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[]	'''Anarchism''' is a [[political philosophy]] and [[Political movement\|movement]] that is sceptical of [[authority]] and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of [[hierarchy]]. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the [[State (polity)\|state]], which it holds to be undesirable, unnecessary, and harmful. As a historica...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Etymology, terminology and definition" ]	The etymological origin of ''anarchism'' is from the Ancient Greek ''anarkhia'', meaning "without a ruler", composed of the prefix ''an-'' (i.e. "without") and the word ''arkhos'' (i.e. "leader" or "ruler"). The suffix ''[[-ism]]'' denotes the ideological current that favours [[anarchy]]. ''Anarchism'' appears in Engli...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Etymology, terminology and definition" ]	While [[opposition to the state]] is central to anarchist thought, defining anarchism is not an easy task as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently. Hence, it might be true to say that anarchism is a cluster of political phil...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "History", "Pre-modern era" ]	During the prehistoric era of mankind, an established authority did not exist. It was after the creation of towns and cities that institutions of authority were established and anarchistic ideas espoused as a reaction. The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, [[p...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "History", "Modern era" ]	During the [[French Revolution]], partisan groups such as the [[Enragés]] and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as [[William Godwin]] espoused [[philosophical anarchism]] in England, morally delegitimis...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "History", "Modern era" ]	Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the [[Russian Revolution]] in opposition to the [[White movement]]. However, they met harsh suppression after the [[Bolshevik government]] was stabilized. Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, notably leading to the [[Kronstadt rebell...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "History", "Post-war era" ]	At the end of [[World War II]], the anarchist movement was severely weakened. However, the 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of [[Marxism–Leninism]] and tensions built by the [[Cold War]]. During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both ca...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Thought" ]	Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, [[social anarchism]] and [[individualist anarchism]], owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises [[negative liberty]] in opposing restraints upon the free individual while the ...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Thought", "Classical" ]	Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were [[Mutualism (economic theory)\|mutualism]] and [[Individualist anarchism\|individualism]]. They were followed by the major currents of [[social anarchism]] ([[Collectivist anarchism\|collectivist]], [[Anarcho-communism\|communist]] and [[Anarcho-syndicalism\|syndica...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Thought", "Post-classical and contemporary" ]	Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the [[anti-globalisation movement]], whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation. As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarch...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Tactics" ]	Anarchists' tactics take various forms, but in general, they serve two major goals, namely to first oppose [[the Establishment]] and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends. A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppre...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Tactics", "Classical era tactics" ]	During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed [[terrorism]] as [[propaganda of the deed]]. Assassination attempts were carried out against heads of state, some of which were successful. Anarchists also...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Tactics", "Revolutionary tactics" ]	In the current era, Italian anarchist [[Alfredo Bonanno]], a proponent of [[insurrectionary anarchism]], has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group [[The Invisible...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Tactics", "Evolutionary tactics" ]	Anarchists commonly employ [[direct action]]. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust [[hierarchy]], or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives. Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritari...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Key issues" ]	As anarchism is a [[philosophy]] that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies and schools of thought; disagreement over questions of values, ideology and tactics is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of [[definiti...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Key issues", "Gender, sexuality and free love" ]	As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, anarchism is obliged to address, analyse and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy because of the dynamics that gender roles traditionally impose. Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists, but the few that did felt that an anarchist soc...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Key issues", "Anarchism and education" ]	The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism. Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of [[Mutual aid (organization theory)\|mutual aid]]. Anarchist writers such as ...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Key issues", "Anarchism and the state" ]	Objection to the [[State (polity)\|state]] and its institutions is a ''[[sine qua non]]'' of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are ta...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Key issues", "Anarchism and the arts" ]	The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others. In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the [[New Apocalyptics]] and the [[neo-romanticism]] m...