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treaty-bodies-general-comments

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CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:1	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	1	1	[]	0	false	Article 3 is confined in its application to cases where there are substantial grounds for believing that the author would be in danger of being subjected to torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention.	207	36
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:2	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	2	2	[]	0	false	The Committee is of the view that the phrase “another State” in article 3 refers to the State to which the individual concerned is being expelled, returned or extradited, as well as to any State to which the author may subsequently be expelled, returned or extradited.	268	46
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:3	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	3	3	[]	0	false	Pursuant to article 1, the criterion, mentioned in article 3, paragraph 2, of “a consistent pattern or gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights” refers only to violations by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.	313	53
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:4	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	4	4	[]	0	false	The Committee is of the opinion that it is the responsibility of the author to establish a prima facie case for the purpose of admissibility of his or her communication under article 22 of the Convention by fulfilling each of the requirements of rule 107 of the rules of procedure of the Committee.	298	53
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:5	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	5	5	[]	0	false	With respect to the application of article 3 of the Convention to the merits of a case, the burden is upon the author to present an arguable case. This means that there must be a factual basis for the author’s position sufficient to require a response from the State party.	273	50
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:6	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	6	6	[]	0	false	Bearing in mind that the State party and the Committee are obliged to assess whether there are substantial grounds for believing that the author would be in danger of being subjected to torture were he/she to be expelled, returned or extradited, the risk of torture must be assessed on grounds that go beyond mere theory...	409	71
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:7	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	7	7	[]	0	false	The author must establish that he/she would be in danger of being tortured and that the grounds for so believing are substantial in the way described, and that such danger is personal and present. All pertinent information may be introduced by either party to bear on this matter.	280	48
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:8	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	8	8	[]	0	false	The following information, while not exhaustive, would be pertinent: (a) Is the State concerned one in which there is evidence of a consistent pattern of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights (see art. 3, para. 2)? (b) Has the author been tortured or maltreated by or at the instigation of or with the conse...	1,185	205
CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:9	Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json	CAT_GC1_art.3_v1	General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22	GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22	A/53/44	21 Nov 1997	1997-11-21	1,997	1,997	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	1	art.3-v1	9	9	[]	0	false	Bearing in mind that the Committee against Torture is not an appellate, a quasi-judicial or an administrative body, but rather a monitoring body created by the States parties themselves with declaratory powers only, it follows that: (a) Considerable weight will be given, in exercising the Committee’s jurisdiction pursu...	652	108
CAT_GC2_article2:1	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	1	1	[]	0	false	This general comment addresses the three parts of article 2, each of which identifies distinct interrelated and essential principles that undergird the Convention’s absolute prohibition against torture. Since the adoption of the Convention against Torture, the absolute and non-derogable character of this prohibition ha...	716	103
CAT_GC2_article2:2	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	2	2	[]	0	false	Article 2, paragraph 1, obliges each State party to take actions that will reinforce the prohibition against torture through legislative, administrative, judicial, or other actions that must, in the end, be effective in preventing it. To ensure that measures are in fact taken that are known to prevent or punish any act...	448	70
CAT_GC2_article2:3	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	3	3	[]	0	false	The obligation to prevent torture in article 2 is wide-ranging. The obligations to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (hereinafter “ill-treatment”) under article 16, paragraph 1, are indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. The obligation to prevent ill-treatment in pract...	1,174	164
CAT_GC2_article2:4	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	4	4	[]	0	false	States parties are obligated to eliminate any legal or other obstacles that impede the eradication of torture and ill-treatment; and to take positive effective measures to ensure that such conduct and any recurrences thereof are effectively prevented. States parties also have the obligation continually to keep under re...	906	132
CAT_GC2_article2:5	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	5	5	[ "Persons affected by armed conflict" ]	1	true	Article 2, paragraph 2, provides that the prohibition against torture is absolute and non-derogable. It emphasizes that no exceptional circumstances whatsoever may be invoked by a State Party to justify acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction. The Convention identifies as among such circumstances a stat...	1,096	159
CAT_GC2_article2:6	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	6	6	[]	0	false	The Committee reminds all States parties to the Convention of the non-derogable nature of the obligations undertaken by them in ratifying the Convention. In the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, the Committee specified that the obligations in articles 2 (whereby “no exceptional circumstances whatsoever…may...	938	139
CAT_GC2_article2:7	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	7	7	[ "Non-citizens and stateless" ]	1	true	The Committee also understands that the concept of “any territory under its jurisdiction,” linked as it is with the principle of non-derogability, includes any territory or facilities and must be applied to protect any person, citizen or non-citizen without discrimination subject to the de jureorde facto control of a S...	1,089	174
