruses can infect man via the conjunctiva or the nasal mucosa. | The statement 'adenoviruses can also cause viral meningitis and other neurologic infections' can be considered false. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then (Not [3].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
[SC1-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [9], then (If (Not (If [... | {0: 'Adenoviruses can infect man via the conjunctiva or the nasal mucosa.', 1: 'Some food contributes to term health problems.', 2: 'Bytes are important because they are the main practical unit of information that a computer handles.', 3: 'Workers acquire skills.', 4: 'Addiction is a very common fear of people who take... | 7 |
6,657 | ['On the condition that either ore mineralogy is complex or addiction is the land of compulsive urges that are repeated, and repeated, it is definitely the case that people interpret physical sensations within a specific context.', 'Assuming stowaways are part of the normal life of seafarers, we know that people interp... | On the condition that either ore mineralogy is complex or addiction is the land of compulsive urges that are repeated, and repeated, it is definitely the case that people interpret physical sensations within a specific context. Assuming stowaways are part of the normal life of seafarers, we know that people interpret p... | people interpret physical sensations within a specific context. | The statement, people interpret physical sensations within a specific context, does not hold. | FALSE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3]. [SC1-1]
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0].
If [3], then [0].
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].).), then [4]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (Either (Either [1] or [2].) or [3].).), then (Not [4].). [SC2-2]
Theref... | {0: 'People interpret physical sensations within a specific context.', 1: 'Ore mineralogy is complex.', 2: 'Addiction is the land of compulsive urges that are repeated, and repeated.', 3: 'Stowaways are part of the normal life of seafarers.', 4: 'Echocardiographic images function as a universal language to communicate ... | 7 |
6,414 | ['On the condition that hummingbirds have long beaks, it is definitely the case that gold is warm, and silver is cooler.', 'Either one or both of these statements are true: some wax comes from bees, or cowards live their deaths many times in their minds before they die.', 'Assuming some wax comes from bees, we know tha... | On the condition that hummingbirds have long beaks, it is definitely the case that gold is warm, and silver is cooler. Either one or both of these statements are true: some wax comes from bees, or cowards live their deaths many times in their minds before they die. Assuming some wax comes from bees, we know that if it ... | Many people rightly believe that european polecats emit secretion. | It is a common misconception that european polecats emit secretion. | FALSE | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2]. [SC1-2]
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [6] or [7].
If [6], then (If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2].).
If [7], then (If (... | {0: 'European polecats emit secretion.', 1: 'Gold is warm, and silver is cooler.', 2: 'Bigotry is wrongs.', 3: 'All forms of energy are associated with motion .', 4: 'Hummingbirds have long beaks.', 5: 'Money works as a means of the socio-normative regulation of the economic life.', 6: 'Some wax comes from bees.', 7: '... | 7 |
6,662 | ['We know that either either a relic is antiquity or austrian monks develop principles or logos are Trademarks of their respective companies.', 'When logos are Trademarks of their respective companies is true, it follows that either common arachnids are the spider, scorpions, ticks and mites or some people mistakenly b... | We know that either either a relic is antiquity or austrian monks develop principles or logos are Trademarks of their respective companies. When logos are Trademarks of their respective companies is true, it follows that either common arachnids are the spider, scorpions, ticks and mites or some people mistakenly believ... | Some people mistakenly believe that studies have shown minerals in solution are more absorbable to the body. | Those that suggest studies have shown minerals in solution are more absorbable to the body are right. | FALSE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [2] or [3].) or [4].
If (Either [2] or [3].), then (Either [1] or (Not [0].).). [SC2-2]
If [4], then (Either [1] or (Not [0].).).
Therefore, Either [1] or (Not [0].)..
[SC... | {0: 'Studies have shown minerals in solution are more absorbable to the body.', 1: 'Common arachnids are the spider, scorpions, ticks and mites.', 2: 'A relic is antiquity.', 3: 'Austrian monks develop principles.', 4: 'Logos are Trademarks of their respective companies.', 5: 'Manatees depend on food.', 6: 'Dolphins pr... | 7 |
6,978 | ['Should it be the case that if a chemical compound is a chemical, then mandarins also do well on a diet of gamebird pellets with greens and some grain fed daily, it follows that high cholesterol can be a cause of heart attack and stroke.', 'Once we know the claim that if a chemical compound is a chemical, then mandari... | Should it be the case that if a chemical compound is a chemical, then mandarins also do well on a diet of gamebird pellets with greens and some grain fed daily, it follows that high cholesterol can be a cause of heart attack and stroke. Once we know the claim that if a chemical compound is a chemical, then mandarins al... | The claim that high cholesterol can be a cause of heart attack and stroke holds true. | The claim that high cholesterol can be a cause of heart attack and stroke holds true. | TRUE | Modus Ponens:
If (If [1], then [2].), then [0].
