GPT-1900
Collection
Pre-1900 LLMs for physics reasoning. RL models are physics-only; use the SFT model for general chat. Tune temperature (0.6-0.7). • 11 items • Updated • 6
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temporary relief ; and had tried every kind of remedy, that the regular and irregular practitioner had advised, to no purpose. She attributed the origin of her complaint to the severity of her accouchement, thirty years previous.
Having directed her to attend to the state of her digestive organs, I commenced the emplo... |
If the. window shutter of an apartment be perfectly closed, an eye there turns upon an absolute blank: it perceives nothing. If a ray of the sun be then admitted, and made to fall upon any object, that object becomes bright, and afiects the eye as if it
MAKES BODIES VISIBLE. 127
were itself luminous. It returns a par... |
earth, or other proper fubftance, be kept in a clofe vefTel, whereto the Nat.Hist. air has no accels, for as long a time as has been obferv'd fufiicient tx) w/''-^^'^'^ impregnate the like fubftance, or a portion of the fame matter that was iQcluded, it may help to remove our fcruples ; for if the body that was kept cl... |
s a loose cottony mass, of a fine canary colour h poten cold. It is supposed thar
386 CADMIUM, COPPER.
other oxides of zinc exist, but they have not yet been studied.
Oxide of zine is precipitated when in solution by long boiling with great excess of carbonate of potash, or it may be precipitated, first, as sulphure... |
173. Soilroad Brakes, -- During the uniform motion of a railroad car the tangential action between the track and each wheel IB small. Tluis, in Example 1, just cited, if ten ears of eight wheels each make up the train, eacli car weighing 20 tons, the backwai-d tangential action of the rails upon each wheel is only 25 l... |
rapid deviatian, for pre&Bures exceeding that limit. For woods, the limit h somewhat higher ; but, within this limits the results are mo re irregular than in the case of metals.
preci
170* Amount op the constant Proportion of THE Friction to the Pressure in different
% Substances.
An extensive table of the results ... |
Shadow and Penumbra. -- An opaque screen placed before aluminous bundle prevents it from passing. From this results a shadow^ which fills the whole space which would have been occupied by the intercepted bundle. If, for instance, the hand is held in the rays of the sun at a little distance from a wall, the shadow of th... |
It is customary, during the hysteric fit or paroxysm, to bleed the patient. In strong persons of a plethoric habit, and where the pulse is full, this may be proper; but in weak and delicate constitutions, or where the disease has been of long standing, or arises from inanition, it is not safe. The best course in such c... |
485. The first law of motion may be stated thus. If no force act upon a body, it will, if at rest, remain for ever at rest ; or if in motion, it will continue for ever to move with a uniform velocity. We know this law to be true, and yet no one has ever seen it to be true for the simple reason that we cannot realise th... |
Tbat tbe angles of intersection of valleys and streams are acute above and obtuse below, and tbat two streams invariably meet pn precisely tbe same level, are positions to wbi^b tbere are nar merous exceptions.
OLservations. -- We are fully disposed to give Mr. Farey all tbe merit tbat is justly due to his indefatigab... |
viation differs. The achromatism^d^effected generally for two colors, preferably for those whichQ^k complementary. Owing to the irrationality of dispersion, ^heremaining colors are not accu¬ rately united, and the resul^T effect is still somewhat colored,, giving rise to a secondarj%$gprniin, in which the fixed lines m... |
not pafs oat. Therefore in refpeCt of thofe rays, which are reflected, we may call gp the arc of reflection, and may fay that this arc of reflection encreafes, as the diftance of the incident ray from the axis sa encreafes, till we come to the ray sd , the arc of reflection is gn for the ray sb, it is go for the ray sc... |
*~M T~T0 M Sources of Error. The same as in the preceding experiment.
EXPERIMENTS IN HEAT 280
iparatus. The same as in the preceding experiment, the exception of the boiler and dipper, which are not ed.
inipulation. Determine the water -equivalent of the imeter, stirrer, and thermometer, as in previous experi- :, if... |
* Gunpowder containing oxygen in its composition, may be fired in vacuo ; though the explosion will be much less audible 1 ban in tlw open air. " Ed.