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Criticism" ]	The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]] supported this critique, stating that "[p]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the preservation of a just system of...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[ "Criticism" ]	Another criticism is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority as first articulated in an 1886 article for the ''[[North American Review]]'' by Frances L. Ferguson. [[Joseph Raz]] argues that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions wil...	12	Anarchism	[ "Anarchism", "Anti-capitalism", "Anti-fascism", "Economic ideologies", "Left-wing politics", "Libertarian socialism", "Libertarianism", "Political culture", "Political movements", "Political ideologies", "Social theories", "Socialism" ]	[ "Anarchism by country", "Governance without government", "List of anarchist political ideologies", "List of books about anarchism" ]
[]	'''Autism''' is a [[developmental disorder]] characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience [[...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Characteristics" ]	Autism is a highly variable, [[neurodevelopmental disorder]] whose symptoms first appear during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without [[Remission (medicine)\|remission]]. Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others. Overt symptoms gradu...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Characteristics", "Social development" ]	Social deficits distinguish autism and the related [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD; see [[#Classification\|Classification]]) from other developmental disorders. Autistic people have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted. Noted autistic [[Temple Grandin]] describ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Characteristics", "Communication" ]	About a third to a half of autistic people do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs. Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of [[babbling]], unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not sy...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Characteristics", "Repetitive behavior" ]	Autistic individuals can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows. (-) [[Stereotypy\|Stereotyped behaviors]]: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking. (-) [[Compulsive behavior]]: Time-consuming ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Characteristics", "Other symptoms" ]	Autistic individuals may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the family. An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from [[splinter skill]] such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious [[...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Causes" ]	It has long been presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for autism's characteristic triad of symptoms. However, there is increasing suspicion that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often co-occur. Autism has a strong genetic bas...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Causes" ]	Parents may first become aware of autistic symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination. This has led to unsupported theories blaming [[Vaccine controversy#Vaccine overload\|vaccine "overload"]], a [[Thiomersal controversy\|vaccine preservative]], or the [[MMR vaccine and autism\|MMR vaccine]] for caus...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Mechanism" ]	Autism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. How autism occurs is not well understood. Its mechanism can be divided into two areas: the [[pathophysiology]] of brain structures and processes associated with autism, and the [[neuropsychological]] linkages between brain structu...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Diagnosis" ]	[[Medical diagnosis\|Diagnosis]] is based on behavior, not cause or mechanism. Under the [[DSM-5]], autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These deficits are present...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Diagnosis" ]	ASD can sometimes be diagnosed by age 14 months, although diagnosis becomes increasingly stable over the first three years of life: for example, a one-year-old who meets diagnostic criteria for ASD is less likely than a three-year-old to continue to do so a few years later. In the UK the National Autism Plan for Childr...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Diagnosis", "Classification" ]	Autism is one of the five [[pervasive developmental disorder]] (PDD), which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive behavior. These symptoms do not imply sickness, fragility, or emotional disturbance. Of the five PDD...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Diagnosis", "Classification", "Spectrum" ]	Autism has long been thought to cover a wide [[Spectrum disorder\|spectrum]], ranging from individuals with severe impairments—who may be silent, [[developmentally disabled]], and prone to frequent repetitive behavior such as hand flapping and rocking—to high functioning individuals who may have active but distinctly od...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Screening" ]	About half of parents of children with ASD notice their child's unusual behaviors by age 18 months, and about four-fifths notice by age 24 months. According to an article, failure to meet any of the following milestones "is an absolute indication to proceed with further evaluations. Delay in referral for such testing m...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Prevention" ]	While infection with [[rubella]] during [[pregnancy]] causes fewer than 1% of cases of autism, [[rubella vaccine\|vaccination against rubella]] can prevent many of those cases.	