If [1], then [2]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [2].).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If [1], then [2].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [1], then [2]..
[SC1-2]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not (If [1], then [2].)... | {0: 'High cholesterol can be a cause of heart attack and stroke.', 1: 'A chemical compound is a chemical.', 2: 'Mandarins also do well on a diet of gamebird pellets with greens and some grain fed daily.', 3: 'Imagination is also a form of mental involvement.', 4: 'Liverworts have the simplest bodies of all the green pl... | 7 |
6,771 | ['When mice have (part) vertebrate feet is true, it follows that cereals get sugar.', "At least one of two things is true: ultrasonic sensors are ideal in areas with partitions or where line of sight to sensor is blocked, or if mice have (part) vertebrate feet, then the statement that 'cereals get sugar' is incorrect."... | When mice have (part) vertebrate feet is true, it follows that cereals get sugar. At least one of two things is true: ultrasonic sensors are ideal in areas with partitions or where line of sight to sensor is blocked, or if mice have (part) vertebrate feet, then the statement that 'cereals get sugar' is incorrect. It is... | The statement that 'mice have (part) vertebrate feet' is incorrect. | It is fair to say that mice have (part) vertebrate feet. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then [1].
If [0], then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [0], then (Not [1].).).
Not [2]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [0], then (Not [1].)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Not [2].). [SC1-3]
[3] [SC2-3]
Therefore, Not [2]..
[SC... | {0: 'Mice have (part) vertebrate feet.', 1: 'Cereals get sugar.', 2: 'Ultrasonic sensors are ideal in areas with partitions or where line of sight to sensor is blocked.', 3: 'Hair is lubricated by oil from sebaceous glands in the follicle.', 4: 'Most dolphins live in groups.', 5: 'Butterflies are important pollinators ... | 7 |
6,728 | ['One may reasonably assume that if the claim that native plants are also a major element in the natural beauty for which California is famous does not reflect reality, then most animals are capable of moving relatively fast, unlike plants.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: wildflowers abound in late ... | One may reasonably assume that if the claim that native plants are also a major element in the natural beauty for which California is famous does not reflect reality, then most animals are capable of moving relatively fast, unlike plants. We know that at least one of two things is true: wildflowers abound in late sprin... | Those that suggest native plants are also a major element in the natural beauty for which California is famous are right. | Those that suggest native plants are also a major element in the natural beauty for which California is famous are right. | TRUE | Modus Tonens:
If (Not [0].), then [1].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].). [SC1-2]
[2] [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (If [2], then (Not [1].).).
Not [3].
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [1].)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [4], t... | {0: 'Native plants are also a major element in the natural beauty for which California is famous.', 1: 'Most animals are capable of moving relatively fast, unlike plants.', 2: 'Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a mineral compared to the density of water.', 3: 'Wildflowers abound in late spring and summer.... | 7 |
6,911 | ['Should it be the case that the statement, either nodules burst and ooze serum, later hardening to form scabs or oil is the motor engine of today s economy, does not hold, it follows that mutual responsibility is the loom on which the fabric of community is woven.', "So long as mutual responsibility is the loom on whi... | Should it be the case that the statement, either nodules burst and ooze serum, later hardening to form scabs or oil is the motor engine of today s economy, does not hold, it follows that mutual responsibility is the loom on which the fabric of community is woven. So long as mutual responsibility is the loom on which th... | We know that at least one of two things is true: nodules burst and ooze serum, later hardening to form scabs, or oil is the motor engine of today s economy. | It is not true that either nodules burst and ooze serum, later hardening to form scabs or oil is the motor engine of today s economy. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]. [SC1-1]
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then (Not [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Either [0] or [1]..
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [3].
If [3], then [2].
Therefore, If (Not (Either [0] or [1].).), then [2]..