Miscellaneous Experiments. 71
As sound is propagated by pulses of air, it is not audible under an exhausted receiver. For if a bell be struck in vacuo, we are insensibl... |
426. When we have determined the longitude of the nodes of a planet at epochs widely distant from each other, and refer the origin of these longitudes to the same point of the ecliptic, allowance being roade for the precession "of the equinoxes, we find
yaiure of the Planetary OrbiU. 271
that the nod^s are not strict... |
arm on which the power or counterpoise is placed, is variable, so that the same power is thus made to balance different weights; this is the design of the weigher in moving the counterpoise backward and for ward, a figure, at the notch in which the Fig. 44. counterpoise in a given case may
rest, showing the weight whi... |
grooved wheels. The central wheel of the set near the west wall is round grooved, and the other two, which can be set either 6 or 4 inches apart, have flat-bottomed grooves. The purposes which tliese wheels serve are numerous and important. In the first place the middle ones are employed to reduce the friction of the l... |
Thomas W. Piper, St. Katherine’s Training College, London. Designed to accomany the ‘ Advanced Arithmetic,’ but may be used with avy other paar as P,
The ‘Government’ Arithmetical Test Cards. Six packets in cloth (P.)
ext-book. With Answers. Crown 8vo. cloth, 3s.
Exercises on Euclid and in Modern Geometry. Containin... |
than the quantity before stated. It will, therefore, sometimes occur in practice (where economy in construction is the primary object), that the quantity of pipe in proportion to a given surface of boiler may be even increased beyond the amount which is given in the preceding Table ; because, in forcing-houses, for ins... |
"Whereas the Dodtor mentions a remark¬ able circumftance of thefe waters, viz. that cold Water being fet on the fame fire, at the fame time, with the hot bath water, the cold water boiled a minute before the hot ; it were to be wifhed that this experiment were repeated again, by putting the two veffels of bath and cold... |
The poeto fMgned the rainbow to be tie *^* ^^' " these manne-bows die conresidence of certain aerial creatures, whose »▼• odes were torned upwards ; the <hx>ps diJigfat ills towantonin the clouds. Milton, ?fZ^ "**« from bokrw, and not fklhnjr in his exquisite pastoral drama, thus alhides "*T ^^VL' •• "* "*^ instances o... |
A Series of Greek and Latin Authors, with English Notes.
Fcap. Svo. Jsesar : De Bello G-allioo. By George Long, M.A. 4*.
Books I.-III. For Junior Classes. By G. Long, M.A. It. 6d.
Books IV. and V. 1«. 6d. Books VI. and VIL, Is. Gd.
Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertiua. Selected Poems. With Life.
By Rev. A. H. Wratis... |
102. There are two cases in which we can find the caustic after the rays have been reflected at a circle any number of times ; first, when the incident rays are parallel, and secondly, when they diverge from a point in the circumference.
Let a ray be reflected any number of times at a circle ; and let (?„(?j be the fi... |
The mystical or allegorical sense of these fables in a philosophical or historical view, conveyed an obscure explanation of some of the ordinary operations of nature, or the inventions or exploits of some of these pretended gods. In a religious sense, they served as a cloak for vice, and in a political sense, they serv... |
693. Wise physicians should with all diligence inquire what simples nature yieldeth that have extreme subtle parts without any mordication or acrimony, for they undermine that which is hard ; they open that which is stopped and shut; and they expel that which is offensive, gently, without too much perturbation. Of this... |
Arkansas. -- Payable at any place within the state, 2 per cent; in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, or at any point on the Ohio river, 4 per cent; in any other place in the United States, 5 per cent., but if protested for non-payment, after acceptance, then 6 per ... |
In 1865, as Chairman of the Committee of Experiments of the U. S. Light-House Board, Henry commenced an extended series of observations on the conduct and intensity of sound at a distance, under varying meteorological conditions. Well aware that for the practical purposes of giving increased security to navigation, the... |
the fiift plane A a in the diredion of the line G f£* and in its whole paiTage through the intermediar* fpace let it be attraded or impelled towards the me" dium of incidence, and by that adion let it be made to defcribe a curve line HI, and let it emerge in the diredion of the line IK, Let there be e- reded IM perpend... |
PRESSURE OF FLUIDS.
Experiment 41. -- Object. To test for the pressures in various directions in air.