CAT_GC2_article2:8	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	8	8	[]	0	false	States parties must make the offence of torture punishable as an offence under its criminal law, in accordance, at a minimum, with the elements of torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention, and the requirements of article 4.	232	40
CAT_GC2_article2:9	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	9	9	[]	0	false	Serious discrepancies between the Convention’s definition and that incorporated into domestic law create actual or potential loopholes for impunity. In some cases, although similar language may be used, its meaning may be qualified by domestic law or by judicial interpretation and thus the Committee calls upon each Sta...	1,101	174
CAT_GC2_article2:10	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	10	10	[]	0	false	The Committee recognizes that most States parties identify or define certain conduct as ill-treatment in their criminal codes. In comparison to torture, ill-treatment may differ in the severity of pain and suffering and does not require proof of impermissible purposes. The Committee emphasizes that it would be a violat...	434	66
CAT_GC2_article2:11	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	11	11	[]	0	false	By defining the offence of torture as distinct from common assault or other crimes, the Committee considers that States parties will directly advance the Convention’s overarching aim of preventing torture and ill-treatment. Naming and defining this crime will promote the Convention’s aim, inter alia, by alerting everyo...	855	131
CAT_GC2_article2:12	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	12	12	[]	0	false	Through review of successive reports from States parties, the examination of individual communications, and monitoring of developments, the Committee has, in its concluding observations, articulated its understanding of what constitute effective measures, highlights of which we set forth here. In terms of both the prin...	754	107
CAT_GC2_article2:13	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	13	13	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	Certain basic guarantees apply to all persons deprived of their liberty. Some of these are specified in the Convention, and the Committee consistently calls upon States parties to use them. The Committee’s recommendations concerning effective measures aim to clarify the current baseline and are not exhaustive. Such gua...	958	141
CAT_GC2_article2:14	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	14	14	[]	0	false	Experience since the Convention came into force has enhanced the Committee’s understanding of the scope and nature of the prohibition against torture, of the methodologies of torture, of the contexts and consequences in which it occurs, as well as of evolving effective measures to prevent it in different contexts. For ...	807	123
CAT_GC2_article2:15	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	15	15	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	The Convention imposes obligations on States parties and not on individuals. States bear international responsibility for the acts and omissions of their officials and others, including agents, private contractors, and others acting in official capacity or acting on behalf of the State, in conjunction with the State, u...	1,028	150
CAT_GC2_article2:16	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	16	16	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	Article 2, paragraph 1, requires that each State party shall take effective measures to prevent acts of torture not only in its sovereign territory but also “in any territory under its jurisdiction.” The Committee has recognized that “any territory” includes all areas where the State party exercises, directly or indire...	1,251	200
CAT_GC2_article2:17	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	17	17	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	The Committee observes that States parties are obligated to adopt effective measures to prevent public authorities and other persons acting in an official capacity from directly committing, instigating, inciting, encouraging, acquiescing in or otherwise participating or being complicit in acts of torture as defined in ...	1,012	151
CAT_GC2_article2:18	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	18	18	[ "Women/girls" ]	1	true	The Committee has made clear that where State authorities or others acting in official capacity or under colour of law, know or have reasonable grounds to believe that acts of torture or ill-treatment are being committed by non-State officials or private actors and they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent, invest...	1,161	170
CAT_GC2_article2:19	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	19	19	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	Additionally, if a person is to be transferred or sent to the custody or control of an individual or institution known to have engaged in torture or ill-treatment, or has not implemented adequate safeguards, the State is responsible, and its officials subject to punishment for ordering, permitting or participating in t...	604	97
CAT_GC2_article2:20	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	20	20	[]	0	false	The principle of non-discrimination is a basic and general principle in the protection of human rights and fundamental to the interpretation and application of the Convention. Non-discrimination is included within the definition of torture itself in article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention, which explicitly prohibits ...	573	85
CAT_GC2_article2:21	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	21	21	[ "Refugees & asylum-seekers", "Indigenous peoples", "LGBTI+" ]	3	true	The protection of certain minority or marginalized individuals or populations especially at risk of torture is a part of the obligation to prevent torture or ill-treatment. States parties must ensure that, insofar as the obligations arising under the Convention are concerned,their laws are in practice applied to all pe...	1,144	162
CAT_GC2_article2:22	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	22	22	[ "Women/girls", "Children" ]	2	true	State reports frequently lack specific and sufficient information on the implementation of the Convention with respect to women. The Committee emphasizes that gender is a key factor. Being female intersects with other identifying characteristics or status of the person such as race, nationality, religion, sexual orient...	1,097	168
CAT_GC2_article2:23	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	23	23	[ "Women/girls", "Children" ]	2	true	Continual evaluation is therefore a crucial component of effective measures. The Committee has consistently recommended that States parties provide data disaggregated by age, gender and other key factors in their reports to enable the Committee to adequately evaluate the implementation of the Convention. Disaggregated ...	918	131