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Management" ]	The main goals when treating autistic children are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase quality of life and functional independence. In general, higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes. No single treatment is best and treatment is ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Management", "Education" ]	Educational interventions often used include [[applied behavior analysis]] (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, [[speech and language therapy]], [[social skills]] therapy, and [[occupational therapy]] and cognitive behavioral interventions in adults without intellectual disability to reduce depression, anx...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Management", "Medication" ]	Medications may be used to treat ASD symptoms that interfere with integrating a child into home or school when behavioral treatment fails. They may also be used for associated health problems, such as [[ADHD]] or [[anxiety disorder\|anxiety]]. More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed [[psychoactiv...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Management", "Alternative medicine" ]	Although many [[Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities\|alternative therapies and interventions]] are available, few are supported by scientific studies. Treatment approaches have little empirical support in [[Quality of life\|quality-of-life]] contexts, and many programs focus on success measu...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Prognosis" ]	There is no known cure. The degree of symptoms can decrease, occasionally to the extent that people lose their diagnosis of ASD; this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment and sometimes not. It is not known how often this outcome happens; reported rates in unselected samples have ranged from 3% to 25%. Most autist...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Epidemiology" ]	As of 2007, [[review]] estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD. A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD. Globally, autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome affects a further 37.2 million. In 2012, the...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Epidemiology" ]	(-) '''[[Anxiety disorder]]''' are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%. Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself, or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms. (-) '''[[Epilepsy]]''', with variations ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "History" ]	A few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named. The ''[[Table Talk (Luther)\|Table Talk]]'' of [[Martin Luther]], compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic. The earliest well-documented case of autism ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "History", "Clinical development and diagnoses" ]	The word ''autism'' first took its modern sense in 1938 when [[Hans Asperger]] of the [[Vienna General Hospital\|Vienna University Hospital]] adopted Bleuler's terminology ''autistic psychopaths'' in a lecture in German about [[child psychology]]. Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as [[Asperger syndrome]], tho...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "History", "Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia" ]	As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism; while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions. Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel [[social sti...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Society and culture" ]	An autistic culture has emerged, accompanied by the [[autistic rights]] and [[neurodiversity]] movements. Events include [[World Autism Awareness Day]], [[Autism Sunday]], [[Autistic Pride Day]], [[Autreat]], and others. Social-science scholars study those with autism in hopes to learn more about "autism as a culture, ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Society and culture", "Autism rights movement" ]	The [[autism rights movement]] is a [[social movement]] within the context of [[disability rights movement\|disability right]] that emphasizes the concept of [[neurodiversity]], viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the [[human brain]] rather than a disorder to be cured. The autism rights move...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[ "Society and culture", "Employment" ]	About half of autistics are unemployed, and one third of those with graduate degrees may be unemployed. Among autistics who find work, most are employed in sheltered settings working for wages below the national minimum. While employers state hiring concerns about productivity and supervision, experienced employers of ...	25	Autism	[ "Autism", "Articles containing video clips", "Communication disorders", "Mental and behavioural disorders", "Neurological disorders", "Neurological disorders in children", "Pervasive developmental disorders", "Psychiatric diagnosis", "Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate", "1910s neologi...	[]
[]	'''Albedo''' (pronounced ; , meaning 'whiteness') is the measure of the [[diffuse reflection]] of [[sunlight\|solar radiation]] out of the total [[solar radiation]] and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a [[black body]] that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incid...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Terrestrial albedo" ]	Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances. Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a [[black body]]. When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, wh...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Terrestrial albedo", "White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo" ]	For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular [[solar zenith angle]] ''θ'' can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms: (-) the [[directional-hemispherical reflectance]] at that solar zenith angle, formula_1, sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and (-) the [[bi-hemispherical ...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Astronomical albedo" ]	The albedos of [[planet]], [[Natural satellite\|satellites]] and [[minor planet]] such as [[asteroid]] can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle ("phase angle"), and variation in time composes a major part of the astronomical field of [[photome...