Use the same pressure gauge as in the preceding experiment. Holding it in the air, there is no indication of pressure. Try it. But remember that the air is on both sides of the rubber, and if there be any pressure on... |
electric influence. The torpedo is found in the Mediterranean and North Seas, rarely exceeding eighteen to twenty pounds weight ; and the rapidity with which it communicates the shock is considerable, sometimes amounting to fifty in a minute and a half: it should seem that the shock is dependent on the will of the anim... |
Jlntithenar, Abdutlor Indicis, Extensor Indicis, Hyjiothenar, Extensor Auricularis t Psoa r,
X 443 )
■M-TJ
Psoar, }
Jliacus, V Pedlin&us, )
us, >
Gluteus major, .■Gluteus medius, Gluteus minor, Tricejis, Piriformis, •Gemini, Quadratus, Obturator Internus, 1 Obturator Externus, J Semi
rmis, 1 atus, 3
NT,1
"I
R... |
port, while M is the bending moment for any section distant x from the left support. Let P, be any concentrated load upon the space jr at a distance kl from the left support, k being a fraction less than unity, and let w be the uniform load per linear unit. Let V be the resultant of all the vertical forces on the left ... |
There are many inherent difficulties in determining the number of lives lost by lightning in a domain so extensive as that of the United States. In the great majority of States and in all of the Territories systematic mortality returns are not made. In those States where such returns are required by local laws there is... |
the otber on the concave or cooipressed aide. Between these two sets of fringes is a black line, indicating the situation where neither compression nor dilatation exists, and where, therefore, double refraction is absent.
Thus, then, the polariscope becomes a valuable means of detecting the existence of unequal tensio... |
infinitely small sides ; they always stood still before the abyss of the infinite and never ventured to overstep the bounds of clear conceptions. They never spoke of an infinitely close approximation or a limiting value of the sum of a series extending to an infinite number of terms. Yet they must have arrived practica... |
Decorate the interior fpace K S B T, with fiich diflFerent paintings as you fliall judge will contribute moft to the pleafuyc of the exhibition. Cover the top of the box, from K to B, with a frame in which is a glafs lined with gauze, that the light may enter the part K S B T. This firft conflrudipn being made in the p... |
any desired shape of head being produced, and the whole formed at one blow or squeeze of the machine. As will be seen by reference to the engraving, the machine is driven by two friction-wheels acting alternately on a third frictionwheel covered with leather, the latter wheel being firmly attached to a vertical screw w... |
The Count considered it proved by these experiments that heat may be obtaineil, without limitation, by subjecting metal to friction ; and concluded that what can be obtained from insulated bodies without limitation cannot be material, and believed it impossible to account for such phenomena upon any other hypothesis th... |
Gtanite, fimnation o^ 97, 207. Qrsnville, Dr. A. B. notice of his paper - on Egyptian mummies, 402. Gnqrf X Jk. fBsQ. eadidlaiitte,BOtiaBA»bf»
. of pearls, 27-- on the chemical-enoa-
Green sand, 30. ^^■ . ^
Ornrory, Dr. notice of hii j^apeB;dh,lha loiMRUopnL abiois,. rlii2t«N0M. Mil
Ooodwjn's MSS. 282. ; t , ^ <:. ... |
linseed cake, and boil the mixture for an hour, then filter it and allow it to cool. I then apply this preparation to the fabrics by a brush or by steeping them therein and when the fabrics are sufficiently coated I put them in a stove to dry. I next take 3 gallons of linseed oil and boil it o?er a strong fire and mix ... |
Var'nish-ing. (Photography.) The protection of a finished photographic negative by flooding it with a solution of resin in alcohol or benzole, whereby it receives a hard, glossy surface, and is able to stand the wear and tear of printing.
Var'nish-lens. A small lens made by putting a drop of copal on a flat piece of o... |
A. In posting from the cash book to the general ledger of this page on the cash book the amounts on the cash book were properly and correctly carried to the general ledger, but in taking the balances of the accounts on the general ledger, in order to make up his daily balance, be made an error in his addition in the in... |
The traiifits of the Moon difcover all things, whether good or evil, which happen to a man daily through the whole courfe of his life ; her application to, or tranfits of, fextiles and trines, (how good ; of quartiles and oppofitions, evil, concerning all thofe things fignified by that houfe in which the tranfit is mad... |
vel. in hodograph x ang. vel. oc (dist.)'2. 11. LSS' the latus rectum L ; LD, S'D tangents at 7/, S' intersect in directrix at right angles. fi.4:AS = g. (Vel.)* at L = 2ff. DS=p,. (4/1 S)*. conj. diameters equal L and a2 + V* = 2J7, aJ = Z'2 sin ^TT, (a±&)a = 2JZ/2(cos|7r±sini7r)2. 12. CT the change in direc-
tion; h... |
pairs my carriage he has a right to keep the carriage ull [| pay him for hi work, A warehousemat may keep goods until freight, storage and other charges are paid. If he lets the goods go his lien is at an end. He cannot
so and take the articles back, he only holds a personal debt against the owner.