CAT_GC2_article2:24	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	24	24	[ "Women/girls" ]	1	true	Eliminating employment discrimination and conducting ongoing sensitization training in contexts where torture or ill-treatment is likely to be committed is also key to preventing such violations and building a culture of respect for women and minorities. States are encouraged to promote the hiring of persons belonging ...	680	96
CAT_GC2_article2:25	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	25	25	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	Articles 3 to 15 of the Convention constitute specific preventive measures that the States parties deemed essential to prevent torture and ill-treatment, particularly in custody or detention. The Committee emphasizes that the obligation to take effective preventive measures transcends the items enumerated specifically ...	1,182	164
CAT_GC2_article2:26	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	26	26	[]	0	false	The non-derogability of the prohibition of torture is underscored by the long-standing principle embodied in article 2, paragraph 3, that an order of a superior or public authority can never be invoked as a justification of torture Thus, subordinates may not seek refuge in superior authority and should be held to accou...	1,233	179
CAT_GC2_article2:27	Annotated_CAT_GC2_article2.json	CAT_GC2_article2	General Comment No. 2: Implementation of article 2 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 2 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/2	24 January 2008	2008-01-24	2,008	2,008	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F2&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	2	article2	27	27	[]	0	false	The Committee reiterates that this general comment has to be considered without prejudice to any higher degree of protection contained in any international instrument or national law, as long as they contain, as a minimum, the standards of the Convention.	255	40
CAT_GC3_art.14:1	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	1	1	[]	0	false	This general comment explains and clarifies to States parties the content and scope of the obligations under article 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Each State party is required to “ensure in its legal system that the victim of an act of torture obtain...	714	112
CAT_GC3_art.14:2	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	2	2	[]	0	false	The Committee considers that the term “redress” in article 14 encompasses the concepts of “effective remedy” and “reparation”. The comprehensive reparative concept therefore entails restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition and refers to the full scope of measures required...	364	47
CAT_GC3_art.14:3	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	3	3	[ "Persons with disabilities" ]	1	true	Victims are persons who have individually or collectively suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that constitute violations of the Convention. A person should be considered a victim regardles...	913	135
CAT_GC3_art.14:4	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	4	4	[]	0	false	The Committee emphasizes the importance of victim participation in the redress process, and that the restoration of the dignity of the victim is the ultimate objective in the provision of redress.	196	31
CAT_GC3_art.14:5	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	5	5	[]	0	false	The obligations of States parties to provide redress under article 14 are two-fold: procedural and substantive. To satisfy their procedural obligations, States parties shall enact legislation and establish complaints mechanisms, investigation bodies and institutions, including independent judicial bodies, capable of de...	716	100
CAT_GC3_art.14:6	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	6	6	[]	0	false	As stated in paragraph 2 above, redress includes the following five forms of reparation: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition. The Committee recognizes the elements of full redress under international law and practice as outlined in the Basic Principles and Guidelines...	1,095	158
CAT_GC3_art.14:7	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	7	7	[]	0	false	Where State authorities or others acting in their official capacity have committed, know or have reasonable grounds to believe that acts of torture or ill-treatment have been committed by non-State officials or private actors and failed to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish such non-St...	480	71
CAT_GC3_art.14:8	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	8	8	[]	0	false	Restitution is a form of redress designed to re-establish the victim’s situation before the violation of the Convention was committed, taking into consideration the specificities of each case. The preventive obligations under the Convention require States parties to ensure that a victim receiving such restitution is no...	902	139
CAT_GC3_art.14:9	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	9	9	[]	0	false	The Committee emphasizes that monetary compensation alone may not be sufficient redress for a victim of torture and ill-treatment. The Committee affirms that the provision of monetary compensation only is inadequate for a State party to comply with its obligations under article 14.	282	43
CAT_GC3_art.14:10	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	10	10	[ "Persons with disabilities" ]	1	true	The right to prompt, fair and adequate compensation for torture or ill-treatment under article 14 is multi-layered and compensation awarded to a victim should be sufficient to compensate for any economically assessable damage resulting from torture or ill-treatment, whether pecuniary or non-pecuniary. This may include:...	957	139
CAT_GC3_art.14:11	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	11	11	[]	0	false	The Committee affirms that the provision of means for as full rehabilitation as possible for anyone who has suffered harm as a result of a violation of the Convention should be holistic and include medical and psychological care as well as legal and social services. Rehabilitation, for the purposes of this general comm...	868	134
CAT_GC3_art.14:12	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	12	12	[]	0	false	The Committee emphasizes that the obligation of States parties to provide the means for “as full rehabilitation as possible” refers to the need to restore and repair the harm suffered by a victim whose life situation, including dignity, health and self-sufficiency may never be fully recovered as a result of the pervasi...	443	72
CAT_GC3_art.14:13	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	13	13	[]	0	false	In order to fulfil its obligations to provide a victim of torture or ill-treatment with the means for as full rehabilitation as possible, each State party should adopt a long-term, integrated approach and ensure that specialist services for victims of torture or ill-treatment are available, appropriate and readily acce...	1,368	200
CAT_GC3_art.14:14	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	14	14	[]	0	false	The requirement in the Convention to provide these forms of rehabilitative services does not extinguish the need to provide medical and psychosocial services for victims in the direct aftermath of torture, nor does such initial care represent the fulfilment of the obligation to provide the means for as full rehabilitat...	336	52