[SC2-1]
... | {0: 'Nodules burst and ooze serum, later hardening to form scabs.', 1: 'Oil is the motor engine of today s economy.', 2: 'Animals have unique characteristics.', 3: 'Mutual responsibility is the loom on which the fabric of community is woven.', 4: 'Nutrients circulating in the bloodstream can no longer reach the skin in... | 7 |
6,807 | ['On the condition that it is a common misconception that if an aquanaut is a bather, then dogs live in packs, it is definitely the case that the claim that diffusers improve the light uniformity of a display has no merit.', 'At least one of two things is true: natural selection works on the variability, or zinc defici... | On the condition that it is a common misconception that if an aquanaut is a bather, then dogs live in packs, it is definitely the case that the claim that diffusers improve the light uniformity of a display has no merit. At least one of two things is true: natural selection works on the variability, or zinc deficiency ... | It is a simple truth that dogs live in packs. | Dogs can be so human . | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [3]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [3].).
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC1-2]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [6] or [7].
If [6], then (If (Not (If [1], then ... | {0: 'Dogs live in packs.', 1: 'An aquanaut is a bather.', 2: 'Most men have testosterone levels.', 3: 'Diffusers improve the light uniformity of a display.', 4: 'Some ammonoids swam in the sea, while others lived on the seafloor.', 5: 'Brazil is a relatively small importer of other meat and animal products.', 6: 'Natur... | 7 |
6,322 | ['The statement that states parvovirus attacks the lining of the digestive system is right.', "Should it be the case that the statement that 'if parvovirus attacks the lining of the digestive system, then dreams link the aware mind, speaking to it directly from our subconscious' is incorrect, it follows that multithrea... | The statement that states parvovirus attacks the lining of the digestive system is right. Should it be the case that the statement that 'if parvovirus attacks the lining of the digestive system, then dreams link the aware mind, speaking to it directly from our subconscious' is incorrect, it follows that multithreaded p... | We can assume that dreams link the aware mind, speaking to it directly from our subconscious. | Most dreams use metaphor to illuminate aspects of the life and relationships of the dreamer. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then [0]. [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then [2].
If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [2].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then [0]..
[SC2-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If (Not (If [1], then [0].).), then (Not [2].).).), then (Either ... | {0: 'Dreams link the aware mind, speaking to it directly from our subconscious.', 1: 'Parvovirus attacks the lining of the digestive system.', 2: 'Multithreaded programming is similar in concept to multitasking.', 3: 'Meteorites burn when they hit the atmosphere.', 4: 'Hormones control our energy, immune function, deve... | 7 |
6,556 | ['Provided that the statement, either either prefixs are affixs or rodents have very keen hearing and sense of smell but have poor eyesight or either endocrine systems can use either water soluble or hydrophobic signals or soil forms primarily from the accumulation of wind-blown particles in cracks in the lava, does no... | Provided that the statement, either either prefixs are affixs or rodents have very keen hearing and sense of smell but have poor eyesight or either endocrine systems can use either water soluble or hydrophobic signals or soil forms primarily from the accumulation of wind-blown particles in cracks in the lava, does not ... | The statement 'experts come from backgrounds' can be considered true. | The statement 'experts come from backgrounds' can be considered true. | TRUE | Disjunction Elimination:
Either (Either [1] or [2].) or (Either [3] or [4].). [SC1-1]
If (Either [1] or [2].), then [0]. [SC2-1]
If (Either [3] or [4].), then [0]. [SC3-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (Either (Either [1] or [2].) or (Either [3] or [4].).).), then [6]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (Either... | {0: 'Experts come from backgrounds.', 1: 'Prefixs are affixs.', 2: 'Rodents have very keen hearing and sense of smell but have poor eyesight.', 3: 'Endocrine systems can use either water soluble or hydrophobic signals.', 4: 'Soil forms primarily from the accumulation of wind-blown particles in cracks in the lava.', 5: ... | 7 |
6,357 | ['We know that at least one of two things is true: haemopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis, or some people mistakenly believe that gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light.', 'It is a common misconception that either birds need lar... | We know that at least one of two things is true: haemopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis, or some people mistakenly believe that gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. It is a common misconception that either birds need large ar... | Some people mistakenly believe that gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. | Some people mistakenly believe that gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or (Not [0].).
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Tonens:
If [1], then (Either [2] or [3].). [SC1-2]
Not (Either [2] or [3].).
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [1], then [4]. [SC1-3]
If [4], then (Either [2] or [3].). [SC2-3]
Therefore, If... | {0: 'Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light.', 1: 'Haemopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis.', 2: 'Birds need large areas.', 3: 'Black cherry appears to be another good indicator of ozone.', 4: 'A crypt is a tomb.', 5: 'Most cats ... | 7 |
6,069 | ['Given that the claim that either chicks have (part) chests or streams are courses does not reflect reality, it can be inferred that light rail is only a trolley system, and trolleys died out a half a century ago.', 'The claim that light rail is only a trolley system, and trolleys died out a half a century ago has no ... | Given that the claim that either chicks have (part) chests or streams are courses does not reflect reality, it can be inferred that light rail is only a trolley system, and trolleys died out a half a century ago. The claim that light rail is only a trolley system, and trolleys died out a half a century ago has no merit... | The claim that streams are courses is true. | The claim that streams are courses is true. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0]. [SC1-1]
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (Either [1] or [0].).), then [2].