8 Loss of Articles... |
Eudo.x muss ein guter Beobacbter gewesen sein, man erzablt von ibm, dass er langere Zeit in Aegypten gelebt, und dort in Heliopolis beobacbtet babe; auf Enidos zeigte man nocb lange nacb seinem Tode den Tburm, welcber ibm als Sternwarte gedient.
Aristoteles wurde zu Staffira, einer Stadt im ndrdlicbea
V. Chr.
Ariito... |
Azote ; ; • . . 40*7
Carbon 24*8
Hydrogen .....•• 34*5
Or of A20te 1 atonis
.Carbon • , 2
Hydrpgen B
Pmssiate of mercury is composed of one iptegrant particle of prussic acid and one integrant particle of red oxide of mfwcury. Sulphureted chyazic acid is a compound of 1 atom sulphur' + 4 integrant particles of ch... |
The galvanometer was one of the earliest results of Oersted's discovery; it was, indeed, in the same year (1820) that the first galvanometer was invented by Prof. Johann S. C. Schweiger, of Halle. He gave it the name of " multiplicator," the olyect of which, as aforesaid, was to multiply the electro-magnetic action of ... |
8 A oy AS | N * 82 4 5 : TIT! NE. f ; 1 7 . 7 12 8 3 15 . 5 7 72 #23 FRE : 7 „ 5 oe PL £8 Vo; - 4
, TT. is 118 that. egg happens mast; cally in ene hot climates; both with and without storms; even in the most serene weather, if there are any clouds in the atmosphere, sufficient to accumulate the matter of lightning. A... |
2143, Caslorine is a new animal principle which was discovered by M. Bizio in Castor, and is prepared by boiling castor in 6 times its weight of alcuhol ; the filtered liquor ia Kt aside for two or three days, when castorine is deposited in irregular masses. It is very sparingly soluble in water, mote so in alcohol, an... |
flecke und Wetter (3 Arb.) $3.1111*, 94. 481. 982. 983; Sonnenfleckperiode und Cirruswolken 28. 803; Sonnenflecke, ihr Flichenraum etc., Beobachtungen zu Greenwich 36(3).58 -- Sonnenfackeln 97(3). 1092, 40(3). 119, 42(3). 122; Litteratur 38(3). 125, zu Palermo 32.1435 -- Corona 28. 1002, 34. 951, 38 (3). 129, 40(3). 27... |
2. The loudness of sound is such as is con venient for common purposes. The organs of speech can, in the present constitution of the air, produce, without fatigue, such a tone of voice as can be heard with distinctness and with comfort. That any great alteration in this element might be incommodious, we may judge from ... |
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GPT-1900 Physics CLM Data
Physics-domain text for continued pretraining (causal language modeling) of GPT-1900. This dataset contains chunks of text from seminal pre-1905 physics works — Newton's Principia, Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Faraday's Experimental Researches, Boltzmann, Gibbs, Hertz, and many others.
Used to specialize the base GPT-1900 model toward physics reasoning before instruction tuning and reinforcement learning.
Stats
| Split | Rows |
|---|---|
| Train | 319,461 |
| Val | 16,814 |
Format
Parquet files with a single text column. Each row is a chunk of physics text.
Source Texts
Includes works by: Newton, Maxwell, Faraday, Boltzmann, Gibbs, Galileo, Hertz, Helmholtz, Kelvin, Lorentz, Rayleigh, Tyndall, Clausius, Carnot, Stokes, Thomson, Young, Huygens, Laplace, Poynting, Larmor, and others. Extended to a 1905 cutoff (includes Planck 1901, Lorentz 1904, Rutherford on radioactivity).
Usage
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("mhla/gpt1900-physics-clm")
Related
- mhla/gpt1900-d34-22btok — GPT-1900 base model
- mhla/gpt1900-d34-v3-sft-physics — Instruct model built on top of this physics data
- mhla/gpt1900-d34-contradiction-rl-v11 — Best RL model (downstream of this data)
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