CAT_GC3_art.14:15	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	15	15	[ "Refugees & asylum-seekers" ]	1	true	States parties shall ensure that effective rehabilitation services and programmes are established in the State, taking into account a victim’s culture, personality, history and background and are accessible to all victims without discrimination and regardless of a victim’s identity or status within a marginalized or vu...	1,558	215
CAT_GC3_art.14:16	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	16	16	[ "Children" ]	1	true	Satisfaction should include, by way of and in addition to the obligations of investigation and criminal prosecution under articles 12 and 13 of the Convention, any or all of the following remedies: effective measures aimed at the cessation of continuing violations; verification of the facts and full and public disclosu...	1,263	192
CAT_GC3_art.14:17	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	17	17	[]	0	false	A State’s failure to investigate, criminally prosecute, or to allow civil proceedings related to allegations of acts of torture in a prompt manner, may constitute a de facto denial of redress and thus constitute a violation of the State’s obligations under article 14.	268	43
CAT_GC3_art.14:18	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	18	18	[ "Persons affected by armed conflict" ]	1	true	Articles 1 to 16 of the Convention constitute specific preventive measures that the States parties deemed essential to prevent torture and ill-treatment. To guarantee non-repetition of torture or ill-treatment, States parties should undertake measures to combat impunity for violations of the Convention. Such measures i...	2,292	318
CAT_GC3_art.14:19	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	19	19	[]	0	false	Under article 2 of the Convention, States parties shall enact “effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.” As clarified by the Committee in its general comment No. 2, “States parties must make the offence of torture punishable as...	829	127
CAT_GC3_art.14:20	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	20	20	[]	0	false	To give effect to article 14, States parties shall enact legislation specifically providing a victim of torture and ill-treatment with an effective remedy and the right to obtain adequate and appropriate redress, including compensation and as full rehabilitation as possible. Such legislation must allow for individuals ...	596	89
CAT_GC3_art.14:21	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	21	21	[]	0	false	States parties should ensure that their domestic laws provide that a victim who has suffered violence or trauma should benefit from adequate care and protection to avoid his or her re-traumatization in the course of legal and administrative procedures designed to provide justice and reparation.	295	45
CAT_GC3_art.14:22	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	22	22	[]	0	false	Under the Convention, States parties are required to prosecute or extradite alleged perpetrators of torture when they are found in any territory under its jurisdiction, and to adopt the necessary legislation to make this possible. The Committee considers that the application of article 14 is not limited to victims who ...	885	141
CAT_GC3_art.14:23	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	23	23	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	The Committee has, in its concluding observations, identified other State obligations that shall be met in order to ensure that the article 14 rights of a victim are fully respected. In this regard, the Committee underscores the important relationship between States parties’ fulfilment of their obligations under articl...	1,307	196
CAT_GC3_art.14:24	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	24	24	[]	0	false	At the procedural level, States parties shall ensure the existence of institutions competent to render enforceable final decisions through a procedure established by law to enable victims of torture or ill-treatment to secure redress, including adequate compensation and rehabilitation.	286	39
CAT_GC3_art.14:25	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	25	25	[]	0	false	Securing the victim’s right to redress requires that a State party’s competent authorities promptly, effectively and impartially investigate and examine the case of any individual who alleges that she or he has been subjected to torture or ill-treatment. Such an investigation should include as a standard measure an ind...	682	98
CAT_GC3_art.14:26	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	26	26	[]	0	false	Notwithstanding the evidentiary benefits to victims afforded by a criminal investigation, a civil proceeding and the victim’s claim for reparation should not be dependent on the conclusion of a criminal proceeding. The Committee considers that compensation should not be unduly delayed until criminal liability has been ...	877	131
CAT_GC3_art.14:27	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	27	27	[]	0	false	Under article 14, a State party shall ensure that victims of any act of torture or ill-treatment under its jurisdiction obtain redress. States parties have an obligation to take all necessary and effective measures to ensure that all victims of such acts obtain redress. This obligation includes an obligation for State ...	525	84
CAT_GC3_art.14:28	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	28	28	[]	0	false	The Committee strongly encourages States parties to recognize the Committee’s competence to consider individual complaints under article 22 to allow victims to submit communications and seek the views of the Committee. The Committee furthermore encourages States parties to ratify or accede to the Optional Protocol to t...	427	60
CAT_GC3_art.14:29	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	29	29	[]	0	false	The Committee highlights the importance of the State party affirmatively ensuring that victims and their families are adequately informed of their right to pursue redress. In this regard, the procedures for seeking reparation should be transparent. The State party should moreover provide assistance and support to minim...	954	137
CAT_GC3_art.14:30	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	30	30	[]	0	false	Judicial remedies must always be available to victims, irrespective of what other remedies may be available, and should enable victim participation. States parties should provide adequate legal aid to those victims of torture or ill-treatment lacking the necessary resources to bring complaints and to make claims for re...	732	109
CAT_GC3_art.14:31	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	31	31	[]	0	false	The State party should also take measures to prevent interference with victims’ privacy and to protect victims, their families and witnesses and others who have intervened on their behalf against intimidation and retaliation at all times before, during and after judicial, administrative or other proceedings that affect...	493	75