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Illumination" ]	Albedo is not directly dependent on illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at that location (e.g. through melting of reflective ice). That said, albedo...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Insolation effects" ]	The intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local [[insolation]] (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the [[Arctic]] and [[Antarctic]] regions are cold due to low insolation, whereas areas such as the [[Sahara Desert]], which also have a relatively high albedo, will ...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Climate and weather" ]	Albedo affects [[climate]] by determining how much [[radiation]] a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive [[weather]].	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Albedo–temperature feedback" ]	When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature [[feedback]] results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm [[air mass]]), the raised albedo and lower temperature wo...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Snow" ]	Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over [[Antarctica]] snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to mo...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Small-scale effects" ]	Albedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing.	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Solar photovoltaic effects" ]	Albedo can affect the [[electrical energy]] output of solar [[photovoltaic system\|photovoltaic devices]]. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Trees" ]	Because forests generally have a low albedo, (the majority of the ultraviolet and [[visible spectrum]] is absorbed through [[photosynthesis]]), some scientists have suggested that greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of [[afforestation]] (or offset the negative climate impacts of [[...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Water" ]	Water reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the [[Fresnel equations]]. At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is reflected in a locally [[specular reflection\|specular manner]] (not [[Diff...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Clouds" ]	[[Cloud albedo]] has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. "On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land an...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Aerosol effects" ]	[[Aerosols]] (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as [[cloud condensation nuclei]] and thereby change cloud properties) is less certain. As p...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Black carbon" ]	Another albedo-related effect on the climate is from [[black carbon]] particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] estimates that the global mean [[radiative forcing]] for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W m...	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Examples of terrestrial albedo effects", "Human activities" ]	Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult, further study is required to determine anthropogenic effects.	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[ "Other types of albedo" ]	[[Single-scattering albedo]] is used to define scattering of electromagnetic waves on small particles. It depends on properties of the material ([[refractive index]]); the size of the particle or particles; and the wavelength of the incoming radiation.	39	Albedo	[ "Land surface effects on climate", "Climate change feedbacks", "Climate forcing", "Climatology", "Electromagnetic radiation", "Radiometry", "Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)", "Radiation", "1760s neologisms" ]	[ "Opposition surge", "Global dimming", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Cool roof", "Irradiance", "WP:SEEALSO", "Exitance", "Solar radiation management", "Polar see-saw" ]
[]	'''A''', or '''a''', is the first [[Letter (alphabet)\|letter]] and the first [[vowel letter]] of the [[English alphabet\|modern English alphabet]] and the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]]. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names\|''a'']] (pronounced ), plural [[English alphabet#Letter names\|''aes'']]. It is si...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "History" ]	The earliest certain ancestor of "A" is [[aleph]] (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the [[Phoenician alphabet]], which consisted entirely of [[consonant]] (for that reason, it is also called an [[abjad]] to distinguish it from a true [[alphabet]]). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a [[pictogram]] o...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "History", "Typographic variants" ]	During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a [[cursive]] style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perish...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Use in writing systems", "English" ]	In modern [[English orthography]], the letter represents at least seven different vowel sounds: (-) the [[near-open front unrounded vowel]] as in ''pad''; (-) the [[open back unrounded vowel]] as in ''father'', which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound; (-) the [[diphthong]] as in ''ace'' and ''major'' (usu...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Use in writing systems", "Other languages" ]	In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is [[Saanich dialect\|Saanich]], in which (and the glyph [[Á]]) stands for a [[close-mid front unrounded vowel]] .	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Use in writing systems", "Other systems" ]	In phonetic and phonemic notation: (-) in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], is used for the [[open front unrounded vowel]], is used for the [[open central unrounded vowel]], and is used for the [[open back unrounded vowel]]. (-) in [[X-SAMPA]], is used for the [[open front unrounded vowel]] and is used for the [...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Other uses" ]	In [[algebra]], the letter ''a'' along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a [[Variable (mathematics)\|variable]], with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, ...