Not [2].
Therefore, Either [1] or [0]..
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [3], then (Not [1].). [SC1-2]
[3]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If [3], the... | {0: 'Streams are courses.', 1: 'Chicks have (part) chests.', 2: 'Light rail is only a trolley system, and trolleys died out a half a century ago.', 3: 'Discipleship is a position.', 4: 'Crabs are crustaceans with five pairs of legs.', 5: 'Laughter is the most humanizing and vital of human reactions.', 6: 'Onions contai... | 7 |
6,514 | ['Either one or both of these statements are true: blastocysts have (part) corpi, or rodents live during periods.', 'It is a simple truth that marginal cost is the cost of adding or subtracting one unit of output.', "Whenever it is true that the statement, if marginal cost is the cost of adding or subtracting one unit ... | Either one or both of these statements are true: blastocysts have (part) corpi, or rodents live during periods. It is a simple truth that marginal cost is the cost of adding or subtracting one unit of output. Whenever it is true that the statement, if marginal cost is the cost of adding or subtracting one unit of outpu... | Those that suggest rodents live during periods are right. | Those that suggest rodents live during periods are right. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [1] or [0].
Not [1]. [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Modus Ponens:
If [2], then (Not [1].). [SC1-2]
[2]
Therefore, Not [1]..
[SC1-2]
Modus Tonens:
If (Not (If [2], then (Not [1].).).), then [3].
Not [3]. [SC2-3]
Therefore, If [2], then (Not [1].)..
[SC2-3]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
I... | {0: 'Rodents live during periods.', 1: 'Blastocysts have (part) corpi.', 2: 'Marginal cost is the cost of adding or subtracting one unit of output.', 3: 'Some maras mate for life.', 4: 'Belts are mechanical devices.', 5: 'People eat beans.', 6: 'Most rain provides moisture.', 7: 'Medical illiteracy is prevalent across ... | 7 |
6,509 | ['We can assume that fawns have (part) bone cells.', 'We know that the claim that white pepper has a strong, hot taste is false.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: food is the primary necessity of life, or either weasels are characterized by their long, slender bodies and short legs or some flippers ar... | We can assume that fawns have (part) bone cells. We know that the claim that white pepper has a strong, hot taste is false. We know that at least one of two things is true: food is the primary necessity of life, or either weasels are characterized by their long, slender bodies and short legs or some flippers are part o... | Some people mistakenly believe that evangelists have a knack for hearing and talking the language of the people. | The statement that 'evangelists also plant churches' is incorrect. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [2] or (If [1], then (Not [0].).). [SC1-2]
Not [2].
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
[SC1-2]
Constructive Dilemma:
Either [3] or [4]. [SC1-3]
If [3], then [2]. [SC2-3]
If [4], then (If [1], then (Not... | {0: 'Evangelists have a knack for hearing and talking the language of the people.', 1: 'Fawns have (part) bone cells.', 2: 'White pepper has a strong, hot taste.', 3: 'Weasels are characterized by their long, slender bodies and short legs.', 4: 'Some flippers are part of lungfishes.', 5: 'Assertions are assertions.', 6... | 7 |
6,340 | ['On the condition that the claim that mangroves help protect our coastlines from storm damage has no merit, it is definitely the case that atoms work together to form complex molecules.', 'Once we know atoms work together to form complex molecules, we also know that toddlers are often picky eaters.', "Should it be the... | On the condition that the claim that mangroves help protect our coastlines from storm damage has no merit, it is definitely the case that atoms work together to form complex molecules. Once we know atoms work together to form complex molecules, we also know that toddlers are often picky eaters. Should it be the case th... | It is a simple truth that mangroves help protect our coastlines from storm damage. | The claim that mangroves help protect our coastlines from storm damage has no merit. | FALSE | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not [0].), then [1]. [SC1-1]
If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC1-1]
Hypothetical Syllogism:
If (Not [0].), then [3].
If [3], then [1].
Therefore, If (Not [0].), then [1]..