CAT_GC3_art.14:32	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	32	32	[ "Refugees & asylum-seekers", "Indigenous peoples", "Women/girls" ]	3	true	The principle of non-discrimination is a basic and general principle in the protection of human rights and fundamental to the interpretation and application of the Convention. States parties shall ensure that access to justice and to mechanisms for seeking and obtaining redress are readily available and that positive m...	1,189	169
CAT_GC3_art.14:33	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	33	33	[ "Women/girls" ]	1	true	Judicial and non-judicial proceedings shall apply gender-sensitive procedures which avoid re-victimization and stigmatization of victims of torture or ill-treatment. With respect to sexual or gender-based violence and access to due process and an impartial judiciary, the Committee emphasizes that in any proceedings, ci...	1,033	149
CAT_GC3_art.14:34	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	34	34	[]	0	false	To avoid re-victimization and stigmatization of victims of torture or ill-treatment, the protections outlined in the preceding paragraph equally apply to any person marginalized or made vulnerable on the basis of identities and groups such as those examples listed under the principle of non-discrimination in paragraph ...	829	116
CAT_GC3_art.14:35	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	35	35	[ "Children", "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	2	true	The Committee considers the training of relevant police, prison staff, medical personnel, judicial personnel and immigration personnel, including training on the Istanbul Protocol, to be fundamental to ensuring effective investigations. Furthermore, officials and personnel involved in efforts to obtain redress should r...	1,058	144
CAT_GC3_art.14:36	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	36	36	[ "Children" ]	1	true	The Committee furthermore underlines the importance of appropriate procedures being made available to address the needs of children, taking into account the best interests of the child and the child’s right to express his or her views freely in all matters affecting him or her, including judicial and administrative pro...	575	91
CAT_GC3_art.14:37	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	37	37	[]	0	false	A crucial component of the right to redress is the clear acknowledgement by the State party concerned that the reparative measures provided or awarded to a victim are for violations of the Convention, by action or omission. The Committee is therefore of the view that a State party may not implement development measures...	724	117
CAT_GC3_art.14:38	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	38	38	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	States parties to the Convention have an obligation to ensure that the right to redress is effective. Specific obstacles that impede the enjoyment of the right to redress and prevent effective implementation of article 14 include, but are not limited to: inadequate national legislation, discrimination with regard to ac...	1,358	194
CAT_GC3_art.14:39	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	39	39	[ "Women/girls", "Children", "LGBTI+" ]	3	true	With regard to the obligations in article 14, States parties shall ensure both de jure and de facto access to timely and effective redress mechanisms for members of groups marginalized and/or made vulnerable, avoid measures that impede the ability of members of such groups to seek and obtain redress, and address formal...	1,258	195
CAT_GC3_art.14:40	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	40	40	[]	0	false	On account of the continuous nature of the effects of torture, statutes of limitations should not be applicable as these deprive victims of the redress, compensation, and rehabilitation due to them. For many victims, passage of time does not attenuate the harm and in some cases the harm may increase as a result of post...	721	118
CAT_GC3_art.14:41	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	41	41	[]	0	false	The Committee has consistently held that amnesties for the crime of torture are incompatible with the obligations of States parties under the Convention, including under article 14. As was pointed out in general comment No. 2, “amnesties or other impediments which preclude or indicate unwillingness to provide prompt an...	734	109
CAT_GC3_art.14:42	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	42	42	[]	0	false	Similarly, granting immunity, in violation of international law, to any State or its agents or to non-State actors for torture or ill-treatment, is in direct conflict with the obligation of providing redress to victims. When impunity is allowed by law or exists de facto, it bars victims from seeking full redress as it ...	547	89
CAT_GC3_art.14:43	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	43	43	[]	0	false	The Committee considers reservations which seek to limit the application of article 14 to be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention. States parties are therefore encouraged to consider withdrawing any reservations to article 14 that limit its application so as to ensure that all victims of torture o...	370	58
CAT_GC3_art.14:44	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	44	44	[]	0	false	Voluntary contributions to international funds for victims of torture play an important role in providing assistance to them. The Committee highlights the important work done by the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, which provides humanitarian assistance to victims of torture. The Committee highligh...	475	68
CAT_GC3_art.14:45	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	45	45	[]	0	false	States parties shall establish a system to oversee, monitor, evaluate, and report on their provision of redress measures and necessary rehabilitation services to victims of torture or ill-treatment. Accordingly, States parties should include in their reports to the Committee data disaggregated by age, gender, nationali...	572	84
CAT_GC3_art.14:46	Annotated_CAT_GC3_art.14.json	CAT_GC3_art.14	General Comment No. 3 (2012): Implementation of article 14 by States parties	GC2: Implementation of Art. 14 by States parties	CAT/C/GC/3	13 December 2012	2012-12-13	2,012	2,012	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F3&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	3	art.14	46	46	[ "Women/girls", "Children" ]	2	true	On the implementation of article 14, the Committee has observed the need to provide adequate information on the implementation of article 14 in States parties’ reports. Therefore, the Committee wishes to underscore that specific information should be provided on the following: (a)The number of victims of torture or ill...	3,755	552
CAT_GC4_art.3:1	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	1	1	[]	0	false	On the basis of its experience in considering individual communications under article 22 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, addressing allegations of violation by States parties of article 3 of the Convention, the Committee against Torture, at its fifty-fift...	618	94