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Related characters", "Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet" ]	(-) Æ æ : [[Æ\|Latin ''AE'']] ligature (-) A with [[diacritic]]: [[Å\|Å å]] [[Ǻ\|Ǻ ǻ]] [[Ring (diacritic)\|Ḁ ḁ]] [[ẚ]] [[Ă\|Ă ă]] [[Ặ\|Ặ ặ]] [[Ắ\|Ắ ắ]] [[Ằ\|Ằ ằ]] [[Ẳ\|Ẳ ẳ]] [[Ẵ\|Ẵ ẵ]] [[Ȃ\|Ȃ ȃ]] [[Â\|Â â]] [[Ậ\|Ậ ậ]] [[Ấ\|Ấ ấ]] [[Ầ\|Ầ ầ]] [[Ẫ\|Ẫ ẫ]] [[Ẩ\|Ẩ ẩ]] [[Ả\|Ả ả]] [[Caron\|Ǎ ǎ]] [[Bar (diacritic)\|Ⱥ ⱥ]] [[Dot (diacritic)\|Ȧ ȧ]] [[Ǡ...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Related characters", "Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations" ]	(-) ª : an [[ordinal indicator]] (-) Å : [[Ångström]] sign (-) ∀ : a turned capital letter A, used in [[predicate logic]] to specify [[universal quantification]] ("for all") (-) @ : [[At sign]] (-) ₳ : [[Argentine austral]]	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[ "Related characters", "Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets" ]	(-) 𐤀 : [[Phoenician alphabet\|Semitic]] letter [[Aleph]], from which the following symbols originally derive (-) Α α : [[Greek alphabet\|Greek]] letter [[Alpha]], from which the following letters derive (-) А а : [[Cyrillic]] letter [[A (Cyrillic)\|A]] (-) : [[Coptic alphabet\|Coptic]] letter Alpha (-) 𐌀 : [[Old Italic ...	290	A	[ "ISO basic Latin letters", "Vowel letters" ]	[]
[]	'''Alabama''' () is a state in the [[Southeastern United States\|Southeastern]] region of the [[United States]], bordered by [[Tennessee]] to the north; [[Georgia (U.S. state)\|Georgia]] to the east; [[Florida]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the south; and [[Mississippi]] to the west. Alabama is the [[List of U.S. states...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[]	From the [[American Civil War]] until [[World War II]], Alabama, like many states in the [[southern U.S.]], suffered economic hardship, in part because of its continued dependence on agriculture. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed [[Jim Crow laws]] to disenfranchise and otherwise discr...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "Etymology" ]	The European-American naming of the [[Alabama River]] and state was derived from the [[Alabama people]], a [[Muskogean languages\|Muskogean-speaking tribe]] whose members lived just below the [[confluence]] of the [[Coosa River\|Coosa]] and [[Tallapoosa River\|Tallapoosa]] rivers on the upper reaches of the river. In the ...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "Pre-European settlement" ]	[[Indigenous peoples]] of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the [[Ohio River]] began during the Burial Mound Period (1000BCE700CE) and continued until [[European colonization of the Americas\|European contact]]. The...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "European settlement" ]	The Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of [[Hernando de Soto]] passed through [[Mabila]] and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at [[Old Mobile...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "Early 19th century" ]	Before [[Mississippi]]'s admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the [[Alabama Territory]]. The [[United States Congress]] created the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817. [[St. Stephens, Alabama\|St. Stephens]], now abandoned, served as...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "Early 19th century", "Civil War and Reconstruction" ]	By 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were [[free people of color]]. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its [[Secession in the United States\|secession]] from the [[Union (American Civil War)\|Union]]. After remaining an indep...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "20th century" ]	The new 1901 [[Constitution of Alabama]] included provisions for [[voter registration]] that effectively [[Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era\|disenfranchised]] large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor whites, through making v...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "20th century" ]	Continued racial discrimination and [[lynching]], agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to [[boll weevil]] infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th ce...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "20th century" ]	African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the [[civil rights movement]], including legal challenges. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was s...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]
[ "History", "21st century" ]	In 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice [[Roy Moore]] installed a statue of the [[Ten Commandments]] in the capitol in Montgomery. In 2002, the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue removed, but Moore refused to follow the court order, which led to protests around the capitol in favor of keeping the monument. T...	303	Alabama	[ "Alabama", "1819 establishments in the United States", "Southern United States", "States and territories established in 1819", "States of the Confederate States", "States of the Gulf Coast of the United States", "States of the United States", "U.S. states with multiple time zones" ]	[ "Index of Alabama-related articles", "Outline of Alabama" ]

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This hosts the Wikipedia phrase data used for training the generic phrase generation model in General-to-Specific Transfer Labeling for Domain Adaptable Keyphrase Generation. wiki-20210521-phrase.tar.gz contains all sharded files. A few example files are provided (e.g. wiki_00.json).

@article{meng2022transfer,
  title={General-to-Specific Transfer Labeling for Domain Adaptable Keyphrase Generation},
  author={Meng, Rui and Wang, Tong and Yuan, Xingdi and Zhou, Yingbo and He, Daqing},
  journal={ACL 2023 Findings, Long Paper},
  year={2023}
}

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Paper for memray/wiki-phrase-2021

General-to-Specific Transfer Labeling for Domain Adaptable Keyphrase Generation

Paper • 2208.09606 • Published Aug 20, 2022