[SC2-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If (Not [0].), then (Not [1].).).), then [2]. [SC1-... | {0: 'Mangroves help protect our coastlines from storm damage.', 1: 'Toddlers are often picky eaters.', 2: 'F is bases.', 3: 'Atoms work together to form complex molecules.', 4: 'Magnets are the size of a dime and the thickness of three to four dimes.', 5: 'Hickory nuts have an excellent rich flavour with a buttery qual... | 7 |
6,221 | ['It is rational to believe that either edible films can also act as glazes to enhance the appearance of baked goods or refrigerators are machines.', "Whenever it is true that organophosphates are most toxic, 'if vitamin C can increase the absorption of dietary iron, then some vaccines contain leptospiras' is true.", '... | It is rational to believe that either edible films can also act as glazes to enhance the appearance of baked goods or refrigerators are machines. Whenever it is true that organophosphates are most toxic, 'if vitamin C can increase the absorption of dietary iron, then some vaccines contain leptospiras' is true. Should i... | It is not the case that organophosphates are most toxic. | Some people mistakenly believe that organophosphates are insecticide. | Uncertain | Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].). [SC1-1]
If [0], then (Not (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Disjunction Elimination:
Either [5] or [6].
If [5], then (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC2-2]
If [6], then (If [0], then (Either [1] or [2].).). [SC3-2]
Therefore,... | {0: 'Organophosphates are most toxic.', 1: 'Most bats hang from claws.', 2: 'Hickory nuts are edible, but take considerable effort to produce significant quantities.', 3: 'Vitamin C can increase the absorption of dietary iron.', 4: 'Some vaccines contain leptospiras.', 5: 'Edible films can also act as glazes to enhance... | 7 |
6,928 | ['It is a fact that either if most chocolate contains nutrients, then artists have (part) legs or many aquatic organisms can only live within a narrow range of temperature.', 'We know that at least one of two things is true: hummingbirds favor long tubular blossoms, and the color red gets their attention first, or thos... | It is a fact that either if most chocolate contains nutrients, then artists have (part) legs or many aquatic organisms can only live within a narrow range of temperature. We know that at least one of two things is true: hummingbirds favor long tubular blossoms, and the color red gets their attention first, or those tha... | It is true that many aquatic organisms can only live within a narrow range of temperature. | It is true that many aquatic organisms can only live within a narrow range of temperature. | TRUE | Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either (If [1], then [2].) or [0].
Not (If [1], then [2].). [SC2-1]
Therefore, [0].
[SC2-1]
Disjunctive Syllogism:
Either [3] or (Not (If [1], then [2].).).
Not [3]. [SC2-2]
Therefore, Not (If [1], then [2].)..
[SC2-2]
Modus Ponens:
If (Either [4] or [5].), then (Not [3].). [SC1-3]
Either ... | {0: 'Many aquatic organisms can only live within a narrow range of temperature.', 1: 'Most chocolate contains nutrients.', 2: 'Artists have (part) legs.', 3: 'Hummingbirds favor long tubular blossoms, and the color red gets their attention first.', 4: 'Hernia repair is one of the most common operations done in the Unit... | 7 |
6,146 | ['Once we know myelin allows axons to to conduct efficiently, we also know that if the claim that if carbohydrates come from sugar, then the statement that states class size has a lot to do with how a child learns is false does not reflect reality, then nymphs are mainly responsible for infecting humans with Borrelia b... | Once we know myelin allows axons to to conduct efficiently, we also know that if the claim that if carbohydrates come from sugar, then the statement that states class size has a lot to do with how a child learns is false does not reflect reality, then nymphs are mainly responsible for infecting humans with Borrelia bur... | The statement that states class size has a lot to do with how a child learns is false. | We know that the claim that class size refers to the number of students in a teacher s class is false. | Uncertain | Modus Ponens:
If [1], then (Not [0].). [SC1-1]
[1] [SC2-1]
Therefore, Not [0]..
[SC1-1]
Reductio Ad Absurdum:
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then [4]. [SC1-2]
If (Not (If [1], then (Not [0].).).), then (Not [4].). [SC2-2]
Therefore, If [1], then (Not [0].)..
[SC1-2]
Modus Ponens:
If [8], then (If (Not (If [... | {0: 'Class size has a lot to do with how a child learns.', 1: 'Carbohydrates come from sugar.', 2: 'Teams use techniques.', 3: 'Light is part of the subtle energy body of each person, flowing in the chakra and meridian systems.', 4: 'Nymphs are mainly responsible for infecting humans with Borrelia burgdorferi .', 5: 'D... | 7 |
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