CAT_GC4_art.3:2	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	2	2	[]	0	false	At its fifty-ninth session, held from 7 November to 7 December 2016, the Committee began the drafting process for the revised general comment, taking into account the recommendations for the consultation process in the elaboration of general comments made by the Chairs of the human rights treaty bodies at their twenty-...	403	66
CAT_GC4_art.3:3	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	3	3	[]	0	false	At the 1614th meeting of the Committee, held on 6 December 2017 during its sixty-second session, the Committee decided that its general comment No. 1 would be superseded by the below text, which it adopted on the same date.	223	39
CAT_GC4_art.3:4	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	4	4	[]	0	false	For the purposes of the present general comment, the term “deportation” includes, but is not limited to, expulsion, extradition, forcible return, forcible transfer, rendition and rejection at the frontier of, and pushback operations (including at sea) involving, a person or group of individuals from a State party to an...	332	50
CAT_GC4_art.3:5	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	5	5	[]	0	false	Article 3 (1) of the Convention provides that no State party shall expel, return (refouler) or extradite a person to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that the person would be in danger of being subjected to torture.	246	41
CAT_GC4_art.3:6	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	6	6	[]	0	false	Pursuant to article 22 of the Convention, the Committee receives and considers communications from or on behalf of individuals subject to a State party’s jurisdiction who claim to be victims of a violation by a State party of the provisions of the Convention, in respect of any State party that has declared that it reco...	369	61
CAT_GC4_art.3:7	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	7	7	[]	0	false	Most of the communications received by the Committee refer to alleged violations by States parties of article 3 of the Convention. The present general comment provides guidance to States parties and the complainants and their representatives on the scope of article 3 and on how the Committee assesses the admissibility ...	417	64
CAT_GC4_art.3:8	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	8	8	[ "Persons affected by armed conflict" ]	1	true	The Committee recalls that the prohibition of torture, as defined in article 1 of the Convention, is absolute. Article 2 (2) of the Convention provides that “no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked a...	505	77
CAT_GC4_art.3:9	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	9	9	[]	0	false	The principle of “non-refoulement” of persons to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that they would be in danger of being subjected to torture is similarly absolute.	194	30
CAT_GC4_art.3:10	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	10	10	[ "Non-citizens and stateless" ]	1	true	Each State party must apply the principle of non-refoulement in any territory under its jurisdiction or any area under its control or authority, or on board a ship or aircraft registered in the State party, to any person, including persons requesting or in need of international protection, without any form of discrimin...	790	127
CAT_GC4_art.3:11	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	11	11	[]	0	false	The non-refoulement obligation in article 3 of the Convention exists whenever there are “substantial grounds” for believing that the person concerned would be in danger of being subjected to torture in a State to which the person is facing deportation, either as an individual or as a member of a group that may be at ri...	524	86
CAT_GC4_art.3:12	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	12	12	[ "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	1	true	Any person found to be at risk of torture if deported to a given State should be allowed to remain in the territory under the jurisdiction, control or authority of the State party concerned so long as the risk persists. The person in question should not be detained without proper legal justification and safeguards. Det...	697	115
CAT_GC4_art.3:13	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	13	13	[]	0	false	Each case should be examined individually, impartially and independently by the State party through competent administrative and/or judicial authorities, in conformity with essential procedural safeguards, notably the guarantee of a prompt and transparent process, a review of the deportation decision and a suspensive e...	626	90
CAT_GC4_art.3:14	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	14	14	[ "Refugees & asylum-seekers", "Persons living in poverty", "Persons deprived of their liberty" ]	3	true	States parties should not adopt dissuasive measures or policies, such as detention in poor conditions for indefinite periods, refusing to process claims for asylum or prolonging them unduly, or cutting funds for assistance programmes for asylum seekers, which would compel persons in need of protection under article 3 o...	503	79
CAT_GC4_art.3:15	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	15	15	[]	0	false	Article 16 of the Convention provides for the duty of States parties to prevent acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (ill-treatment), which do not amount to torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention.	230	38
CAT_GC4_art.3:16	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	16	16	[]	0	false	States parties should consider whether the nature of the other forms of ill-treatment that a person facing deportation is at risk of experiencing could likely change so as to constitute torture, before making an assessment on each case relating to the principle of “non-refoulement”.	283	44
CAT_GC4_art.3:17	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	17	17	[]	0	false	The Committee considers that severe pain or suffering cannot always be assessed objectively. It depends on the negative physical and/or mental repercussions that the infliction of violent or abusive acts has on each individual, taking into account all relevant circumstances of each case, including the nature of the tre...	425	67
CAT_GC4_art.3:18	Annotated_CAT_GC4_art.3.json	CAT_GC4_art.3	General Comment No. 4 (2017) on the implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22 [REVISED]	GC4: implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22 [REVISED]	CAT/C/GC/4	4 September 2018	2018-09-04	2,018	2,018	false	CAT	[ "CAT" ]	https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CAT%2FC%2FGC%2F4&Lang=en	[ "CAT" ]	false	GC	general_comment	4	art.3	18	18	[ "Refugees & asylum-seekers", "Migrants" ]	2	true	For the purpose of fully implementing article 3 of the Convention, States parties should take legislative, administrative, judicial and other preventive measures against possible violations of the principle of “non-refoulement”, including: (a)Ensuring the right of each person concerned to have the case examined individ...	1,904	280

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Dataset Card for Treaty Bodies General Comments

Dataset Summary

This dataset packages the current JSON files in General Comments/ as a Hugging Face-ready parquet dataset. Each row is a text segment from a treaty body general comment or general recommendation, paired with zero or more population-group labels from the source annotation and enriched with document metadata from GC_info.json.

The package was prepared from the current top-level General Comments/*.json files only. Document metadata is sourced from GC_info.json. It does not use General Comments/old_files or the broader export-uhri.json export.

GC_info.json contains 182 metadata records. 181 of them match the current source files in General Comments/.

Current package statistics:

181 source JSON documents
6,608 text segments
4,206 segments with at least one label
19 distinct labels
110 general comments and 71 general recommendations
3 joint documents

Treaty bodies represented in the current file set:

CAT
CCPR
CED
CEDAW
CERD
CESCR
CMW
CRC
CRPD

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

This dataset is suitable for:

Multi-label classification of population groups mentioned in treaty body text segments
Semantic search and retrieval over segmented general comments
Weak supervision, label enrichment, or taxonomy alignment work on human rights text

Languages

The source text in the current files is English.

Dataset Structure

The dataset has a single train split stored as parquet.

The package also includes a supplemental document-level metadata file:

document_index.parquet: one row per source document, with title, signature, committee metadata, adoption date, source URL, and document-level label coverage statistics
GC_info.json: bundled source metadata used to enrich the dataset
scripts/prepare_treaty_bodies_hf.py: bundled preparation script used to generate the package

Data Instances

{
  "row_id": "CAT_GC1_art.3_v1:1",
  "source_file": "Annotated_CAT_GC1_art.3_v1.json",
  "document_slug": "CAT_GC1_art.3_v1",
  "document_title": "General Comment No. 01: Implementation of article 3 of the Convention in the context of article 22",
  "document_title_short": "GC1: Implementation of Art. 3 in the context of Art. 22",
  "signature": "A/53/44",
  "adoption_date": "21 Nov 1997",
  "adoption_date_iso": "1997-11-21",
  "adoption_year": 1997,
  "adoption_year_source": 1997,
  "adoption_year_mismatch": false,
  "committee": "CAT",
  "committee_codes": ["CAT"],
  "source_url": "https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=A%2F53%2F44&Lang=en",
  "treaty_body_codes": ["CAT"],
  "is_joint_document": false,
  "document_type_code": "GC",
  "document_type": "general_comment",
  "document_number": 1,
  "topic_slug": "art.3-v1",
  "segment_position": 1,
  "segment_id": "1",
  "labels": [],
  "label_count": 0,
  "has_labels": false,
  "text": "Article 3 is confined in its application to cases where there are substantial grounds for believing that the author would be in danger of being subjected to torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention.",
  "text_length_chars": 207,
  "text_length_words": 36
}

Data Fields

row_id: synthetic unique identifier built from document_slug and segment_position
source_file: source JSON filename inside General Comments/
document_slug: filename-derived document identifier without the Annotated_ prefix
document_title: full document title from GC_info.json
document_title_short: simplified title from GC_info.json
signature: official signature from GC_info.json
adoption_date: adoption date from GC_info.json
adoption_date_iso: adoption date normalized to ISO YYYY-MM-DD
adoption_year: normalized adoption year, derived from adoption_date_iso when available
adoption_year_source: raw adoption year from GC_info.json
adoption_year_mismatch: whether the raw source year conflicts with the parsed date year
committee: committee string from GC_info.json
committee_codes: normalized committee codes parsed from GC_info.json
source_url: source link from GC_info.json
treaty_body_codes: one or more normalized treaty body codes parsed from the filename
is_joint_document: whether the document is a joint text across more than one treaty body
document_type_code: short source-derived type code, usually GC or GR
document_type: normalized type label, either general_comment or general_recommendation
document_number: document number parsed from the filename
topic_slug: filename-derived topic slug
segment_position: 1-based position of the segment within the source file
segment_id: original ID value from the source file when present
labels: zero or more population-group labels from the source annotation
label_count: number of labels attached to the segment
has_labels: whether the segment has at least one label
text: normalized segment text
text_length_chars: character count of text
text_length_words: whitespace-token word count of text

Dataset Creation

Source Data

The source consists of annotated JSON files stored in the repository's General Comments/ folder. Every current top-level JSON file follows the same basic schema:

{
  "ID": 1,
  "Labels": ["Children"],
  "Text": "..."
}

Processing

The HF package is produced from the local preparation script scripts/prepare_treaty_bodies_hf.py. The script:

Reads only General Comments/*.json
Uses GC_info.json as the document metadata source file
Excludes old_files by construction because it does not recurse into subdirectories
Normalizes line breaks and whitespace in Text
Preserves multilabel annotations in Labels
Joins each source file to its metadata entry by filename
Normalizes committee codes and adoption dates
Validates that every source file has matching metadata and that committee codes agree between GC_info.json and filenames
Writes a row-level parquet split, document_index.parquet, and dataset_metadata.json

Quality Checks

The preparation script performs a few basic integrity checks:

every current General Comments/*.json file must have a matching entry in GC_info.json
duplicate metadata entries by filename are rejected
committee codes parsed from GC_info.json must match the filename-derived treaty body codes
adoption year mismatches are detected and reported while preserving both the raw source value and the normalized year
empty text rows are counted and reported in dataset_metadata.json

Label Distribution

Most frequent labels in the current package:

Children: 2,210
Women/girls: 1,487
Persons with disabilities: 687
Migrants: 528
Indigenous peoples: 335
Persons deprived of their liberty: 316
Refugees & asylum-seekers: 248
Adolescents: 232
Persons living in rural/remote areas: 220
Persons affected by armed conflict: 209

Labels and Annotation Process

Based on the project README and the repository's labels_annotation.py, the labels in this dataset are concerned groups/persons labels used to filter and search paragraph-level results in the application.

In the current dataset, the label inventory is:

Adolescents
Children
Children in alternative care
Indigenous peoples
Internally displaced persons
LGBTI+
Migrants
Non-citizens and stateless
Persons affected by armed conflict
Persons affected by natural disasters
Persons deprived of their liberty
Persons in street situations
Persons living in poverty
Persons living in rural/remote areas
Persons living with HIV/AIDS
Persons with disabilities
Refugees & asylum-seekers
Roma, Gypsies, Sinti and Travellers
Women/girls

The label creation process is rule-based rather than manual paragraph-by-paragraph annotation. The repository script defines a mapping from each label to a curated list of keywords and phrases, then assigns every label whose keyword list matches a paragraph's text. Because of that design, these labels are best understood as heuristic weak labels for search, filtering, and exploratory analysis, not as exhaustive expert annotations.

Considerations for Use

Labels are sparse: 2,402 rows have no labels in the current source files.
GC_info.json contains one extra metadata entry, Annotated_CRC-GC18-Harmful.json, that does not correspond to a current file in General Comments/.
Two metadata records contain a year/date mismatch in GC_info.json; the package preserves the raw source year in adoption_year_source and exposes the normalized year in adoption_year.
Labels are generated through keyword matching, so false positives, false negatives, and missed contextual mentions are possible.
Three rows in the current source files are missing an ID; use segment_position or row_id as the stable row identifier.
This package does not include a predefined train/validation/test split.

Citation

Suggested citation for the dataset and companion scripts:

Szoszkiewicz, L., & zuzkow. (2025). lszoszk/UN-TreatyBodiesDocSearch: UN Treaty Body General Comments/Recommendations - Full Dataset (v1.0) [Software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14781691

@software{szoszkiewicz_un_2025,
  author = {Szoszkiewicz, Lukasz and zuzkow},
  title = {lszoszk/UN-TreatyBodiesDocSearch: UN Treaty Body General Comments/Recommendations - Full Dataset},
  year = {2025},
  month = jan,
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  version = {v1.0},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.14781691},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14781691}
}

Direct Use

from datasets import load_dataset
import pandas as pd

dataset = load_dataset(
    "parquet",
    data_files={"train": "data/train-00000-of-00001.parquet"},
)

document_index = pd.read_parquet("document_index.parquet")

If the folder is uploaded as a Hugging Face dataset repository, consumers can also load it directly from the Hub repository name.

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